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Sangree AK, Angireddy R, Bryant LM, Layo-Carris DE, Lubin EE, Wang XM, Clark KJ, Durham EE, Bhoj EJ. A novel iPSC model of Bryant-Li-Bhoj neurodevelopmental syndrome demonstrates the role of histone H3.3 in neuronal differentiation and maturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.26.609745. [PMID: 39253491 PMCID: PMC11382994 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.26.609745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Bryant-Li-Bhoj neurodevelopmental syndrome (BLBS) is neurogenetic disorder caused by variants in H3-3A and H3-3B, the two genes that encode the histone H3.3 protein. Ninety-nine percent of individuals with BLBS show developmental delay/intellectual disability, but the mechanism by which variants in H3.3 result in these phenotypes is not yet understood. As a result, only palliative interventions are available to individuals living with BLBS. Methods Here, we investigate how one BLBS-causative variant, H3-3B p.Leu48Arg (L48R), affects neurodevelopment using an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model differentiated to 2D neural progenitor cells (NPCs), 2D forebrain neurons (FBNs), and 3D dorsal forebrain organoids (DFBOs). We employ a multi-omic approach in the 2D models to quantify the resulting changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility. We used immunofluorescence (IF) staining to define the identities of cells in the 3D DFBOs. Results In the 2D systems, we found dysregulation of both gene expression and chromatin accessibility of genes important for neuronal fate, maturation, and function in H3.3 L48R compared to control. Our work in 3D organoids corroborates these findings, demonstrating altered proportions of radial glia and mature neuronal cells. Conclusions These data provide the first mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of BLBS from a human-derived model of neurodevelopment, which suggest that the L48R increases H3-3B expression, resulting in the hyper-deposition of H3.3 into the nucleosome which underlies changes in gene expression and chromatin accessibility. Functionally, this causes dysregulation of cell adhesion, neurotransmission, and the balance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling. These results are a crucial step towards preclinical development and testing of targeted therapies for this and related disorders.
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Abdelmohsen K, Herman AB, Carr AE, Henry‐Smith CA, Rossi M, Meng Q, Yang J, Tsitsipatis D, Bangura A, Munk R, Martindale JL, Nogueras‐Ortiz CJ, Hao J, Gong Y, Liu Y, Cui C, Hartnell LM, Price NL, Ferrucci L, Kapogiannis D, de Cabo R, Gorospe M. Survey of organ-derived small extracellular vesicles and particles (sEVPs) to identify selective protein markers in mouse serum. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e106. [PMID: 37744304 PMCID: PMC10512735 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are secreted by organs across the body into different circulatory systems, including the bloodstream, and reflect pathophysiologic conditions of the organ. However, the heterogeneity of EVPs in the blood makes it challenging to determine their organ of origin. We hypothesized that small (s)EVPs (<100 nm in diameter) in the bloodstream carry distinctive protein signatures associated with each originating organ, and we investigated this possibility by studying the proteomes of sEVPs produced by six major organs (brain, liver, lung, heart, kidney, fat). We found that each organ contained distinctive sEVP proteins: 68 proteins were preferentially found in brain sEVPs, 194 in liver, 39 in lung, 15 in heart, 29 in kidney, and 33 in fat. Furthermore, we isolated sEVPs from blood and validated the presence of sEVP proteins associated with the brain (DPP6, SYT1, DNM1L), liver (FABPL, ARG1, ASGR1/2), lung (SFPTA1), heart (CPT1B), kidney (SLC31), and fat (GDN). We further discovered altered levels of these proteins in serum sEVPs prepared from old mice compared to young mice. In sum, we have cataloged sEVP proteins that can serve as potential biomarkers for organ identification in serum and show differential expression with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Allison B. Herman
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Angelica E. Carr
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Charnae’ A. Henry‐Smith
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Martina Rossi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Qiong Meng
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jen‐Hao Yang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Dimitrios Tsitsipatis
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alhassan Bangura
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rachel Munk
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Martindale
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Jon Hao
- Poochon ScientificFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Yi Gong
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Yie Liu
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Chang‐Yi Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Lisa M. Hartnell
- Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA IRPNIHBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nathan L. Price
- Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA IRPNIHBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA IRPNIHBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA IRPNIHBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program (NIA IRP)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Santarriaga S, Gerlovin K, Layadi Y, Karmacharya R. Human stem cell-based models to study synaptic dysfunction and cognition in schizophrenia: A narrative review. Schizophr Res 2023:S0920-9964(23)00084-1. [PMID: 36925354 PMCID: PMC10500041 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is the strongest predictor of functional outcomes in schizophrenia and is hypothesized to result from synaptic dysfunction. However, targeting synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits in patients remains a significant clinical challenge. A comprehensive understanding of synaptic plasticity and the molecular basis of learning and memory in a disease context can provide specific targets for the development of novel therapeutics targeting cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Here, we describe the role of synaptic plasticity in cognition, summarize evidence for synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia and demonstrate the use of patient derived induced-pluripotent stem cells for studying synaptic plasticity in vitro. Lastly, we discuss current advances and future technologies for bridging basic science research of synaptic dysfunction with clinical and translational research that can be used to predict treatment response and develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Santarriaga
