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Khandani B, Movahedin M. Learning Towards Maturation of Defined Feeder-free Pluripotency Culture Systems: Lessons from Conventional Feeder-based Systems. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:484-494. [PMID: 38079087 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are widely recognized as one of the most promising types of stem cells for applications in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, disease modeling, and drug screening. This is due to their unique ability to differentiate into cells from all three germ layers and their capacity for indefinite self-renewal. Initially, PSCs were cultured using animal feeder cells, but these systems presented several limitations, particularly in terms of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations. As a result, feeder-free systems were introduced as a safer alternative. However, the precise mechanisms by which feeder cells support pluripotency are not fully understood. More importantly, it has been observed that some aspects of the need for feeder cells like the optimal density and cell type can vary depending on conditions such as the developmental stage of the PSCs, phases of the culture protocol, the method used in culture for induction of pluripotency, and intrinsic variability of PSCs. Thus, gaining a better understanding of the divergent roles and necessity of feeder cells in various conditions would lead to the development of condition-specific defined feeder-free systems that resolve the failure of current feeder-free systems in some conditions. Therefore, this review aims to explore considerable feeder-related issues that can lead to the development of condition-specific feeder-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardia Khandani
- Department of Stem Cells Technology and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Movahedin
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Ale Ahmad Highway, Tehran, 14115111, Iran.
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2
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Metabolic and epigenetic dysfunctions underlie the arrest of in vitro fertilized human embryos in a senescent-like state. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001682. [PMID: 35771762 PMCID: PMC9246109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 60% of in vitro fertilized (IVF) human embryos irreversibly arrest before compaction between the 3- to 8-cell stage, posing a significant clinical problem. The mechanisms behind this arrest are unclear. Here, we show that the arrested embryos enter a senescent-like state, marked by cell cycle arrest, the down-regulation of ribosomes and histones and down-regulation of MYC and p53 activity. The arrested embryos can be divided into 3 types. Type I embryos fail to complete the maternal-zygotic transition, and Type II/III embryos have low levels of glycolysis and either high (Type II) or low (Type III) levels of oxidative phosphorylation. Treatment with the SIRT agonist resveratrol or nicotinamide riboside (NR) can partially rescue the arrested phenotype, which is accompanied by changes in metabolic activity. Overall, our data suggests metabolic and epigenetic dysfunctions underlie the arrest of human embryos.
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Alonso-Alonso S, Santaló J, Ibáñez E. Efficient generation of embryonic stem cells from single blastomeres of cryopreserved mouse embryos in the presence of signalling modulators. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:576-587. [PMID: 35157826 DOI: 10.1071/rd21297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESC) from single blastomeres is an interesting alternative to the use of whole blastocysts, but derivation rates are lower and the requirements for successful ESC obtention are still poorly defined. AIMS To investigate the effects of embryo cryopreservation and of signalling modulators present during embryo culture and/or ESC establishment on ESC derivation efficiency from single 8-cell mouse blastomeres. METHOD Fresh and cryopreserved 2-cell embryos were cultured and biopsied at the 8-cell stage. Single blastomeres were cultured in the presence of 2i or R2i cocktails, with or without adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). We analysed ESC derivation efficiencies and characterised pluripotency genes expression and karyotype integrity of the resulting lines. We also evaluated the impact of embryo preculture with R2i on epiblast cell numbers and derivation rates. KEY RESULTS The ESC generation was not compromised by embryo cryopreservation and ACTH was dispensable under most of the conditions tested. While 2i and R2i were similarly effective for ESC derivation, R2i provided higher karyotype integrity. Embryo preculture with R2i yielded increased numbers of epiblast cells but did not lead to increased ESC generation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings help to define a simplified and efficient procedure for the establishment of mouse ESC from single 8-cell blastomeres. IMPLICATIONS This study will contribute to improving the potential of this experimental procedure, providing a tool to investigate the developmental potential of blastomeres isolated from different embryonic stages and to reduce the number of embryos needed for ESC derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Alonso-Alonso
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Santaló
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Ibáñez
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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4
