1
|
Klangprapan J, Souza GR, Ferreira JN. Bioprinting salivary gland models and their regenerative applications. BDJ Open 2024; 10:39. [PMID: 38816372 PMCID: PMC11139920 DOI: 10.1038/s41405-024-00219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salivary gland (SG) hypofunction is a common clinical condition arising from radiotherapy to suppress head and neck cancers. The radiation often destroys the SG secretory acini, and glands are left with limited regenerative potential. Due to the complex architecture of SG acini and ducts, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting platforms have emerged to spatially define these in vitro epithelial units and develop mini-organs or organoids for regeneration. Due to the limited body of evidence, this comprehensive review highlights the advantages and challenges of bioprinting platforms for SG regeneration. METHODS SG microtissue engineering strategies such as magnetic 3D bioassembly of cells and microfluidic coaxial 3D bioprinting of cell-laden microfibers and microtubes have been proposed to replace the damaged acinar units, avoid the use of xenogeneic matrices (like Matrigel), and restore salivary flow. RESULTS Replacing the SG damaged organ is challenging due to its complex architecture, which combines a ductal network with acinar epithelial units to facilitate a unidirectional flow of saliva. Our research group was the first to develop 3D bioassembly SG epithelial functional organoids with innervation to respond to both cholinergic and adrenergic stimulation. More recently, microtissue engineering using coaxial 3D bioprinting of hydrogel microfibers and microtubes could also supported the formation of viable epithelial units. Both bioprinting approaches could overcome the need for Matrigel by facilitating the assembly of adult stem cells, such as human dental pulp stem cells, and primary SG cells into micro-sized 3D constructs able to produce their own matrix and self-organize into micro-modular tissue clusters with lumenized areas. Furthermore, extracellular vesicle (EV) therapies from organoid-derived secretome were also designed and validated ex vivo for SG regeneration after radiation damage. CONCLUSION Magnetic 3D bioassembly and microfluidic coaxial bioprinting platforms have the potential to create SG mini-organs for regenerative applications via organoid transplantation or organoid-derived EV therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutapak Klangprapan
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Glauco R Souza
- Greiner Bio-one North America Inc., 4238 Capital Drive, Monroe, NC, 28110, USA
| | - João N Ferreira
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 34 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rose SC, Larsen M, Xie Y, Sharfstein ST. Salivary Gland Bioengineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 11:28. [PMID: 38247905 PMCID: PMC10813147 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland dysfunction affects millions globally, and tissue engineering may provide a promising therapeutic avenue. This review delves into the current state of salivary gland tissue engineering research, starting with a study of normal salivary gland development and function. It discusses the impact of fibrosis and cellular senescence on salivary gland pathologies. A diverse range of cells suitable for tissue engineering including cell lines, primary salivary gland cells, and stem cells are examined. Moreover, the paper explores various supportive biomaterials and scaffold fabrication methodologies that enhance salivary gland cell survival, differentiation, and engraftment. Innovative engineering strategies for the improvement of vascularization, innervation, and engraftment of engineered salivary gland tissue, including bioprinting, microfluidic hydrogels, mesh electronics, and nanoparticles, are also evaluated. This review underscores the promising potential of this research field for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction and suggests directions for future exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Rose
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222, USA;
| | - Yubing Xie
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
| | - Susan T. Sharfstein
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fowler EW, Witt RL, Jia X. Basement Membrane Mimetic Hydrogel Cooperates with Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor to Promote the Development of Acini-Like Salivary Gland Spheroids. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023; 3:2300088. [PMID: 38645834 PMCID: PMC11031203 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful engineering of functional salivary glands necessitates the creation of cell-instructive environments for ex vivo expansion and lineage specification of primary human salivary gland stem cells (hS/PCs). Herein, basement membrane mimetic hydrogels were prepared using hyaluronic acid, cell adhesive peptides, and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), with or without sulfate groups, to produce "hyperGel+" or "hyperGel", respectively. Differential scanning fluorescence experiments confirmed the ability of the sulphated HPG precursor to stabilize fibroblast growth factor 10. The hydrogels were nanoporous, cytocompatibile and cell-permissive, enabling the development of multicellular hS/PC spheroids in 14 days. Incorporation of sulfated HPG species in the hydrogel enhanced cell proliferation. Culture of hS/PCs in hyperGel+ in the presence of a Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632 (Y-27), led to the development of spheroids with a central lumen, increased the expression of acinar marker aquaporin-3 at the transcript level (AQP3), and decreased the expression of ductal marker keratin 7 at both the transcript (KRT7) and the protein levels (K7). Reduced expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) targets SMAD2/3 was also observed in Y27-treated cultures, suggesting attenuation of TGF-β signaling. Thus, hyperGel+ cooperates with the ROCK inhibitor to promote the development of lumened spheroids with enhanced expression of acinar markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Robert L. Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care, Newark, Delaware, 19713, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin Y, Vázquez-Rosado EJ, Wu D, Viswananthan V, Farach A, Farach-Carson MC, Harrington DA. Microfluidic coaxial 3D bioprinting of cell-laden microfibers and microtubes for salivary gland tissue engineering. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213588. [PMID: 37634337 PMCID: PMC11214436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Replacement therapy for the salivary gland (SG) remains an unmet clinical need. Xerostomia ("dry mouth") due to hyposalivation can result from injury or disease to the SG, such as salivary acinar death caused by radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Currently, only palliative treatments exist for xerostomia, and many patients endure deteriorated oral health and poor quality of life. Tissue engineering could offer a permanent solution for SG replacement by isolating healthy SG tissues prior to RT, expanding its cells in vitro, and recreating a functional salivary neogland for implantation post-RT. 3D bioprinting methods potentiate spatial cell deposition into defined hydrogel-based architectures, mimicking the thin epithelia developed during the complex branching morphogenesis of SG. By leveraging a microfluidics-based bioprinter with coaxial polymer and crosslinker streams, we fabricated thin, biocompatible, and reproducible hydrogel features that recapitulate the thin epithelia characteristics of SG. This flexible platform enabled two modes of printing: we produced solid hydrogel fibers, with diameters <100 μm, that could be rastered to create larger mm-scale structures. By a second method, we generated hollow tubes with wall thicknesses ranging 45-80 μm, total tube diameters spanning 0.6-2.2 mm, and confirmed tube patency. In both cases, SG cells could be printed within the thin hydrogel features, with preserved phenotype and high viability, even at high density (5.0 × 106 cells/mL). Our work demonstrates hydrogel feature control across multiple length scales, and a new paradigm for addressing SG restoration by creating microscale tissue engineered components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Ephraim J Vázquez-Rosado
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez 00682, Puerto Rico
| | - Danielle Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Vignesh Viswananthan
- Department of Radiation Oncology - Radiation Therapy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew Farach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute for Academic Medicine, Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Daniel A Harrington
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Phan TV, Oo Y, Rodboon T, Nguyen TT, Sariya L, Chaisuparat R, Phoolcharoen W, Yodmuang S, Ferreira JN. Plant molecular farming-derived epidermal growth factor revolutionizes hydrogels for improving glandular epithelial organoid biofabrication. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:278-291. [PMID: 36966988 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a known signaling cue essential towards the development and organoid biofabrication particularly for exocrine glands. This study developed an in vitro EGF delivery platform with Nicotiana benthamiana plant-produced EGF (P-EGF) encapsulated on hyaluronic acid/alginate (HA/Alg) hydrogel to improve the effectiveness of glandular organoid biofabrication in short-term culture systems. Primary submandibular gland epithelial cells were treated with 5 - 20 ng/mL of P-EGF and commercially available bacteria-derived EGF (B-EGF). Cell proliferation and metabolic activity were measured by MTT and luciferase-based ATP assays. P-EGF and B-EGF 5 - 20 ng/mL promoted glandular epithelial cell proliferation during 6 culture days on a comparable fashion. Organoid forming efficiency and cellular viability, ATP-dependent activity and expansion were evaluated using two EGF delivery systems, HA/Alg-based encapsulation and media supplementation. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as a control vehicle. Epithelial organoids fabricated from PBS-, B-EGF-, and P-EGF-encapsulated hydrogels were characterized genotypically, phenotypically and by functional assays. P-EGF-encapsulated hydrogel enhanced organoid formation efficiency and cellular viability and metabolism relative to P-EGF supplementation. At culture day 3, epithelial organoids developed from P-EGF-encapsulated HA/Alg platform contained functional cell clusters expressing specific glandular epithelial markers such as exocrine pro-acinar (AQP5, NKCC1, CHRM1, CHRM3, Mist1), ductal (K18, Krt19), and myoepithelial (α-SMA, Acta2), and possessed a high mitotic activity (38-62% Ki67 cells) with a large epithelial progenitor population (∼70% K14 cells). The P-EGF encapsulation strikingly upregulated the expression of pro-acinar AQP5 cells through culture time when compared to others (B-EGF, PBS). Thus, the utilization of Nicotiana benthamiana in molecular farming can produce EGF biologicals amenable to encapsulation in HA/Alg-based in vitro platforms, which can effectively and promptly induce the biofabrication of exocrine gland organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toan V Phan
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; International Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yamin Oo
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapat Rodboon
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Truc T Nguyen
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Risa Chaisuparat
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supansa Yodmuang
