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Nakajima T, Imai A, Ishii C, Tsuruyama K, Yamanaka R, Tomooka Y, Saito S, Adachi N, Kohno S, Sato T. SMAD2/3 signaling regulates initiation of mouse Wolffian ducts and proximal differentiation in Müllerian ducts. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:37-50. [PMID: 37953493 PMCID: PMC10761927 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Male and female reproductive tracts develop from anterior intermediate mesoderm with similar differentiation processes. The anterior intermediate mesoderm develops into the mesonephros, and the Wolffian duct initiates by epithelialization in the mesonephros. The Müllerian duct invaginates from the coelomic epithelium of the cranial mesonephros for ductal formation and is then regionalized into proximal to caudal female reproductive tracts. In this study, we focused on the epithelialization of the Wolffian duct, initiation of the Müllerian duct, and the regionalization step of the Müllerian ducts as a continuous process. By using intermediate mesodermal cells from mouse pluripotent stem cells, we identified that inhibition of SMAD2/3 signaling might be involved in the differentiation into mesenchymal cells, after which mesonephric cells might be then epithelialized during differentiation of the Wolffian duct. Aggregation of coelomic epithelial cells might be related to initiation of the Müllerian duct. Transcriptomic analysis predicted that consensus sequences of SMAD3/4 were enriched among highly expressed genes in the proximal Müllerian duct. SMAD2/3 signaling to regulate differentiation of the Wolffian duct was continuously activated in the proximal Müllerian duct and was involved in proximal and oviductal regionalization. Therefore, SMAD2/3 signaling may be finely tuned to regulate differentiation from initiation to regionalization steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nakajima
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
- Department of ScienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
| | - Akihiro Imai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Chihiro Ishii
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Kota Tsuruyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Risa Yamanaka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Tomooka
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyo University of ScienceJapan
| | - Shinta Saito
- Department of ScienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of ScienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
| | - Satomi Kohno
- Department of Biological SciencesSt. Cloud State UniversityMNUSA
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Department of ScienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
- Graduate School of NanobioscienceYokohama City UniversityJapan
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2
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Xie AW, Zacharias NA, Binder BYK, Murphy WL. Controlled aggregation enhances immunomodulatory potential of mesenchymal stromal cell aggregates. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1184-1201. [PMID: 33818906 PMCID: PMC8284773 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for cell therapy due to their ease of isolation and expansion and their ability to secrete antiapoptotic, pro‐angiogenic, and immunomodulatory factors. Three‐dimensional (3D) aggregation “self‐activates” MSCs to augment their pro‐angiogenic and immunomodulatory potential, but the microenvironmental features and culture parameters that promote optimal MSC immunomodulatory function in 3D aggregates are poorly understood. Here, we generated MSC aggregates via three distinct methods and compared them with regard to their (a) aggregate structure and (b) immunomodulatory phenotype under resting conditions and in response to inflammatory stimulus. Methods associated with fast aggregation kinetics formed aggregates with higher cell packing density and reduced extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis compared to those with slow aggregation kinetics. While all three methods of 3D aggregation enhanced MSC expression of immunomodulatory factors compared to two‐dimensional culture, different aggregation methods modulated cells' temporal expression of these factors. A Design of Experiments approach, in which aggregate size and aggregation kinetics were systematically covaried, identified a significant effect of both parameters on MSCs' ability to regulate immune cells. Compared to small aggregates formed with fast kinetics, large aggregates with slow assembly kinetics were more effective at T‐cell suppression and macrophage polarization toward anti‐inflammatory phenotypes. Thus, culture parameters including aggregation method, kinetics, and aggregate size influence both the structural properties of aggregates and their paracrine immunomodulatory function. These findings underscore the utility of engineering strategies to control properties of 3D MSC aggregates, which may identify new avenues for optimizing the immunomodulatory function of MSC‐based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela W Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicholas A Zacharias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bernard Y K Binder
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Abstract
Cardiac development is a complex developmental process that is initiated soon after gastrulation, as two sets of precardiac mesodermal precursors are symmetrically located and subsequently fused at the embryonic midline forming the cardiac straight tube. Thereafter, the cardiac straight tube invariably bends to the right, configuring the first sign of morphological left–right asymmetry and soon thereafter the atrial and ventricular chambers are formed, expanded and progressively septated. As a consequence of all these morphogenetic processes, the fetal heart acquired a four-chambered structure having distinct inlet and outlet connections and a specialized conduction system capable of directing the electrical impulse within the fully formed heart. Over the last decades, our understanding of the morphogenetic, cellular, and molecular pathways involved in cardiac development has exponentially grown. Multiples aspects of the initial discoveries during heart formation has served as guiding tools to understand the etiology of cardiac congenital anomalies and adult cardiac pathology, as well as to enlighten novels approaches to heal the damaged heart. In this review we provide an overview of the complex cellular and molecular pathways driving heart morphogenesis and how those discoveries have provided new roads into the genetic, clinical and therapeutic management of the diseased hearts.
