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Kaviarasan V, Deka D, Balaji D, Pathak S, Banerjee A. Signaling Pathways in Trans-differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Recent Advances. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2736:207-223. [PMID: 37140811 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2023_478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are a group of multipotent cells that can be induced to differentiate into other cell types. The cells fate is decided by various signaling pathways, growth factors, and transcription factors in differentiation. The proper coordination of these factors will result in cell specification. MSCs are capable of being differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Different conditions induces the MSCs into particular phenotypes. The MSC trans-differentiation ensues as a response to environmental factors or due to circumstances that prove to favor trans-differentiation. Depending on the stage at which they are expressed, and the genetic alterations they undergo prior to their expression, transcription factors can accelerate the process of trans-differentiation. Further research has been conducted on the challenging aspect of MSCs being developed into non-mesenchymal lineage. The cells that are differentiated in this way maintain their stability even after being induced in animals. The recent advancements in the trans-differentiation capacities of MSCs on induction with chemicals, growth inducers, improved differentiation mediums, growth factors from plant extracts, and electrical stimulation are discussed in this paper. Signaling pathways have a great effect on MSCs trans-differentiation and they need to be better understood for their applications in therapeutic techniques. So, this paper tends to review the major signaling pathways that play a vital role in the trans-differentiation of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishak Kaviarasan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Dikshita Deka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Darshini Balaji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai, India.
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2
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Engineering Hydrogels for the Development of Three-Dimensional In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052662. [PMID: 35269803 PMCID: PMC8910155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The superiority of in vitro 3D cultures over conventional 2D cell cultures is well recognized by the scientific community for its relevance in mimicking the native tissue architecture and functionality. The recent paradigm shift in the field of tissue engineering toward the development of 3D in vitro models can be realized with its myriad of applications, including drug screening, developing alternative diagnostics, and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels are considered the most suitable biomaterial for developing an in vitro model owing to their similarity in features to the extracellular microenvironment of native tissue. In this review article, recent progress in the use of hydrogel-based biomaterial for the development of 3D in vitro biomimetic tissue models is highlighted. Discussions of hydrogel sources and the latest hybrid system with different combinations of biopolymers are also presented. The hydrogel crosslinking mechanism and design consideration are summarized, followed by different types of available hydrogel module systems along with recent microfabrication technologies. We also present the latest developments in engineering hydrogel-based 3D in vitro models targeting specific tissues. Finally, we discuss the challenges surrounding current in vitro platforms and 3D models in the light of future perspectives for an improved biomimetic in vitro organ system.
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The Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063057. [PMID: 33802713 PMCID: PMC8002377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects approximately 300,000 people in the United States. Most individuals who sustain severe SCI also develop subsequent osteoporosis. However, beyond immobilization-related lack of long bone loading, multiple mechanisms of SCI-related bone density loss are incompletely understood. Recent findings suggest neuronal impairment and disability may lead to an upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which promotes bone resorption. Disruption of Wnt signaling and dysregulation of RANKL may also contribute to the pathogenesis of SCI-related osteoporosis. Estrogenic effects may protect bones from resorption by decreasing the upregulation of RANKL. This review will discuss the current proposed physiological and cellular mechanisms explaining osteoporosis associated with SCI. In addition, we will discuss emerging pharmacological and physiological treatment strategies, including the promising effects of estrogen on cellular protection.
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Yuan H, Li M, Feng X, Zhu E, Wang B. miR-142a-5p promoted osteoblast differentiation via targeting nuclear factor IA. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:1810-1821. [PMID: 32700780 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
miR-142a-5p plays critical roles in multiple biological processes and diseases, such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. However, it remains to be explored if and how miR-142a-5p contributes to osteoblast differentiation. In this study, our results showed that miR-142a-5p was highly expressed in bone tissue of mice and increased during osteogenesis in preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Supplementing miR-142a-5p activity using miR-142a-5p agomir promoted osteogenic differentiation in stromal cell line ST2 and preosteoblastic line MC3T3-E1. Conversely, miR-142a-5p antagomir, an inhibitor of endogenous miR-142a-5p, could reduce osteoblast differentiation in ST2 and MC3T3-E1 cells. Nuclear factor IA (NFIA), a site-specific transcriptional factor, was demonstrated to be directly targeted by miR-142a-5p. Overexpression of NFIA inhibited miR-142a-5p-mediated osteoblast differentiation in ST2 cells. Furthermore, mechanism explorations revealed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling transcriptionally regulated the expression of miR-142a-5p during osteogenic differentiation. β-catenin binds to the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor binding motif within the promoter of miR-142 and positively regulates its transcriptional activity. Our findings suggested that miR-142a-5p promoted osteoblast differentiation via targeting NFIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairui Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyue Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Endong Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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5