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaia Gerlovin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yasmine Layadi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Chimie ParisTech, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, France
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Chemical Biology and Therapeutic Science Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
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4
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Rouleau N, Murugan NJ, Kaplan DL. Functional bioengineered models of the central nervous system. NATURE REVIEWS BIOENGINEERING 2023; 1:252-270. [PMID: 37064657 PMCID: PMC9903289 DOI: 10.1038/s44222-023-00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The functional complexity of the central nervous system (CNS) is unparalleled in living organisms. Its nested cells, circuits and networks encode memories, move bodies and generate experiences. Neural tissues can be engineered to assemble model systems that recapitulate essential features of the CNS and to investigate neurodevelopment, delineate pathophysiology, improve regeneration and accelerate drug discovery. In this Review, we discuss essential structure-function relationships of the CNS and examine materials and design considerations, including composition, scale, complexity and maturation, of cell biology-based and engineering-based CNS models. We highlight region-specific CNS models that can emulate functions of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, spinal cord, neural-X interfaces and other regions, and investigate a range of applications for CNS models, including fundamental and clinical research. We conclude with an outlook to future possibilities of CNS models, highlighting the engineering challenges that remain to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rouleau
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
| | - Nirosha J. Murugan
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA USA
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Dubonyte U, Asenjo-Martinez A, Werge T, Lage K, Kirkeby A. Current advancements of modelling schizophrenia using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:183. [PMID: 36527106 PMCID: PMC9756764 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder, with a prevalence of 1-2% world-wide and substantial health- and social care costs. The pathology is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, however the underlying cause still remains elusive. SZ has symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, confused thoughts, diminished emotional responses, social withdrawal and anhedonia. The onset of psychosis is usually in late adolescence or early adulthood. Multiple genome-wide association and whole exome sequencing studies have provided extraordinary insights into the genetic variants underlying familial as well as polygenic forms of the disease. Nonetheless, a major limitation in schizophrenia research remains the lack of clinically relevant animal models, which in turn hampers the development of novel effective therapies for the patients. The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology has allowed researchers to work with SZ patient-derived neuronal and glial cell types in vitro and to investigate the molecular basis of the disorder in a human neuronal context. In this review, we summarise findings from available studies using hiPSC-based neural models and discuss how these have provided new insights into molecular and cellular pathways of SZ. Further, we highlight different examples of how these models have shown alterations in neurogenesis, neuronal maturation, neuronal connectivity and synaptic impairment as well as mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of miRNAs in SZ patient-derived cultures compared to controls. We discuss the pros and cons of these models and describe the potential of using such models for deciphering the contribution of specific human neural cell types to the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugne Dubonyte
- Department of Neuroscience and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Asenjo-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Lage
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Agnete Kirkeby
- Department of Neuroscience and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Experimental Medical Science and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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6
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Parnell E, Culotta L, Forrest MP, Jalloul HA, Eckman BL, Loizzo DD, Horan KKE, Dos Santos M, Piguel NH, Tai DJC, Zhang H, Gertler TS, Simkin D, Sanders AR, Talkowski ME, Gejman PV, Kiskinis E, Duan J, Penzes P. Excitatory Dysfunction Drives Network and Calcium Handling Deficits in 16p11.2 Duplication Schizophrenia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Biol Psychiatry 2022:S0006-3223(22)01718-8. [PMID: 36581494 PMCID: PMC10166768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder with a large genetic contribution; however, its neurodevelopmental substrates remain largely unknown. Modeling pathogenic processes in SCZ using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (iNs) has emerged as a promising strategy. Copy number variants confer high genetic risk for SCZ, with duplication of the 16p11.2 locus increasing the risk 14.5-fold. METHODS To dissect the contribution of induced excitatory neurons (iENs) versus GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) neurons (iGNs) to SCZ pathophysiology, we induced iNs from CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 isogenic and SCZ patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and