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Zeng H, Peng F, Wang J, Meng R, Zhang J. Effects of Fruquintinib on the Pluripotency Maintenance and Differentiation Potential of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:180-190. [PMID: 34077681 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can maintain self-renewal and differentiate into any cell type of the three primary germ layers. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in the regulation of mESC differentiation and induces the activation of a series of kinase responses and several cell signaling pathways by binding to its respective transmembrane receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR1, and VEGFR2. Fruquintinib is a selective inhibitor of VEGFRs, and we used it to investigate the effects on the maintenance of pluripotency and differentiation potential of mESCs in this study. Our results showed that fruquintinib-treated cells expressed higher levels of pluripotent markers, including Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, and Esrrb under serum and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) condition, whereas the expression of phosphorylated Erk1/2 was restricted. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) signaling inhibitor (PD0325901) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) signaling inhibitor (CHIR99021) (also known as 2i) enable cells to maintain naive pluripotency with LIF, and fruquintinib can also promote cells to maintain naive pluripotent state even under serum/LIF condition, whereas VEGF addition limits the pluripotency characteristics in serum/LIF mESCs. Furthermore, fruquintinib could inhibit the three-germ layer establishment in embryoid body formation and maintain the undifferentiated characteristics of mESCs, indicating that fruquintinib could promote the maintenance of naive pluripotency and inhibit early differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ru Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Kerepesi C, Zhang B, Lee SG, Trapp A, Gladyshev VN. Epigenetic clocks reveal a rejuvenation event during embryogenesis followed by aging. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg6082. [PMID: 34172448 PMCID: PMC8232908 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The notion that the germ line does not age goes back to the 19th-century ideas of August Weismann. However, being metabolically active, the germ line accumulates damage and other changes over time, i.e., it ages. For new life to begin in the same young state, the germ line must be rejuvenated in the offspring. Here, we developed a multi-tissue epigenetic clock and applied it, together with other aging clocks, to track changes in biological age during mouse and human prenatal development. This analysis revealed a significant decrease in biological age, i.e., rejuvenation, during early stages of embryogenesis, followed by an increase in later stages. We further found that pluripotent stem cells do not age even after extensive passaging and that the examined epigenetic age dynamics is conserved across species. Overall, this study uncovers a natural rejuvenation event during embryogenesis and suggests that the minimal biological age (ground zero) marks the beginning of organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Kerepesi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sang-Goo Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandre Trapp
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Bi S, Tang J, Zhang L, Huang L, Chen J, Wang Z, Chen D, Du L. Fine particulate matter reduces the pluripotency and proliferation of human embryonic stem cells through ROS induced AKT and ERK signaling pathway. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 96:231-240. [PMID: 32745510 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations have found that air fine particulate matter (PM) exposure not only causes respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in adults and children, but also affects embryonic development during pregnancy, leading to poor pregnancy outcomes. However, its exact molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were treated with PM at different concentrations then the morphology and proliferation capacity were measured. The mRNA and protein expression of NANOG and OCT4 were detected using quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and AKT/ERK activation were also measured. Meanwhile, changes in ROS, the expression of NANOG, OCT4, and the AKT/ERK pathways were measured in the hESCs with or without pretreatment of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prior to PM exposure. After PM exposure, the proliferation capacity and expression of OCT4 and NANOG at the mRNA and protein levels were downregulated. The ROS level in the hESCs increased after PM exposure, but this increase in ROS was attenuated by pretreatment with NAC. Further analysis showed that the levels of phosphorylated AKT and ERK increased after PM exposure. After pretreatment with NAC, the phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK, which are crucial for regulating the proliferation, pluripotency, and differentiation of hESC, were significantly attenuated compared with the non-NAC pretreated exposure group. These results suggest that PM exposure may reduce the proliferation and pluripotency of hESC through ROS-mediated AKT/ERK pathways, thereby affecting the long-term development of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Bi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jingman Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lizi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lijun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dunjin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Popovic M, Bialecka M, Gomes Fernandes M, Taelman J, Van Der Jeught M, De Sutter P, Heindryckx B, Chuva De Sousa Lopes SM. Human blastocyst outgrowths recapitulate primordial germ cell specification events. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:519-526. [PMID: 31211841 PMCID: PMC6802404 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current knowledge of the mechanisms leading to human primordial germ cell (PGC) specification stems solely from differentiation experiments starting from human pluripotent stem cells. However, information regarding the origin of PGCs in vivo remains obscure. Here we apply an improved system for extended in vitro culture of human embryos to investigate the presence of PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) 12 days post fertilization (dpf). Good quality blastocysts (n = 141) were plated at 6 dpf and maintained in hypoxia, in medium supplemented with Activin A until 12 dpf. We primarily reveal that 12 dpf outgrowths recapitulate human peri-implantation events and demonstrate that blastocyst quality significantly impacts both embryo viability at 12 dpf, as well as the presence of POU5F1+ cells within viable outgrowths. Moreover, detailed examination of 12 dpf blastocyst outgrowths revealed a population of POU5F1+, SOX2– and SOX17+ cells that may correspond to PGCLCs, alongside POU5F1+ epiblast-like cells and GATA6+ endoderm-like cells. Our findings suggest that, in human, PGC precursors may become specified within the epiblast and migrate either transiently to the extra-embryonic mesoderm or directly to the dorsal part of the yolk sac endoderm around 12 dpf. This is a descriptive analysis and as such the conclusion that POU5F1+ and SOX17+ cells represent bona fide PGCs can only be considered as preliminary. In the future, other PGC markers may be used to further validate the observed cell populations. Overall, our findings provide insights into the origin of the human germline and may serve as a foundation to further unravel the molecular mechanisms governing PGC specification in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Popovic
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Gomes Fernandes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasin Taelman
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Van Der Jeught
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra De Sutter
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susana M Chuva De Sousa Lopes
- Ghent Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FAST), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Zhang T, Chen H, Zhou Y, Dong W, Cai H, Tan WS. Cooperation of FGF/MEK/ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulators to promote the proliferation and pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells in serum- and feeder-free conditions. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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10
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Ramos-Ibeas P, Nichols J, Alberio R. States and Origins of Mammalian Embryonic Pluripotency In Vivo and in a Dish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 128:151-179. [PMID: 29477162 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC), derived from preimplantation embryos in 1981, defined mammalian pluripotency for many decades. However, after the derivation of human ESC in 1998, comparative studies showed that different types of pluripotency exist in early embryos and that these can be captured in vitro under various culture conditions. Over the past decade much has been learned about the key signaling pathways, growth factor requirements, and transcription factor profiles of pluripotent cells in embryos, allowing improvement of derivation and culture conditions for novel pluripotent stem cell types. More recently, studies using single-cell transcriptomics of embryos from different species provided an unprecedented level of resolution of cellular interactions and cell fate decisions that are informing new ways to understand the emergence of pluripotency in different organisms. These new approaches enhance knowledge of species differences during early embryogenesis and will be instrumental for improving methodologies for generating intra- and interspecies chimeric animals using pluripotent stem cells. Here, we discuss the recent developments in our understanding of early embryogenesis in different mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Ramiro Alberio
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Wu J, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Stem Cells: A Renaissance in Human Biology Research. Cell 2017; 165:1572-1585. [PMID: 27315475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of human biology and how it relates to that of other species represents an ancient quest. Limited access to human material, particularly during early development, has restricted researchers to only scratching the surface of this inherently challenging subject. Recent technological innovations, such as single cell "omics" and human stem cell derivation, have now greatly accelerated our ability to gain insights into uniquely human biology. The opportunities afforded to delve molecularly into scarce material and to model human embryogenesis and pathophysiological processes are leading to new insights of human development and are changing our understanding of disease and choice of therapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, 135, Guadalupe 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Hajian M, Hosseini SM, Ostadhosseini S, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Targeting the transforming growth factor-β signaling during pre-implantation development in embryos of cattle, sheep and goats. Growth Factors 2016; 34:141-8. [PMID: 27442780 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2016.1206089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, application of chemical inhibitors against differentiation signaling pathways has improved establishment of mESCs. In this study, we applied inhibitors of TGF-β (SB431542) and BMP4 (Noggin) from cleavage to blastocyst stage in cattle, goat and sheep embryos. SB significantly decreases blastocyst rate and total cell number (TCN) in sheep blastocysts, whereas only TCN was significantly decreased in cattle blastocysts. In contrast to SB, Noggin significantly improved cattle blastocyst development but decreased TCN. However, Noggin treatment led to a significant increase in TCN in sheep blastocysts. Regarding pluripotency triad (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2) and cell lineage commitment (REX1, CDX2, GATA4), SB led to a significant reduction in SOX2 expression in goat and cattle, while Noggin increased at least one or two of pluripotent markers in these species. Taken together, this data suggests that inhibition of TGF-β by Noggin may be more favorable for derivation of stem cells in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hajian
- a Department of Reproduction and Development , Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR , Isfahan , Iran and
| | - Sayyed Morteza Hosseini
- a Department of Reproduction and Development , Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR , Isfahan , Iran and
| | - Somayyeh Ostadhosseini
- a Department of Reproduction and Development , Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR , Isfahan , Iran and
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- a Department of Reproduction and Development , Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR , Isfahan , Iran and
- b Department of Embryology , Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
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Van der Jeught M, Taelman J, Duggal G, Ghimire S, Lierman S, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Deforce D, Deroo T, De Sutter P, Heindryckx B. Application Of Small Molecules Favoring Naïve Pluripotency during Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derivation. Cell Reprogram 2016; 17:170-80. [PMID: 26053517 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, inhibition of both the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (MEK/Erk) and the Wnt signaling inhibitor glycogen synthase-3β (GSK3β) enables the derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) from nonpermissive strains in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Whereas mESCs are in an uncommitted naïve state, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a more advanced state, denoted as primed pluripotency. This burdens hESCs with a series of characteristics, which, in contrast to naïve ESCs, makes them not ideal for key applications such as cell-based clinical therapies and human disease modeling. In this study, different small molecule combinations were applied during human ESC derivation. Hereby, we aimed to sustain the naïve pluripotent state, by interfering with various key signaling pathways. First, we tested several combinations on existing, 2i (PD0325901 and CHIR99021)-derived mESCs. All combinations were shown to be equally adequate to sustain the expression of naïve pluripotency markers. Second, these conditions were tested during hESC derivation. Overall, the best results were observed in the presence of medium supplemented with 2i, LIF, and the noncanonical Wnt signaling agonist Wnt5A, alone and combined with epinephrine. In these conditions, outgrowths repeatedly showed an ESC progenitor-like morphology, starting from day 3. Culturing these "progenitor cells" did not result in stable, naïve hESC lines in the current conditions. Although Wnt5A could not promote naïve hESC derivation, we found that it was sustaining the conversion of established hESCs toward a more naïve state. Future work should aim to distinct the effects of the various culture formulations, including our Wnt5A-supplemented medium, reported to promote stable naïve pluripotency in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Van der Jeught
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium .,4 These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jasin Taelman
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium .,4 These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Galbha Duggal
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabitri Ghimire
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Lierman
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium .,2 Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center , 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Deforce
- 3 Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University , 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Deroo
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra De Sutter
