1
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Bingnan W, Jiao T, Ghorbani A, Baghei S. Enhancing regenerative potential: A comprehensive review of stem cell transplantation for sports-related neuronal injuries, with a focus on spinal cord injuries and peripheral nervous system damage. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102429. [PMID: 38833939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal injuries, as one of the consequences of sports-related incidents, exert a profound influence on the athletes' future, potentially leading to complete immobility and impeding their athletic pursuits. In cases of severe damage inflicted upon the spinal cord (SC) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS), the regenerative process is notably compromised, rendering it essentially inefficient. Among the pivotal therapeutic approaches for the enhancement and prevention of secondary SC injuries (SCI), stem cell transplantation (SCT) stands out prominently. Stem cells, whether directly involved in replacement and reconstruction or indirectly through modification and secretion of crucial bioenvironmental factors, engage in the intricate process of tissue regeneration. Stem cells, through the secretion of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) (aiming to modulate the immune system), reduction of inflammation, axonal growth stimulation, and myelin formation, endeavor to facilitate the regeneration of damaged SC tissue. The fundamental challenges of this approach encompass the proper selection of suitable stem cell candidates for transplantation and the establishment of an appropriate microenvironment conducive to SC repair. In this article, an attempt has been made to explore sports-related injuries, particularly SCI, to comprehensively review innovative methods for treating SCI, and to address the existing challenges. Additionally, some of the stem cells used in neural injuries and the process of their utilization have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Bingnan
- Department of P.E, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Tong Jiao
- The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University Bocai Experimental Middle School,Changsha 410208, China.
| | - A Ghorbani
- Biotechnology Department, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sh Baghei
- Biotechnology Department, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
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2
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Stirmlinger N, Delling JP, Pfänder S, Boeckers TM. Elevation of SHANK3 Levels by Antisense Oligonucleotides Directed Against the 3'-UTR of the Human SHANK3 mRNA. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023; 33:58-71. [PMID: 36355061 PMCID: PMC9940809 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SHANK3 is a member of the SHANK family of scaffolding proteins that localize to the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses. Mutations within the SHANK3 gene or SHANK3 haploinsufficiency is thought to be one of the major causes for Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMDS) that is characterized by a broad spectrum of autism-related behavioral alterations. Several approaches have already been proposed to elevate SHANK3 protein levels in PMDS patients like transcriptional activation or inhibition of SHANK3 degradation. We undertook a systematic screening approach and tested whether defined antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) directed against the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the human SHANK3 mRNA are suitable to elevate SHANK3 protein levels. Using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and hiPSCs-derived motoneurons from controls and PMDS patients we eventually identified two 18 nucleotide ASOs (ASO 4-5.2-4 and 4-5.2-6) that were able to increase SHANK3 protein levels in vitro by about 1.3- to 1.6-fold. These findings were confirmed by co-transfection of the identified ASOs with a GFP-SHANK3-3'-UTR construct in HEK293T cells using GFP protein expression as read-out. Based on these results we propose a novel approach to elevate SHANK3 protein concentrations by 3'-UTR specific ASOs. Further research is needed to test the suitability of SHANK3-specific ASOs as pharmacological compounds also in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Stirmlinger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,International Graduate School for Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Pfänder
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,DZNE, Ulm Site, Ulm, Germany.,Address correspondence to: Tobias Boeckers, MD, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Wang X, Wu J, Wang W, Zhang Y, He D, Xiao B, Zhang H, Song A, Xing Y, Li B. Reprogramming of Rat Fibroblasts into Induced Neurons by Small-Molecule Compounds In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2099-2109. [PMID: 35723446 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement is a promising approach for neurodegenerative disease treatment. Somatic cells such as fibroblasts can be induced to differentiate into neurons by specific transcription factors; however, the potential of viral vectors used for reprogramming to integrate into the genome raises concerns about the potential clinical applications of this approach. Here, we directly reprogrammed rat embryonic skin fibroblasts into induced neurons (iNs) via six small-molecule compounds (SMs) (VPA, CHIR99021, forskolin, Y-27632, Repsox, and P7C3-A20). iNs exhibit typical neuronal morphology, and immunofluorescence showed that more than 96% of the iNs expressed the early neuronal marker class III beta-tubulin (TUJ1) and that more than 91% of iNs expressed the mature neuronal marker neuron-specific enolase (NSE) after 10 days of reprogramming. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction also showed that most iNs expressed the dopaminergic neuron marker tyrosine hydroxylase, the neural marker Nur correlation factor 1, the (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA) GABAergic neuronal marker GABA, and the cholinergic neuron marker choline acetyltransferase. In addition, we found that cell proliferation decreased during reprogramming and that protein synthesis increased initially and then decreased. SMs were mixed with hydrogels, and the hydrogels were implanted subcutaneously into the backs of rats. After 7 days, the TUJ1 and NSE proteins were expressed in surrounding tissues, indicating that SMs caused reprogramming in vivo. In summary, rat skin fibroblasts can be efficiently reprogrammed into iNs by SMs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yuanwang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Dixin He
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Boying Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Haohao Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Anqi Song
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan, P.R. China
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4
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Generating iPSCs with a High-Efficient, Non-Invasive Method-An Improved Way to Cultivate Keratinocytes from Plucked Hair for Reprogramming. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121955. [PMID: 35741085 PMCID: PMC9222083 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various somatic cell types are suitable for induced pluripotency reprogramming, such as dermal fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells or hair keratinocytes. Harvesting primary epithelial keratinocytes from plucked human hair follicles (HFs) represents an easy and non-invasive alternative to a fibroblast culture from invasive skin biopsies. Nevertheless, to facilitate and simplify the process, which can be divided into three main steps (collecting, culturing and reprogramming), the whole procedure of generating hair keratinocytes has to be revised and upgraded continuously. In this study, we address advancements and approaches which improve the generation and handling of primary HF-derived keratinocytes tremendously, e.g., for iPSCs reprogramming. We not only evaluated different serum- and animal-origin-free media, but also supplements and coating solutions for an enhanced protocol. Here, we demonstrate the importance of speed and accuracy in the collecting step, as well as the choice of the right transportation medium. Our results lead to a more defined approach that further increases the reliability of downstream experiments and inter-laboratory reproducibility. These improvements will make it possible to obtain keratinocytes from plucked human hair for the generation of donor-specific iPSCs easier and more efficient than ever before, whilst preserving a non-invasive capability.
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5
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Flechner M, Schaller J, Stahl M, Achberger K, Gerike S, Hannappel Y, Fu J, Jaeger M, Hellweg T, Duschl C, Uhlig K. Adhesion, proliferation and detachment of various cell types on thermoresponsive microgel coatings. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1728-1739. [PMID: 35355251 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cutting-edge biomedical applications require increasingly complex and fastidious cell systems, for example, various classes of primary or stem cells. Their cultivation, however, still differs little from 30 years ago. This especially applies to the use of indiscriminative proteases for non-specific cell detachment. A far more gentle alternative changes the adhesive properties of the cell culture substrates through coatings based on thermoresponsive polymers. Such polymers mediate cell adhesion at 3 7 ∘ C, but become repulsive upon a cell-compatible temperature drop to e.g. 3 2 ∘ C. While the high functionality of this method has already been well proven, it must also be easy and reproducible to apply. Here, we emphasize the potential of standard cell culture materials coated by spraying with thermoresponsive microgels for routine cultivation and beyond. On these surfaces, we successfully cultivated and detached various cell types, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-cells) and cells in serum-free culture on. In addition, we evaluated the compatibility of the microgel-sprayed surfaces with adhesion-promoting proteins, which are essential for e.g. stem cells or neuronal cells. Finally, we demonstrate that the microgel surfaces do not impair proliferation and show their long-term stability. We conclude that for cell detachment, thermoresponsive cell culture substrates can fully substitute proteases, like trypsin, by employing a comparably straightforward protocol that is compatible with many industrial processing lines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Flechner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julia Schaller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maike Stahl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kevin Achberger
- Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology INDB, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Susanna Gerike
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yvonne Hannappel
- Department of Physical and Biophysical Chemistry (PC III), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jianan Fu
- PAN-Biotech GmbH, 94501, Aidenbach, Germany
| | - Magnus Jaeger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Physical and Biophysical Chemistry (PC III), Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claus Duschl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katja Uhlig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Lutz AK, Pérez Arévalo A, Ioannidis V, Stirmlinger N, Demestre M, Delorme R, Bourgeron T, Boeckers TM. SHANK2 Mutations Result in Dysregulation of the ERK1/2 Pathway in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Neurons and Shank2(-/-) Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:773571. [PMID: 34899182 PMCID: PMC8662699 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.773571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SHANK2 (ProSAP1) is a postsynaptic scaffolding protein of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system and implicated in the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Patients with mutations in SHANK2 show autism-like behaviors, developmental delay, and intellectual disability. We generated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) from a patient carrying a heterozygous deletion of SHANK2 and from the unaffected parents. In patient hiPSCs and derived neurons SHANK2 mRNA and protein expression was reduced. During neuronal maturation, a reduction in growth cone size and a transient increase in neuronal soma size were observed. Neuronal proliferation was increased, and apoptosis was decreased in young and mature neurons. Additionally, mature patient hiPSC-derived neurons showed dysregulated excitatory signaling and a decrease of a broad range of signaling molecules of the ERK-MAP kinase pathway. These findings could be confirmed in brain samples from Shank2(−/−) mice, which also showed decreased mGluR5 and phospho-ERK1/2 expression. Our study broadens the current knowledge of SHANK2-related ASD. We highlight the importance of excitatory-inhibitory balance and mGluR5 dysregulation with disturbed downstream ERK1/2 signaling in ASD, which provides possible future therapeutic strategies for SHANK2-related ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Lutz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Maria Demestre
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm Site, Ulm, Germany
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7
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CDKN2A-Mutated Pancreatic Ductal Organoids from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model a Cancer Predisposition Syndrome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205139. [PMID: 34680288 PMCID: PMC8533699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a unique platform to study hereditary disorders and predisposition syndromes by resembling germline mutations of affected individuals and by their potential to differentiate into nearly every cell type of the human body. We employed plucked human hair from two siblings with a family history of cancer carrying a pathogenic CDKN2A variant, P16-p.G101W/P14-p.R115L, to generate patient-specific iPSCs in a cancer-prone ancestry for downstream analytics. The differentiation capacity to pancreatic progenitors and to pancreatic duct-like organoids (PDLOs) according to a recently developed protocol remained unaffected. Upon inducible expression of KRASG12Dusing a piggyBac transposon system in CDKN2A-mutated PDLOs, we revealed structural and molecular changes in vitro, including disturbed polarity and epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition. CDKN2A-mutated KRASG12DPDLO xenotransplants formed either a high-grade precancer lesion or a partially dedifferentiated PDAC-like tumor. Intriguingly, P14/P53/P21 and P16/RB cell-cycle checkpoint controls have been only partly overcome in these grafts, thereby still restricting the tumorous growth. Hereby, we provide a model for hereditary human pancreatic cancer that enables dissection of tumor initiation and early development starting from patient-specific CDKN2A-mutated pluripotent stem cells.
