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Hazrati R, Davaran S, Keyhanvar P, Soltani S, Alizadeh E. A Systematic Review of Stem Cell Differentiation into Keratinocytes for Regenerative Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:362-393. [PMID: 37922106 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
To improve wound healing or treatment of other skin diseases, and provide model cells for skin biology studies, in vitro differentiation of stem cells into keratinocyte-like cells (KLCs) is very desirable in regenerative medicine. This study examined the most recent advancements in in vitro differentiation of stem cells into KLCs, the effect of biofactors, procedures, and preparation for upcoming clinical cases. A range of stem cells with different origins could be differentiated into KLCs under appropriate conditions. The most effective ways of stem cell differentiation into keratinocytes were found to include the co-culture with primary epithelial cells and keratinocytes, and a cocktail of growth factors, cytokines, and small molecules. KLCs should also be supported by biomaterials for the extracellular matrix (ECM), which replicate the composition and functionality of the in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) and, thus, support their phenotypic and functional characteristics. The detailed efficient characterization of different factors, and their combinations, could make it possible to find the significant inducers for stem cell differentiation into epidermal lineage. Moreover, it allows the development of chemically known media for directing multi-step differentiation procedures.In conclusion, the differentiation of stem cells to KLCs is feasible and KLCs were used in experimental, preclinical, and clinical trials. However, the translation of KLCs from in vitro investigational system to clinically valuable cells is challenging and extremely slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Hazrati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Peyman Keyhanvar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Somaieh Soltani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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2
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Abstract
The human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) differentiation has allowed for the generation of in vitro models to study human diseases in a dish. This protocol describes the generation of keratinocyte-like cells from hPSCs in chemically defined media. Treating hPSCs with retinoic acid and BMP4 induced the generation of keratinocyte progenitors, which further differentiated into mature keratinocytes in the presence of calcium. The keratinocytes generated with this protocol could be used to study keratinocyte biology, drug screening, and skin-related diseases. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ali et al. (2020). Protocol for differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into epidermal keratinocytes Step-by-step guide for evaluating the keratinocyte differentiation efficiency Retinoic acid (RA) and BMP4 induce keratinocyte progenitor differentiation Addition of calcium enhances the maturation of epidermal keratinocyte
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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3
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Ahmed MM, Cushman CH, DeCaprio JA. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: Oncogenesis in a Stable Genome. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010058. [PMID: 35062263 PMCID: PMC8781562 DOI: 10.3390/v14010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) is the causative agent for the majority of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) cases. Polyomavirus-associated MCC (MCCP) is characterized by the integration of MCV DNA into the tumor genome and a low tumor mutational burden. In contrast, nonviral MCC (MCCN) is characterized by a high tumor mutational burden induced by UV damage. Since the discovery of MCV, much work in the field has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis driven by the MCV tumor (T) antigens. Here, we review our current understanding of how the activities of large T (LT) and small T (ST) promote MCC oncogenesis in the absence of genomic instability. We highlight how both LT and ST inhibit tumor suppressors to evade growth suppression, an important cancer hallmark. We discuss ST interactions with cellular proteins, with an emphasis on those that contribute to sustaining proliferative signaling. Finally, we examine active areas of research into open questions in the field, including the origin of MCC and mechanisms of viral integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Ahmed
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (M.M.A.); (C.H.C.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Camille H. Cushman
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (M.M.A.); (C.H.C.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (M.M.A.); (C.H.C.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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Ali G, Elsayed AK, Nandakumar M, Bashir M, Younis I, Abu Aqel Y, Memon B, Temanni R, Abubaker F, Taheri S, Abdelalim EM. Keratinocytes Derived from Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Recapitulate the Genetic Signature of Psoriasis Disease. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:383-400. [PMID: 31996098 PMCID: PMC7153648 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation and defective differentiation of keratinocytes (KCs). Patients with psoriasis are at a high risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The debate on the genetic origin of psoriasis pathogenesis remains unresolved due to lack of suitable in vitro human models mimicking the disease phenotypes. In this study, we provide the first human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model for psoriasis carrying the genetic signature of the patients. iPSCs were generated from patients with psoriasis (PsO-iPSCs) and healthy donors (Ctr-iPSCs) and were efficiently differentiated into mature KCs. RNA sequencing of KCs derived from Ctr-iPSCs and PsO-iPSCs identified 361 commonly upregulated and 412 commonly downregulated genes. KCs derived from PsO-iPSCs showed dysregulated transcripts associated with psoriasis and KC differentiation, such as HLA-C, KLF4, chemokines, type I interferon-inducible genes, solute carrier family, IVL, DSG1, and HLA-DQA1, as well as transcripts associated with insulin resistance, such as IRS2, GDF15, GLUT10, and GLUT14. Our data suggest that the KC abnormalities are the main driver triggering psoriasis pathology and highlights the substantial contribution of genetic predisposition in the development of psoriasis and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowher Ali
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed K Elsayed
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Manjula Nandakumar
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Bashir
- Department of Endocrinology, Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ihab Younis