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Zhao Z, Vizetto-Duarte C, Moay ZK, Setyawati MI, Rakshit M, Kathawala MH, Ng KW. Composite Hydrogels in Three-Dimensional in vitro Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:611. [PMID: 32656197 PMCID: PMC7325910 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3-dimensional (3D) in vitro models were developed in order to mimic the complexity of real organ/tissue in a dish. They offer new possibilities to model biological processes in more physiologically relevant ways which can be applied to a myriad of applications including drug development, toxicity screening and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels are the most relevant tissue-like matrices to support the development of 3D in vitro models since they are in many ways akin to the native extracellular matrix (ECM). For the purpose of further improving matrix relevance or to impart specific functionalities, composite hydrogels have attracted increasing attention. These could incorporate drugs to control cell fates, additional ECM elements to improve mechanical properties, biomolecules to improve biological activities or any combinations of the above. In this Review, recent developments in using composite hydrogels laden with cells as biomimetic tissue- or organ-like constructs, and as matrices for multi-cell type organoid cultures are highlighted. The latest composite hydrogel systems that contain nanomaterials, biological factors, and combinations of biopolymers (e.g., proteins and polysaccharide), such as Interpenetrating Networks (IPNs) and Soft Network Composites (SNCs) are also presented. While promising, challenges remain. These will be discussed in light of future perspectives toward encompassing diverse composite hydrogel platforms for an improved organ environment in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Catarina Vizetto-Duarte
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Kuang Moay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Moumita Rakshit
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry & Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Wang J, Chen X, Yang X, Guo B, Li D, Zhu X, Zhang X. Positive role of calcium phosphate ceramics regulated inflammation in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1305-1320. [PMID: 32064734 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, researches have confirmed the crucial role of inflammatory response in Ca-P ceramic-induced osteogenesis, however, the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully understood. In this study, BCP and β-TCP ceramics were used as material models to investigate the effect of physicochemical properties on inflammatory response in vitro. The results showed that BCP and β-TCP could support macrophages attachment, proliferation, and spreading favorably, as well as promote gene expressions of inflammatory related cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α) and growth factors (TGF-β, FGF, PDGF, VEGF, IGF, and EGF). BCP showed a facilitating function on the gene expressions earlier than β-TCP. Further coculture experiments performed in vitro demonstrated that the CMs containing various increased cytokines for macrophages pre-culture could significantly promote MSCs osteogenic differentiation, which was confirmed by the gene expressions of osteogenic specific markers and the intracellular OCN product accumulation under the stimulation of BCP and β-TCP ceramics. Further evidence was found from the formation of mineralized nodules in BCM and TCM. In addition, this study showed a concise relationship between Ca-P ceramic induced inflammation and its osteoinductivity that the increased cytokines and growth factors from macrophages could promote MSCs osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuening Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danyang Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Senile Osteoporosis: The Involvement of Differentiation and Senescence of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010349. [PMID: 31948061 PMCID: PMC6981793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile osteoporosis has become a worldwide bone disease with the aging of the world population. It increases the risk of bone fracture and seriously affects human health. Unlike postmenopausal osteoporosis which is linked to menopause in women, senile osteoporosis is due to aging, hence, affecting both men and women. It is commonly found in people with more than their 70s. Evidence has shown that with age increase, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) differentiate into more adipocytes rather than osteoblasts and undergo senescence, which leads to decreased bone formation and contributes to senile osteoporosis. Therefore, it is necessary to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the functional changes of BMSCs. It will benefit not only for understanding the senile osteoporosis development, but also for finding new therapies to treat senile osteoporosis. Here, we review the recent advances of the functional alterations of BMSCs and the related mechanisms during senile osteoporosis development. Moreover, the treatment of senile osteoporosis by aiming at BMSCs is introduced.
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The Potential of Fluocinolone Acetonide to Mitigate Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation in 2D and 3D Foam Cell Cultures. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3739251. [PMID: 30596089 PMCID: PMC6282138 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3739251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in all stages of atherosclerosis development. Therefore, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs could reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events due to atherosclerosis. Herein, we explored the capacity of fluocinolone acetonide (FA), a glucocorticoid (GC), in modulating foam cell formation and response. Human THP-1 derived foam cells were produced using 100 μg/mL oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) and fetal bovine serum (1 and 10%). 2D cultures of these cells were treated with FA (0.1, 1, 10, and 50 μg/mL) in comparison with dexamethasone (Dex). Results showed that treatment with 0.1 and 1 μg/mL FA and Dex improved foam cell survival. FA and Dex also inhibited inflammatory cytokine (CD14, M-CSF, MIP-3α, and TNF-α) secretion. Notably, at the concentration of 1 μg/mL, both FA and Dex reduced cholesteryl ester accumulation. Compared to Dex, FA was significantly better in reducing lipid accumulation at the therapeutic concentrations of 1 and 10 μg/mL. In a novel 3D foam cell spheroid model, FA was shown to be more effective than Dex in diminishing lipid accumulation, at the concentration of 0.1 μg/mL. Taken together, FA was demonstrated to be effective in preventing both lipid accumulation and inflammation in foam cells.