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mereness JA, Piraino L, Chen CY, Moyston T, Song Y, Shubin A, DeLouise LA, Ovitt CE, Benoit DSW. Slow hydrogel matrix degradation enhances salivary gland mimetic phenotype. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:187-200. [PMID: 37150277 PMCID: PMC10330445 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently developed a salivary gland tissue mimetic (SGm), comprised of salivary gland cells encapsulated in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels within arrays of ∼320 µm diameter spherical cavities molded in PDMS. The SGm provides a functional and physiologically relevant platform well-suited to high-throughput drug screening for radioprotective compounds. However, the utility of the SGm would benefit from improved retention of acinar cell phenotype and function. We hypothesized that tuning biochemical cues presented within the PEG hydrogel matrix would improve maintenance of acinar cell phenotype and function by mimicking the natural extracellular matrix microenvironment of the intact gland. Hydrogels formed using slower-degrading MMP-sensitive peptide crosslinkers showed >2-fold increase in sphere number formed at 48 h, increased expression of acinar cell markers, and more robust response to calcium stimulation by the secretory agonist, carbachol, with reduced SGm tissue cluster disruption and outgrowth during prolonged culture. The incorporation of adhesive peptides containing RGD or IKVAV improved calcium flux response to secretory agonists at 14 days of culture. Tuning the hydrogel matrix improved cell aggregation, and promoted acinar cell phenotype, and stability of the SGm over 14 days of culture. Furthermore, combining this matrix with optimized media conditions synergistically prolonged the retention of the acinar cell phenotype in SGm. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Salivary gland (SG) dysfunction occurs due to off-target radiation due to head and neck cancer treatments. Progress in understanding gland dysfunction and developing therapeutic strategies for the SG are hampered by the lack of in vitro models, as salivary gland cells rapidly lose critical secretory function within 24 hours in vitro. Herein, we identify properties of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel matrices that enhance the secretory phenotype of SG tissue mimetics within the previously-described SG-microbubble tissue chip environment. Combining slow-degrading hydrogels with media conditions optimized for secretory marker expression further enhanced functional secretory response and secretory marker expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Mereness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Lindsay Piraino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, United States; Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Chiao Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Tracey Moyston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Yuanhui Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Knight Campus Department of Bioengineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Shubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Department of General Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Lisa A DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, United States; Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, United States; Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, United States; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Knight Campus Bioengineering Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Metkari AS, Fowler EW, Witt RL, Jia X. Matrix Degradability Contributes to the Development of Salivary Gland Progenitor Cells with Secretory Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:32148-32161. [PMID: 37364369 PMCID: PMC10529452 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic matrices that are cytocompatible, cell adhesive, and cell responsive are needed for the engineering of implantable, secretory salivary gland constructs to treat radiation induced xerostomia or dry mouth. Here, taking advantage of the bioorthogonality of the Michael-type addition reaction, hydrogels with comparable stiffness but varying degrees of degradability (100% degradable, 100DEG; 50% degradable, 50DEG; and nondegradable, 0DEG) by cell-secreted matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) were synthesized using thiolated HA (HA-SH), maleimide (MI)-conjugated integrin-binding peptide (RGD-MI), and MI-functionalized peptide cross-linkers that are protease degradable (GIW-bisMI) or nondegradable (GIQ-bisMI). Organized multicellular structures developed readily in all hydrogels from dispersed primary human salivary gland stem cells (hS/PCs). As the matrix became progressively degradable, cells proliferated more readily, and the multicellular structures became larger, less spherical, and more lobular. Immunocytochemical analysis showed positive staining for stem/progenitor cell markers CD44 and keratin 5 (K5) in all three types of cultures and positive staining for the acinar marker α-amylase under 50DEG and 100DEG conditions. Quantitatively at the mRNA level, the expression levels of key stem/progenitor markers KIT, KRT5, and ETV4/5 were significantly increased in the degradable gels as compared to the nondegradable counterparts. Western blot analyses revealed that imparting matrix degradation led to >3.8-fold increase in KIT expression by day 15. The MMP-degradable hydrogels also promoted the development of a secretary phenotype, as evidenced by the upregulation of acinar markers α-amylase (AMY), aquaporin-5 (AQP5), and sodium-potassium chloride cotransporter 1 (SLC12A2). Collectively, we show that cell-mediated matrix remodeling is necessary for the development of regenerative pro-acinar progenitor cells from hS/PCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva S. Metkari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Eric W. Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Robert L. Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, Delaware, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schaafsma P, Kracht L, Baanstra M, Jellema-de Bruin AL, Coppes RP. Role of immediate early genes in the development of salivary gland organoids in polyisocyanopeptide hydrogels. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1100541. [PMID: 36818041 PMCID: PMC9932530 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human salivary gland organoids have opened tremendous possibilities for regenerative medicine in patients undergoing radiotherapy for the treatment of head and neck cancer. However, their clinical translation is greatly limited by the current use of Matrigel for organoid derivation and expansion. Here, we envisage that the use of a fully, synthetic hydrogel based on the oligo (-ethylene glycol) functionalized polymer polyisocyanopeptides (PICs) can provide an environment suitable for the generation and expansion of salivary gland organoids (SGOs) after optimization of PIC polymer properties. We demonstrate that PIC hydrogels decorated with the cell-binding peptide RGD allow SGO formation from salivary gland (SG)-derived stem cells. This self-renewal potential is preserved for only 4 passages. It was found that SGOs differentiated prematurely in PIC hydrogels affecting their self-renewal capacity. Similarly, SGOs show decreased expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) after culture in PIC hydrogels. Activation of multiple signalling pathways involved in IEG expression by β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, led to increased stem cell self-renewal capacity as measured by organoid forming efficiency (OFE). These results indicate that PIC hydrogels are promising 3D matrices for SGOs, with the option to be used clinically, after further optimization of the hydrogel and culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulien Schaafsma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura Kracht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne L. Jellema-de Bruin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Robert P. Coppes,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pillai S, Munguia-Lopez JG, Tran SD. Hydrogels for Salivary Gland Tissue Engineering. Gels 2022; 8:730. [PMID: 36354638 PMCID: PMC9690182 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mimicking the complex architecture of salivary glands (SGs) outside their native niche is challenging due their multicellular and highly branched organization. However, significant progress has been made to recapitulate the gland structure and function using several in vitro and ex vivo models. Hydrogels are polymers with the potential to retain a large volume of water inside their three-dimensional structure, thus simulating extracellular matrix properties that are essential for the cell and tissue integrity. Hydrogel-based culture of SG cells has seen a tremendous success in terms of developing platforms for cell expansion, building an artificial gland, and for use in transplantation to rescue loss of SG function. Both natural and synthetic hydrogels have been used widely in SG tissue engineering applications owing to their properties that support the proliferation, reorganization, and polarization of SG epithelial cells. While recent improvements in hydrogel properties are essential to establish more sophisticated models, the emphasis should still be made towards supporting factors such as mechanotransduction and associated signaling cues. In this concise review, we discuss considerations of an ideal hydrogel-based biomaterial for SG engineering and their associated signaling pathways. We also discuss the current advances made in natural and synthetic hydrogels for SG tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon D. Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hajiabbas M, D'Agostino C, Simińska-Stanny J, Tran SD, Shavandi A, Delporte C. Bioengineering in salivary gland regeneration. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:35. [PMID: 35668440 PMCID: PMC9172163 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland (SG) dysfunction impairs the life quality of many patients, such as patients with radiation therapy for head and neck cancer and patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Multiple SG engineering strategies have been considered for SG regeneration, repair, or whole organ replacement. An in-depth understanding of the development and differentiation of epithelial stem and progenitor cells niche during SG branching morphogenesis and signaling pathways involved in cell–cell communication constitute a prerequisite to the development of suitable bioengineering solutions. This review summarizes the essential bioengineering features to be considered to fabricate an engineered functional SG model using various cell types, biomaterials, active agents, and matrix fabrication methods. Furthermore, recent innovative and promising approaches to engineering SG models are described. Finally, this review discusses the different challenges and future perspectives in SG bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajiabbas
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Blg G/E CP 611, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia D'Agostino
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Blg G/E CP 611, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Simińska-Stanny
- Department of Process Engineering and Technology of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6, 50-373, Wroclaw, Poland.,3BIO-BioMatter, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Blg G/E CP 611, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song Y, Sharipol A, Uchida H, Ingalls MH, Piraino L, Mereness JA, Moyston T, DeLouise LA, Ovitt CE, Benoit DS. Encapsulation of Primary Salivary Gland Acinar Cell Clusters and Intercalated Ducts (AIDUCs) within Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-Degradable Hydrogels to Maintain Tissue Structure and Function. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101948. [PMID: 34994104 PMCID: PMC8986612 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the development of salivary gland regenerative strategies is limited by poor maintenance of the secretory function of salivary gland cells (SGCs) in vitro. To reduce the precipitous loss of secretory function, a modified approach to isolate intact acinar cell clusters and intercalated ducts (AIDUCs), rather than commonly used single cell suspension, is investigated. This isolation approach yields AIDUCs that maintain many of the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions of intact glands. Encapsulation of AIDUCs in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable PEG hydrogels promotes self-assembly into salivary gland mimetics (SGm) with acinar-like structure. Expression of Mist1, a transcription factor associated with secretory function, is detectable throughout the in vitro culture period up to 14 days. Immunohistochemistry also confirms expression of acinar cell markers (NKCC1, PIP and AQP5), duct cell markers (K7 and K5), and myoepithelial cell markers (SMA). Robust carbachol and ATP-stimulated calcium flux is observed within the SGm for up to 14 days after encapsulation, indicating that secretory function is maintained. Though some acinar-to-ductal metaplasia is observed within SGm, it is reduced compared to previous reports. In conclusion, cell-cell interactions maintained within AIDUCs together with the hydrogel microenvironment may be a promising platform for salivary gland regenerative strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Azmeer Sharipol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hitoshi Uchida
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew H. Ingalls
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay Piraino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jared A. Mereness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tracey Moyston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Catherine E. Ovitt
