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Vogt A, Kapetanos K, Christodoulou N, Asimakopoulos D, Birch MA, McCaskie AW, Khan W. The Effects of Chronological Age on the Chondrogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15494. [PMID: 37895174 PMCID: PMC10607563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering and cell therapy for regenerative medicine have great potential to treat chronic disorders. In musculoskeletal disorders, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been identified as a relevant cell type in cell and regenerative strategies due to their multi-lineage potential, although this is likely to be a result of their trophic and immunomodulatory effects on other cells. This PRISMA systematic review aims to assess whether the age of the patient influences the chondrogenic potential of MSCs in regenerative therapy. We identified a total of 3027 studies after performing a search of four databases, including Cochrane, Web of Science, Medline, and PubMed. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 14 papers were identified that were reviewed, assessed, and reported. Cell surface characterization and proliferation, as well as the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation, were investigated as part of the analysis of these studies. Most included studies suggest a clear link between aged donor MSCs and diminished clonogenic and proliferative potential. Our study reveals a heterogeneous and conflicting range of outcomes concerning the chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic potential of MSCs in relation to age. Further investigations on the in vitro effects of chronological age on the chondrogenic potential of MSCs should follow the outcomes of this systematic review, shedding more light on this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Vogt
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.V.)
| | | | | | | | - Mark A. Birch
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.V.)
| | - Andrew W. McCaskie
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.V.)
| | - Wasim Khan
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.V.)
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Datta HK, Kringen MK, Tuck SP, Salpingidou G, Olstad OK, Gautvik KM, Cockell SJ, Gautvik VT, Prediger M, Wu JJ, Birch MA, Reppe S. Mechanical-Stress-Related Epigenetic Regulation of ZIC1 Transcription Factor in the Etiology of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062957. [PMID: 35328378 PMCID: PMC8955993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading exerts a profound influence on bone density and architecture, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Our study shows that expression of the neurological transcriptional factor zinc finger of the cerebellum 1 (ZIC1) is markedly increased in trabecular bone biopsies in the lumbar spine compared with the iliac crest, skeletal sites of high and low mechanical stress, respectively. Human trabecular bone transcriptome analyses revealed a strong association between ZIC1 mRNA levels and gene transcripts characteristically associated with osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. This supposition is supported by higher ZIC1 expression in iliac bone biopsies from postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared with age-matched control subjects, as well as strongly significant inverse correlation between ZIC1 mRNA levels and BMI-adjusted bone mineral density (BMD) (Z-score). ZIC1 promoter methylation was decreased in mechanically loaded vertebral bone compared to unloaded normal iliac bone, and its mRNA levels correlated inversely with ZIC1 promoter methylation, thus linking mechanical stress to epigenetic control of gene expression. The findings were corroborated in cultures of rat osteoblast progenitors and osteoblast-like cells. This study demonstrates for the first time how skeletal epigenetic changes that are affected by mechanical forces give rise to marked alteration in bone cell transcriptional activity and translate to human bone pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish K. Datta
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.P.T.); (M.A.B.)
- Blood Sciences, South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01642-854161
| | | | - Stephen P. Tuck
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.P.T.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Georgia Salpingidou
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Durham University, Durham DH1 3 LE, UK; (G.S.); (J.J.W.)
| | - Ole K. Olstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (O.K.O.); (S.R.)
| | - Kaare M. Gautvik
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, 0440 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.G.); (V.T.G.)
| | - Simon J. Cockell
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Vigdis T. Gautvik
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, 0440 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.G.); (V.T.G.)
| | - Michael Prediger
- Blood Sciences, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK;
| | - Jun Jie Wu
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Durham University, Durham DH1 3 LE, UK; (G.S.); (J.J.W.)
| | - Mark A. Birch
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.P.T.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway; (O.K.O.); (S.R.)
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, 0440 Oslo, Norway; (K.M.G.); (V.T.G.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Chan CD, Haagensen EJ, Tensaout HA, Rennie KJ, Gamie Z, Barry J, Birch MA, Gerrand CH, Nisar S, Robson CN, Lunec J, Rankin KS. Co-localisation of intra-nuclear membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase and hypoxia inducible factor-2α in osteosarcoma and prostate carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:158. [PMID: 33552276 PMCID: PMC7798041 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) expression in osteosarcoma is predictive of poor prognosis and directs bone metastasis in prostate carcinoma. MT1-MMP subcellular localisation varies with oxygen tension, and, therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess protein interactions between MT1-MMP and the hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1α and HIF-2α). MT1-MMP protein expression was investigated across a panel of cancer cell lines, including a positive and negative control. The hypoxia-induced alteration in subcellular location of MT1-MMP, HIF-1α and HIF-2α in the U2OS osteosarcoma cell line was assessed using subcellular fractionation. A proximity ligation assay was utilised to assess protein to protein interactions in the osteosarcoma U2OS and prostate carcinoma PC3 cell lines. U2OS and PC3 cells exhibited a significantly increased intra-nuclear interaction between MT1-MMP and HIF-2α in response to hypoxia. The role of this warrants further investigation as it may unveil novel opportunities to target MT1-MMP, which is of particular significance for osteosarcoma since current treatment options are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey D Chan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emma J Haagensen
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Hayeit A Tensaout
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Group, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Katherine J Rennie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Group, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Zakareya Gamie
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - James Barry
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mark A Birch
- School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Craig H Gerrand
- Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Sohail Nisar
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - John Lunec
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kenneth S Rankin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Katarivas Levy G, Ong J, Birch MA, Justin AW, Markaki AE. Albumin-Enriched Fibrin Hydrogel Embedded in Active Ferromagnetic Networks Improves Osteoblast Differentiation and Vascular Self-Organisation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111743. [PMID: 31652977 PMCID: PMC6918167 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous coatings on prosthetic implants encourage implant fixation. Enhanced fixation may be achieved using a magneto-active porous coating that can deform elastically in vivo on the application of an external magnetic field, straining in-growing bone. Such a coating, made of 444 ferritic stainless steel fibres, was previously characterised in terms of its mechanical and cellular responses. In this work, co-cultures of human osteoblasts and endothelial cells were seeded into a novel fibrin-based hydrogel embedded in a 444 ferritic stainless steel fibre network. Albumin was successfully incorporated into fibrin hydrogels improving the specific permeability and the diffusion of fluorescently tagged dextrans without affecting their Young’s modulus. The beneficial effect of albumin was demonstrated by the upregulation of osteogenic and angiogenic gene expression. Furthermore, mineralisation, extracellular matrix production, and formation of vessel-like structures were enhanced in albumin-enriched fibrin hydrogels compared to fibrin hydrogels. Collectively, the results indicate that the albumin-enriched fibrin hydrogel is a promising bio-matrix for bone tissue engineering and orthopaedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Katarivas Levy
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - John Ong
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Mark A Birch
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
| | - Alexander W Justin
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Athina E Markaki
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
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Katarivas Levy G, Birch MA, Brooks RA, Neelakantan S, Markaki AE. Stimulation of Human Osteoblast Differentiation in Magneto-Mechanically Actuated Ferromagnetic Fiber Networks. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1522. [PMID: 31546701 PMCID: PMC6833056 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently an interest in "active" implantable biomedical devices that include mechanical stimulation as an integral part of their design. This paper reports the experimental use of a porous scaffold made of interconnected networks of slender ferromagnetic fibers that can be actuated in vivo by an external magnetic field applying strains to in-growing cells. Such scaffolds have been previously characterized in terms of their mechanical and cellular responses. In this study, it is shown that the shape changes induced in the scaffolds can be used to promote osteogenesis in vitro. In particular, immunofluorescence, gene and protein analyses reveal that the actuated networks exhibit higher mineralization and extracellular matrix production, and express higher levels of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, collagen type 1α1, runt-related transcription factor 2 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 than the static controls at the 3-week time point. The results suggest that the cells filling the inter-fiber spaces are able to sense and react to the magneto-mechanically induced strains facilitating osteogenic differentiation and maturation. This work provides evidence in support of using this approach to stimulate bone ingrowth around a device implanted in bone and can pave the way for further applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Katarivas Levy
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Mark A Birch
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
| | - Roger A Brooks
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
| | - Suresh Neelakantan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India.