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8
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Achberger K, Cipriano M, Düchs MJ, Schön C, Michelfelder S, Stierstorfer B, Lamla T, Kauschke SG, Chuchuy J, Roosz J, Mesch L, Cora V, Pars S, Pashkovskaia N, Corti S, Hartmann SM, Kleger A, Kreuz S, Maier U, Liebau S, Loskill P. Human stem cell-based retina on chip as new translational model for validation of AAV retinal gene therapy vectors. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2242-2256. [PMID: 34525384 PMCID: PMC8452599 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapies using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are among the most promising strategies to treat or even cure hereditary and acquired retinal diseases. However, the development of new efficient AAV vectors is slow and costly, largely because of the lack of suitable non-clinical models. By faithfully recreating structure and function of human tissues, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived retinal organoids could become an essential part of the test cascade addressing translational aspects. Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology further provides the capability to recapitulate microphysiological tissue environments as well as a precise control over structural and temporal parameters. By employing our recently developed retina on chip that merges organoid and OoC technology, we analyzed the efficacy, kinetics, and cell tropism of seven first- and second-generation AAV vectors. The presented data demonstrate the potential of iPSC-based OoC models as the next generation of screening platforms for future gene therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madalena Cipriano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias J Düchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | - Thorsten Lamla
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan G Kauschke
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Johanna Chuchuy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Roosz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Lena Mesch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Virginia Cora
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selin Pars
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Pashkovskaia
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Serena Corti
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sophia-Marie Hartmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Udo Maier
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; 3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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9
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Lutz AK, Pfaender S, Incearap B, Ioannidis V, Ottonelli I, Föhr KJ, Cammerer J, Zoller M, Higelin J, Giona F, Stetter M, Stoecker N, Alami NO, Schön M, Orth M, Liebau S, Barbi G, Grabrucker AM, Delorme R, Fauler M, Mayer B, Jesse S, Roselli F, Ludolph AC, Bourgeron T, Verpelli C, Demestre M, Boeckers TM. Autism-associated SHANK3 mutations impair maturation of neuromuscular junctions and striated muscles. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/547/eaaz3267. [PMID: 32522805 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the gene encoding the postsynaptic protein SHANK3 are associated with syndromic forms of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). One of the earliest clinical symptoms in SHANK3-associated ASD is neonatal skeletal muscle hypotonia. This symptom can be critical for the early diagnosis of affected children; however, the mechanism mediating hypotonia in ASD is not completely understood. Here, we used a combination of patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice, and Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMDS) muscle biopsies from patients of different ages to analyze the role of SHANK3 on motor unit development. Our results suggest that the hypotonia in SHANK3 deficiency might be caused by dysfunctions in all elements of the voluntary motor system: motoneurons, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and striated muscles. We found that SHANK3 localizes in Z-discs in the skeletal muscle sarcomere and co-immunoprecipitates with α-ACTININ. SHANK3 deficiency lead to shortened Z-discs and severe impairment of acetylcholine receptor clustering in hiPSC-derived myotubes and in muscle from Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice and patients with PMDS, indicating a crucial role for SHANK3 in the maturation of NMJs and striated muscle. Functional motor defects in Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice could be rescued with the troponin activator Tirasemtiv that sensitizes muscle fibers to calcium. Our observations give insight into the function of SHANK3 besides the central nervous system and imply potential treatment strategies for SHANK3-associated ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Lutz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pfaender
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Berra Incearap
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Valentin Ioannidis
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ilaria Ottonelli
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karl J Föhr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Judith Cammerer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marvin Zoller
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Higelin
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Federica Giona
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.,BIOMETRA University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Maximilian Stetter
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Stoecker
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gotthold Barbi
- Institute for Human Genetics, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M Grabrucker
- Cellular Neurobiology and Neuro-Nanotechnology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94PH61 Limerick, Ireland.,Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, V94T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, APHP, Robert-Debré Hospital, 750197 Paris, France
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.,BIOMETRA University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Demestre
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany. .,DZNE, Ulm Site, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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10
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Ray A, Joshi JM, Sundaravadivelu PK, Raina K, Lenka N, Kaveeshwar V, Thummer RP. An Overview on Promising Somatic Cell Sources Utilized for the Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1954-1974. [PMID: 34100193 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in understanding developmental biology, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. The initial human iPSC studies used fibroblasts as a starting cell source to reprogram them; however, it has been identified to be a less appealing somatic cell source by numerous studies due to various reasons. One of the important criteria to achieve efficient reprogramming is determining an appropriate starting somatic cell type to induce pluripotency since the cellular source has a major influence on the reprogramming efficiency, kinetics, and quality of iPSCs. Therefore, numerous groups have explored various somatic cell sources to identify the promising sources for reprogramming into iPSCs with different reprogramming factor combinations. This review provides an overview of promising easily accessible somatic cell sources isolated in non-invasive or minimally invasive manner such as keratinocytes, urine cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells used for the generation of human iPSCs derived from healthy and diseased subjects. Notably, iPSCs generated from one of these cell types derived from the patient will offer ethical and clinical advantages. In addition, these promising somatic cell sources have the potential to efficiently generate bona fide iPSCs with improved reprogramming efficiency and faster kinetics. This knowledge will help in establishing strategies for safe and efficient reprogramming and the generation of patient-specific iPSCs from these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ray
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Jahnavy Madhukar Joshi
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sundaravadivelu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Khyati Raina
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nibedita Lenka
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune - 411007, Ganeshkhind, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishwas Kaveeshwar
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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11
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Breunig M, Merkle J, Wagner M, Melzer MK, Barth TFE, Engleitner T, Krumm J, Wiedenmann S, Cohrs CM, Perkhofer L, Jain G, Krüger J, Hermann PC, Schmid M, Madácsy T, Varga Á, Griger J, Azoitei N, Müller M, Wessely O, Robey PG, Heller S, Dantes Z, Reichert M, Günes C, Bolenz C, Kuhn F, Maléth J, Speier S, Liebau S, Sipos B, Kuster B, Seufferlein T, Rad R, Meier M, Hohwieler M, Kleger A. Modeling plasticity and dysplasia of pancreatic ductal organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1105-1124.e19. [PMID: 33915078 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Personalized in vitro models for dysplasia and carcinogenesis in the pancreas have been constrained by insufficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into the exocrine pancreatic lineage. Here, we differentiate hPSCs into pancreatic duct-like organoids (PDLOs) with morphological, transcriptional, proteomic, and functional characteristics of human pancreatic ducts, further maturing upon transplantation into mice. PDLOs are generated from hPSCs inducibly expressing oncogenic GNAS, KRAS, or KRAS with genetic covariance of lost CDKN2A and from induced hPSCs derived from a McCune-Albright patient. Each oncogene causes a specific growth, structural, and molecular phenotype in vitro. While transplanted PDLOs with oncogenic KRAS alone form heterogenous dysplastic lesions or cancer, KRAS with CDKN2A loss develop dedifferentiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. In contrast, transplanted PDLOs with mutant GNAS lead to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia-like structures. Conclusively, PDLOs enable in vitro and in vivo studies of pancreatic plasticity, dysplasia, and cancer formation from a genetically defined background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Breunig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jessica Merkle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael K Melzer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany; Department of Urology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Krumm
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sandra Wiedenmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany; Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian M Cohrs
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Krüger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick C Hermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Madácsy
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Varga
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joscha Griger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandra Heller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zahra Dantes
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Florian Kuhn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - József Maléth
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; HCEMM-SZTE Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; Bavarian Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Center (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Center for Translational Cancer Research and Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Meike Hohwieler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
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12
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Pars S, Achberger K, Kleger A, Liebau S, Pashkovskaia N. Generation of Functional Vascular Endothelial Cells and Pericytes from Keratinocyte Derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:E74. [PMID: 33466396 PMCID: PMC7824831 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes provide a powerful tool for cardiovascular disease modelling, personalized drug testing, translational medicine, and tissue engineering. Here, we report a novel differentiation protocol that results in the fast and efficient production of ECs and pericytes from keratinocyte-derived hiPSCs. We found that the implementation of a 3D embryoid body (EB) stage significantly improves the differentiation efficiency. Compared with the monolayer-based technique, our protocol yields a distinct EC population with higher levels of EC marker expression such as CD31 and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). Furthermore, the EB-based protocol allows the generation of functional EC and pericyte populations that can promote blood vessel-like structure formation upon co-culturing. Moreover, we demonstrate that the EB-based ECs and pericytes can be successfully used in a microfluidic chip model, forming a stable 3D microvascular network. Overall, the described protocol can be used to efficiently differentiate both ECs and pericytes with distinct and high marker expression from keratinocyte-derived hiPSCs, providing a potent source material for future cardiovascular disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Pars
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.P.); (K.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Kevin Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.P.); (K.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.P.); (K.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Natalia Pashkovskaia
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (S.P.); (K.A.); (S.L.)