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9
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Ramazzotti G, Fiume R, Chiarini F, Campana G, Ratti S, Billi AM, Manzoli L, Follo MY, Suh PG, McCubrey J, Cocco L, Faenza I. Phospholipase C-β1 interacts with cyclin E in adipose- derived stem cells osteogenic differentiation. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:1-9. [PMID: 30420274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that have the ability to differentiate into several cell types, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and neural cells. Given their easy accessibility and abundance, they became an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells, as well as candidates for developing new treatments for reconstructive medicine and tissue engineering. Our study identifies a new signaling pathway that promotes ADSCs osteogenic differentiation and links the lipid signaling enzyme phospholipase C (PLC)-β1 to the expression of the cell cycle protein cyclin E. During osteogenic differentiation, PLC-β1 expression varies concomitantly with cyclin E expression and the two proteins interact. These findings contribute to clarify the pathways involved in osteogenic differentiation and provide evidence to develop therapeutic strategies for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ramazzotti
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Fiume
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics - Bologna Unit, c/o Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1-10, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Campana
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Billi
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Manzoli
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pann-Gill Suh
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Lucio Cocco
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Faenza
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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10
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Tourkova IL, Liu L, Sutjarit N, Larrouture QC, Luo J, Robinson LJ, Blair HC. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 enhance human osteogenesis in vitro by synergistically accelerating the expression of bone-specific genes. J Transl Med 2017; 97:1072-1083. [PMID: 28737765 PMCID: PMC5844701 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve definition of the physical and hormonal support of bone formation, we studied differentiation of human osteoblasts in vitro at varying combinations of ACTH, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D), and extracellular calcium, with and without added cortisol. Bone mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteoblast-specific markers RunX2, osterix, and collagen I increased with 10 pM ACTH, 10 nM 1,25(OH)2D, or at 2 mM calcium with important synergistic activity of combinations of any of these stimuli. Signals induced by ACTH at 10-30 min included cAMP, TGF-β, and Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Affymetrix gene expression analysis showed that 2 h treatment of ACTH or 1,25(OH)2D increased the expression of bone regulating and structural mRNAs, including collagen I, biglycan, the vitamin D receptor, and TGF-β. Accelerating expression of these bone-specific genes was confirmed by quantitative PCR. Expression of 1,25(OH)2D 1α-hydroxylase (1α-hydroxylase) increased with 1,25(OH)2D, ACTH, and extracellular calcium from 0.5 to 2 mM. Unlike renal 1α-hydroxylase, in osteoblasts, 1α-hydroxylase activity is independent of parathyroid hormone. In keeping with calcium responsivity, calcium-sensing receptor RNA and protein increased with 10 nM ACTH or 1,25(OH)2D. Inclusion of 200 nM cortisol or 10 nM ACTH in differentiation media blunted osteoblasts alkaline phosphatase response to 1,25(OH)2D and calcium. Our results point to the importance of ACTH in bone maintenance and that extra skeletal (renal) 1,25(OH)2D is required for bone mineralization despite 1α-hydroxylase expression by osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L Tourkova
- The Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Li Liu
- The Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nareerat Sutjarit
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Quitterie C Larrouture
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lisa J Robinson
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Harry C Blair
- The Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteogenesis is a complex process involving the specification of multiple progenitor cells and their maturation and differentiation into matrix-secreting osteoblasts. Osteogenesis occurs not only during embryogenesis but also during growth, after an injury, and in normal homeostatic maintenance. While much is known about osteogenesis-associated regulatory genes, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are epigenetic regulators of protein expression, is just beginning to be explored. While miRNAs do not abrogate all protein expression, their purpose is to finely tune it, allowing for a timely and temporary protein down-regulation. RECENT FINDINGS The last decade has unveiled a multitude of miRNAs that regulate key proteins within the osteogenic lineage, thus qualifying them as "ostemiRs." These miRNAs may endogenously target an activator or inhibitor of differentiation, and depending on the target, may either lead to the prolongation of a progenitor maintenance state or to early differentiation. Interestingly, cellular identity seems intimately coupled to the expression of miRNAs, which participate in the suppression of previous and subsequent differentiation steps. In such cases where key osteogenic proteins were identified as direct targets of miRNAs in non-bone cell types, or through bioinformatic prediction, future research illuminating the activity of these miRNAs during osteogenesis will be extremely valuable. Many bone-related diseases involve the dysregulation of transcription factors or other proteins found within osteoblasts and their progenitors, and the dysregulation of miRNAs, which target such factors, may play a pivotal role in disease etiology, or even as a possible therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Sera
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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12
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Fate decision of mesenchymal stem cells: adipocytes or osteoblasts? Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1128-39. [PMID: 26868907 PMCID: PMC4946886 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 771] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a non-hematopoietic stem cell population first discovered in bone marrow, are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into mature cells of several mesenchymal tissues, such as fat and bone. As common progenitor cells of adipocytes and osteoblasts, MSCs are delicately balanced for their differentiation commitment. Numerous in vitro investigations have demonstrated that fat-induction factors inhibit osteogenesis, and, conversely, bone-induction factors hinder adipogenesis. In fact, a variety of external cues contribute to the delicate balance of adipo-osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, including chemical, physical, and biological factors. These factors trigger different signaling pathways and activate various transcription factors that guide MSCs to commit to either lineage. The dysregulation of the adipo-osteogenic balance has been linked to several pathophysiologic processes, such as aging, obesity, osteopenia, osteopetrosis, and osteoporosis. Thus, the regulation of MSC differentiation has increasingly attracted great attention in recent years. Here, we review external factors and their signaling processes dictating the reciprocal regulation between adipocytes and osteoblasts during MSC differentiation and the ultimate control of the adipo-osteogenic balance.