| | - Athina E Markaki
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
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Peters DT, Waller H, Birch MA, Lakey JH. Engineered mosaic protein polymers; a simple route to multifunctional biomaterials. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 31244892 PMCID: PMC6582577 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered living materials (ELMs) are an exciting new frontier, where living organisms create highly functional materials. In particular, protein ELMs have the advantage that their properties can be manipulated via simple molecular biology. Caf1 is a protein ELM that is especially attractive as a biomaterial on account of its unique combination of properties: bacterial cells export it as a massive, modular, non-covalent polymer which is resistant to thermal and chemical degradation and free from animal material. Moreover, it is biologically inert, allowing the bioactivity of each 15 kDa monomeric Caf1 subunit to be specifically engineered by mutagenesis and co-expressed in the same Escherichia coli cell to produce a mixture of bioactive Caf1 subunits. RESULTS Here, we show by gel electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy that the bacterial cells combine these subunits into true mosaic heteropolymers. By combining two separate bioactive motifs in a single mosaic polymer we demonstrate its utility by stimulating the early stages of bone formation by primary human bone marrow stromal cells. Finally, using a synthetic biology approach, we engineer a mosaic of three components, demonstrating that Caf1 complexity depends solely upon the variety of monomers available. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the utility of engineered Caf1 mosaic polymers as a simple route towards the production of multifunctional biomaterials that will be useful in biomedical applications such as 3D tissue culture and wound healing. Additionally, in situ Caf1 producing cells could create complex bacterial communities for biotechnology. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Peters
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Waller
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark A. Birch
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeremy H. Lakey
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Mancuso E, Bretcanu OA, Marshall M, Birch MA, McCaskie AW, Dalgarno KW. Novel bioglasses for bone tissue repair and regeneration: Effect of glass design on sintering ability, ion release and biocompatibility. Mater Des 2017; 129:239-248. [PMID: 28883669 PMCID: PMC5521854 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Eight novel silicate, phosphate and borate glass compositions (coded as NCLx, where x = 1 to 8), containing different oxides (i.e. MgO, MnO2, Al2O3, CaF2, Fe2O3, ZnO, CuO, Cr2O3) were designed and evaluated alongside apatite-wollastonite (used as comparison material), as potential biomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration. Glass frits of all the formulations were processed to have particle sizes under 53 μm, with their morphology and dimensions subsequently investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to establish the nature of the raw glass powders, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was also performed. The sintering ability of the novel materials was determined by using hot stage microscopy (HSM). Ionic release potential was assessed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Finally, the cytotoxic effect of the novel glass powders was evaluated for different glass concentrations via a colorimetric assay, on which basis three formulations are considered promising biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mancuso
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, UK
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
- Corresponding author at: School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK.School of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of LeedsWoodhouse LaneLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Oana A. Bretcanu
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, UK
| | | | - Mark A. Birch
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, UK
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Mancuso E, Alharbi N, Bretcanu OA, Marshall M, Birch MA, McCaskie AW, Dalgarno KW. Three-dimensional printing of porous load-bearing bioceramic scaffolds. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2017; 231:575-585. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411916682984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on the use of the binder jetting three-dimensional printing process combined with sintering to process bioceramic materials to form micro- and macroporous three-dimensional structures. Three different glass-ceramic formulations, apatite–wollastonite and two silicate-based glasses, have been processed using this route to create porous structures which have Young’s modulus equivalent to cortical bone and average bending strengths in the range 24–36 MPa. It is demonstrated that a range of macroporous geometries can be created with accuracies of ±0.25 mm over length scales up to 40 mm. Hot-stage microscopy is a valuable tool in the definition of processing parameters for the sintering step of the process. Overall, it is concluded that binder jetting followed by sintering offers a versatile process for the manufacture of load-bearing bioceramic components for bone replacement applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mancuso
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Naif Alharbi
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oana A Bretcanu
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Mark A Birch
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew W McCaskie
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth W Dalgarno
- School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Ferreira AM, Gentile P, Toumpaniari S, Ciardelli G, Birch MA. Impact of Collagen/Heparin Multilayers for Regulating Bone Cellular Functions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:29923-29932. [PMID: 27762547 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone cell interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment is of critical importance when engineering surface interfaces for bone regeneration. In this work layer-by-layer films of type I collagen (coll), the major constituent of bone ECM, and heparin (hep), a glycosaminoglycan, were assembled on poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) substrates to evaluate the impact of the biomacromolecular coating on cell activity. The surface modification of PLLA demonstrated that the hep/coll multilayer is stable after 10 bilayers (confirmed by contact angle, infrared spectroscopy, and morphological analysis). This simple approach provided novel information on the effect of heparin on type I collagen hierarchical organization and subsequent cell response of osteoblast-like (MC3T3-E1) and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Interestingly, the number of deposited heparin layers (1 or 10) appeared to play an important role in the self-assembly of collagen into fibrils, stabilizing the fibrous collagen layer, and potentially impacting hMSCs activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Ferreira
- Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino , Turin, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sotiria Toumpaniari
- Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino , Turin, Italy
| | - Mark A Birch
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Johnson-Lynn SE, Roy S, McCaskie AW, Birch MA. Electrochemical Modification of Titanium Alloy Influences Osteoblast Morphology and Activity of Cadherin-11 and Rho-Family GTPases. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2015.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Roque AI, Soliakov A, Birch MA, Philips SR, Shah DSH, Lakey JH. Reversible non-stick behaviour of a bacterial protein polymer provides a tuneable molecular mimic for cell and tissue engineering. Adv Mater 2014; 26:2704-9, 2616. [PMID: 24623384 PMCID: PMC4112846 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Yersina pestis, the bubonic plague bacterium, is coated with a polymeric protein hydrogel for protection from host defences. The protein, which is robust and non-stick, resembles structures found in many eukaryotic extracellular-matrix proteins. Cells grown on the natural polymer cannot adhere and grow poorly; however, when cell-adhesion motifs are inserted into the protein, the cells proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Roque
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrei Soliakov
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Birch
- Institute for Cellular MedicineNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUnited Kingdom
| | - Sion R. Philips
- Orla Protein Technologies LtdInternational Centre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle upon TyneNE1 4EPUK
| | - Deepan S. H. Shah
- Orla Protein Technologies LtdInternational Centre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle upon TyneNE1 4EPUK
| | - Jeremy H. Lakey
- Institute for Cell and Molecular BiosciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUnited Kingdom
