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de Almeida Feitosa MS, de Almeida AJPO, Dantas SH, de Lourdes Assunção Araújo de Azevedo F, de Souza Júnior JF, Gonçalves TAF, de Lima Silva S, Soares EMC, Alves HF, Lima TT, da Silva Pontes LV, Guerra RR, Araújo IGA, de Medeiros IA. Carvacrol prevents D-( +)-galactose-induced aging-associated erectile dysfunction by improving endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03264-8. [PMID: 38967826 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Aging is one of the risk factors involved in the development of erectile dysfunction (ED). Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is the critical mediator of changes in endothelial function and penile vascular tone in the aging process. Thus, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels may preserve the bioactivity of the penile vasculature. Antioxidant compounds, such as carvacrol, limit the damage caused by ROS and, therefore, benefit the treatment of ED. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of carvacrol on ED using the D-( +)-galactose aging model. The animals were divided into five groups: control, D-( +)-galactose 150 mg/kg, carvacrol 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, and sildenafil 1.5 mg/kg treated daily for 8 weeks. The physiological, functional, and morphological characteristics of aging-associated ED were evaluated after treatment with carvacrol. Carvacrol prevented ED in a D-( +)-galactose-induced aging model by reducing hypercontractility, enhancing endothelial dysfunction in the rat corpus cavernosum, and improving endothelial health of rat cavernous endothelial cells. In addition, carvacrol prevented the destruction of erectile components essential for penile erection and promoted a reduction of penile tissue senescence, probably through mechanisms that involve the harmful modulation of oxidative stress. Carvacrol significantly improved the erectile function of rats in a D-( +)-galactose-induced aging model and has excellent potential as a new therapeutic alternative in treating erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabine Helena Dantas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tays Amanda Felisberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Sonaly de Lima Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Evyllen Myllena Cardoso Soares
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Hayaly Felinto Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Thais Trajano Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Romão Guerra
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Isac Almeida de Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
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Chen P, Chen F, Lei J, Zhou B. Pomegranate polyphenol punicalagin improves learning memory deficits, redox homeostasis, and neuroinflammation in aging mice. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3655-3674. [PMID: 37092799 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder characterized by loss of memory and cognitive dysfunction in the aged. Despite remarkable advances in drug therapy, effective pharmacological interventions are rare. Punicalagin (PU) is an active antioxidant polyphenol found in pomegranates, raspberries, blueberries, and chestnuts that has attracted considerable attention owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study focused on the neuroprotective effect of PU on aging mice and its potential mechanisms. In this study, we first evaluated the protective effect of PU on neuro-2a (N2a) cell damage mediated by BV2 microglia-induced neuroinflammation. The in vivo D-galactose (D-gal)-induced brain aging model demonstrated that PU ameliorated deficits in learning and memory and prevented neuroinflammation, which was evident from the decrease in microglial activation and astrocytosis. Furthermore, PU reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in both accelerated aging and naturally senescent mouse models. PU effectively improved neuroinflammation, learning and memory deficits, and redox homeostasis in aging mice, and it could be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchao Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiexin Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Benhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Zhu T, Wang Z, He J, Zhang X, Zhu C, Zhang S, Li Y, Fan S. D-galactose protects the intestine from ionizing radiation-induced injury by altering the gut microbiome. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2022; 63:805-816. [PMID: 36253108 PMCID: PMC9726703 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to investigate the protection of the intestine from ionizing radiation-induced injury by using D-galactose (D-gal) to alter the gut microbiome. In addition, this observation opens up further lines of research to further increase therapeutic potentials. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 7.5 Gy of total body irradiation (TBI) or 13 Gy of total abdominal irradiation (TAI) in this study. After adjustment, D-gal was intraperitoneally injected into mice at a dose of 750 mg/kg/day. Survival rates, body weights, histological experiments and the level of the inflammatory factor IL-1β were observed after TBI to investigate radiation injury in mice. Feces were collected from mice for 16S high-throughput sequencing after TAI. Furthermore, fecal microorganism transplantation (FMT) was performed to confirm the effect of D-gal on radiation injury recovery. Intraperitoneally administered D-gal significantly increased the survival of irradiated mice by altering the gut microbiota structure. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota transplanted from D-gal-treated mice protected against radiation injury and improved the survival rate of recipient mice. Taken together, D-gal accelerates gut recovery following radiation injury by promoting the growth of specific microorganisms, especially those in the class Erysipelotrichia. The study discovered that D-gal-induced changes in the microbiota protect against radiation-induced intestinal injury. Erysipelotrichia and its metabolites are a promising therapeutic option for post-radiation intestinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junbo He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Injury Treatment, Institute of Radiation Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong’ An Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Injury Treatment, Institute of Radiation Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Changchun Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Injury Treatment, Institute of Radiation Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Injury Treatment, Institute of Radiation Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiation Injury Treatment, Institute of Radiation Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 238 Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Saijun Fan
- Corresponding author. Saijun Fan, Institute of Radiation Medicine Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College.