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Zeevaert K, Elsafi Mabrouk MH, Wagner W, Goetzke R. Cell Mechanics in Embryoid Bodies. Cells 2020; 9:E2270. [PMID: 33050550 PMCID: PMC7599659 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryoid bodies (EBs) resemble self-organizing aggregates of pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate some aspects of early embryogenesis. Within few days, the cells undergo a transition from rather homogeneous epithelial-like pluripotent stem cell colonies into a three-dimensional organization of various cell types with multifaceted cell-cell interactions and lumen formation-a process associated with repetitive epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. In the last few years, culture methods have further evolved to better control EB size, growth, cellular composition, and organization-e.g., by the addition of morphogens or different extracellular matrix molecules. There is a growing perception that the mechanical properties, cell mechanics, and cell signaling during EB development are also influenced by physical cues to better guide lineage specification; substrate elasticity and topography are relevant, as well as shear stress and mechanical strain. Epithelial structures outside and inside EBs support the integrity of the cell aggregates and counteract mechanical stress. Furthermore, hydrogels can be used to better control the organization and lineage-specific differentiation of EBs. In this review, we summarize how EB formation is accompanied by a variety of biomechanical parameters that need to be considered for the directed and reproducible self-organization of early cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Zeevaert
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.E.M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohamed H. Elsafi Mabrouk
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.E.M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.E.M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman Goetzke
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (K.Z.); (M.H.E.M.)
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering–Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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5
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Branco MA, Cotovio JP, Rodrigues CAV, Vaz SH, Fernandes TG, Moreira LM, Cabral JMS, Diogo MM. Transcriptomic analysis of 3D Cardiac Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reveals Faster Cardiomyocyte Maturation Compared to 2D Culture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9229. [PMID: 31239450 PMCID: PMC6592905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent an almost limitless source of cells for disease modelling and drug screening applications. Here we established an efficient and robust 3D platform for cardiomyocyte (CMs) production from hiPSCs, solely through small-molecule-based temporal modulation of the Wnt signalling, which generates more than 90% cTNT+ cells. The impact of performing the differentiation process in 3D conditions as compared to a 2D culture system, was characterized by transcriptomic analysis by using data collected from sequential stages of 2D and 3D culture. We highlight that performing an initial period of hiPSC aggregation before cardiac differentiation primed hiPSCs towards an earlier mesendoderm lineage differentiation, via TGF-β/Nodal signaling stabilization. Importantly, it was also found that CMs in the 3D microenvironment mature earlier and show an improved communication system, which we suggested to be responsible for a higher structural and functional maturation of 3D cardiac aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Branco
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P Cotovio
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago G Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonilde M Moreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M S Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Margarida Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal. .,The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
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6
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Teng EL, Engler AJ. Mechanical influences on cardiovascular differentiation and disease modeling. Exp Cell Res 2019; 377:103-108. [PMID: 30794804 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are continuously exposed to forces in vivo, whether from fluid pressure in an artery from our blood or compressive forces on joints from our body weight. The forces that cells are exposed to arise almost immediately after conception; it is therefore important to understand how forces shape stem cell differentiation into lineage committed cells, how they help organize cells into tissues, and how forces can cause or exacerbate disease. No tissue is exempt, but cardiovascular tissues in particular are exposed to these forces. While animal models have been used extensively in the past, there is growing recognition of their limitations when modeling disease complexity or human genetics. In this mini review, we summarize current understanding of the mechanical influences on the differentiation of cardiovascular progeny, how the transduction of forces influence the onset of disease, and how engineering approaches applied to this problem have yielded systems that create mature-like human tissues in vitro in which to assess the impact of disease on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Teng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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7