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Krivega M, Essahib W, Van de Velde H. WNT3 and membrane-associated β-catenin regulate trophectoderm lineage differentiation in human blastocysts. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:711-22. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Van der Jeught M, O'Leary T, Duggal G, De Sutter P, Chuva de Sousa Lopes S, Heindryckx B. The post-inner cell mass intermediate: implications for stem cell biology and assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:616-26. [PMID: 26089403 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, the temporal events that precede the generation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their equivalence with specific developmental stages in vivo was poorly understood. Our group has discovered the existence of a transient epiblast-like structure, coined the post-inner cell mass (ICM) intermediate or PICMI, that emerges before human ESC (hESCs) are established, which supports their primed nature (i.e. already showing some predispositions towards certain cell types) of pluripotency. METHODS The PICMI results from the progressive epithelialization of the ICM and it expresses a mixture of early and late epiblast markers, as well as some primordial germ cell markers. The PICMI is a closer progenitor of hESCs than the ICM and it can be seen as the first proof of why all existing hESCs, until recently, display a primed state of pluripotency. RESULTS Even though the pluripotent characteristics of ESCs differ from mouse (naïve) to human (primed), it has recently been shown in mice that a similar process of self-organization at the transition from ICM to (naïve) mouse ESCs (mESCs) transforms the amorphous ICM into a rosette of polarized epiblast cells, a mouse PICMI. The transient PICMI stage is therefore at the origin of both mESCs and hESCs. In addition, several groups have now reported the conversion from primed to the naïve (mESCs-like) hESCs, broadening the pluripotency spectrum and opening new opportunities for the use of pluripotent stem cells. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we discuss the recent discoveries of mouse and human transient states from ICM to ESCs and their relation towards the state of pluripotency in the eventual stem cells, being naïve or primed. We will now further investigate how these intermediate and/or different pluripotent stages may impact the use of human stem cells in regenerative medicine and assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Van der Jeught
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Thomas O'Leary
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium Present address: Coastal Fertility Specialists, 1375 Hospital Drive, Mt Pleasant, SC 29464, USA
| | - Galbha Duggal
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium Present address: Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Petra De Sutter
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Susana Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden 2333 ZC, The Netherlands
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Brinkhof B, van Tol HTA, Groot Koerkamp MJA, Riemers FM, IJzer SG, Mashayekhi K, Haagsman HP, Roelen BAJ. A mRNA landscape of bovine embryos after standard and MAPK-inhibited culture conditions: a comparative analysis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:277. [PMID: 25888366 PMCID: PMC4397860 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genes and signalling pathways involved in pluripotency have been studied extensively in mouse and human pre-implantation embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells. The unsuccessful attempts to generate ES cell lines from other species including cattle suggests that other genes and pathways are involved in maintaining pluripotency in these species. To investigate which genes are involved in bovine pluripotency, expression profiles were generated from morula, blastocyst, trophectoderm and inner cell mass (ICM) samples using microarray analysis. As MAPK inhibition can increase the NANOG/GATA6 ratio in the inner cell mass, additionally blastocysts were cultured in the presence of a MAPK inhibitor and changes in gene expression in the inner cell mass were analysed. Results Between morula and blastocyst 3,774 genes were differentially expressed and the largest differences were found in blastocyst up-regulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) analysis shows lipid metabolic process as the term most enriched with genes expressed at higher levels in blastocysts. Genes with higher expression levels in morulae were enriched in the RNA processing GO term. Of the 497 differentially expressed genes comparing ICM and TE, the expression of NANOG, SOX2 and POU5F1 was increased in the ICM confirming their evolutionary preserved role in pluripotency. Several genes implicated to be involved in differentiation or fate determination were also expressed at higher levels in the ICM. Genes expressed at higher levels in the ICM were enriched in the RNA splicing and regulation of gene expression GO term. Although NANOG expression was elevated upon MAPK inhibition, SOX2 and POU5F1 expression showed little increase. Expression of other genes in the MAPK pathway including DUSP4 and SPRY4, or influenced by MAPK inhibition such as IFNT, was down-regulated. Conclusion The data obtained from the microarray studies provide further insight in gene expression during bovine embryonic development. They show an expression profile in pluripotent cells that indicates a pluripotent, epiblast-like state. The inability to culture ICM cells as stem cells in the presence of an inhibitor of MAPK activity together with the reported data indicates that MAPK inhibition alone is not sufficient to maintain a pluripotent character in bovine cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1448-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Brinkhof
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Helena T A van Tol
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Marian J A Groot Koerkamp
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Molecular Cancer Research, PO Box 85060, Utrecht, 3508 AB, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank M Riemers