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Danielle S.W. Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chibly AM, Aure MH, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Salivary Gland Function, Development and Regeneration. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1495-1552. [PMID: 35343828 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands produce and secrete saliva, which is essential for maintaining oral health and overall health. Understanding both the unique structure and physiological function of salivary glands, as well as how they are affected by disease and injury will direct the development of therapy to repair and regenerate them. Significant recent advances, particularly in the OMICS field, increase our understanding of how salivary glands develop at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels; the signaling pathways involved, the dynamics of progenitor cell lineages in development, homeostasis and regeneration and the role of the extracellular matrix microenvironment. These provide a template for cell and gene therapies as well as bioengineering approaches to repair or regenerate salivary function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martinez Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Philip Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alginate Hydrogel Microtubes for Salivary Gland Cell Organization and Cavitation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9010038. [PMID: 35049747 PMCID: PMC8773299 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the different regulatory functions of epithelial and mesenchymal cell types in salivary gland development and cellular organization is essential for proper organoid formation and salivary gland tissue regeneration. Here, we demonstrate a biocompatible platform using pre-formed alginate hydrogel microtubes to facilitate direct epithelial–mesenchymal cell interaction for 3D salivary gland cell organization, which allows for monitoring cellular organization while providing a protective barrier from cell-cluster loss during medium changes. Using mouse salivary gland ductal epithelial SIMS cells as the epithelial model cell type and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts or primary E16 salivary mesenchyme cells as the stromal model cell types, self-organization from epithelial–mesenchymal interaction was examined. We observed that epithelial and mesenchymal cells undergo aggregation on day 1, cavitation by day 4, and generation of an EpCAM-expressing epithelial cell layer as early as day 7 of the co-culture in hydrogel microtubes, demonstrating the utility of hydrogel microtubes to facilitate heterotypic cell–cell interactions to form cavitated organoids. Thus, pre-formed alginate microtubes are a promising co-culture method for further understanding epithelial and mesenchymal interaction during tissue morphogenesis and for future practical applications in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
14
|
Trubelja A, Kasper FK, Farach-Carson MC, Harrington DA. Bringing hydrogel-based craniofacial therapies to the clinic. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:1-20. [PMID: 34743044 PMCID: PMC9234983 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of the use of hydrogels for craniofacial soft tissue engineering, ranging in complexity from acellular injectable fillers to fabricated, cell-laden constructs with complex compositions and architectures. Addressing both in situ and ex vivo approaches, tissue restoration secondary to trauma or tumor resection is discussed. Beginning with relatively simple epithelia of oral mucosa and gingiva, then moving to more functional units like vocal cords or soft tissues with multilayer branched structures, such as salivary glands, various approaches are presented toward the design of function-driven architectures, inspired by native tissue organization. Multiple tissue replacement paradigms are presented here, including the application of hydrogels as structural materials and as delivery platforms for cells and/or therapeutics. A practical hierarchy is proposed for hydrogel systems in craniofacial applications, based on their material and cellular complexity, spatial order, and biological cargo(s). This hierarchy reflects the regulatory complexity dictated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States prior to commercialization of these systems for use in humans. The wide array of available biofabrication methods, ranging from simple syringe extrusion of a biomaterial to light-based spatial patterning for complex architectures, is considered within the history of FDA-approved commercial therapies. Lastly, the review assesses the impact of these regulatory pathways on the translational potential of promising pre-clinical technologies for craniofacial applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: While many commercially available hydrogel-based products are in use for the craniofacial region, most are simple formulations that either are applied topically or injected into tissue for aesthetic purposes. The academic literature previews many exciting applications that harness the versatility of hydrogels for craniofacial soft tissue engineering. One of the most exciting developments in the field is the emergence of advanced biofabrication methods to design complex hydrogel systems that can promote the functional or structural repair of tissues. To date, no clinically available hydrogel-based therapy takes full advantage of current pre-clinical advances. This review surveys the increasing complexity of the current landscape of available clinical therapies and presents a framework for future expanded use of hydrogels with an eye toward translatability and U.S. regulatory approval for craniofacial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alen Trubelja
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - F Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
| | - Daniel A Harrington
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu D, Lombaert IMA, DeLeon M, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Witt RL, Harrington DA, Trombetta MG, Passineau MJ, Farach-Carson MC. Immunosuppressed Miniswine as a Model for Testing Cell Therapy Success: Experience With Implants of Human Salivary Stem/Progenitor Cell Constructs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:711602. [PMID: 34660692 PMCID: PMC8516353 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.711602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An urgent need exists to develop large animal models for preclinical testing of new cell therapies designed to replace lost or damaged tissues. Patients receiving irradiation for treatment of head and neck cancers frequently develop xerostomia/dry mouth, a condition that could one day be treated by cell therapy to repopulate functional saliva-producing cells. Using immunosuppression protocols developed for patients receiving whole face transplants, we successfully used immunosuppressed miniswine as a suitable host animal to evaluate the long-term stability, biocompatibility, and fate of matrix-modified hyaluronate (HA) hydrogel/bioscaffold materials containing encapsulated salivary human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs). An initial biocompatibility test was conducted in parotids of untreated miniswine. Subsequent experiments using hS/PC-laden hydrogels were performed in animals, beginning an immunosuppression regimen on the day of surgery. Implant sites included the kidney capsule for viability testing and the parotid gland for biointegration time periods up to eight weeks. No transplant rejection was seen in any animal assessed by analysis of the tissues near the site of the implants. First-generation implants containing only cells in hydrogel proved difficult to handle in the surgical suite and were modified to adhere to a porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) membrane for improved handling and could be delivered through the da Vinci surgical system. Several different surgical techniques were assessed using the second-generation 3D-salivary tissue (3D-ST) for ease and stability both on the kidney capsule and in the capsule-less parotid gland. For the kidney, sliding the implant under the capsule membrane and quick stitching proved superior to other methods. For the parotid gland, creation of a tissue “pocket” for placement and immediate multilayer tissue closure were well tolerated with minimal tissue damage. Surgical clips were placed as fiduciary markers for tissue harvest. Some implant experiments were conducted with miniswine 90 days post-irradiation when salivation decreased significantly. Sufficient parotid tissue remained to allow implant placement, and animals tolerated immunosuppression. In all experiments, viability of implanted hS/PCs was high with clear signs of both vascular and nervous system integration in the parotid implants. We thus conclude that the immunosuppressed miniswine is a high-value emerging model for testing human implants prior to first-in-human trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maximilien DeLeon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Swati Pradhan-Bhatt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Robert L Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Daniel Anton Harrington
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark G Trombetta
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael J Passineau
- Gene Therapy Program, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Organoid Models for Salivary Gland Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9922597. [PMID: 34497651 PMCID: PMC8421180 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9922597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary gland is composed of an elegant epithelial network that secrets saliva and maintains oral homeostasis. While cell lines and animal models furthered our understanding of salivary gland biology, they cannot replicate key aspects of the human salivary gland tissue, particularly the complex architecture and microenvironmental features that dictate salivary gland function. Organoid cultures provide an alternative system to recapitulate salivary gland tissue in vitro, and salivary gland organoids have been generated from pluripotent stem cells and adult stem/progenitor cells. In this review, we describe salivary gland organoids, the advances and limitations, and the promising potential for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
17
|
Barrows CM, Wu D, Farach-Carson MC, Young S. Building a Functional Salivary Gland for Cell-Based Therapy: More than Secretory Epithelial Acini. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1332-1348. [PMID: 32829674 PMCID: PMC7759264 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A few treatment options exist for patients experiencing xerostomia due to hyposalivation that occurs as a result of disease or injury to the gland. An opportunity for a permanent solution lies in the field of salivary gland replacement through tissue engineering. Recent success emboldens in the vision of producing a tissue-engineered salivary gland composed of differentiated salivary epithelial cells that are able to differentiate to form functional units that produce and deliver saliva to the oral cavity. This vision is augmented by advances in understanding cellular mechanisms that guide branching morphogenesis and salivary epithelial cell polarization in both acinar and ductal structures. Growth factors and other guidance cues introduced into engineered constructs help to develop a more complex glandular structure that seeks to mimic native salivary gland tissue. This review describes the separate epithelial phenotypes that make up the gland, and it describes their relationship with the other cell types such as nerve and vasculature that surround them. The review is organized around the links between the native components that form and contribute to various aspects of salivary gland development, structure, and function and how this information can drive the design of functional tissue-engineered constructs. In addition, we discuss the attributes of various biomaterials commonly used to drive function and form in engineered constructs. The review also contains a current description of the state-of-the-art of the field, including successes and challenges in creating materials for preclinical testing in animal models. The ability to integrate biomolecular cues in combination with a range of materials opens the door to the design of increasingly complex salivary gland structures that, once accomplished, can lead to breakthroughs in other fields of tissue engineering of epithelial-based exocrine glands or oral tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlynn M.L. Barrows
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences and The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Danielle Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences and The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences and The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tissue Engineering of Oral Mucosa and Salivary Gland: Disease Modeling and Clinical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121066. [PMID: 33266093 PMCID: PMC7761376 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosa and salivary gland are composed of complex and dynamic networks of extracellular matrix, multiple cell types, vasculature, and various biochemical agents. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture is commonly used in testing new drugs and experimental therapies. However, 2D cell culture cannot fully replicate the architecture, physiological, and pathological microenvironment of living human oral mucosa and salivary glands. Recent microengineering techniques offer state of the science cell culture models that can recapitulate human organ structures and functions. This narrative review describes emerging in vitro models of oral and salivary gland tissue such as 3D cell culture models, spheroid and organoid models, tissue-on-a-chip, and functional decellularized scaffolds. Clinical applications of these models are also discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fischer NG, Münchow EA, Tamerler C, Bottino MC, Aparicio C. Harnessing biomolecules for bioinspired dental biomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8713-8747. [PMID: 32747882 PMCID: PMC7544669 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dental clinicians have relied for centuries on traditional dental materials (polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites) to restore oral health and function to patients. Clinical outcomes for many crucial dental therapies remain poor despite many decades of intense research on these materials. Recent attention has been paid to biomolecules as a chassis for engineered preventive, restorative, and regenerative approaches in dentistry. Indeed, biomolecules represent a uniquely versatile and precise tool to enable the design and development of bioinspired multifunctional dental materials to spur advancements in dentistry. In this review, we survey the range of biomolecules that have been used across dental biomaterials. Our particular focus is on the key biological activity imparted by each biomolecule toward prevention of dental and oral diseases as well as restoration of oral health. Additional emphasis is placed on the structure-function relationships between biomolecules and their biological activity, the unique challenges of each clinical condition, limitations of conventional therapies, and the advantages of each class of biomolecule for said challenge. Biomaterials for bone regeneration are not reviewed as numerous existing reviews on the topic have been recently published. We conclude our narrative review with an outlook on the future of biomolecules in dental biomaterials and potential avenues of innovation for biomaterial-based patient oral care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Fischer