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Induction of Accelerated Aging in a Mouse Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091418. [PMID: 35563724 PMCID: PMC9102583 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the global increase of the elderly population, the improvement of the treatment for various aging-related diseases and the extension of a healthy lifespan have become some of the most important current medical issues. In order to understand the developmental mechanisms of aging and aging-related disorders, animal models are essential to conduct relevant studies. Among them, mice have become one of the most prevalently used model animals for aging-related studies due to their high similarity to humans in terms of genetic background and physiological structure, as well as their short lifespan and ease of reproduction. This review will discuss some of the common and emerging mouse models of accelerated aging and related chronic diseases in recent years, with the aim of serving as a reference for future application in fundamental and translational research.
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D-galactose-induced aging in rats – The effect of metformin on bioenergetics of brain, skeletal muscle and liver. Exp Gerontol 2022; 163:111770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ajayi L, Ayeleso A, Oyedepo T, Mukwevho E. Ameliorative Potential of Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Parquetina nigrescens on d-Galactose-Induced Testicular Injury. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113424. [PMID: 34198754 PMCID: PMC8201219 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing need for botanicals to be used as an alternative and complementary medicine in the management of male infertility. Male infertility has been a major health/social challenge to people all over the world. This study, therefore, investigated the ameliorative potential of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Parquetina nigrescens (HELEPN) against d-galactose-induced testicular injury. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly allotted into six groups (n = 5). Group I (Normal control), Group II (300 mg/kg b.w. d-galactose), Group III and IV (250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. HELEPN, respectively), Group V and VI (both received 300 mg/kg b.w. of d-galactose with 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w of HELEPN, respectively). d-galactose administration started two weeks prior to HELEPN treatment which lasted for six weeks. All assays were carried out using established protocols. RESULTS Administration of HELEPN at 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg concomitantly with d-galactose improved paired and relative testicular weights, levels of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and testosterone, and poor sperm quality. HELEPN treatment reduced the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, 8-OHDG, and AGEs) and inflammatory response (TNF-alpha and NO) to normal, as well as restoring the reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase). In addition, HELEPN treatment mitigated testicular DNA fragmentation and down-regulated caspase 3-activities. HELEPN at 500 mg/kg was observed to have the greatest ameliorative effect. CONCLUSION HELEPN protects against d-galactose-induced testicular injury through antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede 232001, Nigeria; (L.A.); (A.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Ademola Ayeleso
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede 232001, Nigeria; (L.A.); (A.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Temitope Oyedepo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Adeleke University, P.M.B. 250, Ede 232001, Nigeria; (L.A.); (A.A.); (T.O.)