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Cell population balance of cardiovascular spheroids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1295. [PMID: 30718597 PMCID: PMC6362271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and vascular cells can be used for a variety of applications such as studying human heart development and modelling human disease in culture. In particular, protocols based on modulation of Wnt signaling were able to produce high quality of cardiomyocytes or vascular cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, the mechanism behind the development of 3D cardiovascular spheroids into either vascular or cardiac cells has not been well explored. Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling plays important roles in the regulation of organogenesis, but its impact on cardiovascular differentiation has been less evaluated. In this study, the effects of seeding density and a change in YAP signaling on 3D cardiovascular spheroids patterning from hPSCs were evaluated. Compared to 2D culture, 3D cardiovascular spheroids exhibited higher levels of sarcomeric striations and higher length-to-width ratios of α-actinin+ cells. The spheroids with high seeding density exhibited more α-actinin+ cells and less nuclear YAP expression. The 3D cardiovascular spheroids were also treated with different small molecules, including Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632), Cytochalasin D, Dasatinib, and Lysophosphatidic acid to modulate YAP localization. Nuclear YAP inhibition resulted in lower expression of active β-catenin, vascular marker, and MRTF, the transcription factor mediated by RhoGTPases. Y27632 also promoted the gene expression of MMP-2/-3 (matrix remodeling) and Notch-1 (Notch signaling). These results should help our understanding of the underlying effects for the efficient patterning of cardiovascular spheroids after mesoderm formation from hPSCs.
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8
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Xie AW, Binder BYK, Khalil AS, Schmitt SK, Johnson HJ, Zacharias NA, Murphy WL. Controlled Self-assembly of Stem Cell Aggregates Instructs Pluripotency and Lineage Bias. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14070. [PMID: 29070799 PMCID: PMC5656593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived organoids and other 3D microtissues offer enormous potential as models for drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. Formation of stem/progenitor cell aggregates is common in biomanufacturing processes and critical to many organoid approaches. However, reproducibility of current protocols is limited by reliance on poorly controlled processes (e.g., spontaneous aggregation). Little is known about the effects of aggregation parameters on cell behavior, which may have implications for the production of cell aggregates and organoids. Here we introduce a bioengineered platform of labile substrate arrays that enable simple, scalable generation of cell aggregates via a controllable 2D-to-3D "self-assembly". As a proof-of-concept, we show that labile substrates generate size- and shape-controlled embryoid bodies (EBs) and can be easily modified to control EB self-assembly kinetics. We show that aggregation method instructs EB lineage bias, with faster aggregation promoting pluripotency loss and ectoderm, and slower aggregation favoring mesoderm and endoderm. We also find that aggregation kinetics of EBs markedly influence EB structure, with slower kinetics resulting in increased EB porosity and growth factor signaling. Our findings suggest that controlling internal structure of cell aggregates by modifying aggregation kinetics is a potential strategy for improving 3D microtissue models for research and translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela W Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Bernard Y K Binder
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Andrew S Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Samantha K Schmitt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Hunter J Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - Nicholas A Zacharias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States.
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States.
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, United States.