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Alsharif NH, Al-Said SAF, Birch MA, Horrocks BR, Datta HK. Real-time activity bioassay of single osteoclasts using a silicon nanocrystal-impregnated artificial matrix. Small 2013; 9:3685-3692. [PMID: 23650249 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The lack of an in vitro real-time osteoclast (OC) activity assay has hampered mechanistic studies of bone resorption. Such an assay is developed, employing a hydroxyapatite matrix impregnated with alkyl-capped silicon nanocrystals, which is capable of monitoring the time-course of resorption by single osteoclasts. Resorption of the matrix by OC releases the nanocrystals, which are internalized by the cell and detected as an increase in OC luminescence. This particular choice of nanocrystals is motivated by their bright pH-independent luminescence, proportional to concentration, and by their rapid uptake without cytotoxicity. In this in vitro assay, OCs are inhibited by calcitonin (CT) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD), and stimulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in the expected manner. The kinetics of the assay exhibit a lag phase representing cell attachment and commencement of resorption processes, followed by a growth of cell luminescence intensity, and the whole time-course is satisfactorily described by the logistic equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Alsharif
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Birch MA, Tanaka M, Kirmizidis G, Yamamoto S, Shimomura M. Microporous “Honeycomb” Films Support Enhanced Bone Formation In Vitro. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2087-96. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Birch
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - George Kirmizidis
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sadaaki Yamamoto
- Innovation Research Center for Fuel Cells, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Shimomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Birch MA, Johnson-Lynn S, Nouraei S, Wu QB, Ngalim S, Lu WJ, Watchorn C, Yang TY, McCaskie AW, Roy S. Effect of electrochemical structuring of Ti6Al4V on osteoblast behaviour
in vitro. Biomed Mater 2012; 7:035016. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/7/3/035016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mitchell EA, Chaffey BT, McCaskie AW, Lakey JH, Birch MA. Controlled spatial and conformational display of immobilised bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteopontin signalling motifs regulates osteoblast adhesion and differentiation in vitro. BMC Biol 2010; 8:57. [PMID: 20459712 PMCID: PMC2880964 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The interfacial molecular mechanisms that regulate mammalian cell growth and differentiation have important implications for biotechnology (production of cells and cell products) and medicine (tissue engineering, prosthetic implants, cancer and developmental biology). We demonstrate here that engineered protein motifs can be robustly displayed to mammalian cells in vitro in a highly controlled manner using a soluble protein scaffold designed to self assemble on a gold surface. Results A protein was engineered to contain a C-terminal cysteine that would allow chemisorption to gold, followed by 12 amino acids that form a water soluble coil that could switch to a hydrophobic helix in the presence of alkane thiols. Bioactive motifs from either bone morphogenetic protein-2 or osteopontin were added to this scaffold protein and when assembled on a gold surface assessed for their ability to influence cell function. Data demonstrate that osteoblast adhesion and short-term responsiveness to bone morphogenetic protein-2 is dependent on the surface density of a cell adhesive motif derived from osteopontin. Furthermore an immobilised cell interaction motif from bone morphogenetic protein supported bone formation in vitro over 28 days (in the complete absence of other osteogenic supplements). In addition, two-dimensional patterning of this ligand using a soft lithography approach resulted in the spatial control of osteogenesis. Conclusion These data describe an approach that allows the influence of immobilised protein ligands on cell behaviour to be dissected at the molecular level. This approach presents a durable surface that allows both short (hours or days) and long term (weeks) effects on cell activity to be assessed. This widely applicable approach can provide mechanistic insight into the contribution of immobilised ligands in the control of cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mitchell
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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16
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Kalogeropoulos M, Varanasi SS, Olstad OK, Sanderson P, Gautvik VT, Reppe S, Francis RM, Gautvik KM, Birch MA, Datta HK. Zic1 transcription factor in bone: neural developmental protein regulates mechanotransduction in osteocytes. FASEB J 2010; 24:2893-903. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-148908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Kalogeropoulos
- Musculoskeletal Research GroupInstitute of Cellular MedicineThe Medical School Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Satya S. Varanasi
- Musculoskeletal Research GroupInstitute of Cellular MedicineThe Medical School Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Ole K. Olstad
- Department of Clinical ChemistryOslo University Hospital Ullevaal Oslo Norway
| | - Paul Sanderson
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust Hospitals Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Vigdis T. Gautvik
- Department of Clinical ChemistryLovisenberg Deacon Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Clinical ChemistryLovisenberg Deacon Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Roger M. Francis
- Institute for Ageing and HealthNewcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Kaare M. Gautvik
- Department of Clinical ChemistryOslo University Hospital Ullevaal Oslo Norway
- Department of Clinical ChemistryLovisenberg Deacon Hospital Oslo Norway
- Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Mark A. Birch
- Musculoskeletal Research GroupInstitute of Cellular MedicineThe Medical School Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Harish K. Datta
- Musculoskeletal Research GroupInstitute of Cellular MedicineThe Medical School Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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Chen J, Birch MA, Bull SJ. Nanomechanical characterization of tissue engineered bone grown on titanium alloy in vitro. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2010; 21:277-282. [PMID: 19669624 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Intensive work has been performed on the characterization of the mechanical properties of mineralised tissues formed in vivo. However, the mechanical properties of bone-like tissue formed in vitro have rarely been characterised. Most research has either focused on compact cortical bone or cancellous bone, whilst leaving woven bone unaddressed. In this study, bone-like mineralised matrix was produced by osteoblasts cultured in vitro on the surface of titanium alloys. The volume of this tissue-engineered bone is so small that the conventional tensile tests or bending tests are implausible. Therefore, nanoindentation techniques which allow the characterization of the test material from the nanoscale to the microscale were adopted. These reveal the apparent elastic modulus and hardness of the calcospherulite crystals (a representative element for woven bone) are 2.35 +/- 0.73 and 0.41 +/- 0.15 GPa, respectively. The nanoscale viscoelasticity of such woven bone was further assessed by dynamic indentation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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18
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Rankin KS, Lakey RL, Gerrand CH, Sprowson AP, McCaskie AW, Birch MA. A novel in vitro model to investigate behavior of articular chondrocytes in osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 2009; 37:426-31. [PMID: 20032095 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.080080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate in vivo simulation of the microenvironment in which osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes are cultured in vitro. METHODS Human articular chondrocytes were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Cells were cultured on standard culture plastic or a porous polyHEMA surface that closely resembles the in vivo cartilage microarchitecture. Morphological changes to the cells were demonstrated by fluorescent staining with DAPI and vinculin. Proteoglycan and type II collagen protein levels were assessed using established techniques. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production was assessed by ELISA. The gene expression of type II collagen and SOX9 was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Cells grown on culture plastic were seen to be flat and hexagonal. Cells cultured on the porous polyHEMA surface exhibited morphology in keeping with the in vivo microenvironment. Glycosaminoglycan release in hypoxia was high from cells cultured on standard culture plastic. Transcriptional expression of type II collagen was upregulated in hypoxia and by culture on the polyHEMA surface. Transcriptional expression of SOX9 in hypoxia was upregulated compared to normoxia; no significant effect was seen by varying the culture surface. Translational expression of type II collagen was upregulated at 20% oxygen on the polyHEMA surface compared to culture plastic and this was related to MMP-1 expression. CONCLUSION Culture of chondrocytes in hypoxia and on a porous surface simulates the in vivo microenvironment and illustrates the molecular mechanisms of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Rankin