analyzed SCZ-related phenotypes in iEN monocultures and iEN/iGN cocultures. RESULTS In iEN/iGN cocultures, neuronal firing and synchrony were reduced at later, but not earlier, stages of in vitro development. These were fully recapitulated in iEN monocultures, indicating a primary role for iENs. Moreover, isogenic iENs showed reduced dendrite length and deficits in calcium handling. iENs from 16p11.2 duplication-carrying patients with SCZ displayed overlapping deficits in network synchrony, dendrite outgrowth, and calcium handling. Transcriptomic analysis of both iEN cohorts revealed molecular markers of disease related to the glutamatergic synapse, neuroarchitecture, and calcium regulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate the presence of 16p11.2 duplication-dependent alterations in SCZ patient-derived iENs. Transcriptomics and cellular phenotyping reveal overlap between isogenic and patient-derived iENs, suggesting a central role of glutamatergic, morphological, and calcium dysregulation in 16p11.2 duplication-mediated pathogenesis. Moreover, excitatory dysfunction during early neurodevelopment is implicated as the basis of SCZ pathogenesis in 16p11.2 duplication carriers. Our results support network synchrony and calcium handling as outcomes directly linked to this genetic risk variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Parnell
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lorenza Culotta
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hiba A Jalloul
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Blair L Eckman
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel D Loizzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Katherine K E Horan
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nicolas H Piguel
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Derek J C Tai
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tracy S Gertler
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Childrens Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dina Simkin
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Lin L, Petralia RS, Holtzclaw L, Wang YX, Abebe D, Hoffman DA. Alzheimer's disease/dementia-associated brain pathology in aging DPP6-KO mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105887. [PMID: 36209950 PMCID: PMC9617781 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the single transmembrane protein Dipeptidyl Peptidase Like 6 (DPP6) impacts neuronal and synaptic development. DPP6-KO mice are impaired in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory and exhibit smaller brain size. Recently, we have described novel structures in hippocampal area CA1 in aging mice, apparently derived from degenerating presynaptic terminals, that are significantly more prevalent in DPP6-KO mice compared to WT mice of the same age and that these structures were observed earlier in development in DPP6-KO mice. These novel structures appear as clusters of large puncta that colocalize NeuN, synaptophysin, and chromogranin A, and also partially label for MAP2, amyloid β, APP, α-synuclein, and phosphorylated tau, with synapsin-1 and VGluT1 labeling on their periphery. In this current study, using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, we confirm that both APP and amyloid β are prevalent in these structures; and we show with immunofluorescence the presence of similar structures in humans with Alzheimer's disease. Here we also found evidence that aging DPP6-KO mutants show additional changes related to Alzheimer's disease. We used in vivo MRI to show reduced size of the DPP6-KO brain and hippocampus. Aging DPP6-KO hippocampi contained fewer total neurons and greater neuron death and had diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease present including accumulation of amyloid β and APP and increase in expression of hyper-phosphorylated tau. The amyloid β and phosphorylated tau pathologies were associated with neuroinflammation characterized by increases in microglia and astrocytes. And levels of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines increased in aging DPP6-KO mice. We finally show that aging DPP6-KO mice display circadian dysfunction, a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease. Together these results indicate that aging DPP6-KO mice show symptoms of enhanced neurodegeneration reminiscent of dementia associated with a novel structure resulting from synapse loss and neuronal death. This study continues our laboratory's work in discerning the function of DPP6 and here provides compelling evidence of a direct role of DPP6 in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lynne Holtzclaw
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Abebe
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dax A Hoffman
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Malloy C, Ahern M, Lin L, Hoffman DA. Neuronal Roles of the Multifunctional Protein Dipeptidyl Peptidase-like 6 (DPP6). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169184. [PMID: 36012450 PMCID: PMC9409431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerted action of voltage-gated ion channels in the brain is fundamental in controlling neuronal physiology and circuit function. Ion channels often associate in multi-protein complexes together with auxiliary subunits, which can strongly influence channel expression and function and, therefore, neuronal computation. One such auxiliary subunit that displays prominent expression in multiple brain regions is the Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6 (DPP6). This protein associates with A-type K+ channels to control their cellular distribution and gating properties. Intriguingly, DPP6 has been found to be multifunctional with an additional, independent role in synapse formation and maintenance. Here, we feature the role of DPP6 in regulating neuronal function in the context of its modulation of A-type K+ channels as well as its independent involvement in synaptic development. The prevalence of DPP6 in these processes underscores its importance in brain function, and recent work has identified that its dysfunction is associated with host of neurological disorders. We provide a brief overview of these and discuss research directions currently underway to advance our understanding of the contribution of DPP6 to their etiology.
