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Lu W, Yang M, Zhang Y, Meng B, Ma F, Wang W, Guo T. Characterization of Acellular Cartilage Matrix-Sodium Alginate Scaffolds in Various Proportions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2024; 30:170-182. [PMID: 38420649 PMCID: PMC11001505 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology has provided a new solution to address the shortage of donors, multiple surgeries, and aesthetic concerns in microtia reconstruction surgery. The production of bioinks is the most critical aspect of 3D bioprinting. Acellular cartilage matrix (ACM) and sodium alginate (SA) are commonly used 3D bioprinting materials, and there have been reports of their combined use. However, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluations on ACM-SA scaffolds with different proportions. In this study, bioinks were prepared by mixing different proportions of decellularized rabbit ear cartilage powder and SA and then printed using 3D bioprinting technology and crosslinked with calcium ions to fabricate scaffolds. The physical properties, biocompatibility, and toxicity of ACM-SA scaffolds with different proportions were compared. The adhesion and proliferation of rabbit adipose-derived stem cells on ACM-SA scaffolds of different proportions, as well as the secretion of Collagen Type II, were evaluated under an adipose-derived stem cell chondrogenic induction medium. The following conclusions were drawn: when the proportion of SA in the ACM-SA scaffolds was <30%, the printed structure failed to form. The ACM-SA scaffolds in proportions from 1:9 to 6:4 showed no significant cytotoxicity, among which the 5:5 proportion of ACM-SA scaffold was superior in terms of adhesiveness and promoting cell proliferation and differentiation. Although a higher proportion of SA can provide greater mechanical strength, it also significantly increases the swelling ratio and reduces cell proliferation capabilities. Overall, the 5:5 proportion of ACM-SA scaffold demonstrated a more desirable biological and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengchu Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Baoxi Meng
- Department of Plastic Surgery and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fulian Ma
- Department of Plastic Surgery and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Teng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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2
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Zadegan S, Vahidi B, Nourmohammadi J, Shojaee A, Haghighipour N. Evaluation of rabbit adipose derived stem cells fate in perfused multilayered silk fibroin composite scaffold for Osteochondral repair. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35396. [PMID: 38433653 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Development of osteochondral tissue engineering approaches using scaffolds seeded with stem cells in association with mechanical stimulations has been recently considered as a promising technique for the repair of this tissue. In this study, an integrated and biomimetic trilayered silk fibroin (SF) scaffold containing SF nanofibers in each layer was fabricated. The osteogenesis and chondrogenesis of stem cells seeded on the fabricated scaffolds were investigated under a perfusion flow. 3-Dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that the perfusion flow significantly enhanced cell viability and proliferation. Analysis of gene expression by stem cells revealed that perfusion flow had significantly upregulated the expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic genes in the bone and cartilage layers and downregulated the hypertrophic gene expression in the intermediate layer of the scaffold. In conclusion, applying flow perfusion on the prepared integrated trilayered SF-based scaffold can support osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation for repairing osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zadegan
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Vahidi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jhamak Nourmohammadi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asiyeh Shojaee
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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3
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Makarczyk MJ. Cell Therapy Approaches for Articular Cartilage Regeneration. Organogenesis 2023; 19:2278235. [PMID: 37963189 PMCID: PMC10898818 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2023.2278235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a common cartilage type found in a multitude of joints throughout the human body. However, cartilage is limited in its regenerative capacity. A range of methods have been employed to aid adults under the age of 45 with cartilage defects, but other cartilage pathologies such as osteoarthritis are limited to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and total joint arthroplasty. Cell therapies and synthetic biology can be utilized to assist not only cartilage defects but have the potential as a therapeutic approach for osteoarthritis as well. In this review, we will cover current cell therapy approaches for cartilage defect regeneration with a focus on autologous chondrocyte implantation and matrix autologous chondrocyte implantation. We will then discuss the potential of stem cells for cartilage repair in osteoarthritis and the use of synthetic biology to genetically engineer cells to promote cartilage regeneration and potentially reverse osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan J Makarczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Vogt A, Kapetanos K, Christodoulou N, Asimakopoulos D, Birch MA, McCaskie AW, Khan W. The Effects of Chronological Age on the Chondrogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15494. [PMID: 37895174 PMCID: PMC10607563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and cell therapy for regenerative medicine have great potential to treat chronic disorders. In musculoskeletal disorders, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been identified as a relevant cell type in cell and regenerative strategies due to their multi-lineage potential, although this is likely to be a result of their trophic and immunomodulatory effects on other cells. This PRISMA systematic review aims to assess whether the age of the patient influences the chondrogenic potential of MSCs in regenerative therapy. We identified a total of 3027 studies after performing a search of four databases, including Cochrane, Web of Science, Medline, and PubMed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 14 papers were identified that were reviewed, assessed, and reported. Cell surface characterization and proliferation, as well as the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation, were investigated as part of the analysis of these studies. Most included studies suggest a clear link between aged donor MSCs and diminished clonogenic and proliferative potential. Our study reveals a heterogeneous and conflicting range of outcomes concerning the chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic potential of MSCs in relation to age. Further investigations on the in vitro effects of chronological age on the chondrogenic potential of MSCs should follow the outcomes of this systematic review, shedding more light on this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Vogt