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13
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Phillips MD, Kuznetsov SA, Cherman N, Park K, Chen KG, McClendon BN, Hamilton RS, McKay RDG, Chenoweth JG, Mallon BS, Robey PG. Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells toward bone and cartilage: in vitro versus in vivo assays. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:867-78. [PMID: 24855277 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into committed skeletal progenitors could allow for an unlimited autologous supply of such cells for therapeutic uses; therefore, we attempted to create novel bone-forming cells from human iPSCs using lines from two distinct tissue sources and methods of differentiation that we previously devised for osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, and as suggested by other publications. The resulting cells were assayed using in vitro methods, and the results were compared with those obtained from in vivo transplantation assays. Our results show that true bone was formed in vivo by derivatives of several iPSC lines, but that the successful cell lines and differentiation methodologies were not predicted by the results of the in vitro assays. In addition, bone was formed equally well from iPSCs originating from skin or bone marrow stromal cells (also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells), suggesting that the iPSCs did not retain a "memory" of their previous life. Furthermore, one of the iPSC-derived cell lines formed verifiable cartilage in vivo, which likewise was not predicted by in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Phillips
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergei A Kuznetsov
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha Cherman
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin G Chen
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Britney N McClendon
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca S Hamilton
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Josh G Chenoweth
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; The NIH Stem Cell Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Dombrowski C, Helledie T, Ling L, Grünert M, Canning CA, Jones CM, Hui JH, Nurcombe V, van Wijnen AJ, Cool SM. FGFR1 Signaling Stimulates Proliferation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Inhibiting the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors p21Waf1and p27Kip1. Stem Cells 2013; 31:2724-36. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dombrowski
- Institute of Medical Biology; Glycotherapeutics Group; 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, A*STAR, Singapore Singapore
| | - Torben Helledie
- Institute of Medical Biology; Glycotherapeutics Group; 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, A*STAR, Singapore Singapore
| | - Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology; Glycotherapeutics Group; 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, A*STAR, Singapore Singapore
| | - Martin Grünert
- Institute of Medical Biology; Glycotherapeutics Group; 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, A*STAR, Singapore Singapore
| | - Claire A. Canning
- Institute of Medical Biology; Glycotherapeutics Group; 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, A*STAR, Singapore Singapore
| | - C. Michael Jones
- Institute of Medical Biology; Glycotherapeutics Group; 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, A*STAR, Singapore Singapore
| | - James H. Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology; Glycotherapeutics Group; 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, A*STAR, Singapore Singapore
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Mayo Clinic; Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Simon M. Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology; Glycotherapeutics Group; 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, A*STAR, Singapore Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Singapore
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15
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Rose LC, Fitzsimmons R, Lee P, Krawetz R, Rancourt DE, Uludağ H. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor in mouse embryonic stem cell culture and osteogenic differentiation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:371-82. [DOI: 10.1002/term.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Rose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton; Canada
| | - Ross Fitzsimmons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Alberta; Edmonton; Canada
| | - Poh Lee
- Department of Oncology; University of Calgary; Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- Department of Oncology; University of Calgary; Canada
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16
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Bramono DS, Murali S, Rai B, Ling L, Poh WT, Lim ZX, Stein GS, Nurcombe V, van Wijnen AJ, Cool SM. Bone marrow-derived heparan sulfate potentiates the osteogenic activity of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Bone 2012; 50:954-64. [PMID: 22227436 PMCID: PMC3589980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lowering the efficacious dose of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) for the repair of critical-sized bone defects is highly desirable, as supra-physiological amounts of BMP-2 have an increased risk of side effects and a greater economic burden for the healthcare system. To address this need, we explored the use of heparan sulfate (HS), a structural analog of heparin, to enhance BMP-2 activity. We demonstrate that HS isolated from a bone marrow stromal cell line (HS-5) and heparin each enhances BMP-2-induced osteogenesis in C2C12 myoblasts through increased ALP activity and osteocalcin mRNA expression. Commercially available HS variants from porcine kidney and bovine lung do not generate effects as great as HS5. Heparin and HS5 influence BMP-2 activity by (i) prolonging BMP-2 half-life, (ii) reducing interactions between BMP-2 with its antagonist noggin, and (iii) modulating BMP2 distribution on the cell surface. Importantly, long-term supplementation of HS5 but not heparin greatly enhances BMP-2-induced bone formation in vitro and in vivo. These results show that bone marrow-derived HS effectively supports bone formation, and suggest its applicability in bone repair by selectively facilitating the delivery and bioavailability of BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diah S. Bramono
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Sadasivam Murali
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Bina Rai
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Ling Ling
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Wei Theng Poh
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Zophia Xuehui Lim
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Simon M. Cool
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138648
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074
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17
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Greenow K, Clarke AR. Controlling the stem cell compartment and regeneration in vivo: the role of pluripotency pathways. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:75-99. [PMID: 22298652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the realization that embryonic stem cells are maintained in a pluripotent state through the interplay of a number of key signal transduction pathways, it is becoming increasingly clear that stemness and pluripotency are defined by the complex molecular convergence of these pathways. Perhaps this has most clearly been demonstrated by the capacity to induce pluripotency in differentiated cell types, so termed iPS cells. We are therefore building an understanding of how cells may be maintained in a pluripotent state, and how we may manipulate cells to drive them between committed and pluripotent compartments. However, it is less clear how cells normally pass in and out of the stem cell compartment under normal and diseased physiological states in vivo, and indeed, how important these pathways are in these settings. It is also clear that there is a potential "dark side" to manipulating the stem cell compartment, as deregulation of somatic stem cells is being increasingly implicated in carcinogenesis and the generation of "cancer stem cells." This review explores these relationships, with a particular focus on the role played by key molecular regulators of stemness in tissue repair, and the possibility that a better understanding of this control may open the door to novel repair strategies in vivo. The successful development of such strategies has the potential to replace or augment intervention-based strategies (cell replacement therapies), although it is clear they must be developed with a full understanding of how such approaches might also influence tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Greenow
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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18
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Heydarkhan-Hagvall S, Gluck JM, Delman C, Jung M, Ehsani N, Full S, Shemin RJ. The effect of vitronectin on the differentiation of embryonic stem cells in a 3D culture system. Biomaterials 2011; 33:2032-40. [PMID: 22169822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While stem cell niches in vivo are complex three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments, the relationship between the dimensionality of the niche to its function is unknown. We have created a 3D microenvironment through electrospinning to study the impact of geometry and different extracellular proteins on the development of cardiac progenitor cells (Flk-1(+)) from resident stem cells and their differentiation into functional cardiovascular cells. We have investigated the effect of collagen IV, fibronectin, laminin and vitronectin on the adhesion and proliferation of murine ES cells as well as the effects of these proteins on the number of Flk-1(+) cells cultured in 2D conditions compared to 3D system in a feeder free condition. We found that the number of Flk-1(+) cells was significantly higher in 3D scaffolds coated with laminin or vitronectin compared to colIV-coated scaffolds. Our results show the importance of defined culture systems in vitro for studying the guided differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells in the field of cardiovascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Heydarkhan-Hagvall
- Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Dept. of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 62-151 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1741, USA.