| | - Emmanuel Mukwevho
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-18-389-2854
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D-(+)-Galactose-induced aging: A novel experimental model of erectile dysfunction. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249487. [PMID: 33857158 PMCID: PMC8049229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to achieve and/or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual relations, and aging is one of the main risk factors involved. The D-(+)-Galactose aging model is a consolidated methodology for studies of cardiovascular aging; however, its potential for use with ED remain unexplored. The present study proposed to characterize a new experimental model for ED, using the D-(+)-Galactose aging model. For the experiments, the animals were randomly divided into three groups receiving: vehicle (CTL), D-galactose 150 mg/kg (DGAL), and D-(+)-galactose 150 mg/Kg + sildenafil 1.5 mg/Kg (DGAL+SD1.5) being administered daily for a period of eight weeks. All of the experimental protocols were previously approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals at the Federal University of Paraíba n° 9706070319. During the treatment, we analyzed physical, molecular, and physiological aspects related to the aging process and implicated in the development of ED. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that D-(+)-Galactose-induced aging represents a suitable experimental model for ED assessment. This was evidenced by an observed hyper-contractility in corpora cavernosa, significant endothelial dysfunction, increased ROS levels, an increase in cavernous tissue senescence, and the loss of essential penile erectile components.
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8
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Ren XJ, Wang QQ, Zhang XP, Wang GY, Liu T, Deng N, Yan DQ. Establishment of a rat model with ageing insomnia induced by D-galactosef and para-chlorophenylalanine. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3228-3236. [PMID: 32855692 PMCID: PMC7444385 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to establish a rat model of ageing insomnia induced by D-galactose and/or para-chlorophenylalanine. Following establishment of the model, body weights were measured, and Morris water maze and pentobarbital-induced sleep tests were performed. The serum levels of inflammatory mediators and the neural levels of neurotransmitters were detected. The results demonstrated that the body weights of PCPA+D-gal-induced ageing insomnia rats decreased significantly. Ageing insomnia rats exhibited longer latencies to the platform in the Morris water maze tests and fewer target crossings. The sleep latency of the model rats was longer and sleep time was shorter by contrast. The relative expression of hippocampal IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB and mGluR2 mRNA of the PCPA+D-gal-induced ageing insomnia group was higher, while the relative expression of 5-HT1AR and GABAARa1 mRNA were lower. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and brain level of glutamate increased in the PCPA+D-gal-induced ageing insomnia group, while the levels of 5-HT and GABA decreased. In conclusion, memory function, sleep time, expression of inflammatory factors and neurotransmitters are altered in ageing insomnia rats induced by D-galactose and para-chlorophenylalanine, indicating the successful establishment of a murine model of ageing insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China.,Department of Gerontology, Xinjiang Urumqi Municipality Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830002, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Quan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Ping Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Ying Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Gerontology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - De-Qi Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
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Antioxidant Effects of Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Kernel and Walnut Septum Extract in a D-Galactose-Induced Aging Model and in Naturally Aged Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050424. [PMID: 32423149 PMCID: PMC7278598 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant dietary intervention is considered a potential strategy in delaying age-related dysfunctions. In this study of 56 days, we assessed the antioxidant effects of walnut kernel (WK) and walnut septum extract (WSE) in a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging model and in a naturally aged rat model. Young Wistar rats, treated with D-gal (1200 mg/week), and old rats received daily WK or WSE added to the feed. After 8 weeks, blood, liver, and brain samples were collected and hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress biomarkers, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase activity was investigated in brain homogenates. The outcomes demonstrated significant improvement in cellular antioxidant activity and/or decrease of reactive oxygen species, advanced glycation end products, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, or increase of glutathione after WK or WSE intake in both models. Additionally, WSE showed hypoglycemic effect, and both WK and WSE lowered acetylcholinesterase activity. Both diets could protect neurons against the induced senescence and could reverse the pathological conditions in the physiological aged brain. Thus, dietary supplementation with WK or WSE can maintain the liver and brain health and reduce the risk of age-related diseases, as well as delaying the onset of aging processes.
