1
|
Haak JL, Kregel KC, Bloomer SA. Altered accumulation of hepatic mitochondrial antioxidant proteins with age and environmental heat stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1339-1347. [PMID: 37881850 PMCID: PMC10979832 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00610.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging impairs overall physiological function, particularly the response to environmental stressors. Repeated heat stress elevates reactive oxygen species and macromolecular damage in the livers of aged animals, likely due to mitochondrial dysfunction. The goal of this investigation was to determine potential mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction after heat stress by evaluating key redox-sensitive and antioxidant proteins (Sirt-3, MnSOD, Trx-2, and Ref-1). We hypothesized that heat stress would result in greater mitochondrial abundance of these proteins, but that aging would attenuate this response. For this purpose, young (6 mo) and old (24 mo) Fisher 344 rats were exposed to heat stress on two consecutive days. During each heating trial, colonic temperature was elevated to 41°C during the first 60 min, and then clamped at this temperature for 30 min. Nonheated animals served as controls. At 2 and 24 h after the second heat stress, hepatic mitochondria were isolated from each animal, and then immunoblotted for Sirt-3, acetylated lysine residues (Ac-K), MnSOD, Trx-2, and Ref-1. Aging increased Sirt-3 and lowered Ac-K. In response to heat stress, Sirt-3, Ac-K, MnSOD, and Ref-1 increased in mitochondrial fractions in both young and old animals. At 2 h after the second heat stress, mitochondrial Trx-2 declined in old, but not in young animals. Our results suggest that some components of the response to heat stress are preserved with aging. However, the decline in Trx-2 represents a potential mechanism for age-related mitochondrial damage and dysfunction after heat stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results suggest heat stress-induced mitochondrial translocation of Sirt-3, MnSOD, and Ref-1 in young and old animals. Aged rats experienced a decline in Trx-2 after heat stress, suggesting a potential mechanism for age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L Haak
- Health Sciences Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kevin C Kregel
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Steven A Bloomer
- Division of Science and Engineering, Penn State Abington, Abington, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Orange ST. What is the optimal type and dose of physical activity for colorectal cancer prevention? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 66:101841. [PMID: 37852708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence shows that higher levels of physical activity reduce the relative risk of colon cancer by up to 20%. To design optimal physical activity interventions for primary prevention, it is important to understand how the specific characteristics of physical activity (type, intensity, overall volume) influence the magnitude of colon cancer risk reduction. Improving our understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms will also help to manipulate physical activity characteristics to precisely target mechanisms of action and identify populations most likely to benefit. This review synthesizes the best available evidence to explore how the type and dose of physical activity moderate the protective effect of physical activity on colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bakonyi P, Kolonics A, Aczel D, Zhou L, Mozaffaritabar S, Molnár K, László L, Kutasi B, Tanisawa K, Park J, Gu Y, Pinho RA, Radak Z. Voluntary exercise does not increase gastrointestinal motility but increases spatial memory, intestinal eNOS, Akt levels, and Bifidobacteria abundance in the microbiome. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1173636. [PMID: 37664431 PMCID: PMC10468588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1173636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the gut and brain is a great puzzle since it is mediated by very complex mechanisms. Therefore, the possible interactions of the brain-exercise-intestine-microbiome axis were investigated in a control (C, N = 6) and voluntarily exercised (VE, N = 8) middle-aged rats. The endurance capacity was assessed by VO2max on the treadmill, spatial memory by the Morris maze test, gastrointestinal motility by EMG, the microbiome by 16S RNA gene amplicon sequencing, caveolae by electron microscopy, and biochemical assays were used to measure protein levels and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Eight weeks of voluntary running increased VO2max, and spatial memory was assessed by the Morris maze test but did not significantly change the motility of the gastrointestinal tract or production of ROS in the intestine. The protein kinase B (Akt) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein levels significantly increased in the intestine, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NFR1), SIRT1, SIRT3, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) did not change. On the other hand, voluntary exercise increased the number of caveolae in the smooth muscles of the intestine and relative abundance of Bifidobacteria in the microbiome, which correlated with the Akt levels in the intestine. Voluntary exercise has systemic effects and the relationship between intestinal Akt and the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract could be an important adaptive response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bakonyi
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kolonics
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Aczel
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lei Zhou
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Soroosh Mozaffaritabar
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Kutasi
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Jonguk Park
- Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ricardo A. Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hwang D, Kim J, Kyun S, Jang I, Kim T, Park HY, Lim K. Exogenous lactate augments exercise-induced improvement in memory but not in hippocampal neurogenesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5838. [PMID: 37037890 PMCID: PMC10086059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), the lifelong process of formation of new neurons in the mammalian brain, plays an important role in learning and memory. Exercise is an effective enhancer of AHN; however, the molecular mediators of exercise-induced AHN are unknown. Recently, lactate was considered as an important mediator of exercise-induced AHN. Therefore, we hypothesized that exercise with lactate intake could augment exercise-induced AHN. This study was conducted for 5 weeks with 7-week-old ICR male mice that performed mild-intensity exercise (just below lactate threshold, 55-60%VO2max) with or without oral administration of lactate 5 days/week. Cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, neurogenesis-relevant factors, reference and retention memory, and spatial working memory were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The results showed that AHN was enhanced by lactate intake, but exercise-induced AHN was not augmented by exercise with lactate intake. Nevertheless, exercise-induced improvement in reference and retention memory was augmented by exercise with lactate intake. And spatial working memory was promoted by the co-treatment, also protein expression of hippocampal FNDC5, BDNF, PGC1α, and MCT2 were elevated by the co-treatment. Therefore, our findings suggest that lactate has a potential to be developed as a novel supplement that improves the positive effects of exercise on the hippocampus and its cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deunsol Hwang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kyun