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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19
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Kirmizidis G, Birch MA. Microfabricated Grooved Substrates Influence Cell–Cell Communication and Osteoblast Differentiation In Vitro. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:1427-36. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George Kirmizidis
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute for Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Birch
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute for Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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20
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Abstract
Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) is a member of the SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding Ligand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family of secreted glycophosphoproteins. Several previous studies have demonstrated that MEPE and its peptide motif, AC-100, may regulate bone mass and influence osteoblast activity, suggesting its potential for inclusion in novel therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing osteogenesis. Our study uses in vitro approaches to assess how adhesion of nonadherent cells is influenced by MEPE and whether response to MEPE is dependent on the maturity of osteoblastic cells. Truncated MEPE (ASARM removed) or AC-100 enhanced the adhesion, spreading, and focal complex formation of unadhered osteoblastic cells leading to increased differentiation and bone formation after 28 days of culture. Furthermore, addition of truncated MEPE or AC-100 to mature osteoblasts had no significant effect on bone formation. Our data supports an action for truncated MEPE and AC-100 in altering the physiology of immature poorly adherent cells which subsequently influences the way in which these cells interact with a substrate to facilitate their survival and/or commitment to the osteoblast lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sprowson
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute for Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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21
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Abstract
Surface biology aims to observe and control biological processes by combining bio-, surface, and physical chemistry. Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on gold surfaces have provided excellent methods for nanoscale surface preparation for such studies. However, extension of this work requires the specific immobilization of whole protein domains and the direct incorporation of recombinant proteins into SAM is still problematic. In this study a short random coil peptide has been designed to insert into thioalkane layers by formation of a hydrophobic helix. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies show that specific immobilization via the internal cysteine is achieved. Addition of the peptide sequence to the terminus of a protein at the genetic level enables the production of a range of recombinant fusion-proteins with good yield. SPR shows that the proteins display the same gold-binding behavior as the peptide. It is shown that cell growth control can be achieved by printing the proteins using soft lithography with subsequent infilling with thio-alkanes The expression plasmid is constructed so that any stable protein domain can be easily cloned, expressed, purified and immobilized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A Birch
- The School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, The Medical School, Framlington Place, The University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Great Britain
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22
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Rehn AP, Birch MA, Karlström E, Wendel M, Lind T. ADAMTS-1 increases the three-dimensional growth of osteoblasts through type I collagen processing. Bone 2007; 41:231-8. [PMID: 17560840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.04.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The multi-domain neutral endopeptidase, ADAMTS-1 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeats) is induced by parathyroid hormone (PTH) in rat osteoblasts and has therefore been suggested to be involved in initiation of bone remodeling. However, its function(s) in bone cells have not been studied. Here, we first establish that ADAMTS-1 protein is rapidly and transiently produced by human primary osteoblasts in response to PTH (1-34). We also show that ADAMTS-1 is specifically in close proximity to collagen fibrils in bone tissue using ultrastructural immunolabeling. To study the consequence(s) of ADAMTS-1 metalloprotease production in osteoblastic cells, human osteosarcoma cells (SaOS-2), were forced to express either wild-type (wtATS) or a point-mutated (pmATS) metalloprotease dead ADAMTS-1. SaOS-2 cells expressing wtATS had a growth advantage and increased collagenolytic activity when seeded inside a collagen type I gel but exhibited a reduced migration in a scratch wound assay. Immunolabeling of moving cells shows ADAMTS-1 to be located towards the direction of cellular migration. Finally, Western analysis demonstrated excess accumulation of mature collagen type I alpha1 species in the extracellular matrix together with increased release of distinct small collagen fragments into the conditioned media, by cultures of wtATS cells compared to pmATS cells. These results show that ADAMTS-1 has both the opportunity in bone and capability in vitro to induce collagen type I processing, together with a positive influence on osteoblastic three-dimensional growth. Although it is not clear at present if ADAMTS-1 promotes collagen degradation directly or indirectly, it shows that ADAMTS-1 activity can have a profound influence on the osteoblast phenotype, inhibiting migration on a planar substrate but enhancing growth in a collagen scaffold. These findings further establish ADAMTS-1 as a potentially important protein in PTH induced bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders P Rehn
- Center for Oral Biology, Karolinska Institute, PO Box 4064, SE-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden.
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23
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Subramani K, Birch MA. Fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel micropatterns with osteoinductive growth factors and evaluation of the effects on osteoblast activity and function. Biomed Mater 2006; 1:144-54. [PMID: 18458396 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/1/3/009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to fabricate poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel micropatterns on a biomaterial surface to guide osteoblast behaviour and to study how incorporating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the adhered hydrogel influenced cell morphology. Standard photolithographic procedures or photopolymerization through a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) mould were used to fabricate patterned PEG hydrogels on the surface of silanized silicon wafers. Hydrogel patterns were evaluated by light microscopy and surface profilometry. Rat osteoblasts were cultured on these surfaces and cell morphology investigated by fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Release of protein trapped in the polymerized PEG was evaluated and VEGF-PEG surfaces were characterized for their ability to support cell growth. These studies show that photopolymerized PEG can be used to create anti-adhesive structures on the surface of silicon that completely control where cell interaction with the substrate takes place. Using conventional lithography, structures down to 50 microm were routinely fabricated with the boundaries exhibiting sloping sides. Using the PDMS mould approach, structures were fabricated as small as 10 microm and boundaries were very sharp and vertical. Osteoblasts exhibiting typical morphology only grew on the silicon wafer surface that was not coated with PEG. Adding BSA to the monomer solution showed that protein could be released from the hydrogel for up to 7 days in vitro. Incorporating VEGF in the hydrogel produced micropatterns that dramatically altered osteoblast behaviour. At boundaries with the VEGF-PEG hydrogel, there was striking formation of cellular processes and membrane ruffling indicative of a change in cell morphology. This study has explored the morphogenetic properties of VEGF and the applications of nano/microfabrication techniques for guided tissue (bone) regeneration in dental and orthopaedic applications using osteoinductive PEG hydrogel micropatterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Subramani
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7AR, UK.