- Biological Sciences Program, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasmin Abu Aqel
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bushra Memon
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ramzi Temanni
- Biomedical Informatics Division, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fadhil Abubaker
- Computer Sciences Program, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahrad Taheri
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Research Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Essam M Abdelalim
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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5
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Bal-Öztürk A, Miccoli B, Avci-Adali M, Mogtader F, Sharifi F, Çeçen B, Yaşayan G, Braeken D, Alarcin E. Current Strategies and Future Perspectives of Skin-on-a-Chip Platforms: Innovations, Technical Challenges and Commercial Outlook. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5437-5457. [PMID: 30727878 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206195304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest and most exposed organ in the human body. Not only it is involved in numerous biological processes essential for life but also it represents a significant endpoint for the application of pharmaceuticals. The area of in vitro skin tissue engineering has been progressing extensively in recent years. Advanced in vitro human skin models strongly impact the discovery of new drugs thanks to the enhanced screening efficiency and reliability. Nowadays, animal models are largely employed at the preclinical stage of new pharmaceutical compounds development for both risk assessment evaluation and pharmacokinetic studies. On the other hand, animal models often insufficiently foresee the human reaction due to the variations in skin immunity and physiology. Skin-on-chips devices offer innovative and state-of-the-art platforms essential to overcome these limitations. In the present review, we focus on the contribution of skin-on-chip platforms in fundamental research and applied medical research. In addition, we also highlighted the technical and practical difficulties that must be overcome to enhance skin-on-chip platforms, e.g. embedding electrical measurements, for improved modeling of human diseases as well as of new drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Bal-Öztürk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstinye University, 34010, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beatrice Miccoli
- Imec, Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meltem Avci-Adali
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstraße 7/1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ferzaneh Mogtader
- Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey,NanoBMT, Cyberpark, Bilkent 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Berivan Çeçen
- Biomechanics Department, Institute of Health Science, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciraltı, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Yaşayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34668, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dries Braeken
- Imec, Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Emine Alarcin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34668, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Abstract
The normal wound healing process involves a well-organized cascade of biological pathways and any failure in this process leads to wounds becoming chronic. Non-healing wounds are a burden on healthcare systems and set to increase with aging population and growing incidences of obesity and diabetes. Stem cell-based therapies have the potential to heal chronic wounds but have so far seen little success in the clinic. Current research has been focused on using polymeric biomaterial systems that can act as a niche for these stem cells to improve their survival and paracrine activity that would eventually promote wound healing. Furthermore, different modification strategies have been developed to improve stem cell survival and differentiation, ultimately promoting regenerative wound healing. This review focuses on advanced polymeric scaffolds that have been used to deliver stem cells and have been tested for their efficiency in preclinical animal models of wounds.
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7
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Akhavan-Tavakoli M, Fard M, Khanjani S, Zare S, Edalatkhah H, Mehrabani D, Zarnani AH, Shirazi R, Kazemnejad S. In vitro differentiation of menstrual blood stem cells into keratinocytes: A potential approach for management of wound healing. Biologicals 2017; 48:66-73. [PMID: 28579353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin wounds caused by insults should be treated immediately to restore the functions and integrity. Recent studies suggest that stem cells-based therapies may be applicable in wound healing. Newly defined menstrual blood-derived stem cells (MenSCs) show high rate of cell proliferation and trans-differentiation potency to various cell types. However, MenSCs potential to generate keratinocyte for future therapeutic use of skin lesions has been remained to investigate. We cultivated MenSCs in the presence of isolated foreskin derived-keratinocytes using an indirect co-culture system and evaluated efficiency of this protocol to generate keratinocytes using immunofluorescent staining and Real Time PCR technique. Our results showed that differentiated keratinocytes express epidermal/keratinocytes lineage specific markers such as K14, p63, and involucrin at both mRNA and protein levels. Immunofluorescent staining showed the expression of involucrin and K14 in differentiated cells in contrast to undifferentiated cells. Moreover, mRNA expression levels of K14 (11.1 folds, p = 0.001), p63 (10.23 folds, p = 0.001), and involucrin (2.94 folds, p = 0.001) were higher in differentiated MenSCs compared to non-cocultured cells. Therefore, we firstly presented evidence about differentiation capability of MenSCs into epidermal/keratinocytes lineage. Considering the advantages of MenSCs such as great accessibility, these stem cells are promising for stem cells-based therapies of skin defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akhavan-Tavakoli
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Maryam Fard
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Sayeh Khanjani
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sona Zare
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Haleh Edalatkhah
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir-Hassan Zarnani
