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Adnan RO, Jawad HA. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using a low-power 650 nm laser to inhibit oral Candida albicans activity: an in vitro study. J Med Life 2024; 17:28-34. [PMID: 38737667 PMCID: PMC11080508 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a 650 nm diode laser combined with methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans). Oral samples were collected from 75 patients diagnosed with oral thrush. C. albicans was isolated and identified using traditional methods and the VITEK 2 YST system. Samples (n = 25) were divided into five groups: Group 1 (control, n = 5) consisted of C. albicans suspensions in saline; Group 2 (n = 5) treated with nystatin; Group 3 (n = 5) exposed to a 650 nm diode laser in continuous mode at 200 mW for 300 seconds; Group 4 (n = 5) treated with 650 nm laser and MB as a photosensitizer; Group 5 (n = 5) exposed to the laser in combination with nystatin. Statistical analysis using ANOVA, Dunnett's t-test (P = 0.05), and LSD (P = 0.001) revealed significant differences in C. albicans counts pre- and post-treatment. Group 5 showed the most significant reduction in C. albicans, followed by Group 4, while Groups 2 and 3 showed the least variation. The findings suggest that PDT using a 650 nm diode laser with methylene blue (in continuous mode at 200 mW for 300 seconds) effectively reduced the prevalence of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roaa Osamah Adnan
- Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hussein Ali Jawad
- Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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2
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Sivanesan I. A Comprehensive Survey on the Expediated Anti-COVID-19 Options Enabled by Metal Complexes-Tasks and Trials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083354. [PMID: 37110587 PMCID: PMC10143858 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary pharmacology dating back to the late 19th/early 20th centuries has benefitted largely from the incorporation of metal complexes. Various biological attributes have been successfully realized using metal/metal complex-based drugs. Among anticancer, antimicrobial, and antiviral applications, anticancer applications have extracted the maximum benefit from the metal complex, Cisplatin. The following review has compiled the various antiviral benefits harnessed through inputs from metal complexes. As a result of exploiting the pharmacological aspects of metal complexes, the anti-COVID-19 deliverables have been summarized. The challenges ahead, the gaps in this research area, the need to improvise incorporating nanoaspects in metal complexes, and the need to test metal complex-based drugs in clinical trials have been discussed and deliberated. The pandemic shook the entire world and claimed quite a percentage of the global population. Metal complex-based drugs are already established for their antiviral property with respect to enveloped viruses and extrapolating them for COVID-19 can be an effective way to manipulate drug resistance and mutant issues that the current anti-COVID-19 drugs are facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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3
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Garrido-Zoido JM, Cajina F, Matamoros E, Gil MV, Cintas P, Palacios JC. A synthetically benign one-pot construction of enamino-xanthene dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8108-8119. [PMID: 36214790 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated phenols are components of biomass and precursors of pigments in plants. This paper reports a novel entry to xanthene dyes, involving the reaction of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde with primary aliphatic amines. This catalyst-free synthesis exhibits a high atom economy and can be conducted under eco-friendly conditions and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Garrido-Zoido
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Franklin Cajina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Esther Matamoros
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - M Victoria Gil
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Juan C Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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4
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Secchi V, Monguzzi A, Villa I. Design Principles of Hybrid Nanomaterials for Radiotherapy Enhanced by Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8736. [PMID: 35955867 PMCID: PMC9369190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation (RT) remains the most frequently used treatment against cancer. The main limitation of RT is its lack of specificity for cancer tissues and the limited maximum radiation dose that can be safely delivered without damaging the surrounding healthy tissues. A step forward in the development of better RT is achieved by coupling it with other treatments, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT is an anti-cancer therapy that relies on the light activation of non-toxic molecules-called photosensitizers-to generate ROS such as singlet oxygen. By conjugating photosensitizers to dense nanoscintillators in hybrid architectures, the PDT could be activated during RT, leading to cell death through an additional pathway with respect to the one activated by RT alone. Therefore, combining RT and PDT can lead to a synergistic enhancement of the overall efficacy of RT. However, the involvement of hybrids in combination with ionizing radiation is not trivial: the comprehension of the relationship among RT, scintillation emission of the nanoscintillator, and therapeutic effects of the locally excited photosensitizers is desirable to optimize the design of the hybrid nanoparticles for improved effects in radio-oncology. Here, we discuss the working principles of the PDT-activated RT methods, pointing out the guidelines for the development of effective coadjutants to be tested in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Secchi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
- NANOMIB, Center for Biomedical Nanomedicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Monguzzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
- NANOMIB, Center for Biomedical Nanomedicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, P.zza Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Villa
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, FZU, Cukrovarnická 10/112, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Abstract
The first appearance of SARS-CoV-2 is dated back to 2019. This new member of the coronavirus family has caused more than 5 million deaths worldwide up until the end of January 2022. At the moment, and after intensive vaccination programmes throughout the world, the pandemic is still active, whilst new mutations constantly appear. Researchers are working intensively to discover antiviral drugs to combat the severe cases in intensive care units, giving the overloaded hospital units a breather. Alongside various research projects focusing on developing small pharmaceutical molecules, a significant proportion of the research community has shifted towards paying attention to metal drugs. In this small review, we make brief reference to the use of metal drugs in therapeutics and provide some examples of metal drugs that are of extreme interest in the current pandemic. At the same time, we will also examine some of their promising mechanisms of action and possible effectiveness against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos Ioannou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Manos C Vlasiou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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6
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Lee AL, Hsieh HY, Chen YY, Tsai LH, Wey SL, Chen DS, Chen YJ, Young TH. Novel Application of Photo-Crosslinked Urocanic-Acid-Modified Chitosan in Corneal Wounds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2016-2027. [PMID: 35412808 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, the use of tissue adhesives in corneal perforation has gained immense popularity in clinical practices. The present study aimed to devise a new application of urocanic-acid-modified chitosan (CS) with methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer for the development of a photo-crosslinked tissue adhesive. In particular, the curing time was controlled with the aid of a 650 nm red diode. Under the same irradiation condition, the mechanical properties were tuned using the photosensitizer at different concentrations. In vitro tests revealed that the gel was ductile and biocompatible. The application of the gel to a perforated cornea model stopped the leakage of aqueous humor, immediately after the gel was photo-crosslinked. The blue appearance of the gel provided high precision when applied to corneal wounds. Importantly, the crosslinked gel became transparent within 24 h, owing to the dissipation of MB from tears, and the gel spontaneously sloughed off without artificial removal. Altogether, the study reported the development of a novel photo-crosslinkable urocanic-acid-modified CS gel that exhibited significant potential to be utilized in the healing of corneal perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Li Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Li Wey