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.V.)
| | | | | | | | - Mark A. Birch
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.V.)
| | - Andrew W. McCaskie
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.V.)
| | - Wasim Khan
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.V.)
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5
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Fani N, Peshkova M, Bikmulina P, Golroo R, Timashev P, Vosough M. Fabricating the cartilage: recent achievements. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:269-292. [PMID: 37389132 PMCID: PMC10299965 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to describe the most recent achievements and provide an insight into cartilage engineering and strategies to restore the cartilage defects. Here, we discuss cell types, biomaterials, and biochemical factors applied to form cartilage tissue equivalents and update the status of fabrication techniques, which are used at all stages of engineering the cartilage. The actualized concept to improve the cartilage tissue restoration is based on applying personalized products fabricated using a full cycle platform: a bioprinter, a bioink consisted of ECM-embedded autologous cell aggregates, and a bioreactor. Moreover, in situ platforms can help to skip some steps and enable adjusting the newly formed tissue in the place during the operation. Only some achievements described have passed first stages of clinical translation; nevertheless, the number of their preclinical and clinical trials is expected to grow in the nearest future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Fani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Peshkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Bikmulina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Reihaneh Golroo
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Guo J, Huang J, Lei S, Wan D, Liang B, Yan H, Liu Y, Feng Y, Yang S, He J, Kong D, Shi J, Wang S. Construction of Rapid Extracellular Matrix-Deposited Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts Induced by Hypoxia in a Bioreactor. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:844-855. [PMID: 36723920 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has become one of the most globally prevalent diseases, and autologous or vascular graft transplantation has been the main treatment for the end stage of the disease. However, there are no commercialized small-diameter vascular graft (SDVG) products available. The design of SDVGs is promising in the future, and SDVG preparation using an in vitro bioreactor is a favorable method, but it faces the problem of long-term culture of >8 weeks. Herein, we used different oxygen (O2) concentrations and mechanical stimulation to induce greater secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) from cells in vitro to rapidly prepare SDVGs. Culturing with 2% O2 significantly increased the production of the ECM components and growth factors of human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs). To accelerate the formation of ECM, hDFs were seeded on a polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold and cultured in a flow culture bioreactor with 2% O2 for only 3 weeks. After orthotopic transplantation in rat abdominal aorta, the cultured SDVGs (PCL-decellularized ECM) showed excellent endothelialization and smooth muscle regeneration. The vascular grafts cultured with hypoxia and mechanical stimulation could accelerate the reconstruction speed and obtain an improved therapeutic effect and thereby provide a new research direction for improving the production and supply of SDVGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaojin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dongdong Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Boyuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ju He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Deling Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China.,Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Monaco G, El Haj AJ, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Ex Vivo Systems to Study Chondrogenic Differentiation and Cartilage Integration. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:E6. [PMID: 33466400 PMCID: PMC7838775 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury and repair is an issue of growing importance. Although common, defects of articular cartilage present a unique clinical challenge due to its poor self-healing capacity, which is largely due to its avascular nature. There is a critical need to better study and understand cellular healing mechanisms to achieve more effective therapies for cartilage regeneration. This article aims to describe the key features of cartilage which is being modelled using tissue engineered cartilage constructs and ex vivo systems. These models have been used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation and to study the mechanisms of cartilage integration into the surrounding tissue. The review highlights the key regeneration principles of articular cartilage repair in healthy and diseased joints. Using co-culture models and novel bioreactor designs, the basis of regeneration is aligned with recent efforts for optimal therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Monaco
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
- Healthcare Technology Institute, Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Martin J. Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH-7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland; (G.M.); (M.A.)