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10
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Chávez-Hurtado P, González-Castañeda RE, Beas-Zarate C, Flores-Soto ME, Viveros-Paredes JM. Response to Chen et al. re: " β-Caryophyllene Reduces DNA Oxidation and the Overexpression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of d-Galactose-Induced Aged BALB/c Mice". J Med Food 2020; 23:687-688. [PMID: 32343912 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Chávez-Hurtado
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - R E González-Castañeda
- Laboratory of High-Resolution Microscopy, Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - C Beas-Zarate
- Laboratory of Development and Neural Regeneration, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - M E Flores-Soto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - J M Viveros-Paredes
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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D-Galactose-induced accelerated aging model: an overview. Biogerontology 2019; 20:763-782. [PMID: 31538262 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the process of aging healthily and prevent age-related health problems, efforts to properly understand aging mechanisms and develop effective and affordable anti-aging interventions are deemed necessary. Systemic administration of D-galactose has been established to artificially induce senescence in vitro and in vivo as well as for anti-aging therapeutic interventions studies. The aim of this article is to comprehensively discuss the use of D-galactose to generate a model of accelerated aging and its possible underlying mechanisms involved in different tissues/organs.
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12
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Baeta-Corral R, Castro-Fuentes R, Giménez-Llort L. Sexual Dimorphism in the Behavioral Responses and the Immunoendocrine Status in d-Galactose-Induced Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:1147-1157. [PMID: 29471511 PMCID: PMC6093367 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For almost 20 years, chronic systemic d-galactose, a monosaccharide abundantly present in milk products, fruits, and vegetables, has been used as a tool to achieve models of accelerated aging. Its neurotoxicity, induced by abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species and advanced glycation end products, has been widely reported. However, behavioral outcomes are still controversial and little is known about sex-dependent vulnerability. We performed a comprehensive behavioral and multifunctional screening of the chronic effects of low (50 mg/kg) and high (100 mg/kg) doses of d-galactose in 6-month-old male and female gold-standard C57BL/6 mice. Twelve classical tests with convergent validity analyzed sensorimotor, emotional and cognitive domains, indicating the existence of thresholds of response. Distinct vulnerability patterns were found in a selective sex- and dose-dependent manner. In males, d-galactose induced sensorimotor impairment and immunoendocrine senescence, but the low dose resulted in improved learning and memory. Oppositely, d-galactose-treated females exhibited a dose-dependent worse motor and spatial learning, but improved memory. Behavioral outcome items point at distinct neuronal substrates underlying the functional capacity of d-galactose-treated animals to meet task-dependent performance demands. They support that males and females can be regarded as two exceptional natural scenarios to study the functional interplay in the cross talk of homeostatic networks in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Baeta-Corral
- Translational Behavioral Neuroscience Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Castro-Fuentes
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Section Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Translational Behavioral Neuroscience Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Yanar K, Simsek B, Atukeren P, Aydin S, Cakatay U. Is D-Galactose a Useful Agent for Accelerated Aging Model of Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscle of Sprague-Dawley Rats? Rejuvenation Res 2019; 22:521-528. [PMID: 31131732 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2019.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly population and age-related diseases are on the rise. On the contrary, aging studies are technically hard to conduct, because they require elderly animals, the maintenance of which requires ample effort and is expensive. To tackle this problem, D-galactose is used to hasten the aging process in various tissues in rodent models and it has been shown to successfully mimic the oxidative alterations that take place in the natural aging process in various tissues both by our group and others. In the present study, the validity of D-galactose aging model in skeletal muscles was tested both on predominantly slow-twitch (soleus) and rather fast-twitch (gastrocnemius) muscle in male Sprague-Dawley rats and the results are compared with young littermate controls and naturally aged rats. Redox-related modifications in soleus and gastrocnemius were assessed by measurement of protein carbonyl groups, advanced oxidation protein products, lipid hydroperoxides, total thiol, and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase activities. In the present study, we provide biochemical evidence demonstrating that D-galactose-induced mimetic aging does result in oxidative stress-related redox alterations that are comparable with the alterations that occur in natural aging in soleus. On the contrary, in the D-galactose-induced mimetic aging of gastrocnemius, even though the oxidative stress markers were significantly increased, the endpoint redox homeostasis markers were not statistically comparable with the redox status of naturally aged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Yanar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadir Simsek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Atukeren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seval Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Cakatay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Jeremy