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13
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D’Souza GX, Rose SE, Knupp A, Nicholson DA, Keene CD, Young JE. The application of in vitro-derived human neurons in neurodegenerative disease modeling. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:124-140. [PMID: 32170790 PMCID: PMC7487003 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective treatments for age-associated neurodegenerative disorders is an on-going challenge faced by the scientific field. Key to the development of such therapies is the appropriate selection of modeling systems in which to investigate disease mechanisms and to test candidate interventions. There are unique challenges in the development of representative laboratory models of neurodegenerative diseases, including the complexity of the human brain, the cumulative and variable contributions of genetic and environmental factors over the course of a lifetime, inability to culture human primary neurons, and critical central nervous system differences between small animal models and humans. While traditional rodent models have advanced our understanding of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, key divergences such as the species-specific genetic background can limit the application of animal models in many cases. Here we review in vitro human neuronal systems that employ stem cell and reprogramming technology and their application to a range of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we compare human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons to directly converted, or transdifferentiated, induced neurons, as both model systems can take advantage of patient-derived human tissue to produce neurons in culture. We present recent technical developments using these two modeling systems, as well as current limitations to these systems, with the aim of advancing investigation of neuropathogenic mechanisms using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary X. D’Souza
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shannon E. Rose
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Nicholson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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14
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Klingenstein S, Klingenstein M, Kleger A, Liebau S. From Hair to iPSCs-A Guide on How to Reprogram Keratinocytes and Why. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 55:e121. [PMID: 32956569 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes, as a primary somatic cell source, offer exceptional advantages compared to fibroblasts, which are commonly used for reprogramming. Keratinocytes can beat fibroblasts in reprogramming efficiency and reprogramming time and, in addition, can be easily and non-invasively harvested from human hair roots. However, there is still much to know about acquiring keratinocytes and maintaining them in cell culture. In this article, we want to offer readers the profound knowledge that we have gained since our initial use of keratinocytes for reprogramming more than 10 years ago. Here, all hints and tricks, from plucking the hair roots to growing and maintaining keratinocytes, are described in detail. Additionally, an overview of the currently used reprogramming methods, viral and non-viral, is included, with a special focus on their applicability to keratinocytes. This overview is intended to provide a brief but comprehensive insight into the field of keratinocytes and their use for reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). © 2020 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Klingenstein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Klingenstein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Zhang Y, Hu W, Ma K, Zhang C, Fu X. Reprogramming of Keratinocytes as Donor or Target Cells Holds Great Promise for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:680-689. [PMID: 31197578 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most crucial branches of regenerative medicine is cell therapy, in which cellular material is injected into the patient to initiate the regenerative process. Cells obtained by reprogramming of the patient's own cells offer ethical and clinical advantages could provide a new source of material for therapeutic applications. Studies to date have shown that only a subset of differentiated cell types can be reprogrammed. Among these, keratinocytes, which are the most abundant proliferating cell type in the epidermis, have gained increasing attention as both donor and target cells for reprogramming and have become a new focus of regenerative medicine. As target cells for the treatment of skin defects, keratinocytes can be differentiated or reprogrammed from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, fibroblasts, adipose tissue stem cells, and mesenchymal cells. As donor cells, keratinocytes can be reprogrammed or direct reprogrammed into a number of cell types, including induced pluripotent stem cells, neural cells, and Schwann cells. In this review, we discuss recent advances in keratinocyte reprogramming, focusing on the induction methods, potential molecular mechanisms, conversion efficiency, and safety for clinical applications. Graphical Abstract KCs as target cells can be reprogrammed or differentiated from fibroblasts, iPSCs, ATSCs, and mesenchymal cells. And as donor cells, KCs can be reprogrammed or directly reprogrammded into iPSCs, neural cells, Schwann cells, and epidermal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehou Zhang
- School of Medicine, NanKai University, 94 Wei Jin Road, NanKai District, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, 51 Fu Cheng Road, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, 51 Fu Cheng Road, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, 51 Fu Cheng Road, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, 51 Fu Cheng Road, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, 51 Fu Cheng Road, HaiDian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Pasquini G, Cora V, Swiersy A, Achberger K, Antkowiak L, Müller B, Wimmer T, Fraschka SAK, Casadei N, Ueffing M, Liebau S, Stieger K, Busskamp V. Using Transcriptomic Analysis to Assess Double-Strand Break Repair Activity: Towards Precise in vivo Genome Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1380. [PMID: 32085662 PMCID: PMC7073035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in more than 200 retina-specific genes have been associated with inherited retinal diseases. Genome editing represents a promising emerging field in the treatment of monogenic disorders, as it aims to correct disease-causing mutations within the genome. Genome editing relies on highly specific endonucleases and the capacity of the cells to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). As DSB pathways are cell-cycle dependent, their activity in postmitotic retinal neurons, with a focus on photoreceptors, needs to be assessed in order to develop therapeutic in vivo genome editing. Three DSB-repair pathways are found in mammalian cells: Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ); microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ); and homology-directed repair (HDR). While NHEJ can be used to knock out mutant alleles in dominant disorders, HDR and MMEJ are better suited for precise genome editing, or for replacing entire mutation hotspots in genomic regions. Here, we analyzed transcriptomic in vivo and in vitro data and revealed that HDR is indeed downregulated in postmitotic neurons, whereas MMEJ and NHEJ are active. Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we characterized the dynamics of DSB repair pathways in the transition from dividing cells to postmitotic retinal cells. Time-course bulk RNA-seq data confirmed DSB repair gene expression in both in vivo and in vitro samples. Transcriptomic DSB repair pathway profiles are very similar in adult human, macaque, and mouse retinas, but not in ground squirrel retinas. Moreover, human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived neurons and retinal organoids can serve as well suited in vitro testbeds for developing genomic engineering approaches in photoreceptors. Our study provides additional support for designing precise in vivo genome-editing approaches via MMEJ, which is active in mature photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pasquini
- Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Virginia Cora
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Antkowiak
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Wimmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Anne-Kristin Fraschka
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- DFG NGS Competence Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- DFG NGS Competence Center Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Knut Stieger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Dept. of Ophthalmology, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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17
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Young-Baird SK, Lourenço MB, Elder MK, Klann E, Liebau S, Dever TE. Suppression of MEHMO Syndrome Mutation in eIF2 by Small Molecule ISRIB. Mol Cell 2019; 77:875-886.e7. [PMID: 31836389 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cellular protein synthesis is linked to a variety of diseases. Mutations in EIF2S3, encoding the γ subunit of the heterotrimeric eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2, cause MEHMO syndrome, an X-linked intellectual disability disorder. Here, using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, we show that a mutation at the C terminus of eIF2γ impairs CDC123 promotion of eIF2 complex formation and decreases the level of eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAiMet ternary complexes. This reduction in eIF2 activity results in dysregulation of global and gene-specific protein synthesis and enhances cell death upon stress induction. Addition of the drug ISRIB, an activator of the eIF2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, rescues the cell growth, translation, and neuronal differentiation defects associated with the EIF2S3 mutation, offering the possibility of therapeutic intervention for MEHMO syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Young-Baird
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Maíra Bertolessi Lourenço
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Megan K Elder
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas E Dever
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Picchiarelli G, Demestre M, Zuko A, Been M, Higelin J, Dieterlé S, Goy MA, Mallik M, Sellier C, Scekic-Zahirovic J, Zhang L, Rosenbohm A, Sijlmans C, Aly A, Mersmann S, Sanjuan-Ruiz I, Hübers A, Messaddeq N, Wagner M, van Bakel N, Boutillier AL, Ludolph A, Lagier-Tourenne C, Boeckers TM, Dupuis L, Storkebaum E. FUS-mediated regulation of acetylcholine receptor transcription at neuromuscular junctions is compromised in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1793-1805. [PMID: 31591561 PMCID: PMC6858880 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disruption is an early pathogenic event in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Yet, direct links between NMJ pathways and ALS-associated genes such as FUS, whose heterozygous mutations cause aggressive forms of ALS, remain elusive. In a knock-in Fus-ALS mouse model, we identified postsynaptic NMJ defects in newborn homozygous mutants, attributable to mutant FUS toxicity in skeletal muscle. Adult heterozygous knock-in mice displayed smaller neuromuscular endplates that denervated before motor neuron loss, consistent with ‘dying-back’ neuronopathy. FUS was enriched in subsynaptic myonuclei, and this innervation-dependent enrichment was distorted in FUS-ALS. Mechanistically, FUS collaborates with the ETS-transcription factor ERM to stimulate transcription of acetylcholine receptor (AchR) genes. FUS-ALS patient iPSC-derived motor neuron-myotube co-cultures revealed endplate maturation defects due to intrinsic FUS toxicity in both motor neurons and myotubes. Thus, FUS regulates AChR gene expression in subsynaptic myonuclei and muscle-intrinsic toxicity of ALS-mutant FUS may contribute to dying-back motor neuronopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Demestre
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Amila Zuko