- Department of Pathology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan
| | - Dai-Shi Chen
- Translational Cell Biology and Neurooncology Laboratory, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (UKER), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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7
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The Immunogenetic Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:433-448. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Vital-Fujii DG, Baptista MS. Progress in the photodynamic therapy treatment of Leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e11570. [PMID: 34730683 PMCID: PMC8555448 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious and endemic infectious disease that has been reported in more than 90 countries and territories. The classical treatment presents a series of problems ranging from difficulty in administration, development of resistance, and a series of side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has already shown great potential for use as a treatment for leishmaniasis that is effective and non-invasive, with very minor side effects. PDT can also be inexpensive and easy to administer. In this review, we will report the most recent developments in the field, starting with the chemical diversity of photosensitizers, highlighting important mechanistic aspects, and noting information that may assist in designing and developing new and promising photosensitizer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Vital-Fujii
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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9
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Farooq S, de Araujo RE. Identifying high performance gold nanoshells for singlet oxygen generation enhancement. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102466. [PMID: 34343668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures can improve the production of singlet oxygen (1O2) of a photosensitizer during photodynamic therapy (PDT) . Engineering a high performance nanoparticle is mandatory for an appropriate use of plasmonic nanostructures in PDT. Metal enhanced singlet oxygen generation requires the use of nanoparticles with high scattering efficiency, capable of inducing a significant electric field enhancement and with plasmon peak overlapping the photosensitizer absorption spectrum. Herein, we report the optimization of nanoshells structure (silica core radius and gold shell thickness) to increase the singlet oxygen production by Methylene Blue photosensitizer. A 3D Full-wave field analysis was used to evaluate the plasmonic spectrum, scattering efficiency and localized field intensity of Au nanoshells as a function of their dimensions. The 40/20 core radius/shell thickness optimized gold nanoshell showed 75% scattering efficiency and field enhancement up to 35 times. Metal-enhanced singlet oxygen generation was observed and quantified for Methylene Blue water solution with gold nanoshell particles. Moreover, the influence of the irradiation time and the metallic nanostructures concentration on metal enhanced singlet oxygen generation were also appraised. The experimental results showed that the use of gold nanoshell improved 320% the 1O2 production in a MB solution. The approach used to select a high performance metallic nanoparticle provides insights on engineering plasmonic structures for metal enhanced singlet oxygen generation for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Farooq
- Institute of Innovation and Technology, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Department of Electronic and System, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Renato E de Araujo
- Department of Electronic and System, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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10
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Priyamvada L, Burgado J, Baker-Wagner M, Kitaygorodskyy A, Olson V, Lingappa VR, Satheshkumar PS. New methylene blue derivatives suggest novel anti-orthopoxviral strategies. Antiviral Res 2021; 191:105086. [PMID: 33992710 PMCID: PMC9629033 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Decades after the eradication of smallpox and the discontinuation of routine smallpox vaccination, over half of the world's population is immunologically naïve to variola virus and other orthopoxviruses (OPXVs). Even in those previously vaccinated against smallpox, protective immunity wanes over time. As such, there is a concomitant increase in the incidence of human OPXV infections worldwide. To identify novel antiviral compounds with potent anti-OPXV potential, we characterized the inhibitory activity of PAV-866 and other methylene blue derivatives against the prototypic poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV). These compounds inactivated virions prior to infection and consequently inhibited viral binding, fusion and entry. The compounds exhibited strong virucidal activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations, and inhibited VACV infection when added before, during or after viral adsorption. The compounds were effective against other OPXVs including monkeypox virus, cowpox virus and the newly identified Akhmeta virus. Altogether, these findings reveal a novel mode of inhibition that has not previously been demonstrated for small molecule compounds against VACV. Additional studies are in progress to determine the in vivo efficacy of these compounds against OPXVs and further characterize the anti-viral effects of these derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Priyamvada
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jillybeth Burgado
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | | | | | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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11
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de Carvalho Matos L, Calixto LA, Junqueira Garcia MT. Developing an analytical method by HPLC for simultaneous quantification of methylene blue and metformin applied to in vitro skin permeation and retention studies. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5112. [PMID: 33675106 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of metformin (MET) and methylene blue (MB) in in vitro skin permeation/retention studies, in which retention was evaluated in the different layers of the skin [stratum corneum (SC) and the viable epidermis + dermis (VE + D)]. The method was validated considering the following parameters: specificity, linearity, quantitation limit (LOQ), recovery, precision and accuracy. Calibration curves were obtained using the following six matrices: methanol, water, methanolic extracts from the SC and VE + D spiked with the drugs and drugs extracted from the SC and VE + D. The precision, accuracy and LOQ of the method were evaluated in water and in VE + D and SC, applying the drug extraction process. The results show that the method is selective and linear for both drugs. The precision and accuracy values, independent of matrix and drug, were below the limit of 15%. The LOQ of MB was defined as 0.4 μg/ml in the VE + D and SC and 0.8 μg/ml in water. The LOQ of MET was defined as 0.8 μg/ml in the VE + D and SC and 0.4 μg/ml in the water. The recovery of the method was adequate, consistent and reproducible for the concentration range of 0.4-10 μg/ml for MB (73.3-92.1%) and 0.8-10.0 μg/mL for MET (72.4-94.4%). This method has a potential application in the development of formulation for skin delivery of MB and MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa de Carvalho Matos
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Junqueira Garcia