- Nanobiotechnology Research Centre, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Shirazi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somaieh Kazemnejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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van den Broek LJ, Bergers LIJC, Reijnders CMA, Gibbs S. Progress and Future Prospectives in Skin-on-Chip Development with Emphasis on the use of Different Cell Types and Technical Challenges. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:418-429. [PMID: 28536890 PMCID: PMC5486511 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the healthy and diseased state of skin is important in many areas of basic and applied research. Although the field of skin tissue engineering has advanced greatly over the last years, current in vitro skin models still do not mimic the complexity of the human skin. Skin-on-chip and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) might be key technologies to improve in vitro skin models. This review summarizes the state of the art of in vitro skin models with regard to cell sources (primary, cell line, iPSC) and microfluidic devices. It can be concluded that iPSC have the potential to be differentiated into many kinds of immunologically matched cells and skin-on-chip technology might lead to more physiologically relevant skin models due to the controlled environment, possible exchange of immune cells, and an increased barrier function. Therefore the combination of iPSC and skin-on-chip is expected to lead to superior healthy and diseased in vitro skin models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Li Q, Zhang C, Fu X. Will stem cells bring hope to pathological skin scar treatment? Cytotherapy 2016; 18:943-956. [PMID: 27293205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological skin scars, such as keloids, aesthetically and psychosocially affect patients. The quest for scar reduction and the increasing recognition of patient satisfaction has led to the continued exploration of scar treatment. Stem cells are a promising source for tissue repair and regeneration. The multi-potency and secretory functions of these cells could offer possible treatments for pathological scars and have been examined in recent studies. Here, we analyze the factors that influence the formation of pathological skin scars, summarize recent research on pathological scar treatment with stem cells and elaborate on the possible mechanisms of this treatment. Additionally, other effects of stem cell treatments are also presented while evaluating potential side effects of stem cell-based pathological scar treatments. Thus, this review may provide meaningful guidance in the clinic for scar treatments with stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Li
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.
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10
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Lungova V, Leydon C, Thibeault S. Derivation of Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells as an In Vitro Model of Vocal Mucosa. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1307:237-243. [PMID: 25403465 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vocal fold epithelial cells are very difficult to study as the vocal fold epithelial cell lines do not exist and they cannot be removed from the healthy larynx without engendering a significant and unacceptable risk to vocal fold function. Here, we describe the procedure to create an engineered vocal fold tissue construct consisting of the scaffold composed of the collagen 1 gel seeded with human fibroblasts and simple epithelial progenitors seeded on the scaffold and cultivated at air-liquid interface for 19-21 days to derive the stratified squamous epithelium. This model of vocal fold mucosa is very similar in morphology, gene expression, and phenotypic characteristics to native vocal fold epithelial cells and the underlying lamina propria and, therefore, offers a promising approach to studying vocal fold biology and biomechanics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasta Lungova
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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11
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Movahednia MM, Kidwai FK, Jokhun DS, Squier CA, Toh WS, Cao T. Potential applications of keratinocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:58-70. [PMID: 26663861 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although skin grafting is one of the most advanced cell therapy technique, wide application of skin substitutes is hampered by the difficulty in securing sufficient amount of epidermal substitute. Additionally, in understanding the progression of skin aging and disease, and in screening the cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, there is lack of a satisfactory human skin-specific in vitro model. Recently, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been proposed as an unlimited and reliable cell source to obtain almost all cell types present in the human body. This review focuses on the potential off-the-shelf use of hESC-derived keratinocytes for future clinical applications as well as a powerful in vitro skin model to study skin function and integrity, host-pathogen interactions and disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the industrial applications of hESC-derived keratinized multi-layer epithelium which provides a human-like test platform for understanding disease pathogenesis, evaluation of new therapeutic modalities and assessment of the safety and efficacy of skin cosmetics and therapeutics. Overall, we conclude that the hESC-derived keratinocytes have great potential for clinical, research and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahad K Kidwai
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doorgesh S Jokhun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher A Squier
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology & Medicine, and Dows, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Fibroblast heterogeneity and its implications for engineering organotypic skin models in vitro. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:483-512. [PMID: 26344860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cell culture methods, multidisciplinary research, clinical need to replace lost skin tissues and regulatory need to replace animal models with alternative test methods has led to development of three dimensional models of human skin. In general, these in vitro models of skin consist of keratinocytes cultured over fibroblast-populated dermal matrices. Accumulating evidences indicate that mesenchyme-derived signals are essential for epidermal morphogenesis, homeostasis and differentiation. Various studies show that fibroblasts isolated from different tissues in the body are dynamic in nature and are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous subpopulations. Further, these differences seem to be dictated by the local biological and physical microenvironment the fibroblasts reside resulting in "positional identity or memory". Furthermore, the heterogeneity among the fibroblasts play a critical role in scarless wound healing and complete restoration of native tissue architecture in fetus and oral mucosa; and excessive scar formation in diseased states like keloids and hypertrophic scars. In this review, we summarize current concepts about the heterogeneity among fibroblasts and their role in various wound healing environments. Further, we contemplate how the insights on fibroblast heterogeneity could be applied for the development of next generation organotypic skin models.