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24
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Lind T, Birch MA, McKie N. Purification of an insect derived recombinant human ADAMTS-1 reveals novel gelatin (type I collagen) degrading activities. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 281:95-102. [PMID: 16328961 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-0637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ADAMTS-1 (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin repeats) is a member of a family of secreted proteolytic enzymes with a complex modular structure. These enzymes are characterised by an N-terminal metalloproteinase domain, a disintegrin-like domain and a carboxyl terminal region containing variable numbers of a repeat sequence with homology to thrombospondin-1. The expression of the gene for ADAMTS-1 has been associated with inflammation, ovulation, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and bone formation. ADAMTS-1 can proteolytically process large proteoglycans indicating a potential role in extracellular matrix turnover. In this study, we have tested ADAMTS-1 activity in gelatin zymogram assays. Since previous data demonstrate that ADAMTS-1 is a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) substrate and is highly unstable in conditioned medium from eukaryotic cell types, we created an insect cell line expressing human ADAMTS-1. We isolated an epitope tagged full-length recombinant ADAMTS-1 from serum free insect cell conditioned medium. The purified protein had aggrecanase activity and appears as two major bands on the silver stained SDS-PAGE corresponding well to a pro-domain on form of 115 kDa and a pro-domain off form of 90 kDa. Using denatured type I collagen in zymographic analysis we demonstrate that ADAMTS-1 has a previously unreported gelatinolytic activity. Also, we notice that processing of its C-terminal region by an apparently autocatalytic process reveals a 27 kDa species with gelatinolytic activity. Furthermore, we show that MMP2 but not MMP13 remove ADAMTS-1 specific gelatin zymopraphic zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lind
- Musculoskeletal Research Group (SCMS), University of Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle, UK
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25
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Aldridge SE, Lennard TWJ, Williams JR, Birch MA. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in osteoclast differentiation and function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:793-8. [PMID: 16105658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are derived from haematopoietic stem cell precursors of the monocyte/macrophage cell lineage, through interaction with factors that are believed to include M-CSF and RANKL. VEGF is a proangiogenic cytokine that has been shown to promote osteoclast differentiation and survival. In this study, we assessed the role of VEGF and its receptors in osteoclastogenesis, in vitro, by culturing osteoclast precursors in the presence of VEGF, VEGF receptor-specific ligands, and blocking antibodies to VEGF receptors. Activation of VEGFR1 in the presence of RANKL induces osteoclast differentiation. Stimulating the receptors individually induced increased resorption by osteoclasts compared to controls but not to the level observed when stimulating both receptors simultaneously. We have shown that VEGF induces osteoclast differentiation through its action on VEGFR1. The way in which VEGF mediates its effect on mature osteoclast activity, however, may be through its interaction with both receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Aldridge
- The School of Surgical Sciences, The Medical School, Framlington Place, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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26
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Bokhari MA, Akay G, Zhang S, Birch MA. The enhancement of osteoblast growth and differentiation in vitro on a peptide hydrogel-polyHIPE polymer hybrid material. Biomaterials 2005; 26:5198-208. [PMID: 15792547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of combining two biomaterials on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralised matrix formation in vitro. The first biomaterial has a well-defined architecture and is known as PolyHIPE polymer (PHP). The second biomaterial is a biologically inspired self-assembling peptide hydrogel (RAD16-I, also called PuraMatrix) that produces a nanoscale environment similar to native extracellular matrix (ECM). Our work investigates the effect of combining RAD16-I with two types of PHP (HA (Hydroxyapatite)-PHP and H (Hydrophobic)-PHP) and evaluates effects on osteoblast growth and differentiation. Results demonstrated successful incorporation of RAD16-I into both types of PHP. Osteoblasts were observed to form multicellular layers on the combined biomaterial surface and also within the scaffold. Dynamic cell seeding and culturing techniques were compared to static seeding methods and produced a more even distribution of cells throughout the constructs. Cells were found to penetrate the scaffold to a maximum depth of 3 mm after 35 days in culture. There was a significant increase in cell number in H-PHP constructs coated with RAD16-I compared to H-PHP alone. Our results show that RAD16-I enhances osteoblast differentiation and indicates that the incorporation of this peptide provides a more permissive environment for osteoblast growth. We have developed a microcellular polymer containing a nanoscale environment to enhance cell: biomaterial interactions and promote osteoblast growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Bokhari
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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27
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a proangiogenic cytokine that is expressed highly in many solid tumours often correlating with a poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the expression of VEGF and its receptors in bone metastases from primary human breast tumours and further characterised its effects on osteoclasts in vitro. Breast cancer metastases to bone were immunohistochemically stained for VEGF, its receptors VEGFR1 and 2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2), demonstrating that breast cancer metastases express VEGF strongly and that surrounding osteoclasts express both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. RAW 264.7 cells (mouse monocyte cell line) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with VEGF, RANKL and M-CSF. VEGF and RANKL together induced differentiation of multinucleated, tartrate-resistant acid phophatase (TRAP)-positive cells in similar numbers to M-CSF and RANKL. The PBMCs were also able to significantly stimulate resorption of mineralised matrix after treatment with M-CSF with RANKL and VEGF with RANKL. We have shown that VEGF in the presence of RANKL supports PBMC differentiation into osteoclast-like cells, able to resorb substrate. Vascular endothelial growth factor may therefore play a role in physiological bone resorption and in pathological situations. Consequently, VEGF signalling may be a therapeutic target for osteoclast inhibition in conditions such as tumour osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Aldridge
- The School of Surgical Sciences, The Medical School, Framlington Place, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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28
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Elfick APD, Green SM, McCaskie AW, Birch MA. Opsonization of polyethylene wear particles regulates macrophage and osteoblast responses in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 71:244-51. [PMID: 15459898 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cellular reaction to wear debris may result in the failure of an artificial joint's fixation to the skeleton. The influence of debris opsinization on cell activity has received little attention. This study seeks to establish whether different proteinaceous culture environments may invoke variant cellular responses to debris challenge. Consideration of the zeta potential of a low density polyethylene particle group and an ex vitro ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene particle group revealed that the nature of the protein adsorbants is related to the concentration of the proteins in solution. Furthermore, the composition of the adsorbed layer was shown to vary with the spectra of proteins in solution. In standard cell culture conditions zeta potential approached zero, indicating the high probability of particle agglomeration. Cell challenge studies with U937 macrophages showed that BSA and FCS protein adsorption mediated increased cell adhesion, while bovine IgG showed little change over control values. No changes in behavior of osteoblastic cells were observed in similar experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P D Elfick
- School of Surgical & Reproductive Sciences, Trauma & Orthopaedics Group, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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29
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Lind T, McKie N, Wendel M, Racey SN, Birch MA. The hyalectan degrading ADAMTS-1 enzyme is expressed by osteoblasts and up-regulated at regions of new bone formation. Bone 2005; 36:408-17. [PMID: 15777654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During bone formation, there are numerous pivotal changes in the interrelationships between osteoblasts and molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Consequently, the mechanisms that underlie the temporal and spatial distribution of ECM molecules in bone are of considerable interest in understanding its formation. A subfamily of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAMs) has been identified, which contain thrombospondin-like motifs (ADAMTS), and can break down several ECM molecules. Using reversed transcribed PCR, we identified ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 mRNA expression in cultures of rat osteoblasts treated with ascorbic acid, beta-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone, molecules known to drive osteoblast differentiation. Of these, ADAMTS-1 followed most closely the osteogenic marker osteocalcin during in vitro mineralisation. Consequently, we studied, in detail, protein expression of ADAMTS-1 during in vitro osteogenesis together with ADAMTS-1 immunohistochemistry staining of sections from 2- and 10-day-old rat femur. Western analysis of osteoblast proteins showed ADAMTS-1 products that correspond well with both full-length and furin-processed species. In the ECM laid down by osteoblasts, only the mature secreted protein (approximately 90 kDa) and its accumulation during the later stages of osteogenesis in vitro were noticed. Furthermore, immunostaining with an antibody recognising ADAMTS-1 demonstrated strong expression around mineralised nodules and intense focal staining of putative new areas of nodule formation in vitro. Finally, immunohistochemistry of 2- and 10-day-old rat femur localised ADAMTS-1 protein to regions associated with osteogenesis. These data show that ADAMTS-1 protein accumulates in osteoblast ECM during differentiation. Furthermore, the focalised expression of ADAMTS-1 in regions of osteogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo, implicates this multifunctional protein to be involved in mineralised nodule and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lind