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Verebová V, Beneš J, Staničová J. Biophysical Characterization and Anticancer Activities of Photosensitive Phytoanthraquinones Represented by Hypericin and Its Model Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:E5666. [PMID: 33271809 PMCID: PMC7731333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitive compounds found in herbs have been reported in recent years as having a variety of interesting medicinal and biological activities. In this review, we focus on photosensitizers such as hypericin and its model compounds emodin, quinizarin, and danthron, which have antiviral, antifungal, antineoplastic, and antitumor effects. They can be utilized as potential agents in photodynamic therapy, especially in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. We aimed to give a comprehensive summary of the physical and chemical properties of these interesting molecules, emphasizing their mechanism of action in relation to their different interactions with biomacromolecules, specifically with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Verebová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Jiří Beneš
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 1, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Staničová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 1, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
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13
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Toledo VH, Yoshimura TM, Pereira ST, Castro CE, Ferreira FF, Ribeiro MS, Haddad PS. Methylene blue-covered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles combined with red light as a novel platform to fight non-local bacterial infections: A proof of concept study against Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 209:111956. [PMID: 32673883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Currently, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is limited to the local treatment of topical infections, and a platform that can deliver the photosensitizer to internal organs is highly desirable for non-local ones; SPIONs can be promising vehicles for the photosensitizer. This work reports an innovative application of methylene blue (MB)-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). We report on the preparation, characterization, and application of MB-SPIONs for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. When exposed to light, the MB photosensitizer generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause irreversible damage in microbial cells. We prepare SPIONs by the co-precipitation method. We cover the nanoparticles with a double silica layer - tetraethyl orthosilicate and sodium silicate - leading to the hybrid material magnetite-silica-MB. We characterize the as-prepared SPIONs by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and magnetic measurements. We confirm the formation of magnetite using powder X-ray diffraction data. We use the Rietveld method to calculate the average crystallite size of magnetite as being 14 nm. Infrared spectra show characteristic bands of iron‑oxygen as well as others associated with silicate groups. At room temperature, the nanocomposites present magnetic behavior due to the magnetite core. Besides, magnetite-silica-MB can promote ROS formation. Thus, we evaluate the photodynamic activity of Fe3O4-silica-MB on Escherichia coli. Our results show the bacteria are completely eradicated following photodynamic treatment depending on the MB release time from SPIONs and energy dose. These findings encourage us to explore the use of magnetite-silica-MB to fight internal infections in preclinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hladkyi Toledo
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09961-400 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Tania Mateus Yoshimura
- Center for Laser and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN), 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Saulo Toledo Pereira
- Center for Laser and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN), 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Castro
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Furlan Ferreira
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580 Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha Simões Ribeiro
- Center for Laser and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN), 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Silvia Haddad
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 09961-400 Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Fonda-Pascual P, Fernandez-Gonzalez P, Sanchez-Los Arcos L, Alcantara-Nicolas F, Lopez-Galan C, Canseco-Martin M, Vidal-Asensi S. Treatment of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma with methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy: A case series. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 36:392-395. [PMID: 32304332 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fonda-Pascual
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gomez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Lopez-Galan
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gomez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Santos AF, Almeida DRQ, Terra LF, Wailemann RA, Gomes VM, Arini GS, Ravagnani FG, Baptista MS, Labriola L. Fluence Rate Determines PDT Efficiency in Breast Cancer Cells Displaying Different GSH Levels. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:658-667. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ancély F. Santos
- Department of Biochemistry Chemistry Institute University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Letícia F. Terra
- Department of Biochemistry Chemistry Institute University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Vinícius M. Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry Chemistry Institute University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel S. Arini
- Department of Biochemistry Chemistry Institute University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Felipe G. Ravagnani
- Department of Biochemistry Chemistry Institute University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Maurício S. Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry Chemistry Institute University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Leticia Labriola
- Department of Biochemistry Chemistry Institute University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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Photodynamic therapy as a new approach to Trichomonas vaginalis inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 22:91-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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de Souza RM, Siani P, Schmidt TF, Itri R, Dias LG. Methylene Blue Location in (Hydroperoxized) Cardiolipin Monolayer: Implication in Membrane Photodegradation. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8512-8522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. de Souza
- Departamento
de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - P. Siani
- Departamento
de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - T. F. Schmidt
- Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Itri
- Departamento
de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 187, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L. G. Dias
- Departamento
de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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18
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pH influences the biocompatibility of methylene blue solutions. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:361-367. [PMID: 28536783 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the biocompatibility of methylene blue at different pH levels through the method of implantation in subcutaneous tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-four sterilized polyethylene tubes were allocated in the subcutaneous tissue of 28 rats, each one receiving four tubes, set into four groups: group tube (G-T)-empty tube, fibrin group (G-F)-tube filled with fibrin sponge, group methylene blue pH 7 (G-MB/pH 7)-tube filled with fibrin sponge soaked by methylene blue (100 μg/ml) at pH 7.0, and group methylene blue pH 1 (G-MB/pH 1)-tube filled with fibrin sponge and soaked by methylene blue (100 μg/ml) at pH 1.0. After 7, 15, and 30 days, seven animals from each group were euthanized, and the tubes involved by the surrounding tissue were removed and fixed with 4% buffered formaldehyde solution. The collected pieces were processed and histological sections (4 μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. Scores were assigned to analysis of histopathologic parameters. The results were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS At 7 and 30 days, the G-MB/pH 1 group showed no significant difference in the G-T control group, while G-MB/pH 7 had a significant increase on tissue reaction, also when compared to G-T. At 15 days, there was no statistical difference between the groups. CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study, it is concluded that methylene blue at pH 1.0 provides better biocompatibility than at pH 7.0.