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9
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Sart S, Bejoy J, Li Y. Characterization of 3D pluripotent stem cell aggregates and the impact of their properties on bioprocessing. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Augustin I, Dewi DL, Hundshammer J, Erdmann G, Kerr G, Boutros M. Autocrine Wnt regulates the survival and genomic stability of embryonic stem cells. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/461/eaah6829. [PMID: 28074006 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. The secretion of Wnt ligands requires Evi (also known as Wls). Genetically ablating Evi provides an experimental approach to studying the consequence of depleting all redundant Wnt proteins, and overexpressing Evi enables a nonspecific means of increasing Wnt signaling. We generated Evi-deficient and Evi-overexpressing mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to analyze the role of autocrine Wnt production in self-renewal and differentiation. Self-renewal was reduced in Evi-deficient ESCs and increased in Evi-overexpressing ESCs in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor, which supports the self-renewal of ESCs. The differentiation of ESCs into cardiomyocytes was enhanced when Evi was overexpressed and teratoma formation and growth of Evi-deficient ESCs in vivo were impaired, indicating that autocrine Wnt ligands were necessary for ESC differentiation and survival. ESCs lacking autocrine Wnt signaling had mitotic defects and showed genomic instability. Together, our study demonstrates that autocrine Wnt secretion is important for the survival, chromosomal stability, differentiation, and tumorigenic potential of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Augustin
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Dyah L Dewi
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hundshammer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gerrit Erdmann
- NMI TT Naturwissenschaftliches und Medizinisches Institut Technologie Transfer GmbH Pharmaservices, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Grainne Kerr
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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11
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Abstract
Soluble morphogen gradients have long been studied in the context of heart specification and patterning. However, recent data have begun to challenge the notion that long-standing in vivo observations are driven solely by these gradients alone. Evidence from multiple biological models, from stem cells to ex vivo biophysical assays, now supports a role for mechanical forces in not only modulating cell behavior but also inducing it de novo in a process termed mechanotransduction. Structural proteins that connect the cell to its niche, for example, integrins and cadherins, and that couple to other growth factor receptors, either directly or indirectly, seem to mediate these changes, although specific mechanistic details are still being elucidated. In this review, we summarize how the wingless (Wnt), transforming growth factor-β, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways affect cardiomyogenesis and then highlight the interplay between each pathway and mechanical forces. In addition, we will outline the role of integrins and cadherins during cardiac development. For each, we will describe how the interplay could change multiple processes during cardiomyogenesis, including the specification of undifferentiated cells, the establishment of heart patterns to accomplish tube and chamber formation, or the maturation of myocytes in the fully formed heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Happe
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Adam J Engler
- From the Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA.
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12
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Bejoy J, Song L, Li Y. Wnt-YAP interactions in the neural fate of human pluripotent stem cells and the implications for neural organoid formation. Organogenesis 2016; 12:1-15. [PMID: 26901039 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1140290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have shown the ability to self-organize into different types of neural organoids (e.g., whole brain organoids, cortical spheroids, midbrain organoids etc.) recently. The extrinsic and intrinsic signaling elicited by Wnt pathway, Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway, and extracellular microenvironment plays a critical role in brain tissue morphogenesis. This article highlights recent advances in neural tissue patterning from hPSCs, in particular the role of Wnt pathway and YAP activity in this process. Understanding the Wnt-YAP interactions should provide us the guidance to predict and modulate brain-like tissue structure through the regulation of extracellular microenvironment of hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Liqing Song
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Yan Li
- a Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
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13
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Laundos TL, Silva J, Assunção M, Quelhas P, Monteiro C, Oliveira C, Oliveira MJ, Pêgo AP, Amaral IF. Rotary orbital suspension culture of embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells: impact of hydrodynamic culture on aggregate yield, morphology and cell phenotype. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2227-2240. [PMID: 26880706 DOI: 10.1002/term.