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19
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Yan D, Chen D, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ, Mikecz K, Murphy G, Im HJ. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 is principally responsible for fibroblast growth factor 2-induced catabolic activities in human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R130. [PMID: 21835001 PMCID: PMC3239372 DOI: 10.1186/ar3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cartilage degeneration driven by catabolic stimuli is a critical pathophysiological process in osteoarthritis (OA). We have defined fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) as a degenerative mediator in adult human articular chondrocytes. Biological effects mediated by FGF-2 include inhibition of proteoglycan production, up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), and stimulation of other catabolic factors. In this study, we identified the specific receptor responsible for the catabolic functions of FGF-2, and established a pathophysiological connection between the FGF-2 receptor and OA. METHODS Primary human articular chondrocytes were cultured in monolayer (24 hours) or alginate beads (21 days), and stimulated with FGF-2 or FGF18, in the presence or absence of FGFR1 (FGF receptor 1) inhibitor. Proteoglycan accumulation and chondrocyte proliferation were assessed by dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay and DNA assay, respectively. Expression of FGFRs (FGFR1 to FGFR4) was assessed by flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The distinctive roles of FGFR1 and FGFR3 after stimulation with FGF-2 were evaluated using either pharmacological inhibitors or FGFR small interfering RNA (siRNA). Luciferase reporter gene assays were used to quantify the effects of FGF-2 and FGFR1 inhibitor on MMP-13 promoter activity. RESULTS Chondrocyte proliferation was significantly enhanced in the presence of FGF-2 stimulation, which was inhibited by the pharmacological inhibitor of FGFR1. Proteoglycan accumulation was reduced by 50% in the presence of FGF-2, and this reduction was successfully rescued by FGFR1 inhibitor. FGFR1 inhibitors also fully reversed the up-regulation of MMP-13 expression and promoter activity stimulated by FGF-2. Blockade of FGFR1 signaling by either chemical inhibitors or siRNA targeting FGFR1 rather than FGFR3 abrogated the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 13 (MMP-13) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 (ADAMTS5), as well as down-regulation of aggrecan after FGF-2 stimulation. Flow cytometry, qPCR and immunoblotting analyses suggested that FGFR1 and FGFR3 were the major FGFR isoforms expressed in human articular chondrocytes. FGFR1 was activated more potently than FGFR3 upon FGF-2 stimulation. In osteoarthritic chondrocytes, FGFR3 was significantly down regulated (P < 0.05) with a concomitant increase in the FGFR1 to FGFR3 expression ratio (P < 0.05), compared to normal chondrocytes. Our results also demonstrate that FGFR3 was negatively regulated by FGF-2 at the transcriptional level through the FGFR1-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathway in human articular chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS FGFR1 is the major mediator with the degenerative potential in the presence of FGF-2 in human adult articular chondrocytes. FGFR1 activation by FGF-2 promotes catabolism and impedes anabolism. Disruption of the balance between FGFR1 and FGFR3 signaling ratio may contribute to the pathophysiology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyao Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Simon M Cool
- Department of Stem Cells and Tissue Repair, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, 138648 Singapore
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074 Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074 Singapore
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Katalin Mikecz
- Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gillian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University, Cancer Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Center, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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20
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Kim K, Dean D, Wallace J, Breithaupt R, Mikos AG, Fisher JP. The influence of stereolithographic scaffold architecture and composition on osteogenic signal expression with rat bone marrow stromal cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3750-63. [PMID: 21396709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold design parameters, especially physical construction factors such as mechanical stiffness of substrate materials, pore size of 3D porous scaffolds, and channel geometry, are known to influence the osteogenic signal expression and subsequent differentiation of a transplanted cell population. In this study of photocrosslinked poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) and diethyl fumarate (DEF) scaffolds, the effect of DEF incorporation ratio and pore size on the osteogenic signal expression of rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was investigated. Results demonstrated that DEF concentrations and pore sizes that led to increased scaffold mechanical stiffness also upregulated osteogenic signal expression, including bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), fibroblast growth factors-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Runx2 transcriptional factor. Similar scaffold fabrication parameters supported rapid BMSC osteoblastic differentiation, as demonstrated by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin expression. When scaffolds with random architecture, fabricated by porogen leaching, were compared to those with controlled architecture, fabricated by stereolithography (SLA), results showed that SLA scaffolds with the highly permeable and porous channels also have significantly higher expression of FGF-2, TGF-β1, and VEGF. Subsequent ALP expression and osteopontin secretion were also significantly increased in SLA scaffolds. Based upon these results, we conclude that scaffold properties provided by additive manufacturing techniques such as SLA fabrication, particularly increased mechanical stiffness and high permeability, may stimulate dramatic BMSC responses that promote rapid bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, 3238 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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21
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Peterslund JM, Serup P. Activation of FGFR(IIIc) isoforms promotes activin-induced mesendoderm development in mouse embryonic stem cells and reduces Sox17 coexpression in EpCAM+ cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 6:262-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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22