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dos Santos AF, Terra LF, Wailemann RAM, Oliveira TC, Gomes VDM, Mineiro MF, Meotti FC, Bruni-Cardoso A, Baptista MS, Labriola L. Methylene blue photodynamic therapy induces selective and massive cell death in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:194. [PMID: 28298203 PMCID: PMC5353937 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the main cause of mortality among women. The disease presents high recurrence mainly due to incomplete efficacy of primary treatment in killing all cancer cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an approach that causes tissue destruction by visible light in the presence of a photosensitizer (Ps) and oxygen, appears as a promising alternative therapy that could be used adjunct to chemotherapy and surgery for curing cancer. However, the efficacy of PDT to treat breast tumours as well as the molecular mechanisms that lead to cell death remain unclear. METHODS In this study, we assessed the cell-killing potential of PDT using methylene blue (MB-PDT) in three breast epithelial cell lines that represent non-malignant conditions and different molecular subtypes of breast tumours. Cells were incubated in the absence or presence of MB and irradiated or not at 640 nm with 4.5 J/cm2. We used a combination of imaging and biochemistry approaches to assess the involvement of classical autophagic and apoptotic pathways in mediating the cell-deletion induced by MB-PDT. The role of these pathways was investigated using specific inhibitors, activators and gene silencing. RESULTS We observed that MB-PDT differentially induces massive cell death of tumour cells. Non-malignant cells were significantly more resistant to the therapy compared to malignant cells. Morphological and biochemical analysis of dying cells pointed to alternative mechanisms rather than classical apoptosis. MB-PDT-induced autophagy modulated cell viability depending on the cell model used. However, impairment of one of these pathways did not prevent the fatal destination of MB-PDT treated cells. Additionally, when using a physiological 3D culture model that recapitulates relevant features of normal and tumorous breast tissue morphology, we found that MB-PDT differential action in killing tumour cells was even higher than what was detected in 2D cultures. CONCLUSIONS Finally, our observations underscore the potential of MB-PDT as a highly efficient strategy which could use as a powerful adjunct therapy to surgery of breast tumours, and possibly other types of tumours, to safely increase the eradication rate of microscopic residual disease and thus minimizing the chance of both local and metastatic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancély F. dos Santos
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Letícia F. Terra
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Rosangela A. M. Wailemann
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Talita C. Oliveira
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Vinícius de Morais Gomes
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Marcela Franco Mineiro
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Flávia Carla Meotti
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Maurício S. Baptista
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
| | - Leticia Labriola
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000 SP Brazil
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Fonda-Pascual P, Moreno-Arrones OM, Alegre-Sanchez A, Saceda-Corralo D, Buendia-Castaño D, Pindado-Ortega C, Fernandez-Gonzalez P, Velazquez-Kennedy K, Calvo-Sánchez MI, Harto-Castaño A, Perez-Garcia B, Bagazgoitia L, Vaño-Galvan S, Espada J, Jaen-Olasolo P. In situ production of ROS in the skin by photodynamic therapy as a powerful tool in clinical dermatology. Methods 2016; 109:190-202. [PMID: 27422482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical modality of photochemotherapy based on the accumulation of a photosensitizer in target cells and subsequent irradiation of the tissue with light of adequate wavelength promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and cell death. PDT is used in several medical specialties as an organ-specific therapy for different entities. In this review we focus on the current dermatological procedure of PDT. In the most widely used PDT protocol in dermatology, ROS production occurs by accumulation of the endogenous photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX after treatment with the metabolic precursors 5-methylaminolevulinic acid (MAL) or 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). To date, current approved dermatological indications of PDT include actinic keratoses (AK), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and in situ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) also known as Bowen disease (BD). With regards to AKs, PDT can also treat the cancerization field carrying an oncogenic risk. In addition, an increasing number of pathologies, such as other skin cancers, infectious, inflammatory or pilosebaceous diseases are being considered as potentially treatable entities with PDT. Besides the known therapeutic properties of PDT, there is a modality used for skin rejuvenation and aesthetic purposes defined as photodynamic photorejuvenation. This technique enables the remodelling of collagen, which in turn prevents and treats photoaging stygmata. Finally we explore a new potential treatment field for PDT determined by the activation of follicular bulge stem cells caused by in situ ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fonda-Pascual
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Dermatología Experimental y Biología Cutánea, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar M Moreno-Arrones
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Dermatología Experimental y Biología Cutánea, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Alegre-Sanchez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Dermatología Experimental y Biología Cutánea, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Saceda-Corralo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Dermatología Experimental y Biología Cutánea, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Kyra Velazquez-Kennedy
- Grupo de Dermatología Experimental y Biología Cutánea, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Calvo-Sánchez
- Grupo de Dermatología Experimental y Biología Cutánea, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Lorea Bagazgoitia
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Dermatología Experimental y Biología Cutánea, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Vaño-Galvan
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Dermatología Experimental y Biología Cutánea, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Espada
- Laboratorio de Bionanotecnolgía, Universidad Bernardo ÓHiggins, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pedro Jaen-Olasolo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
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De Sordi L, Butt MA, Pye H, Kohoutova D, Mosse CA, Yahioglu G, Stamati I, Deonarain M, Battah S, Ready D, Allan E, Mullany P, Lovat LB. Development of Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) for Clostridium difficile. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135039. [PMID: 26313448 PMCID: PMC4551672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and pseudo membranous colitis in the developed world. The aim of this study was to explore whether Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) could be used as a novel approach to treating C. difficile infections. METHODS PACT utilises the ability of light-activated photosensitisers (PS) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as free radical species and singlet oxygen, which are lethal to cells. We screened thirteen PS against C. difficile planktonic cells, biofilm and germinating spores in vitro, and cytotoxicity of effective compounds was tested on the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell-line HT-29. RESULTS Three PS were able to kill 99.9% of bacteria in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, both in the planktonic state and in a biofilm, after exposure to red laser light (0.2 J/cm2) without harming model colon cells. The applicability of PACT to eradicate C. difficile germinative spores indirectly was also shown, by first inducing germination with the bile salt taurocholate, followed by PACT. CONCLUSION This innovative and simple approach offers the prospect of a new antimicrobial therapy using light to treat C. difficile infection of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa De Sordi
- Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Research Department of Tissue & Energy, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Adil Butt
- Research Department of Tissue & Energy, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Gastrointestinal Services, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley Pye
- Research Department of Tissue & Energy, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darina Kohoutova
- Research Department of Tissue & Energy, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Gastrointestinal Services, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A. Mosse
- Research Department of Tissue & Energy, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Yahioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- PhotoBiotics Ltd, Chemistry Building, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Stamati