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13
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Sebastiano V, Zhen HH, Haddad B, Derafshi BH, Bashkirova E, Melo SP, Wang P, Leung TL, Siprashvili Z, Tichy A, Li J, Ameen M, Hawkins J, Lee S, Li L, Schwertschkow A, Bauer G, Lisowski L, Kay MA, Kim SK, Lane AT, Wernig M, Oro AE. Human COL7A1-corrected induced pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:264ra163. [PMID: 25429056 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) lack functional type VII collagen owing to mutations in the gene COL7A1 and suffer severe blistering and chronic wounds that ultimately lead to infection and development of lethal squamous cell carcinoma. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the ability to edit the genome bring the possibility to provide definitive genetic therapy through corrected autologous tissues. We generated patient-derived COL7A1-corrected epithelial keratinocyte sheets for autologous grafting. We demonstrate the utility of sequential reprogramming and adenovirus-associated viral genome editing to generate corrected iPSC banks. iPSC-derived keratinocytes were produced with minimal heterogeneity, and these cells secreted wild-type type VII collagen, resulting in stratified epidermis in vitro in organotypic cultures and in vivo in mice. Sequencing of corrected cell lines before tissue formation revealed heterogeneity of cancer-predisposing mutations, allowing us to select COL7A1-corrected banks with minimal mutational burden for downstream epidermis production. Our results provide a clinical platform to use iPSCs in the treatment of debilitating genodermatoses, such as RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Sebastiano
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hanson Hui Zhen
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Bahareh Haddad Derafshi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizaveta Bashkirova
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandra P Melo
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas L Leung
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zurab Siprashvili
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Tichy
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mohammed Ameen
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Hawkins
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susie Lee
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lingjie Li
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Schwertschkow
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Kay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alfred T Lane
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Epidermal growth factor mediated healing in stem cell-derived vocal fold mucosa. J Surg Res 2015; 197:32-8. [PMID: 25818979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of vocal fold wound healing is the reconstitution of functional tissue, including a structurally and functionally intact epithelium. Mechanisms underlying reepithelialization in vocal folds are not known, although it is suspected that healing involves the interplay between several growth factors. We used a three-dimensional human embryonic stem cell-derived model of vocal fold mucosa to examine the effects of one growth factor, exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF), on wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS A scratch wound was created in the in vitro model. Rate of wound healing, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation, and cell proliferation after injury were analyzed with and without application of both exogenous EGF and an EGFR inhibitor, gefitinib. RESULTS Wound repair after injury was significantly hastened by application of exogenous EGF (13.3 μm/h, ± 2.63) compared with absence of exogenous EGF (7.1 μm/h ± 2.84), but inhibited with concurrent addition of Gefitinib (5.2 μm/h, ± 2.23), indicating that EGF mediates wound healing in an EGFR-dependent manner. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EGFR activation occurred only in the presence of exogenous EGF. Although not statistically significant, increased density of Ki67 staining in the epithelium adjacent to the scratch wound was observed after treatment with EGF, suggesting a tendency for exogenous EGF to increase epithelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous EGF increases the rate of wound healing in an EGFR-dependent manner in a three-dimensional stem cell-derived model of vocal fold mucosa. This model of wound healing can be used to gain insight into the mechanisms that regulate vocal fold epithelial repair after injury.