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Calarco A, Petillo O, Bosetti M, Torpedine A, Cannas M, Perrone L, Galderisi U, Melone MAB, Peluso G. Controlled delivery of the heparan sulfate/FGF-2 complex by a polyelectrolyte scaffold promotes maximal hMSC proliferation and differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:903-9. [PMID: 20564189 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors and other regulatory molecules are required to direct differentiation of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) along specific lineages. However, the therapeutic use of growth factors is limited by their susceptibility to degradation, and the need to maintain prolonged local release of growth factor at levels sufficient to stimulate hMSC. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a device containing heparan sulfate (HS), which is a co-factor in growth factor-mediated cell proliferation and differentiation, could potentiate and prolong the delivery of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and thus enhance hMSC stimulation. To this aim, we synthesized cationic polyelectrolyte polymers covalently and non-covalently anchored to HS and evaluated their effect on hMSC proliferation. Polymers non-covalently bound to HS resulted in the release of an HS/FGF-2 complex rather than FGF-2 alone. The release of this complex significantly restored hMSC proliferation, which was abolished in serum-free medium and only partially restored by the release of FGF-2 alone as occurred with polymer covalently bound to HS. We also demonstrate that exposure to HS/FGF-2 during early growth but not during post-confluence is essential for hMSC differentiation down the fibroblast lineage, which suggests that both factors are required to establish the correct stem cell commitment that is necessary to support subsequent differentiation. In conclusion, the delivery platform described here is a step towards the development of a new class of biomaterial that enables the prolonged, non-covalent binding and controlled delivery of growth factors and cofactors without altering their potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Calarco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry-CNR, Naples, Italy
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23
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Ding VMY, Ling L, Natarajan S, Yap MGS, Cool SM, Choo ABH. FGF-2 modulates Wnt signaling in undifferentiated hESC and iPS cells through activated PI3-K/GSK3beta signaling. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:417-28. [PMID: 20506199 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is widely used to culture human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Despite its importance in maintaining undifferentiated hESC phenotype, a lack of understanding in the role of FGF-2 still exists. Here, we investigate the signaling events in hESC following the addition of exogenous FGF-2. In this study, we show that hESC express all forms of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) which co-localize on Oct3/4 positive cells. Furthermore, downregulation of Oct3/4 in hESC occurs following treatment with an FGFR inhibitor, suggesting that FGF signaling may regulate Oct3/4 expression. This is also observed in iPS cells. Also, downstream of FGF signaling, both mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways (PI3-K) are activated following FGF-2 stimulation. Notably, inhibition of MAPK and PI3-K signaling using specific kinase inhibitors revealed that activated PI3-K, rather than MAPK, can mediate pluripotent marker expression. To understand the importance of PI3-K activation, activation of Wnt/beta-catenin by FGF-2 was investigated. Wnt signaling had been implicated to have a role in maintaining of pluripotent hESC. We found that upon FGF-2 stimulation, GSK3beta is phosphorylated following which nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and TCF/LEF activation occurs. Interestingly, inhibition of the Wnt pathway with Dikkopf-1 (DKK-1) resulted in only partial suppression of the FGF-2 induced TCF/LEF activity. Prolonged culture of hESC with DKK-1 did not affect pluripotent marker expression. These results suggest that FGF-2 mediated PI3-K signaling may have a direct role in modulating the downstream of Wnt pathway to maintain undifferentiated hESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Y Ding
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Stem Cell Group, Singapore
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24
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Yap LYW, Li J, Phang IY, Ong LT, Ow JZE, Goh JCH, Nurcombe V, Hobley J, Choo ABH, Oh SKW, Cool SM, Birch WR. Defining a threshold surface density of vitronectin for the stable expansion of human embryonic stem cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 17:193-207. [PMID: 20726687 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methodology for pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) expansion relies on murine sarcoma basement membrane substrates (Matrigel™), which precludes the use of these cells in regenerative medicine. To realize the clinical efficacy of hESCs and their derivatives, expansion of these cells in a defined system that is free of animal components is required. This study reports the successful propagation of hESCs (HES-3 and H1) for > 20 passages on tissue culture-treated polystyrene plates, coated from 5 μg/mL of human plasma-purified vitronectin (VN) solution. Cells maintain expression of pluripotent markers Tra1-60 and OCT-4 and are karyotypically normal after 20 passages of continuous culture. In vitro and in vivo differentiation of hESC by embryoid body formation and teratoma yielded cells from the ecto-, endo-, and mesoderm lineages. VN immobilized on tissue culture polystyrene was characterized using a combination of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and quantification of the VN surface density with a Bradford protein assay. Ponceau S staining was used to measure VN adsorption and desorption kinetics. Tuning the VN surface density, via the concentration of depositing solution, revealed a threshold surface density of 250 ng/cm², which is required for hESCs attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Cell attachment and proliferation assays on VN surface densities above this threshold show the substrate properties to be equally viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Y W Yap
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Lee KW, Yook JY, Son MY, Kim MJ, Koo DB, Han YM, Cho YS. Rapamycin promotes the osteoblastic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells by blocking the mTOR pathway and stimulating the BMP/Smad pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:557-68. [PMID: 19642865 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies revealed that PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is important in the regulation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal and differentiation. However, its action on osteogenic differentiation of hESCs is poorly understood. We tested the effects of pharmacological PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors on their potential to induce osteogenic differentiation of hESCs. Under feeder-free culture conditions, rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) potently inhibited the activities of mTOR and p70S6K in undifferentiated hESCs; however, LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) and an AKT inhibitor had no effects. Treatment with any of these inhibitors down-regulated the hESC markers Oct4 and Nanog, but only rapamycin induced the up-regulation of the early osteogenic markers BMP2 and Runx2. We also observed that hESCs differentiated when treated with FK506, a structural analog of rapamycin, but did not exhibit an osteogenic phenotype. Increases in Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and Id1-4 mRNA expression indicated that rapamycin significantly stimulated BMP/Smad signaling. After inducing both hESCs and human embryoid bodies (hEBs) for 2-3 weeks with rapamycin, osteoblastic differentiation was further characterized by the expression of osteoblastic marker mRNAs and/or proteins (osterix, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, osteonectin, and bone sialoprotein), alkaline phosphatase activity, and alizarin red S staining for mineralized bone nodule formation. No significant differences in the osteogenic phenotypes of rapamycin-differentiated hESCs and hEBs were detected. Our results suggest that, among these 3 inhibitors, only rapamycin functions as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic differentiation of hESCs, and it does so by modulating rapamycin-sensitive mTOR and BMP/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Won Lee