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahendra Deonarain
- PhotoBiotics Ltd, Chemistry Building, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sinan Battah
- Organix Ltd, Colchester, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Derren Ready
- Public Health Laboratory London, Pathology & Pharmacy Building, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Allan
- Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mullany
- Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence B. Lovat
- Research Department of Tissue & Energy, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Gastrointestinal Services, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Cerman E, Çekiç O. Clinical use of photodynamic therapy in ocular tumors. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60:557-74. [PMID: 26079736 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the introduction of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs reduced the indications for photodynamic therapy in ophthalmology, it may still be used in various ocular tumors. Although many studies have shown that photodynamic therapy is effective in ocular tumors, the literature consists of case reports and series. In this review, we systematically performed a meta-analysis for the use of photodynamic therapy in circumscribed choroidal hemangioma, diffuse choroidal hemangioma, retinal capillary hemangioma, von Hippel-Lindau angiomatosis, choroidal melanoma, retinal astrocytoma, retinoblastoma, eyelid tumors, conjunctival tumors, and choroidal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Cerman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Çekiç
- Department of Ophthalmology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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23
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Schmidt TF, Caseli L, Oliveira ON, Itri R. Binding of methylene blue onto Langmuir monolayers representing cell membranes may explain its efficiency as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:4205-12. [PMID: 25798992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We provide evidence for the electrostatic interactions between the cationic photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) and cell membrane models represented by neat and mixed Langmuir monolayers of dioleylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and 1,1',2,2'-tetraoleoylcardiolipin (CL). From surface pressure measurements, MB was found to adsorb strongly and expand CL-containing monolayers, while it caused an apparent decreasing in molecular area on neat DOPC monolayer. The binding site of MB could be inferred from data with the surface-specific polarization-modulated infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) technique, where changes induced by MB were observed in the vibrational modes of the phosphate groups of both CL and DOPC. The incorporation of MB also affected the carbonyl groups and the packing of the alkyl chains, thus indicating that MB binding site favors singlet oxygen generation close to the double bonds in the alkyl chains, an important requirement for photodynamic efficiency. Significantly, the data presented here demonstrate that MB may act in membranes composed by PCs, such as mammalian plasma membranes, and in those containing CL, as in bacterial and inner mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís F Schmidt
- †Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Luciano Caseli
- ‡Institute of Environmental, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- §São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Itri
- ∥Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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Mertins O, Bacellar IOL, Thalmann F, Marques CM, Baptista MS, Itri R. Physical damage on giant vesicles membrane as a result of methylene blue photoirradiation. Biophys J 2014; 106:162-71. [PMID: 24411248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we pursue a closer analysis of the photodamage promoted on giant unilamellar vesicles membranes made of dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), by irradiating methylene blue present in the giant unilamellar vesicles solution. By means of optical microscopy and electro-deformation experiments, the physical damage on the vesicle membrane was followed and the phospholipids oxidation was evaluated in terms of changes in the membrane surface area and permeability. As expected, oxidation modifies structural characteristics of the phospholipids that lead to remarkable membrane alterations. By comparing DOPC- with POPC-made membranes, we observed that the rate of pore formation and vesicle degradation as a function of methylene blue concentration follows a diffusion law in the case of DOPC and a linear variation in the case of POPC. We attributed this scenario to the nucleation process of oxidized species following a diffusion-limited growth regime for DOPC and in the case of POPC a homogeneous nucleation process. On the basis of these premises, we constructed models based on reaction-diffusion equations that fit well with the experimental data. This information shows that the outcome of the photosensitization reactions is critically dependent on the type of lipid present in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mertins
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo.
| | - Isabel O L Bacellar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabrice Thalmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Carlos M Marques
- Institut Charles Sadron, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Itri
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo.
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Mundt JM, Rouse L, Van den Bossche J, Goodrich RP. Chemical and biological mechanisms of pathogen reduction technologies. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:957-64. [PMID: 25041351 PMCID: PMC4277684 DOI: 10.1111/php.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade new technologies have been developed and implemented which employ light, often in the presence of a photosensitizer, to inactivate pathogens that reside in human blood products for the purpose of transfusion. These pathogen reduction technologies attempt to find the proper balance between pathogen kill and cell quality. Each system utilizes various chemistries that not only impact which pathogens they can inactivate and how, but also how the treatments affect the plasma and cellular proteins and to what degree. This paper aims to present the various chemical mechanisms for pathogen reduction in transfusion medicine that are currently practiced or in development.
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Toxicity of imine-iminium dyes and pigments: electron transfer, radicals, oxidative stress and other physiological effects. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:825-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
| | - Ratnasamy Somanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; San Diego State University; San Diego CA USA
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación del Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Apdo; postal 1166 Tijuana B.C., Mexico
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27
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Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Proper sterilization or disinfection of removable prostheses and surgical guides has been problematic in dental practice because of the absence of simple and low-cost techniques that do not cause damage to acrylic resins. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to study the effect of photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans biofilms formed on acrylic resin specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The specimens were sterilized in ethylene oxide gas and submitted to in vitro biofilm growth. The photodynamic therapy consisted of the application of 0.05% methylene blue (P+) conjugated to irradiation with a light-emitting-diode of 630 nm and 150 mW (L+). The specimens were randomly divided into groups (n=5): negative control (P-L-); stained and irradiated at 10 J/cm(2) (P+L+ 10); stained and irradiated at 30 J/cm(2) (P+L+ 30); stained and not irradiated (P+L-); not stained and irradiated at 10 J/cm(2) (P-L+ 10); not stained and irradiated at 30 J/cm(2) (P-L+ 30); and gold standard (GS), sterilized. Afterward, the specimens were submitted to contact with culture medium agar for 10 minutes in petri plates, which were incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. The number of colony-forming units was obtained, and the data were expressed according to scores (1=0; 2=1-10; 3=11-100; 4=101-1000) and analyzed by the Friedman and Dunn tests (α=.05). RESULTS Streptococcus mutans was sensitized by (P+L-); P aeruginosa and C albicans were also sensitized by the dye but showed a slight microbial reduction with (P+L+ 30), as did S aureus (P>.05); E coli presented an initial score of 3 and achieved a bacterial reduction to score 2 with (P+L+ 30) (P=.039). CONCLUSIONS Photodynamic therapy was effective in reducing E coli counts on biofilms formed on acrylic resin specimens. The inhibition of microorganism growth tended to be directly proportional to the amount of energy provided by the light-emitting diode.