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Been
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Higelin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Moushami Mallik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Chantal Sellier
- IGBMC, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Céline Sijlmans
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amr Aly
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sina Mersmann
- Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | - Nadia Messaddeq
- IGBMC, INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marina Wagner
- Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nick van Bakel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Laurence Boutillier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7364, Strasbourg, France
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Oberer Eselsberg 45, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. .,DZNE, Ulm site, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Luc Dupuis
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR-S1118, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Erik Storkebaum
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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19
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Achberger K, Probst C, Haderspeck J, Bolz S, Rogal J, Chuchuy J, Nikolova M, Cora V, Antkowiak L, Haq W, Shen N, Schenke-Layland K, Ueffing M, Liebau S, Loskill P. Merging organoid and organ-on-a-chip technology to generate complex multi-layer tissue models in a human retina-on-a-chip platform. eLife 2019; 8:46188. [PMID: 31451149 PMCID: PMC6777939 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The devastating effects and incurable nature of hereditary and sporadic retinal diseases such as Stargardt disease, age-related macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa urgently require the development of new therapeutic strategies. Additionally, a high prevalence of retinal toxicities is becoming more and more an issue of novel targeted therapeutic agents. Ophthalmologic drug development, to date, largely relies on animal models, which often do not provide results that are translatable to human patients. Hence, the establishment of sophisticated human tissue-based in vitro models is of upmost importance. The discovery of self-forming retinal organoids (ROs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is a promising approach to model the complex stratified retinal tissue. Yet, ROs lack vascularization and cannot recapitulate the important physiological interactions of matured photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In this study, we present the retina-on-a-chip (RoC), a novel microphysiological model of the human retina integrating more than seven different essential retinal cell types derived from hiPSCs. It provides vasculature-like perfusion and enables, for the first time, the recapitulation of the interaction of mature photoreceptor segments with RPE in vitro. We show that this interaction enhances the formation of outer segment-like structures and the establishment of in vivo-like physiological processes such as outer segment phagocytosis and calcium dynamics. In addition, we demonstrate the applicability of the RoC for drug testing, by reproducing the retinopathic side-effects of the anti-malaria drug chloroquine and the antibiotic gentamicin. The developed hiPSC-based RoC has the potential to promote drug development and provide new insights into the underlying pathology of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Probst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jasmin Haderspeck
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Bolz
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Rogal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Chuchuy
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Nikolova
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Virginia Cora
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Antkowiak
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wadood Haq
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nian Shen
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany.,Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Deshpande D, Higelin J, Schoen M, Vomhof T, Boeckers TM, Demestre M, Michaelis J. Synaptic FUS Localization During Motoneuron Development and Its Accumulation in Human ALS Synapses. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:256. [PMID: 31244613 PMCID: PMC6582137 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the fused in Sarcoma (FUS) gene induce cytoplasmic FUS aggregations, contributing to the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in certain cases. While FUS is mainly a nuclear protein involved in transcriptional processes with limited cytoplasmic functions, it shows an additional somatodendritic localization in neurons. In this study we analyzed the localization of FUS in motoneuron synapses, these being the most affected neurons in ALS, using super-resolution microscopy to distinguish between the pre- and postsynaptic compartments. We report a maturation-based variation of FUS localization in rodent synapses where a predominantly postsynaptic FUS was observed in the early stages of synaptic development, while in mature synapses the protein was entirely localized in the axonal terminal. Likewise, we also show that at the synapse of human motoneurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of a healthy control, FUS is mainly postsynaptic in the early developmental stages. In motoneurons derived from ALS patients harboring a very aggressive juvenile FUS mutation, increased synaptic accumulation of mutated FUS was observed. Moreover increased aggregation of other synaptic proteins Bassoon and Homer1 was also detected in these abnormal synapses. Having demonstrated changes in the FUS localization during synaptogenesis, a role of synaptic FUS in both dendritic and axonal cellular compartments is probable, and we propose a gain-of-toxic function due to the synaptic aggregation of mutant FUS in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Higelin
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schoen
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Vomhof
- Institute of Biophysics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm Site, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Demestre
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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21
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Catanese A, Olde Heuvel F, Mulaw M, Demestre M, Higelin J, Barbi G, Freischmidt A, Weishaupt JH, Ludolph AC, Roselli F, Boeckers TM. Retinoic acid worsens ATG10-dependent autophagy impairment in TBK1-mutant hiPSC-derived motoneurons through SQSTM1/p62 accumulation. Autophagy 2019; 15:1719-1737. [PMID: 30939964 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1589257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the TBK1 (TANK binding kinase 1) gene are causally linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). TBK1 phosphorylates the cargo receptors OPTN and SQSTM1 regulating a critical step in macroautophagy/autophagy. Disruption of the autophagic flux leads to accumulation of cytosolic protein aggregates, which are a hallmark of ALS. hiPSC-derived TBK1-mutant motoneurons (MNs) showed reduced TBK1 levels and accumulation of cytosolic SQSTM1-positive aggresomes. By screening a library of nuclear-receptor-agonists for modifiers of the SQSTM1 aggregates, we identified 4-hydroxy(phenyl)retinamide (4HPR) as a potent modifier exerting detrimental effects on mutant-TBK1 motoneurons fitness exacerbating the autophagy overload. We have shown by TEM that TBK1-mutant motoneurons accumulate immature phagophores due a failure in the elongation phase, and 4HPR further worsens the burden of dysfunctional phagophores. 4HPR-increased toxicity was associated with the upregulation of SQSTM1 in a context of strongly reduced ATG10, while rescue of ATG10 levels abolished 4HPR toxicity. Finally, we showed that 4HPR leads to a downregulation of ATG10 and to an accumulation of SQSTM1+ aggresomes also in hiPSC-derived C9orf72-mutant motoneurons. Our data show that cultured human motoneurons harboring mutations in TBK1 gene display typical ALS features, like decreased viability and accumulation of cytosolic SQSTM1-positive aggresomes. The retinoid 4HPR appears a strong negative modifier of the fitness of TBK1 and C9orf72-mutant MNs, through a pathway converging on the mismatch of initiated autophagy and ATG10 levels. Thus, autophagy induction appears not to be a therapeutic strategy for ALS unless the specific underlying pathway alterations are properly addressed. Abbreviations: 4HPR: 4-hydroxy(phenyl)retinamide; AKT: AKT1 serine/threonine kinase 1; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ATG: autophagy related; AVs: autophagic vesicle; C9orf72: chromosome 9 open reading frame 72; CASP3: caspase 3; CHAT: choline O-acetyltransferase; CYCS: cytochrome c, somatic; DIV: day in vitro; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; FUS: FUS RNA binding protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hiPSCs: human induced pluripotent stem cells; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MNs: motoneurons; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFE2L2/NRF2: nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2; RARA: retinoic acid receptor alpha; SLC18A3/VACHT: solute carrier family 18 (vesicular acetylcholine transporter), member 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Catanese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany.,International Graduate School, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany
| | | | - Medhanie Mulaw
- Institute of Experimental Tumor Research, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany
| | - Maria Demestre
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany
| | - Julia Higelin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany.,International Graduate School, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany
| | - Gotthold Barbi
- Institute for Human Genetics, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Roselli
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany.,Deptartment of Neurology, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University , Ulm , DE , Germany
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22
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Aberrant hiPSCs-Derived from Human Keratinocytes Differentiates into 3D Retinal Organoids that Acquire Mature Photoreceptors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010036. [PMID: 30634512 PMCID: PMC6356277 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived three-dimensional retinal organoids are a new platform for studying the organoidogenesis. However, recurrent genomic aberration, acquired during generation of hiPSCs, limit its biomedical application and/or aberrant hiPSCs has not been evaluated for generation of differentiated derivatives, such as organoids and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In this study, we efficiently differentiated mosaic hiPSCs into retinal organoids containing mature photoreceptors. The feeder-free hiPSCs were generated from the human epidermal keratinocytes that were rapid in process with improved efficiency over several passages and maintained pluripotency. But, hiPSCs were cytogenetically mosaic with normal and abnormal karyotypes, while copy number variation analysis revealed the loss of chromosome 8q. Despite this abnormality, the stepwise differentiation of hiPSCs to form retinal organoids was autonomous and led to neuronal lamination. Furthermore, the use of a Notch inhibitor, DAPT, at an early timepoint from days 29⁻42 of culture improved the specification of the retinal neuron and the use of retinoic acid at days 70⁻120 led to the maturation of photoreceptors. hiPSC-derived retinal organoids acquired all subtypes of photoreceptors, such as RHODOPSIN, B-OPSIN and R/G-OPSIN. Additionally, the advanced maturation of photoreceptors was observed, revealing the development of specific sensory cilia and the formation of the outer-segment disc. This report is the first to show that hiPSCs with abnormal chromosomal content are permissive to the generation of three-dimensional retinal organoids.