- School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences (Orthopaedics), The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Akay G, Birch MA, Bokhari MA. Microcellular polyHIPE polymer supports osteoblast growth and bone formation in vitro. Biomaterials 2004; 25:3991-4000. [PMID: 15046889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel micro-cellular polymer with a well-defined and uniform micro-architecture has been developed as a three-dimensional support matrix for in vitro tissue engineering applications. This material is manufactured through a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) polymerization route and may be modified with hydroxyapatite. The generic form of the support is known as PolyHIPE Polymer (PHP). By changing the chemical composition of the emulsion and the processing conditions, the pore size can be altered from sub-micron range to a few hundred microns and the porosity varied from 70% to 97%. Our work has investigated the use of this micro-porous polymer as a biomaterial to support the growth of osteoblasts, the bone forming cells in vitro. Three groups of polymers were used that had pore sizes of 40, 60 and 100 microm. Results demonstrated in vitro cell-polymer compatibility, with osteoblasts forming multicellular layers on the polymer surface and also migrating to a maximum depth of 1.4mm inside the scaffold after 35 days in culture. PHP was also able to support the differentiation of osteoblasts and the production of a bone-like matrix. The effect of modifying the polymer with hydroxyapatite was also studied and showed that there was a significant increase in osteoblast numbers penetrating into the polymer. There were few differences, between the pore sizes studied, on the overall penetration of osteoblasts into the polymer but the rate of movement into 100 microm PHP was significantly higher compared to the other sizes investigated. This study shows that osteoblasts seeded onto PHP demonstrate cellular attachment, proliferation and ingrowth leading to the support of an osteoblastic phenotype. Therefore this highly porous scaffold has a potential for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Akay
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and Process Intensification and Miniaturisation Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Fraser WD, Walsh CA, Birch MA, Durham B, Dillon JP, McCreavy D, Gallagher JA. Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the aetiology of fibrous dysplasia of bone in the McCune Albright syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 53:621-8. [PMID: 11106924 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibrous dysplasia, observed in bone lesions in the McCune Albright syndrome (MAS), is thought to result from abnormalities in cells of the osteogenic lineage associated with over-activation of the cAMP signalling pathway in affected cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in the aetiology of MAS, and to determine a possible therapeutic role for 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)). DESIGN The effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on PTHrP production and mRNA expression were determined in vitro. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) therapy was administered to three patients with MAS. PATIENTS Clinical data from four MAS patients (MAS1, 2, 3 and 4), and in vitro studies using bone from three MAS patients (MAS1, 2, and 3), are presented. MEASUREMENTS Immunoradiometric assay and low-cycle number reverse transcriptase-linked PCR were used to determine PTHrP production and mRNA expression in vitro. Standard clinical biochemistry was recorded pre and post commencement of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment. RESULTS We report the elevated secretion of PTHrP, and a concomitant rise in PTHrP mRNA expression, in cultured osteoblasts from three MAS patients. Treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) produced a dose-dependent decrease in PTHrP protein secretion and mRNA expression. Marked improvement in bone biochemistry in MAS1, 2 and 3 post treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) is documented. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence suggesting that PTHrP may contribute to the aetiology of fibrous dysplasia in MAS. In addition, the therapeutic administration of 1,25(OH)92)D(3) may provide clinicians with an important new regime for symptomatic relief of bone pain and fracture in some patients with MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Fraser
- University Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK
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Walsh CA, Birch MA, Fraser WD, Ginty AF, Gallagher JA. Cytokine expression by cultured osteoblasts from patients with osteoporotic fractures. Int J Exp Pathol 2000; 81:159-63. [PMID: 10762443 PMCID: PMC2517720 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2613.2000.00147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/1999] [Accepted: 01/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human osteoblasts were derived in culture from explants of bone from patients who had recently suffered osteoporotic fractures and from patients with no evidence of osteoporosis. The expression of cytokine mRNA in these osteoblasts was subsequently determined by reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We have detected mRNA for IL-1beta, IL-3, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and -beta, and the three TGF-beta isoforms in the cells. The profile of cytokines expressed by osteoblasts derived from patients with osteoporotic fractures was consistent with profiles observed in osteoblasts derived from patients with no evidence of reduced bone mass--the latter included children undergoing corrective surgery and adult subjects ranging from 31 to 80 years undergoing elective surgery for osteoarthritis and other bone pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Walsh
- The Bone Research Group, Liverpool Hope University College, Hope Park, Liverpool, UK.
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Abstract
Bone cells are regulated by interactions with both growth factors and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Syndecans are cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans known to play a role in cell adhesion and migration, and binding of growth factors. This study was performed to investigate the expression of syndecans by osteoblasts. Reverse transcription-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern analysis detected syndecan transcripts in the human osteosarcoma cell lines MG-63, TE-85, SaOS-2, and U2OS; human osteoblast-like cells; rat calvarial osteoblasts; and in human bone. Western blot analysis of proteoglycans from MG-63 and TE-85 cells detected multiple heparan sulfate proteoglycan core proteins consistent with syndecan expression. Regulation of syndecan-1, -2, and -4 expression was investigated in TE-85, MG-63, and SaOS-2 cells, in response to interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6, parathyroid hormone [PTH(1-34)], and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3. Northern analysis demonstrated that in the osteosarcoma cell lines there was no regulation of syndecan transcript levels in response to PTH(1-34) or 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 for 24 or 48 h. In contrast, when MG-63 and SaOS-2 cells were incubated with IL-1beta (0.01-10 ng/mL) and IL-6 (0.1-50 ng/mL) there was a dose-dependent decrease in mRNA levels for syndecan-1 and -2 at 24 and 48 h, but in response to IL-1beta upregulation in the levels of syndecan-4 transcripts. In addition, Northern analysis was performed on RNA isolated from neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts cultured under conditions that promote osteogenesis for 0, 5, 13, 21, and 35 days. Syndecan-1 expression was observed to decrease during the culture period, syndecan-2 transcript levels increased, and there appeared to be no overall change in syndecan-4 levels. Controlled expression of syndecans by cells of the osteoblast lineage may be important in the regulation of osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Birch
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK.
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Abstract
The adhesive interactions that occur between bone cells and the developing matrix during bone formation help guide coupled remodeling and the maintenance of bone mass. Here, we provide evidence that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a novel osteoblast-derived mediator of cell-matrix interactions in bone. These findings complement an increasing body of evidence which suggests that AChE, in addition to its role in terminating cholinergic signaling, may be instrumental in regulating cellular differentiation and adhesion. We have shown, using RT-PCR, that osteosarcoma cell lines and primary cultures of osteoblasts express AChE mRNA. Expression appeared to be differentiation-dependent, and restricted to AChE splice variants containing the T subunit (exon 6). Immunofluorescent localization demonstrated that these osteoblastic cells expressed protein for AChE with an intracellular vesicular distribution. Immunohistochemistry on tissue sections confirmed AChE expression by osteoblasts in vivo, and revealed the presence of AChE along cement lines, also identified by enzyme histochemistry. In vitro functional studies indicated that osteoblast-like cells adhered specifically to and spread on AChE substrates, but did not interact with butyrylcholinesterase, a closely related protein. Our evidence strongly implicates AChE as a novel bone matrix protein, capable of mediating cell-matrix interactions, and as such may be a principal participant in organized bone formation and the regulation of remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Genever
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK.