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkwon Jang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Laboratory of Exercise and Nutrition, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Fu X, Li H, Gao Y, Wang W, Shen Y. Leptin differentially regulate cell apoptosis and cycle by histone acetylation in tibial and vertebral epiphyseal plates. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:660-668. [PMID: 36453460 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Leptin showed different apoptosis regulation effects on the chondrocytes from tibial and vertebral epiphyseal plates. However, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we tested the protein profile of tibial and vertebral epiphyseal plate chondrocytes with and without leptin stimulation by mass spectrometry and found that the histone acetylation level of tibial chondrocytes was decreased after leptin treatment, while increased in vertebral epiphyseal plates. COIP assay showed that leptin promoted H3, H4 histone acetylation by recruiting CREB binding protein (CBP)/P300 to activate histone acetyl transferases (HATs) activity in vertebral disc chondrocytes. But in tibial plate cartilage cells, leptin did not recruit CBP and p300, thus differently affect the apoptosis of epiphyseal plate chondrocytes. Through explored the mechanism of histone acetylation modulated by leptin, and its effect on cartilage cell apoptosis and cell cycle regulation, This provides a novel target therapy possibility therapeutic approach to for the related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomiao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjian Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akhtar A, Gupta SM, Dwivedi S, Kumar D, Shaikh MF, Negi A. Preclinical Models for Alzheimer's Disease: Past, Present, and Future Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47504-47517. [PMID: 36591205 PMCID: PMC9798399 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A robust preclinical disease model is a primary requirement to understand the underlying mechanisms, signaling pathways, and drug screening for human diseases. Although various preclinical models are available for several diseases, clinical models for Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain underdeveloped and inaccurate. The pathophysiology of AD mainly includes the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Furthermore, neuroinflammation and free radical generation also contribute to AD. Currently, there is a wide gap in scientific approaches to preventing AD progression. Most of the available drugs are limited to symptomatic relief and improve deteriorating cognitive functions. To mimic the pathogenesis of human AD, animal models like 3XTg-AD and 5XFAD are the primarily used mice models in AD therapeutics. Animal models for AD include intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin (ICV-STZ), amyloid beta-induced, colchicine-induced, etc., focusing on parameters such as cognitive decline and dementia. Unfortunately, the translational rate of the potential drug candidates in clinical trials is poor due to limitations in imitating human AD pathology in animal models. Therefore, the available preclinical models possess a gap in AD modeling. This paper presents an outline that critically assesses the applicability and limitations of the current approaches in disease modeling for AD. Also, we attempted to provide key suggestions for the best-fit model to evaluate potential therapies, which might improve therapy translation from preclinical studies to patients with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansab Akhtar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Shraddha M. Gupta
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Shubham Dwivedi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, DIT University, Uttarakhand, Dehradun 248009, India
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology
Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Arvind Negi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qian P, Ma F, Zhang W, Cao D, Li L, Liu Z, Pei P, Zhang T, Wang S, Wu J. Chronic exercise remodels the lysine acetylome in the mouse hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1023482. [PMID: 36385767 PMCID: PMC9650339 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1023482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise benefits hippocampal function through various molecular mechanisms. Protein acetylation, a conserved and widespread post-translational modification, is involved in the synaptic plasticity and memory. However, whether exercise can change global acetylation and the role of acetylated proteins in the hippocampus have remained largely unknown. Herein, using healthy adult mice running for 6 weeks as exercise model and sedentary mice as control, we analyzed the hippocampal lysine acetylome and proteome by Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. As a result, we profiled the lysine acetylation landscape for the hippocampus and identified 3,876 acetyl sites and 1,764 acetylated proteins. A total of 272 acetyl sites on 252 proteins were differentially regulated by chronic exercise, among which 18.58% acetylated proteins were annotated in mitochondria. These proteins were dominantly deacetylated and mainly associated with carbon-related metabolism, the Hippo signaling pathway, ribosomes, and protein processing. Meanwhile, 21 proteins were significantly expressed and enriched in the pathway of complement and coagulation cascades. Our findings provide a new avenue for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise for hippocampal function and can contribute to the promotion of public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qian
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Wanyu Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dingding Cao
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Luya Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shan Wang,
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Jianxin Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou L, Pinho R, Gu Y, Radak Z. The Role of SIRT3 in Exercise and Aging. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162596. [PMID: 36010672 PMCID: PMC9406297 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of regular exercise are well established. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for exercise-induced health benefits remain a topic of debate. One of the key cell-signaling candidates proposed to provide exercise-induced benefits is sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). SIRT3, an NAD+ dependent mitochondrial deacetylase, positively modulates many cellular processes, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and protection against oxidative stress. Although the exercise-induced change in SIRT3 signaling is a potential mechanism contributing to the health advantages of exercise on aging, studies investigating the impact of exercise on SIRT3 abundance in cells provide conflicting results. To resolve this conundrum, this narrative review provides a detailed analysis of the role that exercise-induced changes in SIRT3 play in providing the health and aging benefits associated with regular physical activity. We begin with an overview of SIRT3 function in cells followed by a comprehensive review of the impact of exercise on SIRT3 expression in humans and other mammalians. We then discuss the impact of SIRT3 on aging, followed by a thorough analysis of the cell-signaling links between SIRT3 and exercise-induced adaptation. Notably, to stimulate future research, we conclude with a discussion of key unanswered questions related to exercise, aging, and SIRT3 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Research Institute of Molecular Exercise Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ricardo Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Molecular Exercise Science, Hungarian University of Sport Science, H-1123 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-304918224