M, Gurusubramanian G, Roy VK. Vitamin D3 mediated regulation of steroidogenesis mitigates testicular activity in an aged rat model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:64-75. [PMID: 30923019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Testicular aging leads to a decrease in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Vitamin D plays an important role in reproduction by modulating testicular steroidogenesis. As the role of vitamin D3 in testicular steroidogenesis during aging has not been explored, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin D3 on testicular functions in d-gal-induced aged rats. Vitamin D3 treatment on d-gal-induced aged rats resulted in significant improvement in sperm parameters, histoarchitecture, serum testosterone, and rostenedione and estrogen levels. The results of both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that vitamin D3 directly regulates testicular steroidogenic markers. Vitamin D3 treatment also increased CYP19A1 and decreased AR expression in the testes of d-gal-induced aged and normal rats. These results suggest that estrogen-mediated action may be responsible for an improvement in spermatogenesis in aged testis. Furthermore, it may be suggested vitamin D3 has a protective role in the aged testis and unaffected spermatogenesis in normal rats treated with vitamin D3 could be due to a balance between estrogen and androgen action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vikas Kumar Roy
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796 004, India.
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15
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Aloin attenuates cognitive impairment and inflammation induced by d-galactose via down-regulating ERK, p38 and NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:48-54. [PMID: 30959371 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered as major culprit for neurodegenerative diseases and triggers cognitive and memory impairments. The present study mainly aimed to study the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of aloin on d-galactose (d-gal) induced ageing mice. Our results demonstrated that chronic administration of d-gal (150 mg kg-1) in mice caused spontaneous and cognitive impairments, as determined by open-field test and Morris water-maze test. Aloin treatment significantly ameliorated histopathological damage, attenuated the microglia activation and reduced levels of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in the hippocampus. Moreover, it effectively suppressed the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased antioxidant enzymes activities. Further data showed that these protective effects were accompanied by inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK. In conclusion, the present study suggests that aloin can ameliorate d-gal induced oxidative stress, cognitive impairment and inflammation, possibly via mediating the ERK, p38 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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16
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Sarni AR, Baroni L. Milk and Parkinson disease: Could galactose be the missing link. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-180234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Primary Care Unit, Northern District, Local Health Unit 2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
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17
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Sodium butyrate improves memory and modulates the activity of histone deacetylases in aged rats after the administration of d-galactose. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:209-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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18
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Lee JY, Paik IY, Kim JY. Voluntary exercise reverses immune aging induced by oxidative stress in aging mice. Exp Gerontol 2018; 115:148-154. [PMID: 30189231 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress leads to aging due to persistent damage to the cells, tissues, and the entire organism. Immunosenescence is also a devastating consequence of oxidative stress, but there is a lack of research on effective ways to overcome it. In this study, we used physiologic and immunological aging mouse models that had sustained oxidative stress to investigate whether voluntary exercise and/or antioxidant treatment could overcome oxidative damage as well as aging. We established an aging model induced by continuously administering d-galactose (d-gal) to 6-week-old female C57BL/6J mice. We also assessed reversal of immunosenescence by providing free-wheel running and vitamin E (vit E) supplementation to this aging model. As an aging index, the level of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the blood was measured. Phenotypes of T cells in the thymus and spleen were examined as an index of immunosenescence. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the mouse spleen and levels of AGEs in the blood were significantly higher after 6 weeks of d-gal administration. In addition, immunosenescence was observed, in which the naïve:effector cell ratio in the spleen decreased. After 4 weeks of free-wheel running and vit E administration, both intracellular ROS and serum AGE levels decreased. Above all, free-wheel running restored the naïve:effector ratio of cytotoxic T lymphocytes reduced by d-gal administration. Taken together, these results suggest that voluntary exercise may be effective in restoring immunosenescence induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il-Young Paik
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
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19