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28
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Photodynamic action of methylene blue in osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Itri R, Junqueira HC, Mertins O, Baptista MS. Membrane changes under oxidative stress: the impact of oxidized lipids. Biophys Rev 2014; 6:47-61. [PMID: 28509959 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying photosensitized oxidation of unsaturated phospholipids is of importance for understanding the basic processes underlying photodynamic therapy, photoaging and many other biological dysfunctions. In this review we show that the giant unilamellar vesicle, when used as a simplified model of biological membranes, is a powerful tool to investigate how in situ photogenerated oxidative species impact the phospholipid bilayer. The extent of membrane damage can be modulated by choosing a specific photosensitizer (PS) which is activated by light irradiation and can react by either type I and or type II mechanism. We will show that type II PS generates only singlet oxygen which reacts to the phospholipid acyl double bond. The byproduct thus formed is a lipid hydroperoxide which accumulates in the membrane as a function of singlet oxygen production and induces an increase in its area without significantly affecting membrane permeability. The presence of a lipid hydroperoxide can also play an important role in the formation of the lipid domain for mimetic plasma membranes. Lipid hydroperoxides can be also transformed in shortened chain compounds, such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, in the presence of a PS that reacts via the type I mechanism. The presence of such byproducts may form hydrophilic pores in the membrane for moderate oxidative stress or promote membrane disruption for massive oxidation. Our results provide a new tool to explore membrane response to an oxidative stress and may have implications in biological signaling of redox misbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Itri
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Helena C Junqueira
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Omar Mertins
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gilaberte Y, Aspiroz C, Alejandre MC, Andres-Ciriano E, Fortuño B, Charlez L, Revillo MJ, Hamblin MR, Rezusta A. Cutaneous sporotrichosis treated with photodynamic therapy: an in vitro and in vivo study. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 32:54-7. [PMID: 24328608 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2013.3590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by Sporothrix schenckii complex, usually restricted to the skin, subcutaneous cellular tissue, and adjacent lymphatic vessels. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) could be a good alternative to manage localized, superficial infections. CASE REPORT A 65-year-old African woman was diagnosed with a fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis on her left arm, treated with itraconazol and oral terbinafine with partial improvement. Topical 16% methyl aminolevulinate (MAL, Metvix(®))-PDT was used without success. METHODS An in vitro photoinactivation test with the isolated microorganism revealed phenothiazinium salts to be more effective than MAL. CONCLUSIONS PDT with intralesional 1% methylene blue (MB) in combination with intermittent low doses of itraconazole obtained complete microbiological and clinical response.
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Pellosi DS, Batistela VR, Souza VRD, Scarminio IS, Caetano W, Hioka N. Evaluation of the photodynamic activity of Xanthene Dyes on Artemia salina described by chemometric approaches. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201395412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an important area of research due to their growing use in medical applications. Therefore, it is important to develop new bioassay methods for PDT photosensitizers that are inexpensive, easy to handle and highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Xanthene dyes (fluorescein, rose bengal B, erythrosine B and eosin Y) with LED light sources were investigated using Artemia salina as a bioindicator of photodynamic activity. In this study, three factors were investigated: (i) photosensitizers concentration, (ii) the LED irradiation time and (iii) the waiting time between the addition of the photosensitizers and the beginning of the irradiation. To analyze the photo-killing of A. salina, it was employed a 23 full factorial design. The death of A. salina was related to dye structure and the interaction between the irradiation time and the photosensitizers concentration. About 60% of crustaceans death was obtained using rose bengal B, which presentes the highest quantum yield of singlet oxygen due to the number of iodide substituents in the xanthenes ring. The proposed bioassay using A. salina, xanthene dyes and LED irradiation was found suitable for quantitative PDT drug evaluation.
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LIM EUNJIN, OAK CHULHO, HEO JEONGHOON, KIM YOUNGHO. Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy enhances apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:856-62. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Patel AM, Chou EL, Findeiss L, Kelly KM. The horizon for treating cutaneous vascular lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:98-104. [PMID: 22640429 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dermatologists encounter a wide range of cutaneous vascular lesions, including infantile hemangiomas, port-wine stain birthmarks, arteriovenous malformations, venous malformations, Kaposi sarcomas, angiosarcomas, and angiofibromas. Current treatment modalities to reduce these lesions include topical and/or intralesional steroids, laser therapy, surgical resection, and endovascular therapy. However, each method has limitations owing to recurrence, comorbidities, toxicity, or lesion location. Photodynamic therapy, antiangiogenic therapy, and evolving methods of sclerotherapy are promising areas of development that may mitigate limitations of current treatments and offer exciting options for patients and their physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit M Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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Rabello BR, Gerola AP, Pellosi DS, Tessaro AL, Aparício JL, Caetano W, Hioka N. Singlet oxygen dosimetry using uric acid as a chemical probe: Systematic evaluation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pavani C, Iamamoto Y, Baptista MS. Mechanism and Efficiency of Cell Death of Type II Photosensitizers: Effect of Zinc Chelation†. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:774-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Samiey B, Ashoori F. Adsorptive removal of methylene blue by agar: effects of NaCl and ethanol. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:14. [PMID: 22339759 PMCID: PMC3296642 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on agar was investigated as a function of temperature (308-328 K), different concentrations of NaCl and HCl and various weight percentages of binary mixtures of ethanol with water. It was observed that the maximum experimental adsorption capacity, qm, exp, in water is up to 50 mg g-1 and decreases with increase in weight percentage of ethanol and NaCl and HCl concentration compared to that of water. Analysis of data using ARIAN model showed that MB adsorbs as monomer and dimer on the surface of agar. Binding constants of MB to agar were calculated using the Temkin isotherm. The process is exothermic in water and other solutions. The mean adsorption energy (E) value indicated binding of MB to agar is chemical adsorption. Kinetics of this interaction obeys from the pseudo-second-order model and diffusion of the MB molecules into the agar is the main rate-controlling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Samiey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, 68137-17133, Khoramabad, Iran.
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Tardivo JP, Wainwright M, Baptista MS. Local clinical phototreatment of herpes infection in São Paulo. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 9:118-21. [PMID: 22594981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of topical photodynamic therapy in herpes simplex lesions in São Paulo is presented and discussed. Although previous attempts utilising this type of approach in the USA were discontinued in the early 1970s due to several presentations of post-treatment Bowen's disease, none of the cases from the clinic presented here have displayed any complications on follow-up. In addition, lesion recrudescence periods are generally much longer than with conventional approaches. This is thought to be due to improvements in the treatment protocol, viz. use of the non-toxic photosensitisers methylene blue and Hypericum perforatum extract in place of proflavine and neutral red in the original trials, differences in photosensitisation pathway and illumination of the treatment site with red rather than fluorescent/UV light. Post-treatment cosmesis is also excellent.