- School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering Research, University of Keele, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
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8
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Esmaeili A, Hosseini S, Baghaban Eslaminejad M. Engineered-extracellular vesicles as an optimistic tool for microRNA delivery for osteoarthritis treatment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:79-91. [PMID: 32601714 PMCID: PMC11072722 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03585-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic diseases. In OA, profiling gene expression changes occur and cartilage tissue homeostasis is lost. Suggestions for OA treatment include regulation of gene expressions via the use of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, problems exist with the use of miRNAs, the most important of which is the delivery of sufficient amounts of effective miRNAs to save cartilage tissue. The engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with the use of advanced techniques would be an efficient OA treatment. Therefore, we discuss the importance of miRNAs in terms of cartilage tissue regeneration and review recent advances in production of enriched EVs and miRNA delivery by EVs for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abazar Esmaeili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Abbadessa A, Crecente-Campo J, Alonso MJ. Engineering Anisotropic Meniscus: Zonal Functionality and Spatiotemporal Drug Delivery. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:133-154. [PMID: 32723019 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human meniscus is a fibrocartilaginous structure that is crucial for an adequate performance of the human knee joint. Degeneration of the meniscus is often followed by partial or total meniscectomy, which enhances the risk of developing knee osteoarthritis. The lack of a satisfactory treatment for this condition has triggered a major interest in drug delivery (DD) and tissue engineering (TE) strategies intended to restore a bioactive and fully functional meniscal tissue. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the most relevant studies on spatiotemporal DD and TE, aiming for a multizonal meniscal reconstruction. Indeed, the development of meniscal tissue implants should involve a provision for adequate active molecules and scaffold features that take into account the anisotropic ultrastructure of human meniscus. This zonal differentiation is reflected in the meniscus biochemical composition, collagen fiber arrangement, and cell distribution. In this sense, it is expected that a proper combination of advanced DD and zonal TE strategies will play a key role in the future trends in meniscus regeneration. Impact statement Meniscus degeneration is one of the main causes of knee pain, inflammation, and reduced mobility. Currently used suturing procedures and meniscectomy are far from being ideal solutions to the loss of meniscal function. Therefore, drug delivery (DD) and tissue engineering (TE) strategies are currently under investigation. DD systems aim at an in situ controlled release of growth factors, whereas TE strategies aim at mimicking the anisotropy of native meniscus. The goal of this review is to discuss these two main approaches, as well as synergies between them that are expected to lead to a real breakthrough in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abbadessa
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Crecente-Campo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Wang M, Chen G, Li G, Wang B, Lei C. Creating Cartilage in Tissue-Engineered Chamber Using Platelet-Rich Plasma Without Cell Culture. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 26:375-383. [PMID: 32539669 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinically available cartilage, such as large-volume tissue-engineered cartilage, is urgently required for various clinical applications. Tissue engineering chamber (TEC) models are a promising organ-level strategy for efficient enlargement of cells or tissues within the chamber. The conventional TEC technology is not suitable for cartilage culture, because it lacks the necessary chondrogenic growth factor, which is present in platelet-rich plasma (PRP). In this study, we added autogenous auricular cartilage fragments mixed with PRP in a TEC to obtain a large amount of engineered cartilage. Experiment: To prove the efficacy of this method, 48 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: PRP, vascularized (Ves), PRP, PRP+Ves, and control. Auricular cartilage was harvested from the rabbits, cut into fragments (2 mm), and then injected into TECs. Cartilage constructs were harvested at week 8, and construct volumes were measured. Histological morphology, immunochemical staining, and mechanical strength were evaluated. Results: At week 8, PRP+Ves constructs developed a white, cartilage-like appearance. The volume of cartilage increased by 600% the original volume from 0.30 to 1.8 ± 0.1789 mL. Histological staining showed proliferation of edge chondrocytes in the embedded cartilage in the PRP and PRP+Ves groups. Furthermore, the cartilage constructs in the PRP+Ves group show mechanical characteristics similar to those of normal cartilage. Conclusions: Auricular cartilage fragments mixed with PRP and vascularization of the TEC showed a significantly increased cartilage tissue volume after 8 weeks of incubation in rabbits. Impact Statement Repair of defects of ear cartilage tissue has always been a huge challenge to plastic surgeons. In this article, a new method is presented to produce within 8 weeks auricular cartilage in a tissue engineering chamber without cell culture. Having such a method is a valuable step toward creating a large volume of functional cartilage tissue, which may lead to successful construction of normal auricular structure with minimal donor-site morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meishui Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guojie Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guanmin Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chen Lei