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Partadiredja G, Karima N, Utami KP, Agustiningsih D, Sofro ZM. The Effects of Light and Moderate Intensity Exercise on the Femoral Bone and Cerebellum of d-Galactose-Exposed Rats. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 22:20-30. [PMID: 29962322 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging causes the degeneration of organs of the locomotor system, including the cerebellum and bones. Exercise may reverse this deterioration. d-galactose has been frequently used in rodents to accelerate aging. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of exercise on cerebellar and serum growth factors, motor activity, and the number of bone cells of the femoral head of d-galactose-treated rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups, that is, three treated groups injected with 300 mg/(mL·kg) body weight (bw) d-galactose solution daily for 4 weeks, and a control group injected with normal saline. Following the 4-week administration of d-galactose solution, two of the treated groups performed light- (45% VO2max) and moderate- (55% VO2max) intensity exercise, by running on a treadmill 4 × a week for 4 weeks. Locomotor activity was examined in rotarod and open field tests. The cerebellar and serum Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts of femoral head was estimated using unbiased stereological methods. It was found that the number of osteoclasts was higher in the d-galactose-treated group than the normal control and moderate-intensity exercise groups. No significant difference between groups was found in the rotarod and open field test performance, IGF-1 and BDNF levels, as well as number of osteoblasts. In conclusion, a 4-week administration of high-dosed-galactose caused the increase of the number of osteoclasts. A subsequent 4-week moderate-intensity exercise reversed this increase to the normal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginus Partadiredja
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nisa Karima
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,2 Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Kurnia Putri Utami
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,3 Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Denny Agustiningsih
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Zaenal Muttaqien Sofro
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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20
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Knezovic A, Osmanovic Barilar J, Babic A, Bagaric R, Farkas V, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates effects of oral galactose in streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:48-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Chogtu B, Arivazhahan A, Kunder SK, Tilak A, Sori R, Tripathy A. Evaluation of Acute and Chronic Effects of D-Galactose on Memory and Learning in Wistar Rats. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 16:153-160. [PMID: 29739128 PMCID: PMC5953014 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective D-galactose has been commonly used in rodent models to induce accelerated effects of aging, including those on learning, memory, and muscular tone and coordination. This is normally seen on chronic administration of D-galactose. However, there is minimal suggestive evidence on the short-term effects of the same. The aim of the study was to study the acute and chronic effects of D-galactose on learning and memory in Wistar rats. Methods Twenty four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the control, standard (rivastigmine), oral D-galactose (200 mg/kg/day) and subcutaneous D-galactose (200 mg/kg/day) for a total duration of 8 weeks. Effects on learning and memory were assessed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks by Morris water maze model and passive avoidance testing. Results Both oral and subcutaneous D-galactose showed positive effects on learning and memory on acute dosing, whereas this beneficial effect was lost during chronic dosing. Conclusion Short-term administration of D-galactose showed positive effects, while long-term administration nullified these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Chogtu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Avinash Arivazhahan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Sushil Kiran Kunder
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Amod Tilak
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Ravi Sori
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Amruta Tripathy
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
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22
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Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ellagic acid in liver and brain of rats treated by D-galactose. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1465. [PMID: 29362375 PMCID: PMC5780521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that oxidative stress and apoptosis are involved in the ageing process. D-galactose (gal) has been reported to cause symptoms of ageing in rats, accompanied by liver and brain injuries. Our study aimed to investigate the potential antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ellagic acid and to explore how these effects act on rats in a D-gal-induced ageing model. Ageing was induced by subcutaneous injection of D-gal (100 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks). Ellagic acid was simultaneously administered to the D-gal-induced ageing rats once daily by intragastric gavage. Finally, the mental condition, body weight, organ index, levels of inflammatory cytokines, antioxidative enzymes, and liver function, as well as the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, were monitored. Our results showed that ellagic acid could improve the mental condition, body weight, organ index and significantly decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines, normalize the activities of antioxidative enzymes, and modulate the expression of apoptotic protein in ageing rats. In conclusion, the results of this study illustrate that ellagic acid was suitable for the treatment of some ageing-associated problems, such as oxidative stress, and had beneficial effects for age-associated diseases.