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Orange ST, Jordan AR, Odell A, Kavanagh O, Hicks KM, Eaglen T, Todryk S, Saxton JM. Acute aerobic exercise-conditioned serum reduces colon cancer cell proliferation through IL-6-induced regulation of DNA damage in vitro. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:265-274. [PMID: 35213038 PMCID: PMC9314683 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with reduced risk of primary and recurrent colon cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of action are poorly understood. We evaluated the effects of stimulating a human colon cancer cell line (LoVo) with human serum collected before and after an acute exercise bout vs non-exercise control serum on cancer cell proliferation. We also measured exercise-induced changes in serum cytokines and intracellular protein expression to explore potential biological mechanisms. Blood samples were collected from 16 men with lifestyle risk factors for colon cancer (age ≥ 50 years; body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 ; physically inactive) before and immediately after an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic interval exercise (6 x 5 min intervals at 60% heart rate reserve) and a non-exercise control condition. Stimulating LoVo cells with serum obtained immediately after exercise reduced cancer cell proliferation compared with control (-5.7%; P = 0.002). This was accompanied by a decrease in LoVo cell γ-H2AX expression (-24.6%; P = 0.029), indicating a reduction in DNA damage. Acute exercise also increased serum IL-6 (24.6%, P = 0.002). Furthermore, stimulating LoVo cells with recombinant IL-6 reduced γ-H2AX expression (β = -22.7%; P < 0.001) and cell proliferation (β = -5.3%; P < 0.001) in a linear dose-dependent manner, mimicking the effect of exercise. These findings suggest that the systemic responses to acute aerobic exercise inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro, and this may be driven by IL-6-induced regulation of DNA damage and repair. This mechanism of action may partly underlie epidemiological associations linking regular physical activity with reduced colon cancer risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alistair R Jordan
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Adam Odell
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Owen Kavanagh
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St John University, York, UK
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tristan Eaglen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen Todryk
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yeo HS, Lim JY. Effects of different types of exercise training on angiogenic responses in the left ventricular muscle of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2021; 158:111650. [PMID: 34890715 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated angiogenic responses in the left ventricular muscle and aerobic capacity according to exercise type (aerobic, resistance, combined) in aged rats. METHODS In total, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats (100 weeks old) were used. To investigate the effect of regular training, the rats were divided into non-exercise (NE), aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE), and combined exercise (CE) groups (six rats per group). Regular training tailored to each exercise type was performed for 8 weeks (five times a week, 1 h per day). After 8 weeks of training, aerobic capacity was evaluated by a treadmill running test. Left ventricular muscle tissue was collected and the protein levels of angiogenesis indicators (eNOS, HIF-1α, PGC-1α, VEGF, FLK-1, Ang-1, Ang-2) were analyzed by Western blotting. Capillaries were observed by immunohistochemical staining for CD31. RESULTS Body weight, heart weight, and heart/body weight ratio showed no difference among the groups. The AE and CE groups showed higher treadmill running capacity than the NE and RE groups. The eNOS, VEGF, HIF-1α, PGC-1α, and Ang-2 protein levels were significantly higher in the AE than NE group. The PGC-1α and FLK-1 protein levels were significantly higher in the RE than NE group. In addition, in the CE group, the eNOS, FLK-1, and PGC-1α protein levels were significantly higher than in the NE group. Expression of CD31 in cardiac tissue was higher in the AE and CE groups than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggest that regular exercise training, irrespective of exercise type, might improve cardiovascular function by inducing angiogenic responses in the aged myocardium; however, AE may be the most effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Seong Yeo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Seoul National University Institute on Aging, Seoul, South Korea; Aging & Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Seoul National University Institute on Aging, Seoul, South Korea; Aging & Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fazelzadeh M, Afzalpour ME, Fallah Mohammadi Z, Falah Mohammadi H. The effects of voluntary complex and regular wheel running exercises on the levels of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, semaphorin 3B, H2O2, and apoptosis in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01988. [PMID: 33471970 PMCID: PMC7994679 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the most frequent complications associated with diabetes mellitus is apoptosis within the brain which can lead to cognitive disorders. Exercise is considered the best non-pharmacological approach to reduce the severity and extent of cell death through poorly-understood mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of voluntary complex and regular wheel running on the levels of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1 ), semaphorin 3B (sema3B), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), and apoptosis in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. METHODS 48 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: healthy control (C), diabetes control (D), regular wheel running + diabetes (RWD), complex wheel running + diabetes (CWD), healthy regular wheel running (RW), and healthy complex wheel running (CW). The diabetic rat model was produced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The protocol encompassed a 4-week voluntary running training regimen on regular and complex wheel running apparatus. The rats were sacrificed 48 hr after the last training session. To measure the protein concentrations within the hippocampus, ELISA has been utilized. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the groups. RESULTS There were no significant differences in OGG1 protein levels between the groups. H2 O2 level in the D group was significantly higher than the C group (p = .002), while this in RWD and CWD groups was considerably lower than the D group (p = .002 and p = .003, respectively). In the D group, the levels of apoptosis and Sema3B were significantly (p = .001 and p = .007, respectively) higher than C, RWD (p = .001, p = .0001, respectively), and CWD groups (p = .001, p = .006, respectively). Nevertheless, there were not any significant differences between RWD and CWD groups. CONCLUSION The increased levels of Sema3B, H2O2, and apoptosis within the hippocampus associated with diabetes could be noticeably restored by both types of voluntary wheel running protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fazelzadeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Ziya Fallah Mohammadi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Hossein Falah Mohammadi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Ulm University, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong YT, Cao K, Xiang J, Shan L, Guan ZZ. Silent Mating-Type Information Regulation 2 Homolog 1 Attenuates the Neurotoxicity Associated with Alzheimer Disease via a Mechanism Which May Involve Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-α. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1545-1564. [PMID: 32289286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the neuroprotective role of silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) in Alzheimer disease (AD), brain tissues from patients with AD and APP/PS1 mice as well as primary rat neurons exposed to oligomers of amyloid-β peptide were examined. The animals were treated with resveratrol (RSV) or suramin for 2 months. Cell cultures were treated with RSV, suramin, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) stimulator ZLN005. Cells were transiently transfected with PGC-1α silencing RNA. The level of SIRT1 in brain tissues from patients with AD and APP/PS1 mice, including nuclear and mitochondrial proteins, as well as in primary neurons exposed to oligomers of amyloid-β peptide, was decreased. Overexpression of APP/PS1 impaired learning and memory of mice; produced more senile plaques, disrupted membranes, and resulted in broken or absent cristae of mitochondria in the brain; decreased levels of A disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 10, beta-secretase 2, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1, PGC-1α, and NAD+; and increased levels of beta-secretase 1 and apoptosis. Interestingly, these changes were attenuated significantly by RSV treatment but enhanced by suramin administration. By activating PGC-1α but inhibiting SIRT1, apoptotic cell death was significantly decreased; however, by activating SIRT1 but inhibiting PGC-1α with small interfering PGC-1α, these levels remained unchanged. These findings indicate that SIRT1 may protect against AD-associated neurotoxicity, which might involve PGC-1α regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ting Dong
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Kun Cao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Ling Shan
- the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhi-Zhong Guan
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quan H, Koltai E, Suzuki K, Aguiar AS, Pinho R, Boldogh I, Berkes I, Radak Z. Exercise, redox system and neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165778. [PMID: 32222542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise induces a wide range of redox system-associated molecular adaptive responses to the nervous system. The intermittent induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during acute exercise sessions and the related upregulation of antioxidant/repair and housekeeping systems are associated with improved physiological function. Exercise-induced proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem cells are ROS dependent processes. The increased production of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the regulation by regular exercise are dependent upon redox sensitive pathways. ROS are causative and associative factors of neurodegenerative diseases and regular exercise provides significant neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and hypoxia/reperfusion related disorders. Regular exercise regulates redox homeostasis in the brain with complex multi-level molecular pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helong Quan
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, Zhejiang, China
| | - Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Aderbal S Aguiar
- Research Group on Biology of Exercise, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Istvan Berkes
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Radak Z, Suzuki K, Posa A, Petrovszky Z, Koltai E, Boldogh I. The systemic role of SIRT1 in exercise mediated adaptation. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101467. [PMID: 32086007 PMCID: PMC7284913 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular energy demands are readily changed during physical exercise resulting in adaptive responses by signaling proteins of metabolic processes, including the NAD+ dependent lysine deacetylase SIRT1. Regular exercise results in systemic adaptation that restores the level of SIRT1 in the kidney, liver, and brain in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, and thereby normalizes cellular metabolic processes to attenuate the severity of these diseases. In skeletal muscle, over-expression of SIRT1 results in enhanced numbers of myonuclei improves the repair process after injury and is actively involved in muscle hypertrophy by up-regulating anabolic and downregulating catabolic processes. The present review discusses the different views of SIRT1 dependent deacetylation of PGC-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan; University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | | | | | - Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Batatinha HAP, Diniz TA, de Souza Teixeira AA, Krüger K, Rosa-Neto JC. Regulation of autophagy as a therapy for immunosenescence-driven cancer and neurodegenerative diseases: The role of exercise. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14883-14895. [PMID: 30756377 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aging is one of the risk factors for the development of low-grade inflammation morbidities, such as several types of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, due to changes in the metabolism, hormonal secretion, and immunosenescence. The senescence of the immune system leads to improper control of infections and tissue damage increasing age-related diseases. One of the mechanisms that maintain cellular homeostasis is autophagy, a cell-survival mechanism, and it has been proposed as one of the most powerful antiaging therapies. Regular exercise can reestablish autophagy, probably through AMP-activated protein kinase activation, and help in reducing the age-related senescence diseases. Therefore, in this study, we discuss the effects of exercise training in immunosenescence and autophagy, preventing the two main age-related disease, cancer and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiego Aparecido Diniz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karsten Krüger
- Department Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jose Cesar Rosa-Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The beneficial effect of α-tocopherol succinate supplementation on DNA oxidation induced by intensive exercise training. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Zhang XY, Zhang XJ, Xv J, Jia W, Pu XY, Wang HY, Liang H, Lu DX. Crocin attenuates acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:300-305. [PMID: 29106903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether crocin exerted neuroprotective effects against acute hypobaric hypoxia at high altitude in vivo and determined the underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a normoxic group,a hypoxic group, and three crocin groups at three different doses. The rats were transferred from 50m to 4200m for 3 days after treatment with crocin for 3 days. The learning and memory of the rat were evaluated with the Morris water maze test. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to analyze the changes in the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) levels were determined using immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. The escape latency of the crocin group was shorter than that of the hypoxic group, while the frequency of the rats reaching the platform was significantly higher in the crocin group. The structures of nerve cells and mitochondria were destroyed in the hypoxic group, but were repaired in the crocin groups. The expressions of PGC-1α and SIRT1 were decreased in the hypoxic group, but were increased in the crocin group. All the effects improved by crocin were dose-dependent. Crocin attenuates acute hypobaric hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits in rats, accompanied by repairing the structures of hippocampal neurons and improving PGC-1α and SIRT1 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China.