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
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11
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Bhardwaj N, Singh YP, Mandal BB. Silk Fibroin Scaffold-Based 3D Co-Culture Model for Modulation of Chondrogenesis without Hypertrophy via Reciprocal Cross-talk and Paracrine Signaling. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5240-5254. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandana Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati, Guwahati 781125, India
| | - Yogendra Pratap Singh
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Biman B. Mandal
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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12
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Xue R, Chung B, Tamaddon M, Carr J, Liu C, Cartmell SH. Osteochondral tissue coculture: An in vitro and in silico approach. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3112-3123. [PMID: 31334830 PMCID: PMC6790609 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral tissue engineering aims to regenerate functional tissue‐mimicking physiological properties of injured cartilage and its subchondral bone. Given the distinct structural and biochemical difference between bone and cartilage, bilayered scaffolds, and bioreactors are commonly employed. We present an osteochondral culture system which cocultured ATDC5 and MC3T3‐E1 cells on an additive manufactured bilayered scaffold in a dual‐chamber perfusion bioreactor. Also, finite element models (FEM) based on the microcomputed tomography image of the manufactured scaffold as well as on the computer‐aided design (CAD) were constructed; the microenvironment inside the two FEM was studied and compared. In vitro results showed that the coculture system supported osteochondral tissue growth in terms of cell viability, proliferation, distribution, and attachment. In silico results showed that the CAD and the actual manufactured scaffold had significant differences in the flow velocity, differentiation media mixing in the bioreactor and fluid‐induced shear stress experienced by the cells. This system was shown to have the desired microenvironment for osteochondral tissue engineering and it can potentially be used as an inexpensive tool for testing newly developed pharmaceutical products for osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Xue
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Benedict Chung
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Maryam Tamaddon
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculo-Skeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Carr
- Manchester Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculo-Skeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Harriet Cartmell
- School of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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13
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Martínez-Moreno D, Jiménez G, Gálvez-Martín P, Rus G, Marchal JA. Cartilage biomechanics: A key factor for osteoarthritis regenerative medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1067-1075. [PMID: 30910703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disorder that is highly extended in the global population. Several researches and therapeutic strategies have been probed on OA but without satisfactory long-term results in joint replacement. Recent evidences show how the cartilage biomechanics plays a crucial role in tissue development. This review describes how physics alters cartilage and its extracellular matrix (ECM); and its role in OA development. The ECM of the articular cartilage (AC) is widely involved in cartilage turnover processes being crucial in regeneration and joint diseases. We also review the importance of physicochemical pathways following the external forces in AC. Moreover, new techniques probed in cartilage tissue engineering for biomechanical stimulation are reviewed. The final objective of these novel approaches is to create a cellular implant that maintains all the biochemical and biomechanical properties of the original tissue for long-term replacements in patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martínez-Moreno
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada E-18100, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain
| | - G Jiménez
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada E-18100, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18016, Spain
| | - P Gálvez-Martín
- Advanced Therapies Area, Pharmascience Division, Bioibérica S.A.U., E-08029 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - G Rus
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada E-18100, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain; Department of Structural Mechanics, University of Granada, Politécnico de Fuentenueva, Granada E-18071, Spain.