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Yalelaan 108, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Sascha G IJzer
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
| | - Kaveh Mashayekhi
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands. .,BioTalentum Ltd, Aulich L u.26, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
| | - Bernard A J Roelen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, Utrecht, 3584 CM, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Lessons learned from conserved vertebrate developmental pathways have catalyzed rapid advances in pluripotent stem cell differentiation towards therapeutically relevant cell types. The most highly conserved phases of development are associated with the early patterning of the body plan - the so-called phylotypic stage. Both prior to and after this stage there is much more divergence across species. Developmental differences between human and mouse at the blastocyst and early post-implantation stages might help explain the differences among the different stem cell lines derived from these embryos. A better understanding of these early stages of human development will aid our ability to generate and manipulate human stem cells and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G OA4 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G OA4
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18
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Ghimire S, Heindryckx B, Van der Jeught M, Neupane J, O'Leary T, Lierman S, De Vos WH, Chuva de Sousa Lopes S, Deroo T, De Sutter P. Inhibition of transforming growth factor β signaling promotes epiblast formation in mouse embryos. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:497-506. [PMID: 25245024 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early lineage segregation in preimplantation embryos and maintenance of pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are both regulated by specific signaling pathways. Small molecules have been shown to modulate these signaling pathways. We examined the influence of several small molecules and growth factors on second-lineage segregation of the inner cell mass toward hypoblast and epiblast lineage during mouse embryonic preimplantation development. We found that the second-lineage segregation is influenced by activation or inhibition of the transforming growth factor (TGF)β pathway. Inhibition of the TGFβ pathway from the two-cell, four-cell, and morula stages onward up to the blastocyst stage significantly increased the epiblast cell proliferation. The epiblast formed in the embryos in which TGFβ signaling was inhibited was fully functional as demonstrated by the potential of these epiblast cells to give rise to pluripotent ESCs. Conversely, activating the TGFβ pathway reduced epiblast formation. Inhibition of the glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3 pathway and activation of bone morphogenetic protein 4 signaling reduced the formation of both epiblast and hypoblast cells. Activation of the protein kinase A pathway and of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway did not influence the second-lineage segregation in mouse embryos. The simultaneous inhibition of three pathways--TGFβ, GSK3β, and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk)--significantly enhanced the proliferation of epiblast cells than that caused by inhibition of either TGFβ pathway alone or by combined inhibition of the GSK3β and FGF/Erk pathways only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabitri Ghimire
- 1 Ghent Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FAST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent, Belgium
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Kuijk E, Geijsen N, Cuppen E. Pluripotency in the light of the developmental hourglass. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:428-43. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewart Kuijk
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584 CT The Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584 CT The Netherlands
- Department of Companion Animals; School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University; Utrecht 3584 CM The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht 3584 CT The Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine; UMC Utrecht; Universiteitsweg 100 Utrecht 3584 GG The Netherlands
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20
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Schrode N, Saiz N, Di Talia S, Hadjantonakis AK. GATA6 levels modulate primitive endoderm cell fate choice and timing in the mouse blastocyst. Dev Cell 2014; 29:454-67. [PMID: 24835466 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) of the mouse blastocyst differentiate into the pluripotent epiblast or the primitive endoderm (PrE), marked by the transcription factors NANOG and GATA6, respectively. To investigate the mechanistic regulation of this process, we applied an unbiased, quantitative, single-cell-resolution image analysis pipeline to analyze embryos lacking or exhibiting reduced levels of GATA6. We find that Gata6 mutants exhibit a complete absence of PrE and demonstrate that GATA6 levels regulate the timing and speed of lineage commitment within the ICM. Furthermore, we show that GATA6 is necessary for PrE specification by FGF signaling and propose a model where interactions between NANOG, GATA6, and the FGF/ERK pathway determine ICM cell fate. This study provides a framework for quantitative analyses of mammalian embryos and establishes GATA6 as a nodal point in the gene regulatory network driving ICM lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schrode