- Development and Differentiation Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Jukes JM, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J. Skeletal tissue engineering using embryonic stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4:165-80. [PMID: 19967745 DOI: 10.1002/term.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Various cell types have been investigated as candidate cell sources for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. In this review, we focused on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their potential in cartilage and bone tissue engineering. A decade ago, mouse ESCs were first used as a model to study cartilage and bone development and essential genes, factors and conditions for chondrogenesis and osteogenesis were unravelled. This knowledge, combined with data from the differentiation of adult stem cells, led to successful chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mouse ESCs and later also human ESCs. Next, researchers focused on the use of ESCs for skeletal tissue engineering. Cartilage and bone tissue was formed in vivo using ESCs. However, the amount, homogeneity and stability of the cartilage and bone formed were still insufficient for clinical application. The current protocols require improvement not only in differentiation efficiency but also in ESC-specific hurdles, such as tumourigenicity and immunorejection. In addition, some of the general tissue engineering challenges, such as cell seeding and nutrient limitation in larger constructs, will also apply for ESCs. In conclusion, there are still many challenges, but there is potential for ESCs in skeletal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojanneke M Jukes
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Tissue Regeneration, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Haupt LM, Murali S, Mun FK, Teplyuk N, Mei LF, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican-3 mediates commitment of MC3T3-E1 cells toward osteogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:780-91. [PMID: 19479939 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) sugar chains attached to core proteoglycans (PGs) termed HSPGs mediate an extensive range of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and growth factor interactions based upon their sulfation patterns. When compared with non-osteogenic (maintenance media) culture conditions, under established osteogenic culture conditions, MC3T3-E1 cells characteristically increase their osteogenic gene expression profile and switch their dominant fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) from FGFR1 (0.5-fold decrease) to FGFR3 (1.5-fold increase). The change in FGFR expression profile of the osteogenic-committed cultures was reflected by their inability to sustain an FGF-2 stimulus, but respond to BMP-2 at day 14 of culture. The osteogenic cultures decreased their chondroitin and dermatan sulfate PGs (biglycan, decorin, and versican), but increased levels of the HS core protein gene expression, in particular glypican-3. Commitment and progress through osteogenesis is accompanied by changes in FGFR expression, decreased GAG initiation but increased N- and O-sulfation and reduced remodeling of the ECM (decreased heparanase expression) resulting in the production of homogenous (21 kDa) HS chain. With the HSPG glypican-3 expression strongly upregulated in these processes, siRNA was used to knockdown this gene to examine the effect on osteogenic commitment. Reduced glypican-3 abrogated the expression of Runx2, and thus differentiation. The reintroduction of this HSPG into Runx2-null cells allowed osteogenesis to proceed. These results demonstrate the dependence of osteogenesis on specific HS chains, in particular those associated with glypican-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M Haupt
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis 138648, Singapore
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Teplyuk NM, Haupt LM, Ling L, Dombrowski C, Mun FK, Nathan SS, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ. The osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 regulates components of the fibroblast growth factor/proteoglycan signaling axis in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:144-54. [PMID: 19259985 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans cooperate with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF2) signaling to control osteoblast growth and differentiation, as well as metabolic functions of osteoblasts. FGF2 signaling modulates the expression and activity of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2/Cbfa1), a key regulator of osteoblast proliferation and maturation. Here, we have characterized novel Runx2 target genes in osteoprogenitors under conditions that promote growth arrest while not yet permitting sustained phenotypic maturation. Runx2 enhances expression of genes related to proteoglycan-mediated signaling, including FGF receptors (e.g., FGFR2 and FGFR3) and proteoglycans (e.g., syndecans [Sdc1, Sdc2, Sdc3], glypicans [Gpc1], versican [Vcan]). Runx2 increases expression of the glycosyltransferase Exostosin-1 (Ext1) and heparanase, as well as alters the relative expression of N-linked sulfotransferases (Ndst1 = Ndst2 > Ndst3) and enzymes mediating O-linked sulfation of heparan sulfate (Hs2st > Hs6st) or chondroitin sulfate (Cs4st > Cs6st). Runx2 cooperates with FGF2 to induce expression of Sdc4 and the sulfatase Galns, but Runx2 and FGF2 suppress Gpc6, thus suggesting intricate Runx2 and FGF2 dependent changes in proteoglycan utilization. One functional consequence of Runx2 mediated modulations in proteoglycan-related gene expression is a change in the responsiveness of bone markers to FGF2 stimulation. Runx2 and FGF2 synergistically enhance osteopontin expression (>100 fold), while FGF2 blocks Runx2 induction of alkaline phosphatase. Our data suggest that Runx2 and the FGF/proteoglycan axis may form an extracellular matrix (ECM)-related regulatory feed-back loop that controls osteoblast proliferation and execution of the osteogenic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya M Teplyuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0105, USA
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Dombrowski C, Song SJ, Chuan P, Lim X, Susanto E, Sawyer AA, Woodruff MA, Hutmacher DW, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Heparan Sulfate Mediates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:661-70. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dombrowski