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23
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Nose N, Werner RA, Ueda Y, Günther K, Lapa C, Javadi MS, Fukushima K, Edenhofer F, Higuchi T. Metabolic substrate shift in human induced pluripotent stem cells during cardiac differentiation: Functional assessment using in vitro radionuclide uptake assay. Int J Cardiol 2018; 269:229-234. [PMID: 30224033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent developments in cellular reprogramming technology enable the production of virtually unlimited numbers of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM). Although hiPSC-CM share various characteristic hallmarks with endogenous cardiomyocytes, it remains a question as to what extent metabolic characteristics are equivalent to mature mammalian cardiomyocytes. Here we set out to functionally characterize the metabolic status of hiPSC-CM in vitro by employing a radionuclide tracer uptake assay. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cardiac differentiation of hiPSC was induced using a combination of well-orchestrated extrinsic stimuli such as WNT activation (by CHIR99021) and BMP signalling followed by WNT inhibition and lactate based cardiomyocyte enrichment. For characterization of metabolic substrates, dual tracer uptake studies were performed with 18F‑2‑fluoro‑2‑deoxy‑d‑glucose (18F-FDG) and 125I‑β‑methyl‑iodophenyl‑pentadecanoic acid (125I-BMIPP) as transport markers of glucose and fatty acids, respectively. RESULTS After cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs, in vitro tracer uptake assays confirmed metabolic substrate shift from glucose to fatty acids that was comparable to those observed in native isolated human cardiomyocytes. Immunostaining further confirmed expression of fatty acid transport and binding proteins on hiPSC-CM. CONCLUSIONS During in vitro cardiac maturation, we observed a metabolic shift to fatty acids, which are known as a main energy source of mammalian hearts, suggesting hi-PSC-CM as a potential functional phenotype to investigate alteration of cardiac metabolism in cardiac diseases. Results also highlight the use of available clinical nuclear medicine tracers as functional assays in stem cell research for improved generation of autologous differentiated cells for numerous biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nose
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Biomedical Imaging, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, Japan; Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Rudolf A Werner
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Else-Kröner Forschungskolleg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yuichiro Ueda
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Günther
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mehrbod S Javadi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kazuhito Fukushima
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Biomedical Imaging, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and CMBI, Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Biomedical Imaging, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Research Center, Suita, Japan; Division of Medical Technology and Science, Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Course of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
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24
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Higelin J, Catanese A, Semelink-Sedlacek LL, Oeztuerk S, Lutz AK, Bausinger J, Barbi G, Speit G, Andersen PM, Ludolph AC, Demestre M, Boeckers TM. NEK1 loss-of-function mutation induces DNA damage accumulation in ALS patient-derived motoneurons. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:150-162. [PMID: 29929116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes coding for proteins involved in DNA damage response (DDR) and repair, such as C9orf72 and FUS (Fused in Sarcoma), are associated with neurodegenerative diseases and lead to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in NEK1 (NIMA-related kinase 1) have also been recently found to cause ALS. NEK1 codes for a multifunctional protein, crucially involved in mitotic checkpoint control and DDR. To resolve pathological alterations associated with NEK1 mutation, we compared hiPSC-derived motoneurons carrying a NEK1 mutation with mutant C9orf72 and wild type neurons at basal level and after DNA damage induction. Motoneurons carrying a C9orf72 mutation exhibited cell specific signs of increased DNA damage. This phenotype was even more severe in NEK1c.2434A>T neurons that showed significantly increased DNA damage at basal level and impaired DDR after induction of DNA damage in an maturation-dependent manner. Our results provide first mechanistic insight in pathophysiological alterations induced by NEK1 mutations and point to a converging pathomechanism of different gene mutations causative for ALS. Therefore, our study contributes to the development of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce DNA damage accumulation in neurodegenerative diseases and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Higelin
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alberto Catanese
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Sertap Oeztuerk
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Lutz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Gotthold Barbi
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Günter Speit
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Demestre
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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25
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Impaired DNA damage response signaling by FUS-NLS mutations leads to neurodegeneration and FUS aggregate formation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:335. [PMID: 29362359 PMCID: PMC5780468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disease. Cytoplasmic fused in sarcoma (FUS) aggregates are pathological hallmarks of FUS-ALS. Proper shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm is essential for physiological cell function. However, the initial event in the pathophysiology of FUS-ALS remains enigmatic. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs)-derived motor neurons (MNs), we show that impairment of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling due to mutations in the FUS nuclear localization sequence (NLS) induces additional cytoplasmic FUS mislocalization which in turn results in neurodegeneration and FUS aggregate formation. Our work suggests that a key pathophysiologic event in ALS is upstream of aggregate formation. Targeting DDR signaling could lead to novel therapeutic routes for ameliorating ALS. Abnormal cytoplasmic aggregates of FUS are a hallmark of some forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, using neurons derived from patients with FUS-ALS, the authors demonstrate that impairment of PARP-dependent DNA damage signaling is an event that occurs upstream of neurodegeneration and cytoplasmic aggregate formation in FUS-ALS.
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26
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Reprogramming to pluripotency does not require transition through a primitive streak-like state. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16543. [PMID: 29185460 PMCID: PMC5707390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency can be induced in vitro from adult somatic mammalian cells by enforced expression of defined transcription factors regulating and initiating the pluripotency network. Despite the substantial advances over the last decade to improve the efficiency of direct reprogramming, exact mechanisms underlying the conversion into the pluripotent stem cell state are still vaguely understood. Several studies suggested that induced pluripotency follows reversed embryonic development. For somatic cells of mesodermal and endodermal origin that would require the transition through a Primitive streak-like state, which would necessarily require an Eomesodermin (Eomes) expressing intermediate. We analyzed reprogramming in human and mouse cells of mesodermal as well as ectodermal origin by thorough marker gene analyses in combination with genetic reporters, conditional loss of function and stable fate-labeling for the broad primitive streak marker Eomes. We unambiguously demonstrate that induced pluripotency is not dependent on a transient primitive streak-like stage and thus does not represent reversal of mesendodermal development in vivo.
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27
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Efficient feeder cells preparation system for large-scale preparation and application of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12266. [PMID: 28947775 PMCID: PMC5612988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the preparation of feeder cells for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), there remain issues which limit the acquisition of feeder cells in large scale. Approaches for obtaining feeder cells quickly on a large scale are in immediate need. To reach this goal, we established suspension-adhesion method (SAM) and three-dimensional (3D) suspension method (3DSM). In SAM, mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) growth were fully inhibited by 10 μg/ml mitomycin-C (MMC) in 0.5 hours, and the feeder cells generated display higher adherent and recovery rates as well as longer survival time compared to conventional method (CM). 3DSM, an optimized method of SAM in which MEFs were cultured and MMC treated in suspension, was developed to lower the costs and workload using CELLSPIN System. The yield of feeder cells is several times the yield of SAM while the adherent and recovery rates and the capacity of supporting hiPSCs growth were not sacrificed. Hence, 3DSM is an economical and easy way to generate large-scale feeder cells for hiPSCs cultures.