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Brandão-Teles C, Zuccoli GS, Smith BJ, Vieira GM, Crunfli F. Modeling Schizophrenia In Vitro: Challenges and Insights on Studying Brain Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1400:35-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97182-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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10
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Räsänen N, Tiihonen J, Koskuvi M, Lehtonen Š, Koistinaho J. The iPSC perspective on schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 2021; 45:8-26. [PMID: 34876311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over a decade of schizophrenia research using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural models has provided substantial data describing neurobiological characteristics of the disorder in vitro. Simultaneously, translation of the results into general mechanistic concepts underlying schizophrenia pathophysiology has been trailing behind. Given that modeling brain function using cell cultures is challenging, the gap between the in vitro models and schizophrenia as a clinical disorder has remained wide. In this review, we highlight reproducible findings and emerging trends in recent schizophrenia-related iPSC studies. We illuminate the relevance of the results in the context of human brain development, with a focus on processes coinciding with critical developmental periods for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Räsänen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Center for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Koskuvi
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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11
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Knock E, Julian LM. Building on a Solid Foundation: Adding Relevance and Reproducibility to Neurological Modeling Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:767457. [PMID: 34867204 PMCID: PMC8637745 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.767457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is our most complex and least understood organ. Animal models have long been the most versatile tools available to dissect brain form and function; however, the human brain is highly distinct from that of standard model organisms. In addition to existing models, access to human brain cells and tissues is essential to reach new frontiers in our understanding of the human brain and how to intervene therapeutically in the face of disease or injury. In this review, we discuss current and developing culture models of human neural tissue, outlining advantages over animal models and key challenges that remain to be overcome. Our principal focus is on advances in engineering neural cells and tissue constructs from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), though primary human cell and slice culture are also discussed. By highlighting studies that combine animal models and human neural cell culture techniques, we endeavor to demonstrate that clever use of these orthogonal model systems produces more reproducible, physiological, and clinically relevant data than either approach alone. We provide examples across a range of topics in neuroscience research including brain development, injury, and cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric conditions. Finally, as testing of PSC-derived neurons for cell replacement therapy progresses, we touch on the advancements that are needed to make this a clinical mainstay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Knock
- Research and Development, STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa M Julian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Fritschi L, Lindmar JH, Scheidl F, Lenk K. Neuronal and Astrocytic Regulations in Schizophrenia: A Computational Modelling Study. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:718459. [PMID: 34512269 PMCID: PMC8428975 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.718459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the tripartite synapse model, astrocytes have a modulatory effect on neuronal signal transmission. More recently, astrocyte malfunction has been associated with psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia. Several hypotheses have been proposed on the pathological mechanisms of astrocytes in schizophrenia. For example, post-mortem examinations have revealed a reduced astrocytic density in patients with schizophrenia. Another hypothesis suggests that disease symptoms are linked to an abnormality of glutamate transmission, which is also regulated by astrocytes (glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia). Electrophysiological findings indicate a dispute over whether the disorder causes an increase or a decrease in neuronal and astrocytic activity. Moreover, there is no consensus as to which molecular pathways and network mechanisms are altered in schizophrenia. Computational models can aid the process in finding the underlying pathological malfunctions. The effect of astrocytes on the activity of neuron-astrocyte networks has been analysed with computational models. These can reproduce experimentally observed phenomena, such as astrocytic modulation of spike and burst signalling in neuron-astrocyte networks. Using an established computational neuron-astrocyte network model, we simulate experimental data of healthy and pathological networks by using different neuronal and astrocytic parameter configurations. In our simulations, the reduction of neuronal or astrocytic cell densities yields decreased glutamate levels and a statistically significant reduction in the network activity. Amplifications of the astrocytic ATP release toward postsynaptic terminals also reduced the network activity and resulted in temporarily increased glutamate levels. In contrast, reducing either the glutamate release or re-uptake in astrocytes resulted in higher network activities. Similarly, an increase in synaptic weights of excitatory or inhibitory neurons raises the excitability of individual cells and elevates the activation level of the network. To conclude, our simulations suggest that the impairment of both neurons and astrocytes disturbs the neuronal network activity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Fritschi
- Department of Mathematics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Scheidl
- Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Lenk
- Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group (CBIG), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, BioMediTech, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
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