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35
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Patton AJ, Genever PG, Birch MA, Suva LJ, Skerry TM. Expression of an N-methyl-D-aspartate-type receptor by human and rat osteoblasts and osteoclasts suggests a novel glutamate signaling pathway in bone. Bone 1998; 22:645-9. [PMID: 9626403 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(98)00061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signaling between the various types of cells found in bone is responsible for controlling the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and therefore the regulation of bone mass. Our identification of a neuronal glutamate transporter in osteoblasts and osteocytes suggests the possibility that bone cells may use the excitatory amino acid glutamate as a signaling molecule. In these studies we report the expression of different subtypes of glutamate receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. We have identified expression in human and rat bone cells of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-1 (NMDAR-1) and 2D subunits and PSD-95, the NMDA receptor clustering protein associated with signaling in the central nervous system. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry localized NMDAR-1 expression to osteoblasts and osteoclasts in human tissue sections. These findings strengthen the suggestion that glutamate is involved in signaling between bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Patton
- Department of Biology, University of York, United Kingdom.
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36
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Luparello C, Birch MA, Gallagher JA, Burtis WJ. Clonal heterogeneity of the growth and invasive response of a human breast carcinoma cell line to parathyroid hormone-related peptide fragments. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18:23-9. [PMID: 9054585 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/18.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been previously reported that 8701-BC cells, derived from a primary carcinoma of the breast, constitutively express parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) and PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH/PTHrP-R) genes, that N-terminal, mid-regional and C-terminal immunoreactive PTHrP can be found in cell conditioned medium and, furthermore, that exogenously added PTHrP (1-34), (67-86) and, to a minor extent, (107-139) are anti-mitogenic but promote Matrigel invasion by this cell line. It has also been reported that PTHrP gene expression is selectively switched on in those 8701-BC clonal lines endowed with a higher proliferation rate and invasive ability in vitro. Here we have first examined the presence of PTH/PTHrP-R transcript in the different 8701-BC clones by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Second, we have studied the growth and invasive response in vitro to PTHrP fragments by some of these clones, i.e. BC-3A, BC-61 and BC-66, selected on the basis of their lower (BC-3A) or higher (BC-1 and BC-66) Matrigel invasion ability and their expression of PTHrP (positive for BC-61 and BC-66) and PTH/PTHrP-R (positive for BC-61). Our data show the existence of clonal heterogeneity for PTH/PTHrP-R mRNA and for the proliferative and invasive responses elicited by treatment with diverse PTHrP fragments. In particular: (i) the sensitivity to PTHrP (1-34) is restricted due to the uneven expression of PTH/PTHrP-R; (ii) BC-3A cells (the less 'aggressive' clone) are resistant to the anti-mitogenic effect of the PTHrP domains and, most noticeably, exhibit a growth-potentiating response to PTHrP (67-86) opposite to that found for both the parental 8701-BC cells and the two other clones; (iii) all PTHrP fragments tested induced the expression of a growth-restraining and invasion-promoting phenotype by BC-61 cells (one of the more 'aggressive' clones). Present data in vitro support the hypothesis that in vivo PTHrP may be a key element in local control of the invasive process during breast carcinoma development and that its role may be, in turn, dependent upon the biological characteristics and the level of malignancy of the target cells within the multiclonal population of a primary tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luparello
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo and Centro di Oncobiologia Sperimentale, Universitá di Palermo, Italy
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37
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Birch MA, Carron JA, Scott M, Fraser WD, Gallagher JA. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) receptor expression and mitogenic responses in human breast cancer cell lines. Br J Cancer 1995; 72:90-5. [PMID: 7599071 PMCID: PMC2034135 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have shown the production of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. We have investigated the expression of the PTH/PTHrP receptor by the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, ZR-75-1, T-47-D, SK-BR-3, Hs578T and MDA-MB231. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blot analysis, we detected transcripts for the receptor in MCF-7, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB231 cells. There was no evidence of receptor mRNA in ZR-75-1 and Hs578T cells. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis of mRNA from MCF-7 cells showed two transcripts of 1.5 and 2.4 kb which coded for the PTH/PTHrP receptor. Expression of PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA by the breast cancer cell lines was also correlated with the detection of PTHrP transcripts. RT-PCR demonstrated PTHrP mRNA in MCF-7, ZR-75-1, T-47-D and Hs578T cells, but not in SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB231 cells. The detection of receptor transcripts was complemented by [3H]thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation studies, in which mitogenic responses to PTH and PTHrP were observed in MCF-7 cells but not in Hs578T cells. In response to both PTH(1-34) and PTHrP(1-34), quiescent MCF-7 cells proliferated in a similar dose-dependent manner (1.6-100 ng ml-1). No mitogenic effects of these peptides were observed with Hs578T cells. In addition, levels of intracellular cAMP were measured in MCF-7 and Hs578T cells in response to PTHrP(1-34). In MCF-7 cells there was a significant rise in cAMP with 100 ng ml-1 PTHrP(1-34). The expression of PTH/PTHrP receptor by breast cancer cells suggests that PTHrP may be a paracrine/autocrine regulator of breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Birch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
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38
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Abstract
Extracellular ATP acting through purinoceptors may be an important factor in the modulation of bone turnover. In this study we cloned and sequenced the P2U purinoceptor from osteoclastoma, confirming the recently published human sequence. Furthermore, by the reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern blotting we demonstrated expression of P2U receptor mRNA in bone, primary cultures of human bone-derived cells, and two osteosarcoma cell lines, Saos2 and Te85. P2U receptor transcripts were identified in alkaline phosphatase-positive human bone-derived cells isolated by flow cytometry providing strong evidence for the expression of the P2U purinoceptor in mature osteoblasts. P2U receptor transcripts were also detected in a purified giant cell population isolated from osteoclastoma, indicating that this receptor is also expressed by osteoclasts. These data suggest that purinergic agonists may play a role in the regulation of bone metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Alkaline Phosphatase/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- Flow Cytometry
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/metabolism
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/pathology
- Giant Cells/metabolism
- Giant Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/metabolism
- Osteoclasts/pathology
- Osteosarcoma/pathology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Bowler
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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39
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Luparello C, Burtis WJ, Raue F, Birch MA, Gallagher JA. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide and 8701-BC breast cancer cell growth and invasion in vitro: evidence for growth-inhibiting and invasion-promoting effects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995; 111:225-32. [PMID: 7556886 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(95)03577-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously reported that 8701-BC cells, derived from a primary carcinoma of the breast, constitutively express parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) gene and that N-terminal PTHrP immunoreactivity can be found in cell medium. Here we have firstly measured immunoreactive PTHrP in 8701-BC cell medium using antibodies raised against midregion and C-terminal fragments, and also demonstrated the expression of PTH/PTHrP receptor by 8701-BC cells. Secondly, we have examined the role, if any, elicited by diverse PTHrP domains on 8701-BC cell proliferation, and invasive behaviour in vitro related to production of extracellular proteolytic enzymes. Our data show that PTHrP [1-34], and, to a minor extent, [67-86] and [107-139], are anti-mitogenic but 'invadogenic' for 8701-BC cells, and suggest that diverse enzymatic activities may contribute to cell invasion in response to different PTHrP fragments. In light of the present data on a chemoattractive role for PTHrP in vitro, we hypothesize that this protein might intervene in local control of the invasive process in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luparello
- Dipartmento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Italy
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40