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Shu Jun Song
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Peiying Chuan
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Xinhong Lim
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Susanto
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Amber A. Sawyer
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Maria A. Woodruff
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Dietmar W. Hutmacher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Simon M. Cool
- Stem Cells and Tissue Repair Group, Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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Kodama N, Nagata M, Tabata Y, Ozeki M, Ninomiya T, Takagi R. A local bone anabolic effect of rhFGF2-impregnated gelatin hydrogel by promoting cell proliferation and coordinating osteoblastic differentiation. Bone 2009; 44:699-707. [PMID: 19166987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The bone anabolic effect of rhFGF2 is attributed to activation of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Concomitant up-regulation of Runx2 and Bmp2 implies a coordinative function of FGF/FGFR signaling on osteoblast differentiation. INTRODUCTION Duration and tissue concentration of growth factor exposure are important in tissue regeneration. This study analyzed the availability of rhFGF2 using a sustained release gelatin hydrogel system. To examine biological aspects of the bone anabolic effect, we carried out morphological and cell proliferation assays together with gene expression analyses of osteoblast related genes induced by rhFGF2 using localizing and quantifying procedures in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bone formation induced by implantation of gelatin hydrogel impregnated with 20 microg rhFGF2 (rhFGF2(+)) onto mice maxillae was analyzed by micro computed tomography, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction combined with laser microdissection (LMD-QPCR). RESULTS The bony maxilla was augmented to 1.58 times its original volume (p=0.002) by the implantation of rhFGF2(+) gelatin hydrogel. An increased number of PCNA-positive nuclei were observed among differentiated osteoblasts as well as undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. Fgfr1, Fgfr2 and Runx2 were shown to be co-expressed mainly in differentiated osteoblasts but also in osteoblast marker-negative spindle-shaped cells that were scattered within the outer layer of hyperplastic periosteum. LMD-QPCR revealed up-regulation of Bmp2 expression accompanied by increased transcription of Fgfr1, Fgfr2 and Runx2 by rhFGF2 controlled release. CONCLUSIONS rhFGF2 sustained release results in bone formation on the maxilla by positively regulating the expansion and differentiation of osteoblastic cells. It is suggested that FGF/FGFR signaling coordinates a bone anabolic effect by simultaneously activating RUNX2 and BMP2 pathways. The gelatin hydrogel system, which enables a sustained slow rate of release of rhFGF2 in tissue has advantages of optimizing bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kodama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Gakkocho-dori 2-5274, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
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Miraoui H, Oudina K, Petite H, Tanimoto Y, Moriyama K, Marie PJ. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 promotes osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal cells via ERK1/2 and protein kinase C signaling. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4897-904. [PMID: 19117954 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805432200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to differentiate into several lineages including osteoblasts. The signaling mechanisms involved in the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs are however not fully understood. We investigated the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in osteoblast committment and differentiation of murine mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 cells stably transfected with wild type (WT) or activated FGFR2 due to Apert S252W genetic mutation (MT). WT FGFR2 slightly increased, whereas MT FGFR2 strongly increased, FGFR2 tyrosine phosphorylation, indicating activation of the receptor. WT and MT FGFR2 increased C3H10T1/2 cell proliferation but not survival. Both WT and MT FGFR2 increased early and late osteoblast gene expression and matrix mineralization. Forced expression of WT and MT FGFR2 also increased osteoblast gene expression in MC3T3-E1 calvaria osteoblasts. In both cell types, MT FGFR2 was more effective than WT FGFR2. In contrast, WT and MT FGFR2 decreased adipocyte differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. WT and MT FGFR2 induced ERK1/2 but not JNK or PI3K/AKT phosphorylation. MT, but not WT, also increased protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 prevented cell proliferation induced by WT and MT FGFR2. Using dominant-negative ERK and PKCalpha vectors, we demonstrated that WT and MT FGFR2 promoted osteoblast gene expression through ERK1/2 and PKCalpha signaling, respectively. This study identifies FGFR2 as a novel regulatory molecule that promotes osteogenic differentiation in murine MSCs. The promoting effect of WT and MT FGFR2 is mediated by ERK1/2 and PKCalpha pathways that play essential and distinct roles in FGFR2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Boskey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Woodruff MA, Rath SN, Susanto E, Haupt LM, Hutmacher DW, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Sustained release and osteogenic potential of heparan sulfate-doped fibrin glue scaffolds within a rat cranial model. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:425-33. [PMID: 17849224 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the potential therapeutic role of the naturally occurring sugar heparan sulfate (HS) for the augmentation of bone repair. Scaffolds comprising fibrin glue loaded with 5 microg of embryonically derived HS were assessed, firstly as a release-reservoir, and secondly as a scaffold to stimulate bone regeneration in a critical size rat cranial defect. We show HS-loaded scaffolds have a uniform distribution of HS, which was readily released with a typical burst phase, quickly followed by a prolonged delivery lasting several days. Importantly, the released HS contributed to improved wound healing over a 3-month period as determined by microcomputed tomography (microCT) scanning, histology, histomorphometry, and PCR for osteogenic markers. In all cases, only minimal healing was observed after 1 and 3 months in the absence of HS. In contrast, marked healing was observed by 3 months following HS treatment, with nearly full closure of the defect site. PCR analysis showed significant increases in the gene expression of the osteogenic markers Runx2, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopontin in the heparin sulfate group compared with controls. These results further emphasize the important role HS plays in augmenting wound healing, and its successful delivery in a hydrogel provides a novel alternative to autologous bone graft and growth factor-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ann Woodruff
- Division of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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