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15
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Couteaudier M, Trapp-Fragnet L, Auger N, Courvoisier K, Pain B, Denesvre C, Vautherot JF. Derivation of keratinocytes from chicken embryonic stem cells: establishment and characterization of differentiated proliferative cell populations. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:224-37. [PMID: 25702531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A common challenge in avian cell biology is the generation of differentiated cell-lines, especially in the keratinocyte lineage. Only a few avian cell-lines are available and very few of them show an interesting differentiation profile. During the last decade, mammalian embryonic stem cell-lines were shown to differentiate into almost all lineages, including keratinocytes. Although chicken embryonic stem cells had been obtained in the 1990s, few differentiation studies toward the ectodermal lineage were reported. Consequently, we explored the differentiation of chicken embryonic stem cells toward the keratinocyte lineage by using a combination of stromal induction, ascorbic acid, BMP4 and chicken serum. During the induction period, we observed a downregulation of pluripotency markers and an upregulation of epidermal markers. Three homogenous cell populations were derived, which were morphologically similar to chicken primary keratinocytes, displaying intracellular lipid droplets in almost every pavimentous cell. These cells could be serially passaged without alteration of their morphology and showed gene and protein expression profiles of epidermal markers similar to chicken primary keratinocytes. These cells represent an alternative to the isolation of chicken primary keratinocytes, being less cumbersome to handle and reducing the number of experimental animals used for the preparation of primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Couteaudier
- INRA, UMR 1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, Biova Team, Centre INRA de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Laëtitia Trapp-Fragnet
- INRA, UMR 1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, Biova Team, Centre INRA de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Nicolas Auger
- INRA, UMR 1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, Biova Team, Centre INRA de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Katia Courvoisier
- INRA, UMR 1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, Biova Team, Centre INRA de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Bertrand Pain
- INRA, USC 1361, INSERM U846, Université Lyon 1, U846 S, Institut Cellules Souches et Cerveau, F-69500 Bron, France.
| | - Caroline Denesvre
- INRA, UMR 1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, Biova Team, Centre INRA de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Jean-François Vautherot
- INRA, UMR 1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, Biova Team, Centre INRA de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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16
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Zhang C, Chen Y, Fu X. Sweat gland regeneration after burn injury: is stem cell therapy a new hope? Cytotherapy 2014; 17:526-35. [PMID: 25533933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are the seeds of tissue repair and regeneration and a promising source for novel therapies. The skin of patients with an extensive deep burn injury is repaired by a hypertrophic scar without regeneration of sweat glands and therefore loses the function of perspiration. Stem cell therapy provides the possibility of sweat gland regeneration. In particular, recent studies have reported the reprogramming of mesenchymal stromal cells into sweat gland-like (SGL) cells. We present an overview of recent researches into sweat gland regeneration with stem cells. Difficulties of sweat gland regeneration after deep burns have been elaborated. The advantage and disadvantage of several stem cell types in sweat gland regeneration have been discussed. Additionally, the possible mechanisms for reprogramming stem cells to SGL cells are summarized. A brief discussion on clinical application of stem cell-derived SGL cells is also presented. This review may possibly provide some implications for sweat gland regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Zhang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Stem Cell and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, PR China
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17
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Zonari A, Cerqueira MT, Novikoff S, Goes AM, Marques AP, Correlo VM, Reis RL. Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co
-hydroxyvalerate) Bilayer Skin Tissue Engineering Constructs with Improved Epidermal Rearrangement. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:977-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zonari
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology; Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais; Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Mariana T. Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Silviene Novikoff
- Department of Nephrology; Federal University of São Paulo; CEP: 04.023-900 São Paulo- SP Brazil
| | - Alfredo M. Goes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology; Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais; Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Alexandra P. Marques
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Vitor M. Correlo
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães; Portugal
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18
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Tilling T, Wladykowski E, Failla AV, Houdek P, Brandner JM, Moll I. Immunohistochemical analyses point to epidermal origin of human Merkel cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 141:407-21. [PMID: 24292845 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cells, the neurosecretory cells of skin, are essential for light-touch responses and may probably fulfill additional functions. Whether these cells derive from an epidermal or a neural lineage has been a matter of dispute for a long time. In mice, recent studies have clearly demonstrated an epidermal origin of Merkel cells. Given the differences in Merkel cell distribution between human and murine skin, it is, however, unclear whether the same holds true for human Merkel cells. We therefore attempted to gain insight into the human Merkel cell lineage by co-immunodetection of the Merkel cell marker protein cytokeratin 20 (CK20) with various proteins known to be expressed either in epidermal or in neural stem cells of the skin. Neither Sox10 nor Pax3, both established markers of the neural crest lineage, exhibited any cell co-labeling with CK20. By contrast, β1 integrin, known to be enriched in epidermal stem cells, was found in nearly 70 % of interfollicular epidermal and 25 % of follicular Merkel cells. Moreover, LRIG1, also enriched in epidermal stem cells, displayed significant co-immunolabeling with CK20 as well (approximately 20 % in the interfollicular epidermis and 7 % in the hair follicle, respectively). Further epidermal markers were detected in sporadic Merkel cells. Cells co-expressing CK20 with epidermal markers may represent a transitory state between stem cells and differentiated cells. β1 integrin is probably also synthesized by a large subset of mature Merkel cells. Summarizing, our data suggest that human Merkel cells may originate from epidermal rather than neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tilling