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES)-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (ES-NSPCs) constitute a promising cell source for application in cell therapies for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. In this study, a rotary orbital hydrodynamic culture system was applied to single-cell suspensions of ES-NSPCs, to obtain homogeneously-sized ES-NSPC cellular aggregates (neurospheres). Hydrodynamic culture allowed the formation of ES-NSPC neurospheres with a narrower size distribution than statically cultured neurospheres, increasing orbital speeds leading to smaller-sized neurospheres and higher neurosphere yield. Neurospheres formed under hydrodynamic conditions (72 h at 55 rpm) showed higher cell compaction and comparable percentages of viable, dead, apoptotic and proliferative cells. Further characterization of cellular aggregates provided new insights into the effect of hydrodynamic shear on ES-NSPC behaviour. Rotary neurospheres exhibited reduced protein levels of N-cadherin and β-catenin, and higher deposition of laminin (without impacting fibronectin deposition), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity and percentage of neuronal cells. In line with the increased MMP-2 activity levels found, hydrodynamically-cultured neurospheres showed higher outward migration on laminin. Moreover, when cultured in a 3D fibrin hydrogel, rotary neurospheres generated an increased percentage of neuronal cells. In conclusion, the application of a constant orbital speed to single-cell suspensions of ES-NSPCs, besides allowing the formation of homogeneously-sized neurospheres, promoted ES-NSPC differentiation and outward migration, possibly by influencing the expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules and the secretion of proteases/extracellular matrix proteins. These findings are important when establishing the culture conditions needed to obtain uniformly-sized ES-NSPC aggregates, either for use in regenerative therapies or in in vitro platforms for biomaterial development or pharmacological screening. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago L Laundos
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Assunção
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Quelhas
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Monteiro
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Expression Regulation in Cancer Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal.,Departamento de Patologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Oliveira
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Patologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pêgo
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel F Amaral
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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14
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Yan Y, Martin LM, Bosco DB, Bundy JL, Nowakowski RS, Sang QXA, Li Y. Differential effects of acellular embryonic matrices on pluripotent stem cell expansion and neural differentiation. Biomaterials 2015; 73:231-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Fridley KM, Nair R, McDevitt TC. Differential expression of extracellular matrix and growth factors by embryoid bodies in hydrodynamic and static cultures. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 20:931-40. [PMID: 25423310 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, cell fate specification and tissue development are orchestrated by the sequential presentation of soluble growth factors (GF) and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Similarly, differentiation of stem cells in vitro relies upon the temporal presence of extracellular cues within the microenvironment. Hydrodynamic culture systems are not limited by volume restrictions and therefore offer several practical advantages for scalability over static cultures; however, hydrodynamic cultures expose cells to physical parameters not present in static culture, such as fluid shear stress and mass transfer through convective forces. In this study, the differences between static and hydrodynamic culture conditions on the expression of ECM and GF molecules during the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells were examined at both the gene and protein level. The expression of ECM and GF genes exhibited an early decrease in static cultures based on heat map and hierarchical clustering analysis and a relative delayed increase in hydrodynamic cultures. Although the temporal patterns of specific ECM and GF protein expression were comparable between static and hydrodynamic cultures, several notable differences in the magnitudes of expression were observed at similar time points. These results describe the establishment of an analytical framework that can be used to examine the expression patterns of ECM and GF molecules expressed by pluripotent stem cells undergoing differentiation as 3D multicellular aggregates under different culture conditions, and suggest that physical parameters of stem cell microenvironments can alter endogenous ECM and GF expression profiles that may, in turn, influence cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Fridley
- 1 The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Dambal S, Shah M, Mihelich B, Nonn L. The microRNA-183 cluster: the family that plays together stays together. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7173-88. [PMID: 26170234 PMCID: PMC4551935 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA (miR)183 cluster, which is comprised of miRs-183, -96 and -182, is also a miR family with sequence homology. Despite the strong similarity in the sequences of these miRs, minute differences in their seed sequences result in both overlapping and distinct messenger RNA targets, which are often within the same pathway. These miRs have tightly synchronized expression during development and are required for maturation of sensory organs. In comparison to their defined role in normal development, the miR-183 family is frequently highly expressed in a variety of non-sensory diseases, including cancer, neurological and auto-immune disorders. Here, we discuss the conservation of the miR-183 cluster and the functional role of this miR family in normal development and diseases. We also describe the regulation of vital cellular pathways by coordinated expression of these miR siblings. This comprehensive review sheds light on the likely reasons why the genomic organization and seeming redundancy of the miR-183 family cluster was conserved through 600 million years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dambal
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Room 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mit Shah
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Room 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Brittany Mihelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Room 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Room 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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17