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23
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Caloric restriction in young rats disturbs hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:214-224. [PMID: 27432519 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is widely known that caloric restriction (CR) has benefits on several organic systems, including the central nervous system. However, the majority of the CR studies was performed in adult animals and the information about the consequences on young populations is limited. In this study, we analyzed the effects of young-onset CR, started at 4weeks of age, in the number of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing neurons and in neurogenesis of the hippocampal formation, using doublecortin (DCX) and Ki67 as markers. Knowing that CR treatment could interfere with exploratory activity, anxiety, learning and memory we have analyzed the performance of the rats in the open-field, elevated plus-maze and Morris water maze tests. Animals aged 4weeks were randomly assigned to control or CR groups. Controls were maintained in the ad libitum regimen during 2months. The adolescent CR rats were fed, during 2months, with 60% of the amount of food consumed by controls. We have found that young-onset CR treatment did not affect the total number of NPY-immunopositive neurons in dentate hilus, CA3 and CA1 hippocampal subfields and did not change the exploratory activity and anxiety levels. Interestingly, we have found that young-onset CR might affect spatial learning process since those animals showed worse performance during the acquisition phase of Morris water maze. Furthermore, young-onset CR induced alterations of neurogenesis in the dentate subgranular layer that seems to underlie the impairment of spatial learning. Our data suggest that adolescent animals are vulnerable to CR treatment and that this diet is not suitable to be applied in this age phase.
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24
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Zhu B, Hu YM. A Potential Mechanism of Zhuang Jing Decoction Exerting Therapeutic Effects for Learning and Memory Deficits. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:172-3. [PMID: 26860330 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Hu
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University , Nanjing, China
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25
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Budni J, Pacheco R, da Silva S, Garcez ML, Mina F, Bellettini-Santos T, de Medeiros J, Voss BC, Steckert AV, Valvassori SDS, Quevedo J. Oral administration of d-galactose induces cognitive impairments and oxidative damage in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 302:35-43. [PMID: 26748256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
d-Galactose (d-gal) is a reducing sugar that can be used to mimic the characteristics of aging in rodents; however, the effects of d-gal administration by oral route are not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate if the oral administration of d-gal induces cognitive impairments, neuronal loss, and oxidative damage, mimicking an animal model of aging. Male adult Wistar rats (4 months old) received d-gal (100mg/kg) via the oral route for a period of 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. The results showed cognitive impairments in the open-field test in the 4th and 6th weeks after d-gal administration, as well as an impairment in spatial memory in the radial maze test after the 6th week of d-gal administration. The results indicated increase of levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species-TBARS-and carbonyl group content in the prefrontal cortex from the 4th week, and in all weeks of d-gal administration, respectively. An increase in the levels of TBARS and carbonyl group content was observed in the hippocampus over the entire period of d-gal treatment. In the 8th week of d-gal administration, we also observed reductions in synaptophysin and TAU protein levels in the prefrontal cortex. Thus, d-gal given by oral route caused cognitive impairments which were accompanied by oxidative damage. Therefore, these results indicate that orally administered d-gal can induce the behavioral and neurochemical alterations that are observed in the natural aging process. However, oral d-gal effect in rats deserve further studies to be better described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Budni
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Robson Pacheco
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Sabrina da Silva
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Michelle Lima Garcez
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Francielle Mina
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Bellettini-Santos
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Jesiel de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Constantino Voss
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Doenças Neurodegenerativas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Valnier Steckert
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Samira da Silva Valvassori
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratório de Sinalização Neural e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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