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-250A Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dos Santos HT, Nam K, Brown CT, Dean SM, Lewis S, Pfeifer CS, Lei P, Petris MJ, Andreadis ST, Baker OJ. Trimers Conjugated to Fibrin Hydrogels Promote Salivary Gland Function. J Dent Res 2020; 100:268-275. [PMID: 33043768 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520964784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies for tissue engineering have great potential for restoring and revitalizing impaired tissues and organs, including the use of smart hydrogels that can be modified to enhance organization and functionality of the salivary glands. For instance, monomers of laminin-111 peptides chemically conjugated to fibrin hydrogel (L1pM-FH) promote cell cluster formation in vitro and salivary gland regeneration in vivo when compared with fibrin hydrogel (FH) alone; however, L1pM-FH produce only weak expression of acinar differentiation markers in vivo (e.g., aquaporin-5 and transmembrane protein 16). Since previous studies demonstrated that a greater impact can be achieved when trimeric forms were used as compared with monomeric or dimeric forms, we investigated the extent to which trimers of laminin-111 chemically conjugated to FH (L1pT-FH) can increase the expression of acinar differentiation markers and elevate saliva secretion. In vitro studies using Par-C10 acinar cells demonstrated that when compared with L1pM-FH, L1pT-FH induced similar levels of acinar-like cell clustering, polarization, lumen formation, and calcium signaling. To assess the performance of the trimeric complex in vivo, we compared the ability of L1pM-FH and L1pT-FH to increase acinar differentiation markers and restore saliva flow rate in a salivary gland wound model of C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that L1pT-FH applied to wounded mice significantly improved the expression of the acinar differentiation markers and saliva secretion when compared with the monomeric form. Together, these positive effects of L1pT-FH warrant its future testing in additional models of hyposalivation with the ultimate goal of applying this technology in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T Dos Santos
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K Nam
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - C T Brown
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S M Dean
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - S Lewis
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C S Pfeifer
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M J Petris
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - S T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - O J Baker
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee SW, Kim J, Do M, Namkoong E, Lee H, Ryu JH, Park K. Developmental role of hyaluronic acid and its application in salivary gland tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2020; 115:275-287. [PMID: 32853803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dry mouth, or xerostomia, caused by salivary gland dysfunction significantly impacts oral/systemic health and quality of life. Although in vitro-generated artificial salivary glands have been considered as the fundamental solution, its structural complexity is difficult to reproduce using current biomaterials. Therefore, understanding and recapitulating the roles of biomacromolecules in salivary gland organogenesis is needed to solve these problems. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a macromolecule abundant during salivary gland organogenesis, but its role remains unknown. Here, we verify the effects of HA on salivary gland organogenesis and artificial organ germ formation in solubilized and substrate-immobilized forms. In embryonic submandibular glands (eSMG), we found dense HA layers encapsulating proliferative c-Kit+ progenitor cells that were expressing CD44, an HA receptor. The blockage of HA synthesis, or degradation of HA, impaired eSMG growth by ablating the c-Kit+ progenitor cell population. We also found that high-molecular-weight (HMW) HA has a significant role in eSMG growth. Based on these findings, we discovered that HA is also crucial for in vitro formation of salivary gland organ germs, one of the most promising candidates for salivary gland tissue regeneration. We significantly enhanced salivary gland organ germ formation by supplementing HMW HA in solution; this effect was further increased when the HMW HA was immobilized on the substrate by polydopamine/HA co-immobilization. Our study suggests that the current use of HA in salivary gland tissue engineering can be further optimized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Junchul Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Do
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nature-inspired Technology (CNiT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Namkoong
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeshin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nature-inspired Technology (CNiT), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Ryu
- Department of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tanaka J, Mishima K. In vitro three-dimensional culture systems of salivary glands. Pathol Int 2020; 70:493-501. [PMID: 32367629 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dry mouth can be caused by salivary gland hypofunction due to Sjögren's syndrome (SS) or radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, and it can also be a side effect of medications. The use of sialagogues effectively increases saliva secretion in patients with dry mouth. However, the application of sialagogues is not always satisfactory because of their side effects, such as sweating, nausea, runny nose and diarrhea. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been used not only for drug screening and discovery but also to clarify disease mechanisms. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are expected to be even more advantageous than 2D cell cultures. Therefore, we have tried to develop an in vitro cell culture system that can reconstitute 3D salivary glands. Sox9 and Foxc1 were identified as important genes that differentiate mouse embryonic stem cell-derived oral ectoderm into salivary gland placode. Using these genes and organoid culture systems, we succeeded in generating salivary gland organoids that exhibited a morphology and gene expression profile that were similar to those of the embryonic rudiment from which salivary glands arise in normal mice. These organoids are expected to be a promising tool for disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine in salivary glands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Tanaka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khan E, Farooq I, Khabeer A, Ali S, Zafar MS, Khurshid Z. Salivary gland tissue engineering to attain clinical benefits: a special report. Regen Med 2020; 15:1455-1461. [PMID: 32253995 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The salivary glands produce saliva, which helps in mediating the oral colonization of microbes, the repair of mucosa, the remineralization of teeth, lubrication and gustation. However, certain medications, therapeutic radiation and certain autoimmune diseases can cause a reduction in the salivary flow. The aim of this report was to review and highlight the indications and techniques of salivary gland engineering to counter hyposalivation. This report concludes that in the literature, numerous strategies have been suggested and discussed pertaining to the engineering of salivary gland, however, challenges remain in terms of its production and accurate function. Dedicated efforts are required from researchers all over the world to obtain the maximum benefits from salivary gland engineering techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erum Khan
- CODE-M Center of Dental Education & Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan.,Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Farooq
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Khabeer
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madina Al Munawwarra, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khalafalla MG, Woods LT, Jasmer KJ, Forti KM, Camden JM, Jensen JL, Limesand KH, Galtung HK, Weisman GA. P2 Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in the Salivary Gland: From Physiology to Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:222. [PMID: 32231563 PMCID: PMC7082426 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although often overlooked in our daily lives, saliva performs a host of necessary physiological functions, including lubricating and protecting the oral cavity, facilitating taste sensation and digestion and maintaining tooth enamel. Therefore, salivary gland dysfunction and hyposalivation, often resulting from pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease Sjögren's syndrome or from radiotherapy of the head and neck region during cancer treatment, severely reduce the quality of life of afflicted patients and can lead to dental caries, periodontitis, digestive disorders, loss of taste and difficulty speaking. Since their initial discovery in the 1970s, P2 purinergic receptors for extracellular nucleotides, including ATP-gated ion channel P2X and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors, have been shown to mediate physiological processes in numerous tissues, including the salivary glands where P2 receptors represent a link between canonical and non-canonical saliva secretion. Additionally, extracellular nucleotides released during periods of cellular stress and inflammation act as a tissue alarmin to coordinate immunological and tissue repair responses through P2 receptor activation. Accordingly, P2 receptors have gained widespread clinical interest with agonists and antagonists either currently undergoing clinical trials or already approved for human use. Here, we review the contributions of P2 receptors to salivary gland function and describe their role in salivary gland dysfunction. We further consider their potential as therapeutic targets to promote physiological saliva flow, prevent salivary gland inflammation and enhance tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G. Khalafalla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lucas T. Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kimberly J. Jasmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jean M. Camden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Janicke L. Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Section of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Hilde K. Galtung
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Burghartz M, Taeger J, Metzger M, Scherzad A, Gehrke T, Ickrath P, Kolb E, Kleinsasser N, Hagen R, Hackenberg S. Investigation of Cellular Function and DNA Integrity during 2D in vitro Culture of Human Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2020; 208:66-75. [PMID: 32023622 DOI: 10.1159/000505433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro culture of human salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC) is still a challenge. A high quantity and quality of cells are needed for the cultivation of 3D matrices. Furthermore, it is known that DNA damage is supposed to be an important factor involved in carcinogenesis. This study investigates cellular function and DNA integrity of human SGEC during 3 passage steps in 2 groups (group 1: n = 10; group 2: n = 9). Cellular function was analyzed by immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). DNA integrity was tested via the comet assay. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR results showed stable α-amylase and pan-cytokeratin levels; TEM revealed functional cells; and no significant DNA damage could be detected in the comet assay during 3 culture steps. The study shows that not only at cellular but also at DNA level human SGEC can be safely quantified over 3 passages for preclinical tissue engineering without loss of differentiation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Burghartz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Taeger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,
| | - Marco Metzger
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gehrke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Ickrath
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kolb