| | - J A Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada E-18100, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, Granada E-18071, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada E-18016, Spain.
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Long non-coding RNA DANCR regulates proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis via miR-216a-5p-JAK2-STAT3 axis. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181228. [PMID: 30361290 PMCID: PMC6294632 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic joint disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been confirmed to play important roles in a variety of diseases including OA. However, the underlying mechanism of lncRNA differentiation antagonizing non-protein coding RNA (DANCR) in OA has not been well elucidated. The expression of DANCR in cartilage tissues from OA patients was detected using quantitative real-time PCR. After cell transfection, the effects of DANCR inhibition on the proliferation, apoptosis and inflammatory factors of OA chondrocytes were detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry assay. Novel target of DANCR was then identified through bioinformatics analysis and confirmed by luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. The expression of DANCR was significantly increased in OA patients. Function assays demonstrated that DANCR suppression inhibited the proliferation, inflammation, and promoted apoptosis of chondrocytes cells. Additionally, DANCR regulated survival of OA chondrocytes through acting as a competitive endogenous RNA for miR-216a-5p. Furthermore, JAK2 was a direct target of miR-216a-5p, and DANCR regulated the JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway through miR-216a-5p in OA chondrocytes. In the present study, we concluded that DANCR promoted the proliferation, inflammation, and reduced cell apoptosis in OA chondrocytes through regulating miR-216a-5p/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, indicating DANCR might be a useful biomarker and potential therapeutic target for OA treatment.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cartilage tissue engineering has rapidly developed in recent decades, exhibiting promising potential to regenerate and repair cartilage. However, the origin of a large amount of a suitable seed cell source is the major bottleneck for the further clinical application of cartilage tissue engineering. The use of a monoculture of passaged chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells results in undesired outcomes, such as fibrocartilage formation and hypertrophy. In the last two decades, co-cultures of chondrocytes and a variety of mesenchymal stem cells have been intensively investigated in vitro and in vivo, shedding light on the perspective of co-culture in cartilage tissue engineering. AREAS COVERED We summarize the recent literature on the application of heterologous cell co-culture systems in cartilage tissue engineering and compare the differences between direct and indirect co-culture systems as well as discuss the underlying mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION Co-culture system is proven to address many issues encountered by monocultures in cartilage tissue engineering, including reducing the number of chondrocytes needed and alleviating the dedifferentiation of chondrocytes. With the further development and knowledge of biomaterials, cartilage tissue engineering that combines the co-culture system and advanced biomaterials is expected to solve the difficult problem regarding the regeneration of functional cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Zou
- a Department of Joint Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong key laboratory of orthopaedic technology and implant materials , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Bo Bai
- a Department of Joint Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong key laboratory of orthopaedic technology and implant materials , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yongchang Yao
- a Department of Joint Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China.,b Guangdong key laboratory of orthopaedic technology and implant materials , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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Engineered Co-culture Strategies Using Stem Cells for Facilitated Chondrogenic Differentiation and Cartilage Repair. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cho H, Lee A, Kim K. The effect of serum types on Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Biomater Res 2018; 22:6. [PMID: 29556415 PMCID: PMC5845156 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the most essential supplement in culture media for cellular proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation. However, due to a limited supply and subsequently rising prices, a series of studies have investigated a biological feasibility of replaceable serums to substitute FBS. Along with the increasing interests to manufacture stem cell-based cellular products, optimizing the composition of culture media including serums and exogenous growth factors (GFs) is of importance. In this experiment, the effect of bovine serum (BS) and newborn calf serum (NCS) on proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation capacity of human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) was evaluated, especially in the chondrogenically supplemented culture condition. Methods ADSCs were chondrogenically cultured with FBS, BS, and NCS for 14 days. For the acceleration of in vitro chondrogenesis, exogenous insulin-like growth factor and transforming growth factor-β3 were added. Viability and proliferation of ADSCs were evaluated using Live/Dead fluorescence staining and DNA amount, respectively. To investigate a chondrogenic