| | - Xian-Jun Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Jin Xv
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Pu
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining 810001, China
| | - Dian-Xiang Lu
- Research center of high altitude medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pajk M, Cselko A, Varga C, Posa A, Tokodi M, Boldogh I, Goto S, Radak Z. Exogenous nicotinamide supplementation and moderate physical exercise can attenuate the aging process in skeletal muscle of rats. Biogerontology 2017; 18:593-600. [PMID: 28477081 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) could enhance the availability of NAD+ and be beneficial to cell function. However, NAM can inhibit the activities of SIRT1 and PARP. The effect of NAM supplementation on the aging process is not well known. In the present study exogenous NAM (1-0.5% in drinking water) was supplemented for 5 weeks and in the last 4 weeks moderate treadmill running was given to 5 mo and 28 mo old rats. The content of SIRT1 was not effected by NAM treatment alone. However, the activity of SIRT1, judged from the acetylated p53/p53 ratio, increased in both NAM treated age groups, suggesting beneficial effects of exogenous NAM. This was confirmed by the finding of increased PGC-1α and pCREB/CREB ratio in the gastrocnemius muscle of old but not young NAM treated animals. Our data suggest NAM administration can attenuate the aging process in skeletal muscle of rats, but NAM administration together with exercise training might be too great challenge to cope with in the old animals, since it leads to decreased levels of SIRT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melitta Pajk
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, Budapest, 1123, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Cselko
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aniko Posa
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Margareta Tokodi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sataro Goto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, Budapest, 1123, Hungary.
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sex differences in aerobic exercise efficacy to improve cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in older rodents. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 46:86-105. [PMID: 28614695 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research in humans indicates that women may show greater cognitive benefits from aerobic training (AT) than men. To determine whether this sex difference extends to rodents, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in healthy, older rodents. Results indicate that compared to controls, AT improved hippocampus-dependent and -independent learning and memory. A sex difference was found with males showing larger benefits from AT on conditioned-avoidance and non-spatial memory tasks. AT also increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor compared to controls, with larger effects in females. As an exploratory analysis, sex differences in voluntary AT were examined separately from forced AT. Voluntary AT enhanced non-spatial memory to a greater extent in males. Forced AT enhanced hippocampus-dependent learning and memory more so in females. These findings suggest that sex is an important factor to consider, and studies directly assessing sex differences in the ability of exercise to improve brain function are needed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Radak Z, Suzuki K, Higuchi M, Balogh L, Boldogh I, Koltai E. Physical exercise, reactive oxygen species and neuroprotection. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:187-196. [PMID: 26828019 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise has systemic beneficial effects, including the promotion of brain function. The adaptive response to regular exercise involves the up-regulation of the enzymatic antioxidant system and modulation of oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulators of cell signaling. Exercise, via intensity-dependent modulation of metabolism and/or directly activated ROS generating enzymes, regulates the cellular redox state of the brain. ROS are also involved in the self-renewal and differentiation of neuronal stem cells and the exercise-mediated neurogenesis could be partly associated with ROS production. Exercise has strong effects on the immune system and readily alters the production of cytokines. Certain cytokines, especially IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-18 and IFN gamma, are actively involved in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Cytokines can also contribute to ROS production. ROS-mediated alteration of lipids, protein, and DNA could directly affect brain function, while exercise modulates the accumulation of oxidative damage. Oxidative alteration of macromolecules can activate signaling processes, membrane remodeling, and gene transcription. The well known neuroprotective effects of exercise are partly due to redox-associated adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, TF, Budapest, Hungary; Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Laszlo Balogh
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Erika Koltai
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Alkotas u. 44, TF, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schmidt RH, Nickerson JM, Boatright JH. Exercise as Gene Therapy: BDNF and DNA Damage Repair. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2016; 5:309-11. [PMID: 27488073 PMCID: PMC4975542 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a common feature of neurodegenerative illnesses, and the ability to repair DNA strand breaks and lesions is crucial for neuronal survival, reported by Jeppesen et al (Prog Neurobiol. 2011;94:166-200) and Shiwaku et al (Curr Mol Med. 2015;15:119-128). Interventions aimed at repairing these lesions, therefore, could be useful for preventing or delaying the progression of disease. One potential strategy for promoting DNA damage repair (DDR) is exercise. Although the role of exercise in DDR is not understood, there is increasing evidence that simple physical activity may impact clinical outcomes for neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss what is currently known about the molecular mechanisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and how these mechanisms might influence the DDR process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin H. Schmidt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John M. Nickerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey H. Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhu B, Hu YM. A Potential Mechanism of Zhuang Jing Decoction Exerting Therapeutic Effects for Learning and Memory Deficits. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:172-3. [PMID: 26860330 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Hu