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shubin AD, Sharipol A, Felong TJ, Weng PL, Schutrum BE, Joe DS, Aure MH, Benoit DSW, Ovitt CE. Stress or injury induces cellular plasticity in salivary gland acinar cells. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:487-497. [PMID: 31900666 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03157-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland function is severely disrupted by radiation therapy used to treat patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer and by Sjögren's syndrome. The resulting condition, which results in xerostomia or dry mouth, is due to irreversible loss of the secretory acinar cells within the major salivary glands. There are presently no treatments for the resolution of xerostomia. Cell-based approaches could be employed to repopulate acinar cells in the salivary gland but investigations into potential therapeutic strategies are limited by the challenges of maintaining and expanding acinar cells in vitro. We investigate the encapsulation of salivary gland cell aggregates within PEG hydrogels as a means of culturing secretory acinar cells. Lineage tracing was used to monitor the fate of acinar cells isolated from murine submandibular gland (SMG). Upon initial formation in vitro, SMG aggregates comprise both acinar and duct cells, with the majority cells of acinar origin. With longer culture times, acinar cells significantly decreased the expression of specific markers and activated the expression of keratins normally found in duct cells. A similar acinar-to-duct cell transition was also observed in vivo, following duct ligation injury. These results indicate that under conditions of stress (mechanical and enzymatic isolation from glands) or injury (duct ligation), salivary gland acinar cells exhibit plasticity to adopt a duct cell phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Shubin
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Azmeer Sharipol
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Timothy J Felong
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Pei-Lun Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brittany E Schutrum
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Debria S Joe
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Marit H Aure
- Matrix and Morphology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Deparment of Biomedical Engineering, Robert B. Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu D, Witt RL, Harrington DA, Farach-Carson MC. Dynamic Assembly of Human Salivary Stem/Progenitor Microstructures Requires Coordinated α 1β 1 Integrin-Mediated Motility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:224. [PMID: 31750298 PMCID: PMC6843075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A tissue engineering approach can provide replacement salivary gland structures to patients with hyposalivation disorders and xerostomia. Salivary human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs) were isolated from healthy regions of parotid glands of head and neck surgery patients, expanded, then encapsulated in biocompatible hyaluronate (HA)-based hydrogels. These bioactive hydrogels provide a surrogate territorial matrix suitable for the dynamic assembly, growth and reorganization of salivary gland components. This study examined the dynamics of salivary microstructure formation, growth, and reorganization using time-lapse imaging over 15 h. Immunofluorescence detection monitored production of individual basement membrane components forming around developing microstructures, and Ki67 assessed proliferation. Dynamic movements in hydrogels were quantified by measuring angular velocity (ω) of rotating salivary microstructures and changes in basement membrane architecture during microstructure growth. Integrin involvement in the dynamic reassembly was assessed using knockdown and inhibitor approaches. Single hS/PCs expanded over 5 days into spherical microstructures typically containing 3–10 cells. In larger macrostructures, proliferation occurred near the peripheral basement membrane that underwent growth-associated cycles of thinning and collapse. De novo secretion of laminin/collagen IV from reorganizing hS/PCs preceded that of perlecan/HSPG2. Microstructures routinely expressed β1 integrin-containing complexes at basement membrane-associated regions and exhibited spontaneous and coordinated rotation during basement membrane maturation. β1 integrin siRNA knockdown at the single-cell state prevented hS/PC microstructure growth. After microstructure formation, β1 integrin knockdown reduced rotation and mean ω by 84%. Blockade of the α1 integrin subunit (CD49a) that associates with β1 reduced mean ω by 66%. Studies presented here show that initial hS/PC structure growth and basement membrane maturation depends on α1β1-integrin mediated signaling. Coordinated cellular motility during neotissue reorganization reminiscent of salivary gland acini was critically dependent both on hS/PC-secretion of laminin,collagen type-IV, and perlecan/HSPG2 and the force-driven interactions of α1β1-integrin activation. We conclude that α1β1-integrin plays a critical role in establishing human salivary gland coordinated structure and function, and that its activation in tissue engineered systems is essential to tissue assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert L Witt
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health Center, Newark, DE, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel A Harrington
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mitroulia A, Gavriiloglou M, Athanasiadou P, Bakopoulou A, Poulopoulos A, Panta P, Patil S, Andreadis D. Salivary Gland Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration: An Update on Possible Therapeutic Application. J Contemp Dent Pract 2019; 20:978-986. [PMID: 31797858 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to combine literature and experimental data concerning the impact of salivary gland (SG) stem cells (SCs) and their therapeutic prospects in tissue regeneration. So far, SCs were isolated from human and rodent major and minor SGs that enabled their regeneration. Several scaffolds were also combined with "SCs" and different "proteins" to achieve guided differentiation, although none have been proven as ideal. A new aspect of SC therapy aims to establish a vice versa relationship between SG and other ecto- or endodermal organs such as the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and thyroid. SC therapy could be a cheap and simple, non-traumatic, and individualized therapy for medically challenging cases like xerostomia and major organ failures. Functional improvement has been achieved in these organs, but till date, the whole organ in vivo regeneration was not achieved. Concerns about malignant formations and possible failures are yet to be resolved. In this review article, we highlight the basic embryology of SGs, existence of SG SCs with a detailed exploration of various cellular markers, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and, in the later part, cover potential therapeutic applications with a special focus on the pancreas and liver. Keywords: Salivary gland stem cells, Stem cell therapy, Tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Mitroulia
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianna Gavriiloglou
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Poluxeni Athanasiadou
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics and Implantology-Tissue Regeneration Unit, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulopoulos
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Prashanth Panta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Sangareddy, Telangana, India, Phone: +91 9701806830, e-mail:
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dimitrios Andreadis
- Department of Oral Medicine/Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nam K, Kim K, Dean SM, Brown CT, Davis RS, Okano T, Baker OJ. Using cell sheets to regenerate mouse submandibular glands. NPJ Regen Med 2019; 4:16. [PMID: 31285850 PMCID: PMC6609686 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-019-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-responsive polymer grafted tissue culture dishes release cells as confluent living sheets in response to small changes in temperature, with recovered cell sheets retaining cell-cell communications, functional extracellular matrices and tissue-like behaviors. These features promote tissue regeneration and improve transplantation efficacy in various tissues including cartilage, heart, kidney, liver, endometrium, cornea, middle ear, periodontium, and esophageal living sheet transplants. However, the functional effects of cell sheets for salivary gland regeneration to treat hyposalivation have not yet been studied. Thus, the present study aims to both establish the viability of thermoresponsive cell sheets for use in salivary glands and then explore the delivery option (i.e., single vs. multiple layers) that would result in the most complete tissue growth in terms of cell differentiation and recovered tissue integrity. Results indicate that single cell sheets form polarized structures that maintain cell-cell junctions and secretory granules in vitro while layering of two-single cell sheets forms a glandular-like pattern in vitro. Moreover, double layer cell sheets enhance tissue formation, cell differentiation and saliva secretion in vivo. In contrast, single cell sheets demonstrated only modest gains relative to the robust growth seen with the double layer variety. Together, these data verify the utility of thermoresponsive cell sheets for use in salivary glands and indicates the double layer form to provide the best option in terms of cell differentiation and recovered tissue integrity, thereby offering a potential new therapeutic strategy for treating hyposalivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kihoon Nam
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Kyungsook Kim
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Spencer M. Dean
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Callie T. Brown
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Ryan S. Davis
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Teruo Okano
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olga J. Baker
- School of Dentistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Seo YJ, Lilliu MA, Abu Elghanam G, Nguyen TT, Liu Y, Lee JC, Presley JF, Zeitouni A, El-Hakim M, Tran SD. Cell culture of differentiated human salivary epithelial cells in a serum-free and scalable suspension system: The salivary functional units model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1559-1570. [PMID: 31151134 DOI: 10.1002/term.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity against dental caries and oropharyngeal infections. Reduced salivary secretion, below an adequate level to sustain normal oral functions, is unfortunately experienced by head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and by patients with Sjögren's syndrome. No disease-modifying therapies exist to date to address salivary gland hypofunction (xerostomia, dry mouth) because pharmacotherapies are limited by the need for residual secretory acinar cells, which are lost at the time of diagnosis, whereas novel platforms such as cell therapies are yet immature for clinical applications. Autologous salivary gland primary cells have clinical utility as personalized cell therapies, if they could be cultured to a therapeutically useful mass while maintaining their in vivo phenotype. Here, we devised a serum-free scalable suspension culture system that grows partially digested human salivary tissue filtrates composing of acinar and ductal cells attached to their native extracellular matrix components while retaining their 3D in vivo spatial organization; we have coined these salivary spheroids as salivary functional units (SFU). The proposed SFU culture system was sub-optimal, but we have found that the cells could still survive and grow into larger salivary spheroids through cell proliferation and aggregation for 5 to 10 days within the oxygen diffusion rates in vitro. In summary, by using a less disruptive cell isolation procedure as the starting point for primary cell culture of human salivary epithelial cells, we demonstrated that aggregates of cells remained proliferative and continued to express acinar and ductal cell-specific markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You Jung Seo
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Alberta Lilliu
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ghada Abu Elghanam
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Thomas T Nguyen
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of periodontics, School of dentistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Younan Liu
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jin Choon Lee
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan, South Korea
| | - John F Presley