differentiation, a series of assays were performed including a quantification of glycosaminoglycan deposition, alcian blue staining, and RT-PCR analysis for type II collagen, aggrecan and Sox-9 genes. Results The results demonstrated that proliferation of ADSCs was facilitated in FBS condition as compared with other serum types. For chondrogenic marker gene expression, serum substitutes enhanced Sox-9 expression level on day 14. The deposition of glycosaminoglycan was more facilitated in BS condition regardless of additional chondrogenic GFs. Conclusion It could be presumably speculated that serum types and exogenous supplements of GFs could also be important parameters to optimize culture media composition, especially in order to maintain the enhanced levels of both proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of ADSCs during expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeran Cho
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 South Korea
| | - Aeri Lee
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 South Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012 South Korea
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Baudequin T, Tabrizian M. Multilineage Constructs for Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering: A Review of Tissue-Specific Challenges. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29193897 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the regeneration of tissue in interfacial regions, where biological, physical, and chemical attributes vary across tissue type. The simultaneous use of distinct cell lineages can help in developing in vitro structures, analogous to native composite tissues. This literature review gathers the recent reports that have investigated multiple cell types of various sources and lineages in a coculture system for tissue-engineered constructs. Such studies aim at mimicking the native organization of tissues and their interfaces, and/or to improve the development of complex tissue substitutes. This paper thus distinguishes itself from those focusing on technical aspects of coculturing for a single specific tissue. The first part of this review is dedicated to variables of cocultured tissue engineering such as scaffold, cells, and in vitro culture environment. Next, tissue-specific coculture methods and approaches are covered for the most studied tissues. Finally, cross-analysis is performed to highlight emerging trends in coculture principles and to discuss how tissue-specific challenges can inspire new approaches for regeneration of different interfaces to improve the outcomes of various tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Baudequin
- Faculty of Medicine; Biomat'X Laboratory; Department of Biomedical Engineering; McGill University; 740 ave. Dr. Penfield, Room 4300 Montréal QC H3A 0G1 Québec Canada
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Faculty of Medicine; Biomat'X Laboratory; Department of Biomedical Engineering; McGill University; 740 ave. Dr. Penfield, Room 4300 Montréal QC H3A 0G1 Québec Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry; McGill University; 3775 rue University, Room 313/308B Montréal QC H3A 2B4 Québec Canada
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Armiento AR, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eglin D. Biomaterials for articular cartilage tissue engineering: Learning from biology. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:1-20. [PMID: 29128537 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is commonly described as a tissue that is made of up to 80% water, is devoid of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, and is populated by only one cell type, the chondrocyte. At first glance, an easy tissue for clinicians to repair and for scientists to reproduce in a laboratory. Yet, chondral and osteochondral defects currently remain an open challenge in orthopedics and tissue engineering of the musculoskeletal system, without considering osteoarthritis. Why do we fail in repairing and regenerating articular cartilage? Behind its simple and homogenous appearance, articular cartilage hides a heterogeneous composition, a high level of organisation and specific biomechanical properties that, taken together, make articular cartilage a unique material that we are not yet able to repair or reproduce with high fidelity. This review highlights the available therapies for cartilage repair and retraces the research on different biomaterials developed for tissue engineering strategies. Their potential to recreate the structure, including composition and organisation, as well as the function of articular cartilage, intended as cell microenvironment and mechanically competent replacement, is described. A perspective of the limitations of the current research is given in the light of the emerging technologies supporting tissue engineering of articular cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The mechanical properties of articular tissue reflect its functionally organised composition and the recreation of its structure challenges the success of in vitro and in vivo reproduction of the native cartilage. Tissue engineering and biomaterials science have revolutionised the way scientists approach the challenge of articular cartilage repair and regeneration by introducing the concept of the interdisciplinary approach. The clinical translation of the current approaches are not yet fully successful, but promising results are expected from the emerging and developing new generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Armiento
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - M J Stoddart
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland; University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
| | - D Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland.