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28
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Characterization of zinc amino acid complexes for zinc delivery in vitro using Caco-2 cells and enterocytes from hiPSC. Biometals 2017; 30:643-661. [PMID: 28717982 PMCID: PMC5646115 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zn is essential for growth and development. The bioavailability of Zn is affected by several factors such as other food components. It is therefore of interest, to understand uptake mechanisms of Zn delivering compounds to identify ways to bypass the inhibitory effects of these factors. Here, we studied the effect of Zn amino acid conjugates (ZnAAs) on the bioavailabilty of Zn. We used Caco-2 cells and enterocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells from a control and Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) patient, and performed fluorescence based assays, protein biochemistry and atomic absorption spectrometry to characterize cellular uptake and absorption of ZnAAs. The results show that ZnAAs are taken up by AA transporters, leading to an intracellular enrichment of Zn mostly uninhibited by Zn uptake antagonists. Enterocytes from AE patients were unable to gain significant Zn through exposure to ZnCl2 but did not show differences with respect to ZnAAs. We conclude that ZnAAs may possess an advantage over classical Zn supplements such as Zn salts, as they may be able to increase bioavailability of Zn, and may be more efficient in patients with AE.
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Pfaender S, Sauer AK, Hagmeyer S, Mangus K, Linta L, Liebau S, Bockmann J, Huguet G, Bourgeron T, Boeckers TM, Grabrucker AM. Zinc deficiency and low enterocyte zinc transporter expression in human patients with autism related mutations in SHANK3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45190. [PMID: 28345660 PMCID: PMC5366950 DOI: 10.1038/srep45190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phelan McDermid Syndrome (PMDS) is a genetic disorder characterized by features of Autism spectrum disorders. Similar to reports of Zn deficiency in autistic children, we have previously reported high incidence of Zn deficiency in PMDS. However, the underlying mechanisms are currently not well understood. Here, using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry to measure the concentration of Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) in hair samples from individuals with PMDS with 22q13.3 deletion including SHANK3 (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3), we report a high rate of abnormally low Zn/Cu ratios. To investigate possible underlying mechanisms, we generated enterocytes from PMDS patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and used Caco-2 cells with knockdown of SHANK3. We detected decreased expression of Zn uptake transporters ZIP2 and ZIP4 on mRNA and protein level correlating with SHANK3 expression levels, and found reduced levels of ZIP4 protein co-localizing with SHANK3 at the plasma membrane. We demonstrated that especially ZIP4 exists in a complex with SHANK3. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemistry on gut sections from Shank3αβ knockout mice and confirmed a link between enterocytic SHANK3, ZIP2 and ZIP4. We conclude that apart from its well-known role in the CNS, SHANK3 might play a specific role in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pfaender
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ann Katrin Sauer
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Hagmeyer
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Mangus
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonhard Linta
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juergen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 75013 Paris, France
- FondaMental Foundation, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Grabrucker
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- WG Molecular Analysis of Synaptopathies, Neurology Dept., Neurocenter of Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Hohwieler M, Illing A, Hermann PC, Mayer T, Stockmann M, Perkhofer L, Eiseler T, Antony JS, Müller M, Renz S, Kuo CC, Lin Q, Sendler M, Breunig M, Kleiderman SM, Lechel A, Zenker M, Leichsenring M, Rosendahl J, Zenke M, Sainz B, Mayerle J, Costa IG, Seufferlein T, Kormann M, Wagner M, Liebau S, Kleger A. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived acinar/ductal organoids generate human pancreas upon orthotopic transplantation and allow disease modelling. Gut 2017; 66:473-486. [PMID: 27633923 PMCID: PMC5534761 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The generation of acinar and ductal cells from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a poorly studied process, although various diseases arise from this compartment. DESIGN We designed a straightforward approach to direct human PSCs towards pancreatic organoids resembling acinar and ductal progeny. RESULTS Extensive phenotyping of the organoids not only shows the appropriate marker profile but also ultrastructural, global gene expression and functional hallmarks of the human pancreas in the dish. Upon orthotopic transplantation into immunodeficient mice, these organoids form normal pancreatic ducts and acinar tissue resembling fetal human pancreas without evidence of tumour formation or transformation. Finally, we implemented this unique phenotyping tool as a model to study the pancreatic facets of cystic fibrosis (CF). For the first time, we provide evidence that in vitro, but also in our xenograft transplantation assay, pancreatic commitment occurs generally unhindered in CF. Importantly, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activation in mutated pancreatic organoids not only mirrors the CF phenotype in functional assays but also at a global expression level. We also conducted a scalable proof-of-concept screen in CF pancreatic organoids using a set of CFTR correctors and activators, and established an mRNA-mediated gene therapy approach in CF organoids. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our platform provides novel opportunities to model pancreatic disease and development, screen for disease-rescuing agents and to test therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Hohwieler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anett Illing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick C Hermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marianne Stockmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Justin S Antony
- Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology, Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy in Pediatrics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Renz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chao-Chung Kuo
- Medical Faculty, IZKF Computational Biology Research Group, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Medical Faculty, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Breunig
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Leichsenring
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jonas Rosendahl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Medical Faculty, Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ivan G Costa
- Medical Faculty, IZKF Computational Biology Research Group, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kormann
- Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Infectiology and Immunology, Translational Genomics and Gene Therapy in Pediatrics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Higelin J, Demestre M, Putz S, Delling JP, Jacob C, Lutz AK, Bausinger J, Huber AK, Klingenstein M, Barbi G, Speit G, Huebers A, Weishaupt JH, Hermann A, Liebau S, Ludolph AC, Boeckers TM. FUS Mislocalization and Vulnerability to DNA Damage in ALS Patients Derived hiPSCs and Aging Motoneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:290. [PMID: 28082870 PMCID: PMC5183648 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the FUS gene (Fused in Sarcoma) are known to cause Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motoneurons. The FUS gene codes for a multifunctional RNA/DNA-binding protein that is primarily localized in the nucleus and is involved in cellular processes such as splicing, translation, mRNA transport and DNA damage response. In this study, we analyzed pathophysiological alterations associated with ALS related FUS mutations (mFUS) in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and hiPSC derived motoneurons. To that end, we compared cells carrying a mild or severe mFUS in physiological- and/or stress conditions as well as after induced DNA damage. Following hyperosmolar stress or irradiation, mFUS hiPS cells recruited significantly more cytoplasmatic FUS into stress granules accompanied by impaired DNA-damage repair. In motoneurons wild-type FUS was localized in the nucleus but also deposited as small punctae within neurites. In motoneurons expressing mFUS the protein was additionally detected in the cytoplasm and a significantly increased number of large, densely packed FUS positive stress granules were seen along neurites. The amount of FUS mislocalization correlated positively with both the onset of the human disease (the earlier the onset the higher the FUS mislocalization) and the maturation status of the motoneurons. Moreover, even in non-stressed post-mitotic mFUS motoneurons clear signs of DNA-damage could be detected. In summary, we found that the susceptibility to cell stress was higher in mFUS hiPSCs and hiPSC derived motoneurons than in controls and the degree of FUS mislocalization correlated well with the clinical severity of the underlying ALS related mFUS. The accumulation of DNA damage and the cellular response to DNA damage stressors was more pronounced in post-mitotic mFUS motoneurons than in dividing hiPSCs suggesting that mFUS motoneurons accumulate foci of DNA damage, which in turn might be directly linked to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Higelin
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Demestre
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Putz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Jan P Delling
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Jacob
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Moritz Klingenstein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gotthold Barbi
- Institute for Human Genetics, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Günter Speit
- Institute for Human Genetics, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesDresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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ALS-causing mutations differentially affect PGC-1α expression and function in the brain vs. peripheral tissues. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 97:36-45. [PMID: 27818323 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenetic forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) offer an opportunity for unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. In order to identify a link between ALS-related metabolic changes and neurodegeneration, we investigated whether ALS-causing mutations interfere with the peripheral and brain-specific expression and signaling of the metabolic master regulator PGC (PPAR gamma coactivator)-1α (PGC-1α). METHODS We analyzed the expression of PGC-1α isoforms and target genes in two mouse models of familial ALS and validated the stimulated PGC-1α signaling in primary adipocytes and neurons of these animal models and in iPS derived motoneurons of two ALS patients harboring two different frame-shift FUS/TLS mutations. RESULTS Mutations in SOD1 and FUS/TLS decrease Ppargc1a levels in the CNS whereas in muscle and brown adipose tissue Ppargc1a mRNA levels were increased. Probing the underlying mechanism in neurons, we identified the monocarboxylate lactate as a previously unrecognized potent and selective inducer of the CNS-specific PGC-1α isoforms. Lactate also induced genes like brain-derived neurotrophic factor, transcription factor EB and superoxide dismutase 3 that are down-regulated in PGC-1α deficient neurons. The lactate-induced CNS-specific PGC-1α signaling system is completely silenced in motoneurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from two ALS patients harboring two different frame-shift FUS/TLS mutations. CONCLUSION ALS mutations increase the canonical PGC-1α system in the periphery while inhibiting the CNS-specific isoforms. We identify lactate as an inducer of the neuronal PGC-1α system directly linking brain metabolism and neuroprotection. Changes in the PGC-1α system might be involved in the ALS accompanied metabolic changes and in neurodegeneration.