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany,
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19
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Hazeltine LB, Selekman JA, Palecek SP. Engineering the human pluripotent stem cell microenvironment to direct cell fate. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1002-19. [PMID: 23510904 PMCID: PMC3758782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, offer a potential cell source for research, drug screening, and regenerative medicine applications due to their unique ability to self-renew or differentiate to any somatic cell type. Before the full potential of hPSCs can be realized, robust protocols must be developed to direct their fate. Cell fate decisions are based on components of the surrounding microenvironment, including soluble factors, substrate or extracellular matrix, cell-cell interactions, mechanical forces, and 2D or 3D architecture. Depending on their spatio-temporal context, these components can signal hPSCs to either self-renew or differentiate to cell types of the ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm. Researchers working at the interface of engineering and biology have identified various factors which can affect hPSC fate, often based on lessons from embryonic development, and they have utilized this information to design in vitro niches which can reproducibly direct hPSC fate. This review highlights culture systems that have been engineered to promote self-renewal or differentiation of hPSCs, with a focus on studies that have elucidated the contributions of specific microenvironmental cues in the context of those culture systems. We propose the use of microsystem technologies for high-throughput screening of spatial-temporal presentation of cues, as this has been demonstrated to be a powerful approach for differentiating hPSCs to desired cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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20
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Bi H, Jin Y. Current progress of skin tissue engineering: Seed cells, bioscaffolds, and construction strategies. BURNS & TRAUMA 2013; 1:63-72. [PMID: 27574627 PMCID: PMC4978104 DOI: 10.4103/2321-3868.118928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of cell biology, molecular biology, and material science, has been propelling biomimic tissue-engineered skins to become more sophisticated in scientificity and more simplified in practicality. In order to improve the safety, durability, elasticity, biocompatibility, and clinical efficacy of tissue-engineered skin, several powerful seed cells have already found their application in wound repair, and a variety of bioactive scaff olds have been discovered to influence cell fate in epidermogenesis. These exuberant interests provide insights into advanced construction strategies for complex skin mimics. Based on these exciting developments, a complete full-thickness tissue-engineered skin is likely to be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjing Bi
- Xi’an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Xi’an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, College of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Leydon C, Selekman JA, Palecek S, Thibeault SL. Human embryonic stem cell-derived epithelial cells in a novel in vitro model of vocal mucosa. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2233-41. [PMID: 23672433 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A satisfactory in vitro model of vocal fold mucosa does not exist, thus precluding a systematic, controlled study of vocal fold biology and biomechanics. We sought to create a valid, reproducible three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of human origin of vocal fold mucosa of human origin. We hypothesized that coculture of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived simple epithelial cells with primary vocal fold fibroblasts under appropriate conditions would elicit morphogenesis of progenitor cells into vocal fold epithelial-like cells and creation of a basement membrane. Using an in vitro prospective study design, hESCs were differentiated into cells that coexpressed the simple epithelial cell marker, keratin 18 (K18), and the transcription factor, p63. These simple epithelial cells were cocultured with primary vocal fold fibroblasts seeded in a collagen gel scaffold. The cells were cultured for 3 weeks in a keratinocyte medium at an air-liquid interface. After that time, the engineered mucosa demonstrated a stratified, squamous epithelium and a continuous basement membrane recapitulating the key morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of native vocal fold mucosa. hESC-derived epithelial cells exhibited positive staining for vocal fold stratified, squamous epithelial markers, keratin 13 (K13) and 14 (K14), as well as tight junctions, adherens junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes. Despite the presence of components critical for epithelial structural integrity, the epithelium demonstrated greater permeability than native tissue indicating compromised functional integrity. While further work is warranted to improve functional barrier integrity, this study demonstrates that hESC-derived epithelial progenitor cells can be engineered to create a replicable 3D in vitro model of vocal fold mucosa featuring a multilayered, terminally differentiated epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Leydon
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
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22
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Stem cells of the skin and cornea: their clinical applications in regenerative medicine. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 16:83-9. [PMID: 21150608 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32834254f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The use of stem cells is of great interest for the treatment of various pathologies and ultimately for the restoration of organ function. Progress pointing towards future treatments of skin and corneal epithelial stem cell defects are reviewed, including the transplantation of living tissue-engineered substitutes. RECENT FINDINGS This article focuses on substitutes optimized for permanent replacement of skin and cornea. New skin substitutes for burn care are currently under development. More complex tissue-engineered skin substitutes in which stroma, adipose tissue, capillaries, and neurons are combined with the epithelium are being developed. Some dermal/epidermal substitutes have been applied to the treatment of patients. Cultured corneal epithelial cells have been characterized and more complete corneal substitutes are being designed. Long-term clinical results on the transplantation of cultured corneal stem cells for the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency have been reported. SUMMARY Advances in tissue engineering for the development of substitutes that will benefit patients suffering from skin or corneal stem cell deficiencies are reviewed. These products are often a combination of cells, scaffolds and other factors. Key considerations in the development of corneal and skin substitutes for clinical applications are discussed.