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Photo-activated phase separation in giant vesicles made from different lipid mixtures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:666-72. [PMID: 22172805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) made from POPC, DPPC, cholesterol and a small amount of a porphyrin-based photosensitizer that we name PE-porph, we investigated the response of the lipid bilayer under visible light, focusing in the formation of domains during the lipid oxidation induced by singlet oxygen. This reactive species is generated by light excitation of PE-porf in the vicinity of the membrane, and thus promotes formation of hydroperoxides when unsaturated lipids and cholesterol are present. Using optical microscopy we determined the lipid compositions under which GUVs initially in the homogeneous phase displayed Lo-Ld phase separation following irradiation. Such an effect is attributed to the in situ formation of both hydroperoxized POPC and cholesterol. The boundary line separating homogeneous Lo phase and phase coexistence regions in the phase diagram is displaced vertically towards the higher cholesterol content in respect to ternary diagram of POPC:DPPC:cholesterol mixtures in the absence of oxidized species. Phase separated domains emerge from sub-micrometer initial sizes to evolve over hours into large Lo-Ld domains completely separated in the lipid membrane. This study provides not only a new tool to explore the kinetics of domain formation in mixtures of lipid membranes, but may also have implications in biological signaling of redox misbalance.
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Oliveira CS, Turchiello R, Kowaltowski AJ, Indig GL, Baptista MS. Major determinants of photoinduced cell death: Subcellular localization versus photosensitization efficiency. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:824-33. [PMID: 21664269 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a study on whether and to what extent subcellular localization may compete favorably with photosensitization efficiency with respect to the overall efficiency of photoinduced cell death. We have compared the efficiency with which two cationic photosensitizers, namely methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV), induce the photoinduced death of human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells. Whereas MB is well known to generate singlet oxygen and related triplet excited species with high quantum yields in a variety of biological and chemical environments (i.e., acting as a typical type II photosensitizer), the highly mitochondria-specific CV produces triplet species and singlet oxygen with low yields, acting mostly via the classical type I mechanism (e.g., via free radicals). The findings described here indicate that the presumably more phototoxic type II photosensitizer (MB) does not lead to higher degrees of cell death compared to the type I (CV) photosensitizer. In fact, CV kills cells with the same efficiency as MB, generating at least 10 times fewer photoinduced reactive species. Therefore, subcellular localization is indeed more important than photochemical reactivity in terms of overall cell killing, with mitochondrial localization representing a highly desirable property for the development of more specific/efficient photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Baran TM, Giesselman BR, Hu R, Biel MA, Foster TH. Factors influencing tumor response to photodynamic therapy sensitized by intratumor administration of methylene blue. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 42:728-35. [PMID: 20848552 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We examined tumor response to methylene blue (MB)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a murine tumor model. The goal was to investigate the effects of drug-light interval (DLI), injection vehicle, and fluence on tumor destruction. Fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy informed our understanding. MATERIALS AND METHODS EMT6 tumor cells were implanted intradermally on the backs of female BALB/c mice and grown to ∼4-mm diameter. Mice were given a 35 µl, single site, intratumor injection of 500 µg/ml MB administered in either a water or a 5% ethanol-5% Cremophor-90% saline vehicle. PDT was begun either immediately or after a 1-hour DLI with a fluence rate of 60 mW/cm(2). Each animal received a fluence of 240 or 480 J/cm(2). Fluorescence and reflectance spectra were captured before and during irradiation. RESULTS A protocol consisting of the Cremophor-based vehicle, 0 DLI, and a fluence of 480 J/cm(2) was the most effective, with a 55% cure rate as measured by no evidence of tumor 90 days after PDT. Use of the water vehicle with this fluence and DLI reduced the cure rate to 20%. Reducing the fluence to 240 J/cm(2) similarly reduced treatment efficacy with 0 and 1-hour DLIs. Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis identified increased fluence, 0 versus 1-hour DLI, and the Cremophor versus water vehicle as highly significant independent predictors of long term tumor control (P < 0.01 in each case). Multivariate analysis with model selection revealed fluence and injection vehicle as the best predictors of survival hazards. Fluorescence spectroscopy in vivo showed that MB fluorescence decreased monotonically during a 2-hour dark interval but was restored by irradiation. Reflectance spectroscopy revealed that MB at this injected concentration attenuates the treatment beam significantly. CONCLUSION Sensitizer delivery vehicle, drug-light interval, and fluence contribute significantly to the tumor response to MB-mediated PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Baran
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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George S, Heng BC, Vinoth KJ, Kishen A, Cao T. Comparison of the response of human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated progenies to oxidative stress. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 27:669-74. [PMID: 19530910 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2008.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of oxidative stress on human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and their spontaneously differentiated fibroblastic progenies (at passage 5). BACKGROUND DATA In ischemic disease models, high levels of free radicals and reactive oxygen species are critical factors in decreasing survivability and engraftment of transplanted/transfused cells. Hence, it is imperative to characterize response of hESC and their differentiated progenies to oxidative stress. METHODS Oxidative stress was induced either by (i) varying durations (0 to 40 min) of photodynamic treatment (diode laser, 664 nm, 30 mW) in the presence of 10 microM methylene blue as a photosensitizer, or by (ii) exposure to varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0 to 50 microM) for a fixed duration of 40 min. Additionally, the effects of heat shock and mild oxidative stress preconditioning on oxidative stress response was also investigated. RESULTS Consistently higher survivability (MTT assay) of hESC was observed compared to their differentiated fibroblastic progenies, upon exposure to equivalent levels of oxidative stress. Further experiments demonstrated that heat-shock pretreatment (42 degrees C for 90 min) did not enhance the resistance of either hESC or their differentiated progenies to oxidative stress (photodynamic treatment), but in fact had a slightly detrimental effect on their survivability upon subsequent exposure to oxidative stress. Similarly, preconditioning of both undifferentiated hESC and their differentiated progenies with low levels of oxidative stress also did not enhance cellular survivability upon subsequent exposure to much higher levels of oxidative stress induced by photodynamic treatment. CONCLUSIONS Undifferentiated hESC are intrinsically more resistant to oxidative stress compared to their spontaneously differentiated fibroblastic progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji George