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20
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Effect of Concentrated Growth Factors on the Repair of the Goat Temporomandibular Joint. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 75:498-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Cyclic Stretch and Perfusion Bioreactor for Conditioning Large Diameter Engineered Tissue Tubes. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:1785-97. [PMID: 26307332 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A cyclic stretch and perfusion bioreactor was designed to culture large diameter engineered tissue tubes for heart valve applications. In this bioreactor, tubular tissues consisting of dermal fibroblasts in a sacrificial fibrin gel scaffold were placed over porated latex support sleeves and mounted in a custom bioreactor. Pulsatile flow of culture medium into the system resulted in cyclic stretching as well as ablumenal, lumenal, and transmural flow (perfusion). In this study, lumenal remodeling, composition, and mechanical strength and stiffness were compared for tissues cyclically stretched in this bioreactor on either the porated latex sleeves or solid latex sleeves, which did not permit lumenal or transmural flow. Tissues cyclically stretched on porated sleeves had regions of increased lumenal remodeling and cellularity that were localized to the columns of pores in the latex sleeve. A CFD model was developed with COMSOL Multiphysics(®) to predict flow of culture medium in and around the tissue, and the predictions suggest that the enhanced lumenal remodeling was likely a result of elevated shear stresses and transmural velocity in these regions. This work highlights the beneficial effects of increased nutrient transport and flow stimulation for accelerating in vitro tissue remodeling.
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Carmona-Moran CA, Wick TM. Transient Growth Factor Stimulation Improves Chondrogenesis in Static Culture and Under Dynamic Conditions in a Novel Shear and Perfusion Bioreactor. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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23
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Levato R, Visser J, Planell JA, Engel E, Malda J, Mateos-Timoneda MA. Biofabrication of tissue constructs by 3D bioprinting of cell-laden microcarriers. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035020. [PMID: 25048797 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting allows the fabrication of living constructs with custom-made architectures by spatially controlled deposition of multiple bioinks. This is important for the generation of tissue, such as osteochondral tissue, which displays a zonal composition in the cartilage domain supported by the underlying subchondral bone. Challenges in fabricating functional grafts of clinically relevant size include the incorporation of cues to guide specific cell differentiation and the generation of sufficient cells, which is hard to obtain with conventional cell culture techniques. A novel strategy to address these demands is to combine bioprinting with microcarrier technology. This technology allows for the extensive expansion of cells, while they form multi-cellular aggregates, and their phenotype can be controlled. In this work, living constructs were fabricated via bioprinting of cell-laden microcarriers. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-laden polylactic acid microcarriers, obtained via static culture or spinner flask expansion, were encapsulated in gelatin methacrylamide-gellan gum bioinks, and the printability of the composite material was studied. This bioprinting approach allowed for the fabrication of constructs with high cell concentration and viability. Microcarrier encapsulation improved the compressive modulus of the hydrogel constructs, facilitated cell adhesion, and supported osteogenic differentiation and bone matrix deposition by MSCs. Bilayered osteochondral models were fabricated using microcarrier-laden bioink for the bone compartment. These findings underscore the potential of this new microcarrier-based biofabrication approach for bone and osteochondral constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Levato
- Biomaterials for regenerative therapies group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain. CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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