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thomas J, Garg ML, Smith DW. Effects of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on hippocampal gene expression in streptozotocin induced diabetic C57Bl/6 mice. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
24
|
Kang L, Zhao W, Zhang G, Wu J, Guan H. Acetylated 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 and its relationship with p300 and SIRT1 in lens epithelium cells from age-related cataract. Exp Eye Res 2015; 135:102-8. [PMID: 25660075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) is the major DNA glycosylase responsible for repair of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and ring-opened fapyguanine, critical mutagenic DNA lesions that are induced by reactive oxygen species. OGG1 acetylation has been demonstrated playing an important role in response to DNA damage. Here, we investigated the relationship between acetylated OGG1 (Ac-OGG1) and ARC, and clarified the effect of p300 and SIRT1 on the 8-oxoG excision ability of OGG1 in ARC development. Our results showed that anterior lens capsules from ARC group had higher proportion of 8-oxoG positive LECs than those from control group. OGG1 mRNA and protein levels significantly increased in ARC group compared with control group, while the protein levels of Ac-OGG1 were lower in ARC group. We investigated the factors involved in OGG1 acetylation and found that p300 and SIRT1 are the major acetyltransferases for OGG1 acetylation. We also identified acetylation of K338/K341 lysine residues in OGG1 has an important role on the repair activity of OGG1 to oxidative damage after H2O2 exposure in human lens epithelial cells (HLE-B3). Taken together, these data demonstrate that OGG1 acetylation regulates its function in response to DNA damage and could be one of the mechanisms of ARC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Kang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, First People's Hospital of Changshu City, Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huaijin Guan
- Eye Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kwon SJ, Park J, Park SY, Song KS, Jung ST, Jung SB, Park IR, Choi WS, Kwon SO. Low-intensity treadmill exercise and/or bright light promote neurogenesis in adult rat brain. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:922-9. [PMID: 25206384 PMCID: PMC4145925 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region responsible for learning and memory functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low-intensity exercise and bright light exposure on neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in adult rat hippocampus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control, exercise, light, or exercise + light groups (n = 9 per group). The rats in the exercise group were subjected to treadmill exercise (5 days per week, 30 minutes per day, over a 4-week period), the light group rats were irradiated (5 days per week, 30 minutes per day, 10 000 lx, over a 4-week period), the exercise + light group rats were subjected to treadmill exercise in combination with bright light exposure, and the control group rats remained sedentary over a 4-week period. Compared with the control group, there was a significant increase in neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats in the exercise, light, and exercise + light groups. Moreover, the expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus was significantly higher in the exercise group and light group than that in the control group. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression between the control group and exercise + light group. These results indicate that low-intensity treadmill exercise (first 5 minutes at a speed of 2 m/min, second 5 minutes at a speed of 5 m/min, and the last 20 minutes at a speed of 8 m/min) or bright-light exposure therapy induces positive biochemical changes in the brain. In view of these findings, we propose that moderate exercise or exposure to sunlight during childhood can be beneficial for neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Kwon
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsook Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seop Song
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Tae Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - So Bong Jung
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Ryeul Park
- Department of Liberal Arts, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Institute of Health Science, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ok Kwon
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Di Loreto S, Falone S, D'Alessandro A, Santini S, Sebastiani P, Cacchio M, Amicarelli F. Regular and moderate exercise initiated in middle age prevents age-related amyloidogenesis and preserves synaptic and neuroprotective signaling in mouse brain cortex. Exp Gerontol 2014; 57:57-65. [PMID: 24835196 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the beneficial responses induced in the central nervous system by early-initiated exercise have been broadly investigated, the effects of a chronic and moderate lately-initiated exercise on biochemical hallmarks of very early brain senescence have not been extensively studied. We previously reported that a midlife-initiated regimen of moderate running was able not only to prevent the age-related decay of antioxidative and detoxification functions in mouse brain cortex, but also to preserve neurotrophic support and molecular integrity. On this basis, this work investigated whether and how a 2-mo or 4-mo midlife-initiated running protocol could affect the activity of those systems involved in maintaining neuronal function and in preventing the onset of neurodegeneration within the brain cortex of middle-aged CD-1 mice. In particular, we analyzed the production of the peptide amyloid-β and the expression of synapsin Ia, which is known to play a key role in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. In addition, we studied the expression of sirtuin 3, as a protein marker of neuroprotection against age-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as the pro-death pathway induced by proBDNF through the interaction with p75NTR and the co-receptor sortilin. The midlife-initiated 4-mo running program triggered multiple responses within the mouse brain cortex, through the activation of anti-amyloidogenic, pro-survival, synaptogenic and neuroprotective pathways. However, most of the beneficial actions of the exercise regimen appeared only after 4months, since 2-mo-exercised mice showed marked impairments of the endpoints we considered. This could imply that a midlife-initiated regimen of moderate treadmill running may require an adequate time lag to activate beneficial compensative mechanisms within the mouse brain cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Loreto
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Giosuè Carducci, 32 - Rotilio Center, L'Aquila (AQ), Italy
| | - Stefano Falone
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito, L'Aquila (AQ), Italy.