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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O'Connor AE, Gallagher WM, Byrne AT. Porphyrin and nonporphyrin photosensitizers in oncology: preclinical and clinical advances in photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1053-74. [PMID: 19682322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 815] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is now a well-recognized modality for the treatment of cancer. While PDT has developed progressively over the last century, great advances have been observed in the field in recent years. The concept of dual selectivity of PDT agents is now widely accepted due to the relative specificity and selectivity of PDT along with the absence of harmful side effects often encountered with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Traditionally, porphyrin-based photosensitizers have dominated the PDT field but these first generation photosensitizers have several disadvantages, with poor light absorption and cutaneous photosensitivity being the predominant side effects. As a result, the requirement for new photosensitizers, including second generation porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives as well as third generation photosensitizers has arisen, with the aim of alleviating the problems encountered with first generation porphyrins and improving the efficacy of PDT. The investigation of nonporphyrin photosensitizers for the development of novel PDT agents has been considerably less extensive than porphyrin-based compounds; however, structural modification of nonporphyrin photosensitizers has allowed for manipulation of the photochemotherapeutic properties. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into PDT photosensitizers clinically approved for application in oncology, as well as those which show significant potential in ongoing preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling E O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Giusti JSM, Santos-Pinto L, Pizzolito AC, Helmerson K, Carvalho-Filho E, Kurachi C, Bagnato VS. Antimicrobial photodynamic action on dentin using a light-emitting diode light source. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 26:281-7. [PMID: 18637719 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2007.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was the evaluation of two different photosensitizers activated by red light emitted by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the decontamination of carious bovine dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen bovine incisors were used to obtain dentin samples which were immersed in brain-heart infusion culture medium supplemented with 1% glucose, 2% sucrose, and 1% young primary culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus 10(8) CFU/mL and Streptococcus mutans 10(8) CFU/mL for caries induction. Three different concentrations of the Photogem solution, a hematoporphyrin derivative (1, 2, and 3 mg/mL) and two different concentrations of toluidine blue O (TBO), a basic dye (0.025 and 0.1 mg/mL) were used. To activate the photosensitizers two different light exposure times were used: 60 sec and 120 sec, corresponding respectively to the doses of 24 J/cm(2) and 48 J/cm(2). RESULTS After counting the numbers of CFU per milligram of carious dentin, we observed that the use of LED energy in association with Photogem or TBO was effective for bacterial reduction in carious dentin, and that the greatest effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus was obtained with TBO at 0.1 mg/mL and a dose of 48 J/cm(2). It was also observed that the overall toxicity of TBO was higher than that of Photogem, and that the phototoxicity of TBO was higher than that of Photogem. CONCLUSION Based on our data we propose a mathematical model for the photodynamic effect when different photosensitizer concentrations and light doses are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juçaíra S M Giusti
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Tardivo JP, Baptista MS. Treatment of Osteomyelitis in the Feet of Diabetic Patients by Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 27:145-50. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2008.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- João P. Tardivo
- CEDERM-UNIFESP e Centro Médico Laser, Instituto de Química da USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Alarcón E, Edwards AM, Garcia AM, Muñoz M, Aspée A, Borsarelli CD, Lissi EA. Photophysics and photochemistry of zinc phthalocyanine/bovine serum albumin adducts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:255-63. [DOI: 10.1039/b815726j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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47
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Kang MJ, Kim TY. Recurrent Classical Type of Kaposi's Sarcoma Treated by Interferon-alpha. Ann Dermatol 2008; 20:162-5. [PMID: 27303184 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2008.20.3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a lympho-angioproliferative disease, with four variants; one of which is classical KS (CKS). Classical KS is clinically characterized by single or multiple pea-sized bluish-red macules on the distal portions of the lower extremities. A 60-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic, solitary patch on the left sole. He had been successfully treated for the classical type of Kaposi sarcoma on the right sole with interferon-alpha 3 years before. The patient was treated with six million units of interferon-alpha three times per week for 6 months. The lesion showed complete resolution and there has been no report of recurrence for 1 year after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Wilson B, Fernández MJ, Lorente A, Grant KB. Synthesis and DNA interactions of a bis-phenothiazinium photosensitizer. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4026-35. [PMID: 18931811 DOI: 10.1039/b810015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of N,N-bis[(7-dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium-3-yl]-4,4-ethylenedipiperidine diiodide (3), consisting of two photosensitizing phenothiazinium rings attached to a central ethylenedipiperidine linker. At all time points (10, 30, 60 min) and all wavelengths (676, 700, 710 nm) tested, photocleavage of pUC19 plasmid DNA (22 degrees C and pH 7.0) was markedly enhanced by 1 microM of 3 in comparison to 1 microM of the parent phenothiazine methylene blue (MB). At concentrations of phenothiazine ranging from 5 to 0.5 microM, the photocleavage levels produced by compound 3 were consistently higher than the cleavage produced using approximately twice the amount of MB (e.g., 710 nm irradiation of 5 microM of 3 and 10 microM of MB cleaved the plasmid DNA in 93% and 71% yields, respectively). Scavenger assays provided evidence for the involvement of singlet oxygen and, to a lesser extent, hydroxyl radicals in DNA damage. Analysis of photocleavage products at nucleotide resolution revealed that direct strand breaks and alkaline-labile lesions occurred predominantly at guanine bases. While compound 3 and MB were both shown to stabilize duplex DNA, the DeltaTm values of calf thymus (CT) and C. perfringens DNAs were approximately three fold higher in the presence of compound 3. Finally, viscometric data indicated that CT DNA interacts with compound 3 and MB by a combination of groove binding and monofunctional intercalation, and with compound 3 by a third, bisintercalative binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA
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Daghastanli NA, Itri R, Baptista MS. Singlet oxygen reacts with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein and contributes to the formation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1238-43. [PMID: 18422880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are controversial reports in the literature concerning the reactivity of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) with the redox probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH). By carefully preparing solutions in which (1)O(2) is quantitatively generated in the presence of DCFH, we were able to show that the formation rate of the fluorescent molecule derived from DCFH oxidation, which is 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), increases in D(2)O and decreases in sodium azide, proving the direct role of (1)O(2) in this process. We have also prepared solutions in which either (1)O(2) or dication (MB(2+)) and semi-reduced (MB) radicals of the sensitizer and subsequently super-oxide radical (O(2)(-)) are generated. The absence of any effect of SOD and catalase ruled out the DCFH oxidation by O(2)(-), indicating that both (1)O(2) and MB(2+) react with DCFH. Although the formation of DCF was 1 order of magnitude larger in the presence of MB(2+) than in the presence of (1)O(2), considering the rate of spontaneous decays of these species in aqueous solution, we were able to conclude that the reactivity of (1)O(2) with DCFH is actually larger than that of MB(2+). We conclude that DCFH can continue to be used as a probe to monitor general redox misbalance induced in biologic systems by oxidizing radicals and (1)O(2).
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Syntheses and DNA photocleavage by mono- and bis-phenothiazinium–piperazinexylene intercalators. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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