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anthony Zeitouni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel El-Hakim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shin K, Koo KH, Jeong J, Park SJ, Choi DJ, Ko YG, Kwon H. Three-Dimensional Culture of Salivary Gland Stem Cell in Orthotropic Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1396-1403. [PMID: 30632466 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy in patients with cancer can kill cancer cells but also damage normal cells or tissues. During the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer or thyroid cancer, hyposalivation is a representative chronic side effect of radio-damaged salivary glands (SGs). The major symptom of hyposalivation is mouth dryness, resulting in several subsequent long-term complications. No effective therapeutic approaches have been developed to manage this symptom. In this study, we developed the first rat SG tissue-derived decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel (DSGM-hydrogel) as a functional orthotropic bioscaffold for future efficient SG stem cell therapy. DSGM-hydrogels were characterized by rheological or biochemical analyses, and rat SG stem/progenitor cells (rSGSCs) were then subjected to three-dimensional culture in the DSGM-hydrogels. Interestingly, DSGM-hydrogel-embedded rSGSCs survived and expressed SG functional differentiation marker of amylase IA and increased enzyme activity of α-amylase in protein level, whereas they showed reduced levels of adult ductal stem/progenitor markers, including c-Kit, c-Met, and CD44. Furthermore, the expression levels of basic epithelial tight junction markers were recovered to levels similar to those naked SG tissues after culture in DSGM-hydrogels in transcription level. Therefore, our findings suggested that the DSGM-hydrogels could provide an appropriate microenvironment for stem/progenitor cell survival and a source of SG cytodifferentiation. This approach could be an applicable method to SG stem cell research as a potential source for an organoid and for clinical regenerative reagents to manage radio-damaged SGs in vivo. Impact Statement In this study, we established the first rat salivary gland (SG) tissue-derived decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel (DSGM-hydrogel) and assessed the role of this hydrogel as a functional orthotropic bioscaffold. Our findings provide important insights into the applications of the DSGM-hydrogel as a biocompatible matrix for regenerative therapy of radio-damaged SGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungshin Shin
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Koo
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Choi
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heechung Kwon
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hagiwara M, Nobata R, Kawahara T. High repeatability from 3D experimental platform for quantitative analysis of cellular branch pattern formations. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:306-312. [PMID: 29687138 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell and tissue cultures more closely mimic biological environments than two-dimensional (2D) cultures and are therefore highly desirable in culture experiments. However, 3D cultures often fail to yield repeatable experimental results because of variation in the initial culture conditions, such as cell density and distribution in the extracellular matrix, and therefore reducing such variation is a paramount concern. Here, we present a 3D culture platform that demonstrates highly repeatable experimental results, obtained by controlling the initial cell cluster shape in the gel cube culture device. A micro-mould with the desired shape was fabricated by photolithography or machining, creating a 3D pocket in the extracellular matrix contained in the device. Highly concentrated human bronchial epithelial cells were then injected in the pocket so that the cell cluster shape matched the fabricated mould shape. Subsequently, the cubic device supplied multi-directional scanning, enabling high-resolution capture of the whole tissue structure with only a low-magnification lens. The proposed device significantly improved the repeatability of the developed branch pattern, and multi-directional scanning enabled quantitative analysis of the developed branch pattern formations. A mathematical simulation was also conducted to reveal the mechanisms of branch pattern formation. The proposed platform offers the potential to accelerate any research field that conducts 3D culture experiments, including tissue regeneration and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Hagiwara
- NanoSquare Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Urkasemsin G, Ferreira JN. Unveiling Stem Cell Heterogeneity Toward the Development of Salivary Gland Regenerative Strategies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1123:151-164. [PMID: 31016599 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11096-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial damage in the salivary gland (SG) resulting in irreversible dry mouth can be commonly induced by gamma radiation therapy. This radiation depletes the SG stem/progenitor cell niche slowing healing and natural gland regeneration. Biologists have been focused in understanding the development and differentiation of epithelial stem and progenitor cell niches during SG organogenesis. These organogenesis studies gave insights into novel cell-based therapies to recreate the three-dimensional (3D) salivary gland (SG) organ, recapitulate the SG native physiology, and restore saliva secretion. Such therapeutical strategies apply techniques that assemble, in a 3D organotypic culture, progenitor and stem cell lines to develop SG organ-like organoids or mini-transplants. Future studies will employ a combination of organoids, decellularized matrices, and smart biomaterials to create viable and functional SG transplants to repair the site of SG injury and reestablish saliva production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganokon Urkasemsin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Preclinical and Applied Animal Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kapałczyńska M, Kolenda T, Przybyła W, Zajączkowska M, Teresiak A, Filas V, Ibbs M, Bliźniak R, Łuczewski Ł, Lamperska K. 2D and 3D cell cultures - a comparison of different types of cancer cell cultures. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:910-919. [PMID: 30002710 PMCID: PMC6040128 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.63743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is a widely used in vitro tool for improving our understanding of cell biology, tissue morphology, and mechanisms of diseases, drug action, protein production and the development of tissue engineering. Most research regarding cancer biology is based on experiments using two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures in vitro. However, 2D cultures have many limitations, such as the disturbance of interactions between the cellular and extracellular environments, changes in cell morphology, polarity, and method of division. These disadvantages led to the creation of models which are more closely able to mimic conditions in vivo. One such method is three-dimensional culture (3D). Optimisation of the culture conditions may allow for a better understanding of cancer biology and facilitate the study of biomarkers and targeting therapies. In this review, we compare 2D and 3D cultures in vitro as well as different versions of 3D cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kapałczyńska
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kolenda
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Przybyła
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Zajączkowska
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Teresiak
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Violetta Filas
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Matthew Ibbs
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Renata Bliźniak
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łuczewski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Regeneration of cervical reserve cell-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): A new approach to finding targets for cervical cancer stem cell treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40935-40945. [PMID: 28402962 PMCID: PMC5522215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical reserve cells are epithelial progenitor cells that are pathologically evident as the origin of cervical cancer. Thus, investigating the characteristics of cervical reserve cells could yield insight into the features of cervical cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we established a method for the regeneration of cervical reserve cell-like properties from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and named these cells induced reserve cell-like cells (iRCs). Approximately 70% of iRCs were positive for the reserve cell markers p63, CK5 and CK8. iRCs also expressed the SC junction markers CK7, AGR2, CD63, MMP7 and GDA. While iRCs expressed neither ERα nor ERβ, they expressed CA125. These data indicated that iRCs possessed characteristics of cervical epithelial progenitor cells. iRCs secreted higher levels of several inflammatory cytokines such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) and C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL-10) compared with normal cervical epithelial cells. iRCs also expressed human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), which is an important cell-surface antigen for immune tolerance and carcinogenesis. Together with the fact that cervical CSCs can originate from reserve cells, our data suggested that iRCs were potent immune modulators that might favor cervical cancer cell survival. In conclusion, by generating reserve cell-like properties from iPSCs, we provide a new approach that may yield new insight into cervical cancer stem cells and help find new oncogenic targets.
Collapse
|
36
|
Maruyama CL, Monroe MM, Hunt JP, Buchmann L, Baker OJ. Comparing human and mouse salivary glands: A practice guide for salivary researchers. Oral Dis 2018; 25:403-415. [PMID: 29383862 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mice are a widely utilized in vivo model for translational salivary gland research but must be used with caution. Specifically, mouse salivary glands are similar in many ways to human salivary glands (i.e., in terms of their anatomy, histology, and physiology) and are both readily available and relatively easy and affordable to maintain. However, there are some significant differences between the two organisms, and by extension, the salivary glands derived from them must be taken into account for translational studies. The current review details pertinent similarities and differences between human and mouse salivary glands and offers practical guidelines for using both for research purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Maruyama
- University of Utah School of Dentistry, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - M M Monroe
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J P Hunt
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - L Buchmann
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - O J Baker
- University of Utah School of Dentistry, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
In vivo therapeutic applications of cell spheroids. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:494-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
38
|
Ozdemir T, Srinivasan PP, Zakheim DR, Harrington DA, Witt RL, Farach-Carson MC, Jia X, Pradhan-Bhatt S. Bottom-up assembly of salivary gland microtissues for assessing myoepithelial cell function. Biomaterials 2017; 142:124-135. [PMID: 28734180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Myoepithelial cells are flat, stellate cells present in exocrine tissues including the salivary glands. While myoepithelial cells have been studied extensively in mammary and lacrimal gland tissues, less is known of the function of myoepithelial cells derived from human salivary glands. Several groups have isolated tumorigenic myoepithelial cells from cancer specimens, however, only one report has demonstrated isolation of normal human salivary myoepithelial cells needed for use in salivary gland tissue engineering applications. Establishing a functional organoid model consisting of myoepithelial and secretory acinar cells is therefore necessary for understanding the coordinated action of these two cell types in unidirectional fluid secretion. Here, we developed a bottom-up approach for generating salivary gland microtissues using primary human salivary myoepithelial cells (hSMECs) and stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs) isolated from normal salivary gland tissues. Phenotypic characterization of isolated hSMECs confirmed that a myoepithelial cell phenotype consistent with that from other exocrine tissues was maintained over multiple passages of culture. Additionally, hSMECs secreted basement membrane proteins, expressed adrenergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter receptors, and released intracellular calcium [Ca2+i] in response to parasympathetic agonists. In a collagen I contractility assay, activation of contractile machinery was observed in isolated hSMECs treated with parasympathetic agonists. Recombination of hSMECs with assembled hS/PC spheroids in a microwell system was used to create microtissues resembling secretory complexes of the salivary gland. We conclude that the engineered salivary gland microtissue complexes provide a physiologically relevant model for both mechanistic studies and as a building block for the successful engineering of the salivary gland for restoration of salivary function in patients suffering from hyposalivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Ozdemir
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Padma Pradeepa Srinivasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Daniel R Zakheim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Daniel A Harrington
- BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Witt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Swati Pradhan-Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xu QL, Furuhashi A, Zhang QZ, Jiang CM, Chang TH, Le AD. Induction of Salivary Gland-Like Cells from Dental Follicle Epithelial Cells. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1035-1043. [PMID: 28541773 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517711146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dental follicle (DF), most often associated with unerupted teeth, is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells that surrounds the tooth germ in early stages of tooth development. In the present study, we aim to isolate epithelial stem-like cells from the human DF and explore their potential differentiation into salivary gland (SG) cells. We demonstrated the expression of stem cell-related genes in the epithelial components of human DF tissues, and these epithelial progenitor cells could be isolated and ex vivo expanded in a reproducible manner. The human DF-derived epithelial cells possessed clonogenic and sphere-forming capabilities, as well as expressed a panel of epithelial stem cell-related genes, thus conferring stem cell properties (hDF-EpiSCs). When cultured under in vitro 3-dimensional induction conditions, hDF-EpiSCs were capable to differentiate into SG acinar and duct cells. Furthermore, transplantation of hDF-EpiSC-loaded native de-cellularized rat parotid gland scaffolds into the renal capsule of nude mice led to the differentiation of transplanted hDF-EpiSCs into salivary gland-like cells. These findings suggest that hDF-EpiSCs might be a promising source of epithelial stem cells for the development of stem cell-based therapy or bioengineering SG tissues to repair/regenerate SG dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q L Xu
- 1 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Furuhashi
- 1 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 Section of Implant and Rehabilitative Dentistry, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Q Z Zhang
- 1 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C M Jiang
- 1 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T-H Chang
- 1 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A D Le
- 1 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Patil SV, Nanduri LSY. Interaction of chitin/chitosan with salivary and other epithelial cells-An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1398-1406. [PMID: 28315439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chitin and its deacetylated form, chitosan, have been widely used for tissue engineering of both epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. Epithelial cells characterised by their sheet-like tight cellular arrangement and polarised nature, constitute a major component in various organs and play a variety of roles including protection, secretion and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Regeneration of damaged epithelial tissues has been studied using biomaterials such as chitin, chitosan, hyaluronan, gelatin and alginate. Chitin and chitosan are known to promote proliferation of various embryonic and adult epithelial cells. However it is not clearly understood how this activity is achieved or what are the mechanisms involved in the chitin/chitosan driven proliferation of epithelial cells. Mechanistic understanding of influence of chitin/chitosan on epithelial cells will guide us to develop more targeted regenerative scaffold/hydrogel systems. Therefore, current review attempts to elicit a mechanistic insight into how chitin and chitosan interact with salivary, mammary, skin, nasal, lung, intestinal and bladder epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lalitha S Y Nanduri
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita University, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shubin AD, Felong TJ, Schutrum BE, Joe DSL, Ovitt CE, Benoit DSW. Encapsulation of primary salivary gland cells in enzymatically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels promotes acinar cell characteristics. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:437-449. [PMID: 28039063 PMCID: PMC5455143 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy for head and neck cancers leads to permanent xerostomia due to the loss of secretory acinar cells in the salivary glands. Regenerative treatments utilizing primary submandibular gland (SMG) cells show modest improvements in salivary secretory function, but there is limited evidence of salivary gland regeneration. We have recently shown that poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels can support the survival and proliferation of SMG cells as multicellular spheres in vitro. To further develop this approach for cell-based salivary gland regeneration, we have investigated how different modes of PEG hydrogel degradation affect the proliferation, cell-specific gene expression, and epithelial morphology within encapsulated salivary gland spheres. Comparison of non-degradable, hydrolytically-degradable, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degradable, and mixed mode-degradable hydrogels showed that hydrogel degradation by any mechanism is required for significant proliferation of encapsulated cells. The expression of acinar phenotypic markers Aqp5 and Nkcc1 was increased in hydrogels that are MMP-degradable compared with other hydrogel compositions. However, expression of secretory acinar proteins Mist1 and Pip was not maintained to the same extent as phenotypic markers, suggesting changes in cell function upon encapsulation. Nevertheless, MMP- and mixed mode-degradability promoted organization of polarized cell types forming tight junctions and expression of the basement membrane proteins laminin and collagen IV within encapsulated SMG spheres. This work demonstrates that cellularly remodeled hydrogels can promote proliferation and gland-like organization by encapsulated salivary gland cells as well as maintenance of acinar cell characteristics required for regenerative approaches. Investigation is required to identify approaches to further enhance acinar secretory properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Regenerative strategies to replace damaged salivary glands require the function and organization of acinar cells. Hydrogel-based approaches have shown promise to control cell function and phenotype. However, little is known about how specific parameters, such as the mechanism of hydrogel degradation (e.g., hydrolytic or enzymatic), influence the viability, proliferation, organization, and phenotype of salivary gland cells. In this work, it is shown that hydrogel-encapsulated primary salivary gland cell proliferation is dependent upon hydrogel degradation. Hydrogels crosslinked with enzymatically degradable peptides promoted the expression of critical acinar cell markers, which are typically downregulated in primary cultures. Furthermore, salivary gland cells encapsulated in enzymatically- but not hydrolytically-degradable hydrogels displayed highly organized and polarized salivary gland cell markers, which mimics characteristics found in native gland tissue. In sum, results indicate that salivary gland cells respond to cellularly remodeled hydrogels, resulting in self-assembly and organization akin to acini substructures of the salivary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Shubin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Timothy J Felong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Brittany E Schutrum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Debria S L Joe
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang Z, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Farach-Carson MC, Passineau MJ. Artificial Induction of Native Aquaporin-1 Expression in Human Salivary Cells. J Dent Res 2017; 96:444-449. [PMID: 28072927 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516685045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy for dry mouth disorders has transitioned in recent years from theoretical to clinical proof of principle with the publication of a first-in-man phase I/II dose escalation clinical trial in patients with radiation-induced xerostomia. This trial used a prototype adenoviral vector to express aquaporin-1 (AQP1), presumably in the ductal cell layer and/or in surviving acinar cells, to drive transcellular flux of interstitial fluid into the labyrinth of the salivary duct. As the development of this promising gene therapy continues, safety considerations are a high priority, particularly those that remove nonhuman agents (i.e., viral vectors and genetic sequences of bacterial origin). In this study, we applied 2 emerging technologies, artificial transcriptional complexes and epigenetic editing, to explore whether AQP1 expression could be achieved by activating the native gene locus in a human salivary ductal cell line and primary salivary human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs), as opposed to the conventional approach of cytomegalovirus promoter-driven expression from an episomal vector. In our first study, we used a cotransfection strategy to express the components of the dCas9-SAM system to create an artificial transcriptional complex at the AQP1 locus in A253 and hS/PCs. We found that AQP1 expression was induced at a magnitude comparable to adenoviral infection, suggesting that AQP1 is primarily silenced through pretranscriptional mechanisms. Because earlier literature suggested that pretranscriptional silencing of AQP1 in salivary glands is mediated by methylation of the promoter, in our second study, we performed global, chemical demethylation of A253 cells and found that demethylation alone induced robust AQP1 expression. These results suggest the potential for success by inducing AQP1 expression in human salivary ductal cells through epigenetic editing of the native promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- 1 Gene Therapy Program, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Pradhan-Bhatt
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,3 Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA
| | - M C Farach-Carson
- 4 The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M J Passineau
- 1 Gene Therapy Program, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Shin HS, An HY, Choi JS, Kim HJ, Lim JY. Organotypic Spheroid Culture to Mimic Radiation-Induced Salivary Hypofunction. J Dent Res 2017; 96:396-405. [PMID: 28048945 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516685036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation treatment often leads to irreversible damage to normal salivary glands (SGs) because of their proximity to head and neck cancers. Optimization of the in vitro model of irradiation (IR)-induced SG damage is warranted to investigate pathophysiology and monitor treatment outcome. Here, we present an organotypic spheroid culture model to investigate the impact of IR on SGs and the mechanisms underlying IR-induced structural and functional changes. Human parotid epithelial cells were obtained from human parotid glands and plated on either plastic plates or Matrigel. A number of 3-dimensional (3D) spheroids were assembled on Matrigel. After IR at 10 and 20 Gy, morphologic changes in cells in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids were observed. As the structural integrity of the 3D spheroids was destroyed by IR, the expression levels of salivary epithelial and structural proteins and genes decreased proportionally with radiation dosage. Furthermore, the spheroid culture allowed better measurement of functional alterations following IR relative to the monolayer culture, in which IR-inflicted spheroids exhibited a loss of acinar-specific cellular functions that enable Ca2+ influx or secretion of α-amylase in response to cholinergic or β-adrenergic agonists. p53-mediated apoptotic cell death was observed under both culture conditions, and its downstream signals increased, such as p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), Bax, cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3. These results suggest that the organotypic spheroid culture could provide a useful alternative model for exploration of radiobiology and mode of action of new therapies for prevention of radiation-induced salivary hypofunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Shin
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,2 Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - H Y An
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,2 Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - J S Choi
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,2 Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Kim
- 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Lim