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Russell R, Ilg M, Lin Q, Wu G, Lechel A, Bergmann W, Eiseler T, Linta L, Kumar P P, Klingenstein M, Adachi K, Hohwieler M, Sakk O, Raab S, Moon A, Zenke M, Seufferlein T, Schöler HR, Illing A, Liebau S, Kleger A. A Dynamic Role of TBX3 in the Pluripotency Circuitry. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 5:1155-1170. [PMID: 26651606 PMCID: PMC4682344 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency represents a cell state comprising a fine-tuned pattern of transcription factor activity required for embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal. TBX3 is the earliest expressed member of the T-box transcription factor family and is involved in maintenance and induction of pluripotency. Hence, TBX3 is believed to be a key member of the pluripotency circuitry, with loss of TBX3 coinciding with loss of pluripotency. We report a dynamic expression of TBX3 in vitro and in vivo using genetic reporter tools tracking TBX3 expression in mouse ESCs (mESCs). Low TBX3 levels are associated with reduced pluripotency, resembling the more mature epiblast. Notably, TBX3-low cells maintain the intrinsic capability to switch to a TBX3-high state and vice versa. Additionally, we show TBX3 to be dispensable for induction and maintenance of naive pluripotency as well as for germ cell development. These data highlight novel facets of TBX3 action in mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcus Ilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonhard Linta
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pavan Kumar P
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Moritz Klingenstein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenjiro Adachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Meike Hohwieler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Olena Sakk
- Core Facility Transgenic Mice, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Raab
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Moon
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Hans R Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anett Illing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Cellular Zinc Homeostasis Contributes to Neuronal Differentiation in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3760702. [PMID: 27247802 PMCID: PMC4876239 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3760702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in neuronal differentiation and function are an underlying factor of many brain disorders. Zinc homeostasis and signaling are important mediators for a normal brain development and function, given that zinc deficiency was shown to result in cognitive and emotional deficits in animal models that might be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. One underlying mechanism of the observed detrimental effects of zinc deficiency on the brain might be impaired proliferation and differentiation of stem cells participating in neurogenesis. Thus, to examine the molecular mechanisms regulating zinc metabolism and signaling in differentiating neurons, using a protocol for motor neuron differentiation, we characterized the expression of zinc homeostasis genes during neurogenesis using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and evaluated the influence of altered zinc levels on the expression of zinc homeostasis genes, cell survival, cell fate, and neuronal function. Our results show that zinc transporters are highly regulated genes during neuronal differentiation and that low zinc levels are associated with decreased cell survival, altered neuronal differentiation, and, in particular, synaptic function. We conclude that zinc deficiency in a critical time window during brain development might influence brain function by modulating neuronal differentiation.
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Kadari A, Mekala S, Wagner N, Malan D, Köth J, Doll K, Stappert L, Eckert D, Peitz M, Matthes J, Sasse P, Herzig S, Brüstle O, Ergün S, Edenhofer F. Robust Generation of Cardiomyocytes from Human iPS Cells Requires Precise Modulation of BMP and WNT Signaling. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:560-9. [PMID: 25392050 PMCID: PMC4493626 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Various strategies have been published enabling cardiomyocyte differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. However the complex nature of signaling pathways involved as well as line-to-line variability compromises the application of a particular protocol to robustly obtain cardiomyocytes from multiple iPS lines. Hence it is necessary to identify optimized protocols with alternative combinations of specific growth factors and small molecules to enhance the robustness of cardiac differentiation. Here we focus on systematic modulation of BMP and WNT signaling to enhance cardiac differentiation. Moreover, we improve the efficacy of cardiac differentiation by enrichment via lactate. Using our protocol we show efficient derivation of cardiomyocytes from multiple human iPS lines. In particular we demonstrate cardiomyocyte differentiation within 15 days with an efficiency of up to 95 % as judged by flow cytometry staining against cardiac troponin T. Cardiomyocytes derived were functionally validated by alpha-actinin staining, transmission electron microscopy as well as electrophysiological analysis. We expect our protocol to provide a robust basis for scale-up production of functional iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes that can be used for cell replacement therapy and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifiqbal Kadari
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Su RJ, Neises A, Zhang XB. Generation of iPS Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1357:57-69. [PMID: 25403468 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood is the easy-to-access, minimally invasive, and the most abundant cell source to use for cell reprogramming. The episomal vector is among the best approaches for generating integration-free induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells due to its simplicity and affordability. Here we describe the detailed protocol for the efficient generation of integration-free iPS cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. With this optimized protocol, one can readily generate hundreds of iPS cell colonies from 1 ml of peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Jeanna Su
- Division of Regenerative Medicine MC1528B, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Amanda Neises
- Division of Regenerative Medicine MC1528B, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine MC1528B, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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37
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TBX3 Knockdown Decreases Reprogramming Efficiency of Human Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:6759343. [PMID: 26697078 PMCID: PMC4677243 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6759343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TBX3 is a member of the T-box transcription factor family and is involved in the core pluripotency network. Despite this role in the pluripotency network, its contribution to the reprogramming process during the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells remains elusive. In this respect, we performed reprogramming experiments applying TBX3 knockdown in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Knockdown of TBX3 in both somatic cell types decreased the reprogramming efficiencies in comparison to control cells but with unchanged reprogramming kinetics. The resulting iPSCs were indistinguishable from control cells and displayed a normal in vitro differentiation capacity by generating cells of all three germ layers comparable to the controls.
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Stepwise acquirement of hallmark neuropathology in FUS-ALS iPSC models depends on mutation type and neuronal aging. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:420-429. [PMID: 26253605 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant mutations within the gene FUS (fused in sarcoma) are responsible for 5% of familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The FUS protein is physiologically mainly located in the nucleus, while cytoplasmic FUS aggregates are pathological hallmarks of FUS-ALS. Data from non-neuronal cell models and/or models using heterologous expression of FUS mutants suggest cytoplasmic FUS translocation as a pivotal initial event which leads to neurodegeneration depending on a second hit. Here we present the first human model of FUS-ALS using patient-derived neurons carrying endogenous FUS mutations leading to a benign (R521C) or a more severe clinical phenotype (frameshift mutation R495QfsX527). We thereby showed that the severity of the underlying FUS mutation determines the amount of cytoplasmic FUS accumulation and cellular vulnerability to exogenous stress. Cytoplasmic FUS inclusions formed spontaneously depending on both, severity of FUS mutation and neuronal aging. These aggregates showed typical characteristics of FUS-ALS including methylated FUS. Finally, neurodegeneration was not specific to layer V cortical neurons perfectly in line with the current model of disease spreading in ALS. Our study highlights the value and usefulness of patient-derived cell models in FUS-ALS.
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39
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Demestre M, Orth M, Föhr KJ, Achberger K, Ludolph AC, Liebau S, Boeckers TM. Formation and characterisation of neuromuscular junctions between hiPSC derived motoneurons and myotubes. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:328-36. [PMID: 26255853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Striated skeletal muscle cells from humans represent a valuable source for in vitro studies of the motoric system as well as for pathophysiological investigations in the clinical settings. Myoblasts can readily be grown from human muscle tissue. However, if muscle tissue is unavailable, myogenic cells can be generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) preferably without genetic engineering. Our study aimed to optimize the generation of hiPSCs derived myogenic cells by employing selection of CD34 positive cells and followed by distinct, stepwise culture conditions. Following the expansion of CD34 positive single cells under myogenic cell culture conditions, serum deprived myoblast-like cells finally fused and formed multinucleated striated myotubes that expressed a set of key markers for muscle differentiation. In addition, these myotubes contracted upon electrical stimulation, responded to acetylcholine (Ach) and were able to generate action potentials. Finally, we co-cultured motoneurons and myotubes generated from identical hiPSCs cell lines. We could observe the early aggregation of acetylcholine receptors in muscle cells of immature co-cultures. At later stages, we identified and characterised mature neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). In summary, we describe here the successful generation of an iPS cell derived functional cellular system consisting of two distinct communicating cells types. This in vitro co-culture system could therefore contribute to research on diseases in which the motoneurons and the NMJ are predominantly affected, such as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Demestre
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Germany.
| | - M Orth
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - K J Föhr
- Clinic for Anaesthesiology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - K Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - S Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Germany.
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The Potential for iPS-Derived Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy for Spinal Cord Injury: Opportunities and Challenges. J Clin Med 2014; 4:37-65. [PMID: 26237017 PMCID: PMC4470238 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating trauma causing long-lasting disability. Although advances have occurred in the last decade in the medical, surgical and rehabilitative treatments of SCI, the therapeutic approaches are still not ideal. The use of cell transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SCI is promising, particularly since it can target cell replacement, neuroprotection and regeneration. Cell therapies for treating SCI are limited due to several translational roadblocks, including ethical and practical concerns regarding cell sources. The use of iPSCs has been particularly attractive, since they avoid the ethical and moral concerns that surround other stem cells. Furthermore, various cell types with potential for application in the treatment of SCI can be created from autologous sources using iPSCs. For applications in SCI, the iPSCs can be differentiated into neural precursor cells, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, neural crest cells and mesenchymal stromal cells that can act by replacing lost cells or providing environmental support. Some methods, such as direct reprogramming, are being investigated to reduce tumorigenicity and improve reprogramming efficiencies, which have been some of the issues surrounding the use of iPSCs clinically to date. Recently, iPSCs have entered clinical trials for use in age-related macular degeneration, further supporting their promise for translation in other conditions, including SCI.