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Farouz Y, Chen Y, Terzic A, Menasché P. Concise Review: Growing Hearts in the Right Place: On the Design of Biomimetic Materials for Cardiac Stem Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1021-35. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Farouz
- Department of Chemistry, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; CNRS UMR; Paris France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U970; Paris France
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; CNRS UMR; Paris France
| | | | - Philippe Menasché
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U970; Paris France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; Paris France
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18
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Connell JP, Ruano R, Jacot JG. Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells demonstrate limited cardiac differentiation following small molecule-based modulation of Wnt signaling pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:034103. [PMID: 25784677 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/034103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSC) are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine and cardiac tissue engineering. However, a non-xenotropic differentiation protocol has not been established for cardiac differentiation of AFSC. We tested a small molecule-based modulation of Wnt signaling for directed cardiac differentiation of AFSC. Cells were treated with inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and Wnt production and secretion in a time-dependent and sequential manner, as has been demonstrated successful for cardiac differentiation of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Cells were then analyzed for gene and protein expression of markers along the cardiac lineage at multiple days during the differentiation protocol. At the midpoint of the differentiation, an increase in the percentage of AFSC expressing Islet-1, a transcription factor found in cardiac progenitor cells, and Nkx-2.5, a cardiac transcription factor, was observed. After a 15 d differentiation, a subpopulation of AFSC upregulated protein expression of smooth muscle actin, myosin light chain-2, and troponin I, all indicative of progression down a cardiac lineage. AFSC at the end of the differentiation also demonstrated organization of connexin 43, a key component of gap junctions, to cell membranes. However, no organized sarcomeres or spontaneous contraction were observed. These results demonstrate that small molecule-based modulation of Wnt signaling alone is not sufficient to generate functional cardiomyocytes from AFSC, though an upregulation of genes and proteins common to cardiac lineage cells was observed.
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19
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Tchao J, Han L, Lin B, Yang L, Tobita K. Combined biophysical and soluble factor modulation induces cardiomyocyte differentiation from human muscle derived stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6614. [PMID: 25310989 PMCID: PMC4196107 DOI: 10.1038/srep06614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cardiomyoplasty has emerged as a novel therapy to restore contractile function of injured failing myocardium. Human multipotent muscle derived stem cells (MDSC) can be a potential abundant, autologous cell source for cardiac repair. However, robust conditions for cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation are not well established for this cell type. We have developed a new method for CM differentiation from human MDSC that combines 3-dimensional artificial muscle tissue (AMT) culture with temporally controlled biophysical cell aggregation and delivery of 4 soluble factors (microRNA-206 inhibitor, IWR-1, Lithium Chloride, and BMP-4) (4F-AG-AMT). The 4F-AG-AMT displayed cardiac-like response to β-adrenergic stimulation and contractile properties. 4F-AG-AMT expressed major cardiac (NKX2-5, GATA4, TBX5, MEF2C) transcription factors and structural proteins. They also express cardiac gap-junction protein, connexin-43, similar to CMs and synchronized spontaneous calcium transients. These results highlight the importance of temporal control of biophysical and soluble factors for CM differentiation from MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tchao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Lin
- Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Kinney MA, Hookway TA, Wang Y, McDevitt TC. Engineering three-dimensional stem cell morphogenesis for the development of tissue models and scalable regenerative therapeutics. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:352-67. [PMID: 24297495 PMCID: PMC3939035 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The physiochemical stem cell microenvironment regulates the delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation. The three-dimensional assembly of stem cells facilitates cellular interactions that promote morphogenesis, analogous to the multicellular, heterotypic tissue organization that accompanies embryogenesis. Therefore, expansion and differentiation of stem cells as multicellular aggregates provides a controlled platform for studying the biological and engineering principles underlying spatiotemporal morphogenesis and tissue patterning. Moreover, three-dimensional stem cell cultures are amenable to translational screening applications and therapies, which underscores the broad utility of scalable suspension cultures across laboratory and clinical scales. In this review, we discuss stem cell morphogenesis in the context of fundamental biophysical principles, including the three-dimensional modulation of adhesions, mechanics, and molecular transport and highlight the opportunities to employ stem cell spheroids for tissue modeling, bioprocessing, and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Kinney
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tracy A. Hookway
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Todd C. McDevitt
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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