- 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,2 Translational Research Center, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shin HS, Kook YM, Hong HJ, Kim YM, Koh WG, Lim JY. Functional spheroid organization of human salivary gland cells cultured on hydrogel-micropatterned nanofibrous microwells. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:121-132. [PMID: 27592814 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of a tissue-engineered, salivary bio-gland will benefit patients suffering from xerostomia due to loss of fluid-secreting acinar cells. This study was conducted to develop a bioengineering system to induce self-assembly of human parotid epithelial cells (hPECs) cultured on poly ethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel-micropatterned polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous microwells. Microwells were fabricated by photopatterning of PEG hydrogel in the presence of an electrospun PCL nanofibrous scaffold. hPECs were plated on plastic dishes, Matrigel, PCL nanofibers, or PCL nanofibrous microwells. When the cells were plated onto plastic, they did not form spheres, but aggregated to form 3D acinar-like spheroids when cultured on Matrigel, PCL, and PCL microwells, with the greatest aggregating potency being observed on the PCL microwells. The 3D-assembled spheroids in the PCL microwells expressed higher levels of salivary epithelial markers (α-amylase and AQP5), tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), adherence protein (E-cadherin), and cytoskeletal protein (F-actin) than those on the Matrigel and PCL. Furthermore, the 3D-assembled spheroids in the PCL microwells showed higher levels of α-amylase secretion and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) than those on the Matrigel and PCL nanofibers, suggesting more functional organization of hPECs. We established a bioengineering 3D culture system to promote robust and functional acinar-like organoids from hPECs. PCL nanofibrous microwells can be applied in the future for bioengineering of an artificial bio-salivary gland for restoration of salivary function. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Three dimensional (3D) cultures of salivary glandular epithelial cells using nanofibrous bottom facilitate the formation of acinar-like organoids. In this study, we adapted a PEG hydrogel-micropatterned PCL nanofibrous microwell for the efficient bioengineering of human salivary gland organoids, in which we could easily produce uniform size of 3D organoids. This 3D culture system supports spherical organization, gene and protein expression of acinar markers, TJ proteins, adherence, and cytoskeletal proteins, as well as to promote epithelial structural integrity and acinar secretory functions, and results showed superior efficiency relative to Matrigel and nanofibrous scaffold culture. This 3D culture system has benefits in terms of inert, non-animal and serum-free culture conditions, as well as controllable spheroid size and scalable production of functional SG organoids and is applicable to bioengineering approaches for an artificial bio-gland, as well as to investigations of salivary gland physiology and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Min Kook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Yol Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ozdemir T, Fowler EW, Liu S, Harrington DA, Witt RL, Farach-Carson MC, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Jia X. Tuning Hydrogel Properties to Promote the Assembly of Salivary Gland Spheroids in 3D. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:2217-2230. [PMID: 27990487 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments for chronic xerostomia, or "dry mouth", do not offer long-term therapeutic benefits for head and neck cancer survivors previously treated with curative radiation. Towards the goal of creating tissue-engineered constructs for the restoration of salivary gland functions, we developed new hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels using thiolated HA (HA-SH) and acrylated HA (HA-AES) with a significant molecular weight mismatch. Four hydrogel formulations with varying HA concentration, (1-2.4 wt%) and thiol/acrylate ratios (2/1 to 36/1) and elastic moduli (G': 35 to 1897 Pa, 2 h post-mixing) were investigated. In our system, thiol/acrylate reaction was initiated rapidly upon mixing of HA-SH/HA-AES to establish thioether crosslinks with neighboring ester groups, and spontaneous sulfhydryl oxidation occurred slowly over several days to install a secondary network. The concurrent reactions cooperatively create a cell-permissive network to allow for cell expansion and aggregation. Multicellular spheroids formed readily from a robust ductal epithelial cell line (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney, MDCK cells) in all hydrogel formulations investigated. Primary salivary human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs), on the other hand, are sensitive to the synthetic extracellular environment, and organized acini-like structures with an average diameter of 50 µm were obtained only in gels with G' ≤ 216 Pa and a thiol/acrylate ratio ≥18. The spheroid size and size distribution were dependent on the HA content in the hydrogel. Cells in hS/PC spheroids formed tight junctions (occludin), remained viable and proliferative, secreted structural proteins (collagen IV and laminin) found in the basement membrane and maintained key stem/progenitor markers. We conclude that incorporation of time-dependent, dynamic features into a covalently crosslinked HA network produces an adaptable hydrogel framework that promotes hS/PC assembly and supports early aspects of salivary morphogenesis, key to reconstitution of a fully functional implantable salivary gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Ozdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Eric W Fowler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Daniel A Harrington
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Robert L Witt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health Systems, 4701 Ogletown Stanton Rd., Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Swati Pradhan-Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health Systems, 4701 Ogletown Stanton Rd., Newark, DE, 19713, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE 19716, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 210 South College Ave., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Srinivasan PP, Patel VN, Liu S, Harrington DA, Hoffman MP, Jia X, Witt RL, Farach‐Carson MC, Pradhan‐Bhatt S. Primary Salivary Human Stem/Progenitor Cells Undergo Microenvironment-Driven Acinar-Like Differentiation in Hyaluronate Hydrogel Culture. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:110-120. [PMID: 28170182 PMCID: PMC5442728 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy for head and neck cancer often has undesirable effects on salivary glands that lead to xerostomia or severe dry mouth, which can increase oral infections. Our goal is to engineer functional, three‐dimensional (3D) salivary gland neotissue for autologous implantation to provide permanent relief. An immediate need exists to obtain autologous adult progenitor cells as the use of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells potentially pose serious risks such as teratogenicity and immunogenic rejection. Here, we report an expandable population of primary salivary human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs) that can be reproducibly and scalably isolated and propagated from tissue biopsies. These cells have increased expression of progenitor markers (K5, K14, MYC, ETV4, ETV5) compared with differentiation markers of the parotid gland (acinar: MIST1/BHLHA15 and AMY1A; ductal: K19 and TFCP2L1). Isolated hS/PCs grown in suspension formed primary and secondary spheres and could be maintained in long‐term 3D hydrogel culture. When grown in a customized 3D modular hyaluronate‐based hydrogel system modified with bioactive basement membrane‐derived peptides, levels of progenitor markers, indices of proliferation, and viability of hS/PCs were enhanced. When appropriate microenvironmental cues were provided in a controlled manner in 3D, such as stimulation with β‐adrenergic and cholinergic agonists, hS/PCs differentiated into an acinar‐like lineage, needed for saliva production. We conclude that the stem/progenitor potential of adult hS/PCs isolated without antigenic sorting or clonal expansion in suspension, combined with their ability to differentiate into specialized salivary cell lineages in a human‐compatible culture system, makes them ideal for use in 3D bioengineered salivary gland applications. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:110–120
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padma Pradeepa Srinivasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Vaishali N. Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Matthew P. Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Robert L. Witt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary C. Farach‐Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Swati Pradhan‐Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lombaert I, Movahednia MM, Adine C, Ferreira JN. Concise Review: Salivary Gland Regeneration: Therapeutic Approaches from Stem Cells to Tissue Organoids. Stem Cells 2016; 35:97-105. [PMID: 27406006 PMCID: PMC6310135 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human salivary gland (SG) has an elegant architecture of epithelial acini, connecting ductal branching structures, vascular and neuronal networks that together function to produce and secrete saliva. This review focuses on the translation of cell- and tissue-based research toward therapies for patients suffering from SG hypofunction and related dry mouth syndrome (xerostomia), as a consequence of radiation therapy or systemic disease. We will broadly review the recent literature and discuss the clinical prospects of stem/progenitor cell and tissue-based therapies for SG repair and/or regeneration. Thus far, several strategies have been proposed for the purpose of restoring SG function: (1) transplanting autologous SG-derived epithelial stem/progenitor cells; (2) exploiting nonepithelial cells and/or their bioactive lysates; and (3) tissue engineering approaches using 3D (three-dimensional) biomaterials loaded with SG cells and/or bioactive cues to mimic in vivo SGs. We predict that further scientific improvement in each of these areas will translate to effective therapies toward the repair of damaged glands and the development of miniature SG organoids for the fundamental restoration of saliva secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lombaert
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, North Campus Research Complex, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammad M Movahednia
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 119083, Singapore
| | - Christabella Adine
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Maria OM, Liu Y, El-Hakim M, Zeitouni A, Tran SD. The role of human fibronectin- or placenta basement membrane extract-based gels in favouring the formation of polarized salivary acinar-like structures. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2643-2657. [PMID: 27138462 DOI: 10.1002/term.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy commonly experience hyposalivation and oral/tooth infections, leading to a reduced quality of life. Clinical management is currently unsatisfactory for dry mouth. Thus, there is a need for growing salivary fluid-secreting (acinar) cells for these patients. However, functionally-grown salivary acinar cells are cultured in Matrigel, a product that cannot be used clinically, owing to its source from a mouse sarcoma. Therefore, finding a gel suitable for clinical use and possessing properties similar to that of Matrigel would allow biopsied salivary cells to be expanded in vitro and transplanted into the mouths of xerostomic patients. This study tested gels made with human placenta basement membrane extract (BME) or fibronectin for the growth and differentiation of human salivary biopsies into acinar cells. We report here that, following expansion of primary human salivary gland epithelial cells (huSGs) in serum-free medium, using these gels (made from human proteins) allowed morphological and functional differentiation of salivary ductal cells into acinar-like cells. These (human) gels gave comparable results to Matrigel, such as differentiation into polarized acinar 3D units or monolayers with tight junction proteins (claudin-1, -2, -3) and exhibiting adequate transepithelial electrical resistance, acinar proteins (AQP5, α-amylase, mucin-1, NKCC1) and acinar adhesion-related cell markers (CD44, CD166). Ultrastructural, mRNA and protein analyses confirmed the formation of differentiated acinar polarized cells. The mitotic activity was highest with human placenta BME gel. This human culture model provided a reproducible approach to studying human salivary cell expansion and differentiation for tissue engineering. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Maria
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Younan Liu
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel El-Hakim
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec 1A4, Canada
| | - Anthony Zeitouni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ozdemir T, Fowler EW, Hao Y, Ravikrishnan A, Harrington DA, Witt RL, Farach-Carson MC, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Jia X. Biomaterials-based strategies for salivary gland tissue regeneration. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:592-604. [PMID: 26878077 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00358j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The salivary gland is a complex, secretory tissue that produces saliva and maintains oral homeostasis. Radiation induced salivary gland atrophy, manifested as "dry mouth" or xerostomia, poses a significant clinical challenge. Tissue engineering recently has emerged as an alternative, long-term treatment strategy for xerostomia. In this review, we summarize recent efforts towards the development of functional and implantable salivary glands utilizing designed polymeric substrates or synthetic matrices/scaffolds. Although the in vitro engineering of a complex implantable salivary gland is technically challenging, opportunities exist for multidisciplinary teams to assemble implantable and secretory tissue modules by combining stem/progenitor cells found in the adult glands with biomimetic and cell-instructive materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Ozdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|