| | - Antonella D'Alessandro
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito, L'Aquila (AQ), Italy
| | - Silvano Santini
- Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito, L'Aquila (AQ), Italy
| | - Pierluigi Sebastiani
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Giosuè Carducci, 32 - Rotilio Center, L'Aquila (AQ), Italy
| | - Marisa Cacchio
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Giosuè Carducci, 32 - Rotilio Center, L'Aquila (AQ), Italy; Dept. of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito, L'Aquila (AQ), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Radak Z, Ihasz F, Koltai E, Goto S, Taylor AW, Boldogh I. The redox-associated adaptive response of brain to physical exercise. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:84-92. [PMID: 23870001 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.826352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during metabolism. ROS are involved in redox signaling, but in significant concentrations they can greatly elevate oxidative damage leading to neurodegeneration. Because of the enhanced sensitivity of brain to ROS, it is especially important to maintain a normal redox state in brain and spinal cord cell types. The complex effects of exercise benefit brain function, including functional enhancement as well as its preventive and therapeutic roles. Exercise can induce neurogenesis via neurotrophic factors, increase capillarization, decrease oxidative damage, and enhance repair of oxidative damage. Exercise is also effective in attenuating age-associated loss in brain function, which suggests that physical activity-related complex metabolic and redox changes are important for a healthy neural system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Radak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cornelius C, Crupi R, Calabrese V, Graziano A, Milone P, Pennisi G, Radak Z, Calabrese EJ, Cuzzocrea S. Traumatic brain injury: oxidative stress and neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:836-53. [PMID: 23547621 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates high energy oxidants and oxidative stress as mediators of secondary damage associated with traumatic brain injury. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species due to excitotoxicity and exhaustion of the endogenous antioxidant system induces peroxidation of cellular and vascular structures, protein oxidation, cleavage of DNA, and inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. RECENT ADVANCES Different integrated responses exist in the brain to detect oxidative stress, which is controlled by several genes termed vitagens. Vitagens encode for cytoprotective heat shock proteins, and thioredoxin and sirtuins. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This article discusses selected aspects of secondary brain injury after trauma and outlines key mechanisms associated with toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and necrosis. Finally, this review discusses the role of different oxidants and presents potential clinically relevant molecular targets that could be harnessed to treat secondary injury associated with brain trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Cornelius
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sarga L, Hart N, Koch LG, Britton SL, Hajas G, Boldogh I, Ba X, Radak Z. Aerobic endurance capacity affects spatial memory and SIRT1 is a potent modulator of 8-oxoguanine repair. Neuroscience 2013; 252:326-36. [PMID: 23973402 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise promotes brain function via a wide range of adaptive responses, including the increased expression of antioxidant and oxidative DNA damage-repairing systems. Accumulation of oxidized DNA base lesions and strand breaks is etiologically linked to for example aging processes and age-associated diseases. Here we tested whether exercise training has an impact on brain function, extent of neurogenesis, and expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (Ogg1) and SIRT1 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog). To do so, we utilized strains of rats with low- and high-running capacity (LCR and HCR) and examined learning and memory, DNA synthesis, expression, and post-translational modification of Ogg1 hippocampal cells. Our results showed that rats with higher aerobic/running capacity had better spatial memory, and expressed less Ogg1, when compared to LCR rats. Furthermore, exercise increased SIRT1 expression and decreased acetylated Ogg1 (AcOgg1) levels, a post-translational modification important for efficient repair of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG). Our data on cell cultures revealed that nicotinamide, a SIRT1-specific inhibitor, caused the greatest increase in the acetylation of Ogg1, a finding further supported by our other observations that silencing SIRT1 also markedly increased the levels of AcOgg1. These findings imply that high-running capacity is associated with increased hippocampal function, and SIRT1 level/activity and inversely correlates with AcOgg1 levels and thereby the repair of genomic 8-oxoG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Sarga
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1123, Hungary; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Physical exercise has systemic effects, and it can regulate all the organs. The relative maximal aerobic oxygen uptake (VO2max) could have been important in the evolution of humans, since higher VO2max meant better hunting abilities for the Stone Age man. However, it appears that high level of VO2max is also important today, in the 21st century to prevent cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. High level of VO2max is not just preventive against a wide spectrum of diseases, but it associated with better function of many organs. Relevant data suggest that high level of VO2max is a key factor in prevention of diseases and survival even at the modern civilized world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyvér Lacza
- Semmelweis Egyetem Testnevelési és Sporttudományi Kar Budapest Alkotás út 44. 1123
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Radak Z, Koltai E, Taylor AW, Higuchi M, Kumagai S, Ohno H, Goto S, Boldogh I. Redox-regulating sirtuins in aging, caloric restriction, and exercise. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 58:87-97. [PMID: 23339850 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The consequence of decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) levels as a result of oxidative challenge is altered activity of sirtuins, which, in turn, brings about a wide range of modifications in mammalian cellular metabolism. Sirtuins, especially SIRT1, deacetylate important transcription factors such as p53, forkhead homeobox type O proteins, nuclear factor κB, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (which controls the transcription of pro- and antioxidant enzymes, by which the cellular redox state is affected). The role of SIRT1 in DNA repair is enigmatic, because it activates Ku70 to cope with double-strand breaks, but deacetylation of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and probably of 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase 1 decreases the activity of these DNA repair enzymes. The protein-stabilizing effects of the NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylases are readily related to housekeeping and redox regulation. The role of sirtuins in caloric restriction (CR)-related longevity in yeast is currently under debate. However, in mammals, it seems certain that sirtuins are involved in many cellular processes that mediate longevity and disease prevention via the effects of CR through the vascular, neuronal, and muscular systems. Regular physical exercise-mediated health promotion also involves sirtuin-regulated pathways including the antioxidant-, macromolecular damage repair-, energy-, mitochondrial function-, and neuronal plasticity-associated pathways. This review critically evaluates these findings and points out the age-associated role of sirtuins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Radak Z, Zhao Z, Koltai E, Ohno H, Atalay M. Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: the balance between oxidative stress and ROS-dependent adaptive signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1208-46. [PMID: 22978553 PMCID: PMC3579386 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of human DNA has been affected by aerobic metabolism, including endurance exercise and oxygen toxicity. Aerobic endurance exercise could play an important role in the evolution of Homo sapiens, and oxygen was not important just for survival, but it was crucial to redox-mediated adaptation. The metabolic challenge during physical exercise results in an elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are important modulators of muscle contraction, antioxidant protection, and oxidative damage repair, which at moderate levels generate physiological responses. Several factors of mitochondrial biogenesis, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), mitogen-activated protein kinase, and SIRT1, are modulated by exercise-associated changes in the redox milieu. PGC-1α activation could result in decreased oxidative challenge, either by upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and/or by an increased number of mitochondria that allows lower levels of respiratory activity for the same degree of ATP generation. Endogenous thiol antioxidants glutathione and thioredoxin are modulated with high oxygen consumption and ROS generation during physical exercise, controlling cellular function through redox-sensitive signaling and protein-protein interactions. Endurance exercise-related angiogenesis, up to a significant degree, is regulated by ROS-mediated activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Moreover, the exercise-associated ROS production could be important to DNA methylation and post-translation modifications of histone residues, which create heritable adaptive conditions based on epigenetic features of chromosomes. Accumulating data indicate that exercise with moderate intensity has systemic and complex health-promoting effects, which undoubtedly involve regulation of redox homeostasis and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Radak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wnt Signaling in Neurogenesis during Aging and Physical Activity. Brain Sci 2012; 2:745-68. [PMID: 24961268 PMCID: PMC4061808 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, much progress has been made regarding our understanding of neurogenesis in both young and old animals and where it occurs throughout the lifespan, although the growth of new neurons declines with increasing age. In addition, physical activity can reverse this age-dependent decline in neurogenesis. Highly correlated with this decline is the degree of inter and intracellular Wnt signaling, the molecular mechanisms of which have only recently started to be elucidated. So far, most of what we know about intracellular signaling during/following exercise centers around the CREB/CRE initiated transcriptional events. Relatively little is known, however, about how aging and physical activity affect the Wnt signaling pathway. Herein, we briefly review the salient features of neurogenesis in young and then in old adult animals. Then, we discuss Wnt signaling and review the very few in vitro and in vivo studies that have examined the Wnt signaling pathways in aging and physical activity.
Collapse
|
34
|
Bosshard M, Markkanen E, van Loon B. Base excision repair in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203191 PMCID: PMC3546685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes and high oxygen metabolism result in formation of numerous oxidized DNA lesions in the tissues of the central nervous system. Accumulation of damage in the DNA, due to continuous genotoxic stress, has been linked to both aging and the development of various neurodegenerative disorders. Different DNA repair pathways have evolved to successfully act on damaged DNA and prevent genomic instability. The predominant and essential DNA repair pathway for the removal of small DNA base lesions is base excision repair (BER). In this review we will discuss the current knowledge on the involvement of BER proteins in the maintenance of genetic stability in different brain regions and how changes in the levels of these proteins contribute to aging and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bosshard
- Institute for Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
He W, Newman JC, Wang MZ, Ho L, Verdin E. Mitochondrial sirtuins: regulators of protein acylation and metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:467-76. [PMID: 22902903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases and have been implicated in the regulation of metabolism, stress responses, and aging. Three sirtuins are located in mitochondria: SIRT3, 4, and 5. SIRT3 deacetylates and regulates the enzymatic activity of many metabolic enzymes in mitochondria, whereas SIRT5 removes two novel post-translational modifications, lysine malonylation and succinylation. Here, we review the current knowledge of how mitochondrial sirtuins function in metabolism and metabolic diseases, and offer a conceptual model how they may regulate mitochondrial function through distinct deacylation activities (deacetylation, demalonylation, or desuccinylation).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan He
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Are the neuroprotective effects of estradiol and physical exercise comparable during ageing in female rats? Biogerontology 2012; 13:413-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
37
|
Schouten M, Buijink MR, Lucassen PJ, Fitzsimons CP. New Neurons in Aging Brains: Molecular Control by Small Non-Coding RNAs. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:25. [PMID: 22363255 PMCID: PMC3281214 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis generates functional neurons from neural stem cells present in specific brain regions. It is largely confined to two main regions: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG), in the hippocampus. With age, the function of the hippocampus and particularly the DG is impaired. For instance, adult neurogenesis is decreased with aging, in both proliferating and differentiation of newborn cells, while in parallel an age-associated decline in cognitive performance is often seen. Surprisingly, the synaptogenic potential of adult-born neurons is only marginally influenced by aging. Therefore, although proliferation, differentiation, and synaptogenesis of adult-born new neurons in the DG are closely related to each other, they are differentially affected by aging. In this review we discuss the crucial roles of a novel class of recently discovered modulators of gene expression, the small non-coding RNAs, in the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Multiple small non-coding RNAs are differentially expressed in the hippocampus. In particular a subgroup of the small non-coding RNAs, the microRNAs, fine-tune the progression of adult neurogenesis. This makes small non-coding RNAs appealing candidates to orchestrate the functional alterations in adult neurogenesis and cognition associated with aging. Finally, we summarize observations that link changes in circulating levels of steroid hormones with alterations in adult neurogenesis, cognitive decline, and vulnerability to psychopathology in advanced age, and discuss a potential interplay between steroid hormone receptors and microRNAs in cognitive decline in aging individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Schouten
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|