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23
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Selekman JA, Grundl NJ, Kolz JM, Palecek SP. Efficient generation of functional epithelial and epidermal cells from human pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:949-60. [PMID: 23560510 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have an unparalleled potential to generate limitless quantities of any somatic cell type. However, current methods for producing populations of various somatic cell types from hPSCs are generally not standardized and typically incorporate undefined cell culture components often resulting in variable differentiation efficiencies and poor reproducibility. To address this, we have developed a defined approach for generating epithelial progenitor and epidermal cells from hPSCs. In doing so, we have identified an optimal starting cell density to maximize yield and maintain high purity of K18+/p63+ simple epithelial progenitors. In addition, we have shown that the use of synthetic, defined substrates in lieu of Matrigel and gelatin can successfully facilitate efficient epithelial differentiation, maintaining a high (>75%) purity of K14+/p63+ keratinocyte progenitor cells and at a two to threefold higher yield than a previously reported undefined differentiation method. These K14+/p63+ cells also exhibited a higher expansion potential compared to cells generated using an undefined differentiation protocol and were able to terminally differentiate and recapitulate an epidermal tissue architecture in vitro. In summary, we have demonstrated the production of populations of functional epithelial and epidermal cells from multiple hPSC lines using a new, completely defined differentiation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Selekman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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24
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The Quest to Derive Keratinocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Lian X, Selekman J, Bao X, Hsiao C, Zhu K, Palecek SP. A small molecule inhibitor of SRC family kinases promotes simple epithelial differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60016. [PMID: 23527294 PMCID: PMC3603942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide unprecedented opportunities to study the earliest stages of human development in vitro and have the potential to provide unlimited new sources of cells for regenerative medicine. Although previous studies have reported cytokeratin 14+/p63+ keratinocyte generation from hPSCs, the multipotent progenitors of epithelial lineages have not been described and the developmental pathways regulating epithelial commitment remain largely unknown. Here we report membrane localization of β-catenin during retinoic acid (RA)--induced epithelial differentiation. In addition hPSC treatment with the Src family kinase inhibitor SU6656 modulated β-catenin localization and produced an enriched population of simple epithelial cells under defined culture conditions. SU6656 strongly upregulated expression of cytokeratins 18 and 8 (K18/K8), which are expressed in simple epithelial cells, while repressing expression of the pluripotency gene Oct4. This homogeneous population of K18+K8+Oct4- simple epithelial precursor cells can further differentiate into cells expressing keratinocyte or corneal-specific markers. These enriched hPSC-derived simple epithelial cells may provide a ready source for development and toxicology cell models and may serve as a progenitor for epithelial cell transplantation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lian
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joshua Selekman
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cheston Hsiao
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kexian Zhu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Palecek
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kidwai FK, Cao T, Lu K. Differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes from human embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1195:13-22. [PMID: 24281868 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
For many years, cell therapies have been hampered by limited availability and inter-batch variability of primary cells. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) can give rise to specialized cells like keratinocytes and recently emerged as a virtually unlimited source of potential therapeutic cells. However, xenogeneic components in differentiation cocktails have been limiting the clinical potential of hESC-derived keratinocytes (hESCs-Kert). Here, we demonstrated efficient differentiation of H9 human embryonic stem cells (H9-hESCs) into keratinocytes (H9-Kert(ACC)) in an autogenic co-culture system. We used activin as the main factor to induce keratinocyte differentiation. H9-Kert(ACC) expressed keratinocyte markers at mRNA and protein levels. Establishment of such animal-free microenvironment for keratinocyte differentiation will accelerate potential clinical application of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad K Kidwai
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Which are the cells of origin in merkel cell carcinoma? J Skin Cancer 2012; 2012:680410. [PMID: 23304516 PMCID: PMC3530849 DOI: 10.1155/2012/680410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a highly aggressive skin tumour with increasing incidence, is associated with the newly discovered Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Studies on MCC and MCPyV as well as other risk factors have significantly increased our knowledge of MCC pathogenesis, but the cells of origin, which could be important targets in future therapies, are still unknown. Merkel cells (MCs), the neuroendocrine cells of the skin, were believed to be at the origin of MCC due to their phenotypic similarities. However, for several reasons, for example, heterogeneous differentiation of MCCs and postmitotic character of MCs, it is not very likely that MCC develops from differentiated MCs. Skin stem cells, probably from the epidermal lineage, are more likely to be cells of origin in MCC. Future studies will have to address these questions more directly in order to identify the physiological cells which are transformed to MCC cells.