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A Comparative View on Human Somatic Cell Sources for iPSC Generation. Stem Cells Int 2014; 2014:768391. [PMID: 25431601 PMCID: PMC4241335 DOI: 10.1155/2014/768391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough of reprogramming human somatic cells was achieved in 2006 by the work of Yamanaka and Takahashi. From this point, fibroblasts are the most commonly used primary somatic cell type for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Various characteristics of fibroblasts supported their utilization for the groundbreaking experiments of iPSC generation. One major advantage is the high availability of fibroblasts which can be easily isolated from skin biopsies. Furthermore, their cultivation, propagation, and cryoconservation properties are uncomplicated with respect to nutritional requirements and viability in culture. However, the required skin biopsy remains an invasive approach, representing a major drawback for using fibroblasts as the starting material. More and more studies appeared over the last years, describing the reprogramming of other human somatic cell types. Cells isolated from blood samples or urine, as well as more unexpected cell types, like pancreatic islet beta cells, synovial cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells from wisdom teeth, show promising characteristics for a reprogramming strategy. Here, we want to highlight the advantages of keratinocytes from human plucked hair as a widely usable, noninvasive harvesting method for primary material in comparison with other commonly used cell types.
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Stockmann M, Linta L, Föhr KJ, Boeckers A, Ludolph AC, Kuh GF, Udvardi PT, Proepper C, Storch A, Kleger A, Liebau S, Boeckers TM. Developmental and functional nature of human iPSC derived motoneurons. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:475-92. [PMID: 22048897 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Stockmann
- Institute for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Liebau S, Stockmann M, Illing A, Seufferlein T, Kleger A. Induzierte pluripotente Stammzellen. Internist (Berl) 2014; 55:460-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00108-013-3397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Proepper C, Putz S, Russell R, Boeckers TM, Liebau S. The Kvβ2 subunit of voltage-gated potassium channels is interacting with ProSAP2/Shank3 in the PSD. Neuroscience 2013; 261:133-43. [PMID: 24211303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The postsynaptic density is an electron dense meshwork composed of a variety of molecules facilitating neuronal signal transmission. ProSAP2/Shank3 represents a crucial player at postsynaptic sites, assembling large multimeric platforms and anchoring numerous other molecules, thereby linking the functional synapse with the cytoskeleton. ProSAP2/Shank3 is also implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including autism spectrum disorders. KvBeta2 (Kvβ2) on the other hand serves as a regulatory subunit of voltage-gated potassium channels. Kvβ2 is located at various sites in the neuron including the axon (binding to Kv1.2), the dendrites (binding to Kv4.2) and the synapse. Binding of Kvβ2 to either Kv1.2 or Kv4 modulates not only the channel conformation but directs targeting of the channel protein complex to distinct loci within the cell. Thus an interaction between ProSAP2 and Kvβ2 could have important roles at diverse cellular compartments and moreover during maturation stages. We report here on the direct protein-protein interaction of the postsynaptic density anchoring molecule ProSAP2 and the potassium channel subunit Kvβ2, initially identified in a yeast-two-hybrid-screen. Furthermore, we characterize this interaction at synapses using primary hippocampal neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Proepper
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Putz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - R Russell
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - T M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - S Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120 Suppl 1:S19-25. [PMID: 23720190 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in somatic cell reprogramming is one of the most important developments in neuroscience in the last decades since it offers for the first time the opportunity to work with disease/patient-specific neurons or other neural cell types. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into all cell types of the body enabling investigations not only on neurons but also on muscle or endothelial cells which are cell types often also of great interest in neurodegenerative diseases. The novel technology of direct lineage conversion of somatic cells into neurons (induced neurons; iNs) or into expandable multipotent neural stem cells (induced neural stem cells; iNSCs) provides interesting alternatives to the iPSC technology. These techniques have the advantage of easier cell culture, but only neurons (iNs) or neuroectodermal cells (iNSCs) can be generated. Although there are several open questions coming along with these new neural cell types, they hold great promises for both cell replacement and cell modelling of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Definitive Endoderm Formation from Plucked Human Hair-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and SK Channel Regulation. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:360573. [PMID: 23710194 PMCID: PMC3654369 DOI: 10.1155/2013/360573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells present an extraordinary powerful tool to investigate embryonic development in humans. Essentially, they provide a unique platform for dissecting the distinct mechanisms underlying pluripotency and subsequent lineage commitment. Modest information currently exists about the expression and the role of ion channels during human embryogenesis, organ development, and cell fate determination. Of note, small and intermediate conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels have been reported to modify stem cell behaviour and differentiation. These channels are broadly expressed throughout human tissues and are involved in various cellular processes, such as the after-hyperpolarization in excitable cells, and also in differentiation processes. To this end, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated from plucked human hair keratinocytes have been exploited in vitro to recapitulate endoderm formation and, concomitantly, used to map the expression of the SK channel (SKCa) subtypes over time. Thus, we report the successful generation of definitive endoderm from hiPSCs of ectodermal origin using a highly reproducible and robust differentiation system. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that SKCas subtypes are dynamically regulated in the transition from a pluripotent stem cell to a more lineage restricted, endodermal progeny.
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Linta L, Stockmann M, Lin Q, Lechel A, Proepper C, Boeckers TM, Kleger A, Liebau S. Microarray-Based Comparisons of Ion Channel Expression Patterns: Human Keratinocytes to Reprogrammed hiPSCs to Differentiated Neuronal and Cardiac Progeny. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:784629. [PMID: 23690787 PMCID: PMC3649712 DOI: 10.1155/2013/784629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are involved in a large variety of cellular processes including stem cell differentiation. Numerous families of ion channels are present in the organism which can be distinguished by means of, for example, ion selectivity, gating mechanism, composition, or cell biological function. To characterize the distinct expression of this group of ion channels we have compared the mRNA expression levels of ion channel genes between human keratinocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their somatic cell source, keratinocytes from plucked human hair. This comparison revealed that 26% of the analyzed probes showed an upregulation of ion channels in hiPSCs while just 6% were downregulated. Additionally, iPSCs express a much higher number of ion channels compared to keratinocytes. Further, to narrow down specificity of ion channel expression in iPS cells we compared their expression patterns with differentiated progeny, namely, neurons and cardiomyocytes derived from iPS cells. To conclude, hiPSCs exhibit a very considerable and diverse ion channel expression pattern. Their detailed analysis could give an insight into their contribution to many cellular processes and even disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Linta
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marianne Stockmann
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Proepper
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Linta L, Boeckers TM, Kleger A, Liebau S. Calcium activated potassium channel expression during human iPS cell-derived neurogenesis. Ann Anat 2013; 195:303-311. [PMID: 23587809 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The family of calcium activated potassium channels of low and intermediate conductance, known as SK channels, consists of four members (SK1-4). These channels are widely expressed throughout the organism and involved in various cellular processes, such as the afterhyperpolarization in excitable cells but also in differentiation processes of various tissues. To date, the role of SK channels in developmental processes has been merely a marginal focus of investigation, although it is well accepted that cell differentiation and maturation affect the expression patterns of certain ion channels. Recently, several studies from our laboratory delineated the influence of SK channel expression and their respective activity on cytoskeletal reorganization in neural and pluripotent stem cells and regulation of cell fate determination toward the cardiac lineage in human and mouse pluripotent stem cells. Herein, we have now analyzed SK channel expression patterns and distribution at various stages of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurogenesis particularly focusing on undifferentiated iPS cells, neural progenitors and mature neurons. All family members could be detected starting at the iPS cell level and were differentially expressed during the subsequent maturation process. Intriguingly, we found obvious discrepancies between mRNA and protein expression pointing toward a complex regulatory mechanism. Inhibition of SK channels with either apamin or clotrimazol did not have any significant effects on the speed or amount of neurogenesis in vitro. The abundance and specific regulation of SK channel expression during iPS cell differentiation indicates distinct roles of these ion channels not only for the cardiac but also for neuronal cell differentiation and in vitro neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Linta
- Institute for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy & Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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Liebau S, Mahaddalkar PU, Kestler HA, Illing A, Seufferlein T, Kleger A. A Hierarchy in Reprogramming Capacity in Different Tissue Microenvironments: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:695-706. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pallavi U. Mahaddalkar
- Department on Stem Cell Aging, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Max Planck Research Group, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A. Kestler
- Research Group of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Institute of Neural Information Processing, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anett Illing
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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Ca2+ activated K channels-new tools to induce cardiac commitment from pluripotent stem cells in mice and men. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:720-40. [PMID: 22038332 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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