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Speirs V, Birch MA, Boyle-Walsh E, Green AR, Gallagher JA, White MC. Interleukin-3: a putative protective factor against breast cancer which is secreted by male but not female breast fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 1995; 61:416-9. [PMID: 7729956 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910610323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-HSD) is a key regulator of intracellular 17 beta-estradiol (E2), which is associated with breast cancer and is influenced by paracrine factors released by breast-cancer fibroblasts. Since the incidence of breast cancer is much higher in females than in males, we have used an in vitro cell culture system to investigate whether male fibroblasts may inhibit breast-cancer genesis by restricting the intracellular accumulation of E2. Fibroblasts were obtained from normal males and females undergoing reduction mammoplasty, and from females with benign or malignant breast lesions. Fibroblast-conditioned medium (CM) was incubated with the established breast-cancer cell line, MCF-7, and its effects on 17-HSD activity were assessed. CM (25% v/v) from male breast fibroblasts had a significant inhibitory effect on reductive 17-HSD, decreasing E2 production. This was in direct contrast to the effects of CM from female breast fibroblasts, which had a powerful stimulatory effect on reductive 17-HSD. RT-PCR allowing simultaneous detection of a range of cytokines was performed on each type of fibroblast. IL-3 mRNA was consistently detected in fibroblasts from male but not female breast tissue. Addition of rhIL-3 to cultures of MCF-7 caused a reduction in 17-HSD activity and addition of a polyclonal antibody directed against IL-3 to male CM completely reversed the inhibitory effects of CM. Thus, male breast fibroblasts may be responsible for secreting IL-3-like factors which, given the considerably lower incidence rates of breast cancer in men, may have a protective effect against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Speirs
- Department of Medicine, University of Hull, UK
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41
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Walsh CA, Birch MA, Fraser WD, Lawton R, Dorgan J, Walsh S, Sansom D, Beresford JN, Gallagher JA. Expression and secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by human bone-derived cells in vitro: effects of glucocorticoids. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10:17-25. [PMID: 7747625 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the production of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by cells derived from explants of human bone. Using an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), PTHrP was detected in conditioned medium from cultures of bone-derived cells from 6 of 7 patients investigated in this study. PTHrP mRNA was identified in human bone cells using reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and by Northern analysis. Transcripts for PTHrP were detected in a purified population of alkaline phosphatase positive cells isolated from human bone marrow cultures by flow cytometry, confirming the expression of PTHrP mRNA by cells of the osteoblastic lineage. Production of PTHrP was inhibited by 10(-6) M of the glucocorticoids, prednisolone and desacetylated deflazacort, in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, RT-PCR followed by Southern blot analysis detected a decrease in steady-state PTHrP mRNA in cultures of human bone-derived cells treated with 10(-6) M prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Walsh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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42
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Walsh CA, Birch MA, Fraser WD, Robinson J, Lawton R, Dorgan J, Klenerman L, Gallagher JA. Primary cultures of human bone-derived cells produce parathyroid hormone-related protein: a study of 40 patients of varying age and pathology. Bone Miner 1994; 27:43-50. [PMID: 7849545 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-6009(08)80185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), a mediator of hypercalcemia of malignancy, has been detected in many tumours and in some normal foetal and adult tissues. PTHrP has potent effects on bone turnover in vivo and in vitro. In this study we cultured cells derived from explants of bone obtained from 40 subjects (age range 2-88 years). Immunoreactive PTHrP (iPTHrP) was detected by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in conditioned medium from 25 of 40 cultures of bone-derived cells. PTHrP mRNA was detected in bone-derived cells by reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The identity of PCR products was confirmed by Southern blotting. Local production of PTHrP in vivo may be important in the regulation of bone growth and remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Walsh
- University Department of Clinical Chemistry, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK
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43
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Abstract
It has been proposed that Paget's disease of bone is caused by the infection of bone cells with one or several paramyxoviruses. In this study we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which allows the detection of very low levels of a target nucleic acid sequence, to study cultures of pagetic bone cells and samples of pagetic bone. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to flank a sequence of the nucleocapsid genome of measles virus and canine distemper virus (CDV). Within this fragment there were contrasting restriction endonuclease sites specific to measles or CDV that allowed identification of the original template. We were unable to detect paramyxovirus RNA in four strains of human bone cells outgrown from pagetic bone and one strain derived from an uninvolved site of a patient with Paget's disease. Furthermore, paramyxovirus sequences were not detected in cDNA prepared from six samples of pagetic bone biopsies. The work presented here further questions the role of measles and CDV in the abnormal remodeling observed in Paget's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Birch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University, Liverpool, England
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44
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Abstract
We investigated the expression of cytokine transcripts in osteoblast-like cells derived from explants of pagetic and normal bone. A reverse transcription-linked PCR was used that allowed the simultaneous analysis of a range of cytokines. Normal osteoblast-like cells were found to contain the transcripts for IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TGF-beta 1. For the first time we detected in bone cells the two other mammalian isoforms of TGF-beta, beta 2, and beta 3. Furthermore, we have also identified mRNA for IL-3 and the novel chemotactic factor, IL-8. Using this sensitive technique it was not possible to detect mRNA for IL-1 alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, TNF-alpha, or interferon-gamma. The human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 also showed a similar pattern of expression of these cytokines to primary osteoblast-like cells, with the exception that TNF-alpha was also identified. Cells isolated from pagetic bone showed essentially the same profile of cytokine expression as normal bone except that TNF-alpha was also detected in two of four samples. The cytokine profile of successive populations of cells harvested from one explant culture at 9, 22, and 57 days showed a consistent pattern of cytokine expression, demonstrating the phenotypic stability of the osteoblast-like cells in long-term cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Birch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, England
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45
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Walsh CA, Beresford JN, Birch MA, Boothroyd B, Gallagher JA. Application of reflected light microscopy to identify and quantitate resorption by isolated osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6:661-71. [PMID: 1950671 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple technique has been developed to identify the resorption lacunae excavated by avian osteoclasts in vitro. Briefly, devitalized bovine bone wafers, with cells in situ, are fixed, stained with toluidine blue, and then examined by reflected light microscopy. Resorption pits are clearly visible using a x 10 objective, even when the resorbed areas are covered by a confluent layer of cells. The technique can be used to quantify the plan area, depth, and volume of the excavations. Depth and volume are assessed using the x 50 objective lens. This technique has been used to investigate the effects of retinyl acetate and EHDP on bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Walsh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, England
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46
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Abstract
It has previously been reported that low extracellular pH stimulates the excavation of resorption lacunae by rodent osteoclasts in vitro. Using avian bone cells in a similar in vitro assay we have demonstrated that osteoclast activity is optimal at pH 7.20-7.40 and is inhibited at extremes of pH (less than 7.10 and greater than 7.60). Over the first 24 h of incubation at low pH there may be an increase in osteoclastic resorption but to a lesser extent than that reported for rodent cells. However, after 24-30 h in culture there is little or no further increase in bone resorption, presumably due to a cytotoxic effect of low pH acting either on the osteoclast directly or via nonosteoclastic bone cells. In contrast to a previous report, in which preincubation of wafers for 24 h had no effect on bone resorption, we found that preincubation of bone substrates at pH 6.50 for longer periods enhances subsequent resorption at pH 7.20.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Walsh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Liverpool, UK
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