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28
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Cerqueira MT, Marques AP, Reis RL. Using stem cells in skin regeneration: possibilities and reality. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:1201-14. [PMID: 22188597 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered skin has a long history of clinical applications, yet current treatments are not capable of completely regenerating normal, uninjured skin. Nonetheless, the field has experienced a tremendous development in the past 10 years, encountering the summit of tissue engineering (TE) and the arising of stem cell research. Since then, unique features of these cells such as self-renewal capacity, multi-lineage differentiation potential, and wound healing properties have been highlighted. However, a realistic perspective of their outcome in skin regenerative medicine applications is still absent. This review intends to discuss the directions that adult and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can take, strengthening the skin regeneration field. Distinctively, a critical overview of stem cells' differentiation potential onto skin main lineages, along with a highlight of their participation in wound healing mechanisms, is herein provided. We aim to compile and review significant work to allow a better understanding of the best skin TE approaches, enabling the embodiment of the materialization of a new era in skin regeneration to come, with a conscious overview of the current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Teixeira Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group--Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
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29
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Petrova A, Ilic D, McGrath JA. Stem cell therapies for recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:1149-56. [PMID: 20716209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermis is composed of a stratified squamous epithelium that provides a mechanical barrier against the external environment and which is renewed every 3-4 weeks by resident stem cells in the epidermis. However, in the inherited skin fragility disorder, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), there is recurrent trauma-induced subepidermal blistering that disrupts epidermal homeostasis and is likely to deplete the epidermal stem cell pool. This review article discusses the nature of epidermal stem cells and other stem cell populations in the skin, as well as other possible extracutaneous sources of stem cells, that might have physiological or therapeutic relevance to cell therapy approaches for RDEB. Strategies to identify, create and use cells with multipotent or pluripotent properties are explored and current clinical experience of stem cell therapy in RDEB is reviewed. There is currently no single optimal therapy for patients with RDEB, but cell therapy technologies are evolving and hold great potential for modifying disease severity and improving quality of life for people living with RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petrova
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Dermatology Research Laboratories, Floor 9 Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Ho HY, Moffat RC, Patel RV, Awah FN, Baloue K, Crowe DL. Embryoid body attachment to reconstituted basement membrane induces a genetic program of epithelial differentiation via jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:144-56. [PMID: 20627232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from early stage mammalian embryos and have broad developmental potential. These cells can be manipulated experimentally to generate cells of multiple tissue types which could be important in treating human diseases. The ability to produce relevant amounts of these differentiated cell populations creates the basis for clinical interventions in tissue regeneration and repair. Understanding how embryonic stem cells differentiate also can reveal important insights into cell biology. A previously reported mouse embryonic stem cell model demonstrated that differentiated epithelial cells migrated out of embryoid bodies attached to reconstituted basement membrane. We used genomic technology to profile ES cell populations in order to understand the molecular mechanisms leading to epithelial differentiation. Cells with characteristics of cultured epithelium migrated from embryoid bodies attached to reconstituted basement membrane. However, cells that comprised embryoid bodies also rapidly lost ES cell-specific gene expression and expressed proteins characteristic of stratified epithelia within hours of attachment to basement membrane. Gene expression profiling of sorted cell populations revealed upregulation of the BMP/TGFbeta signaling pathway, which was not sufficient for epithelial differentiation in the absence of basement membrane attachment. Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and increased expression of Jun family transcription factors was observed during epithelial differentiation of ES cells. Inhibition of JNK signaling completely blocked epithelial differentiation in this model, revealing a key mechanism by which ES cells adopt epithelial characteristics via basement membrane attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang-Yen Ho
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, 801S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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