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Néstor Saiz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Van der Jeught M, Heindryckx B, O'Leary T, Duggal G, Ghimire S, Lierman S, Van Roy N, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Deroo T, Deforce D, De Sutter P. Treatment of human embryos with the TGF inhibitor SB431542 increases epiblast proliferation and permits successful human embryonic stem cell derivation. Hum Reprod 2013; 29:41-8. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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El-Khattouti A, Selimovic D, Haïkel Y, Megahed M, Gomez CR, Hassan M. Identification and analysis of CD133(+) melanoma stem-like cells conferring resistance to taxol: An insight into the mechanisms of their resistance and response. Cancer Lett 2013; 343:123-33. [PMID: 24080340 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence and the involvement of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in tumor initiation and progression, and chemo-resistance are documented. Herein, we functionally analyzed melanoma stem-like cells (MSC)/CD133(+) cells on their resistance and response to taxol-induced apoptosis. Besides being taxol resistant, the CD133(+) cells demonstrated a growth advantage over the CD133(-) subpopulation. Taxol induced apoptosis on CD133(-) cells, but not on CD133(+) cells. In the CD133(-) subpopulation, the exposure to taxol induced the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase1 (ASK1)/c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathways and Bax expression, while in CD133(+) cells taxol was able only to enhance the activity of the ERK pathway. In CD133(+) cells, the direct gene transfer of Bax overcame the acquired resistance to taxol. Taken together, our data provide an insight into the mechanistic cascade of melanoma resistance to taxol and suggest Bax gene transfer as a complementary approach to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Selimovic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haïkel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian R Gomez
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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23
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Duggal G, Heindryckx B, Warrier S, O'Leary T, Van der Jeught M, Lierman S, Vossaert L, Deroo T, Deforce D, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, De Sutter P. Influence of activin A supplementation during human embryonic stem cell derivation on germ cell differentiation potential. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3141-55. [PMID: 23829223 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are more similar to "primed" mouse epiblast stem cells (mEpiSCs). mEpiSCs, which are derived in Activin A, show an increased propensity to form primordial germ cell (PGC)-like cells in response to bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4). Hence, we hypothesized that hESCs derived in the presence of Activin A may be more competent in differentiating towards PGC-like cells after supplementation with BMP4 compared to standard hESC lines. We were able to successfully derive two hESC lines in the presence of Activin A, which were pluripotent and showed higher base levels of STELLA and cKIT compared to standard hESC lines derived without Activin A addition. Furthermore, upon differentiation as embryoid bodies in the presence of BMP4, we observed upregulation of VASA at day 7, both at the transcript and protein level compared to standard hESC lines, which appeared to take longer time for PGC specification. Unlike other hESC lines, nuclear pSMAD2/3 presence confirmed that Activin signalling was switched on in Activin A-derived hESC lines. They were also responsive to BMP4 based on nuclear detection of pSMAD1/5/8 and showed endodermal differentiation as a result of GATA-6 expression. Hence, our results provide novel insights into the impact of hESC derivation in the presence of Activin A and its subsequent influence on germ cell differentiation potential in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galbha Duggal
- 1 Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent, Belgium
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Substrates and supplements for hESCs: a critical review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30:315-23. [PMID: 23288664 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different laboratories around the world have succeeded in establishing human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. However, culture conditions vary considerably among the protocols used and the vast majority of the lines at some stage of their creation have been in contact with an animal derived component. One of the main problems to be overcome for the generation of a clinical-grade hESC line is the choice of a substrate and medium that allows derivation and culture, where animal derived components are kept to a minimum or completely excluded. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following review describes past and more recent achievements in the creation and culturing of hESC. It describes protocols, giving special attention to the matrices and supplements used for derivation, maintainance and cryostorage, considering whether they included defined, undefined and/or animal-derived components in their formulations. CONCLUSION This information shall be useful for the creation and choice of new substrates and supplements for future research in the field of hESC for therapeutic purposes.
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