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Liang J, Li X, Dong Y, Zhao B. Modeling Human Organ Development and Diseases With Fetal Tissue-Derived Organoids. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221124481. [PMID: 36121224 PMCID: PMC9490458 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221124481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human organoid technology have greatly facilitated the study of organ development and pathology. In most cases, these organoids are derived from either pluripotent stem cells or adult stem cells for the modeling of developmental events and tissue homeostasis. However, due to the lack of human fetal tissue references and research model, it is still challenging to capture early developmental changes and underlying mechanisms in human embryonic development. The establishment of fetal tissue–derived organoids in rigorous time points is necessary. Here we provide an overview of the strategies and applications of fetal tissue–derived organoids, mainly focusing on fetal organ development research, developmental defect disease modeling, and organ–organ interaction study. Discussion of the importance of fetal tissue research also highlights the prospects and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yateng Dong
- bioGenous Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Ogundipe VML, Groen AH, Hosper N, Nagle PWK, Hess J, Faber H, Jellema AL, Baanstra M, Links TP, Unger K, Plukker JTM, Coppes RP. Generation and Differentiation of Adult Tissue-Derived Human Thyroid Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:913-925. [PMID: 33711265 PMCID: PMC8072035 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Total thyroidectomy as part of thyroid cancer treatment results in hypothyroidism requiring lifelong daily thyroid hormone replacement. Unbalanced hormone levels result in persistent complaints such as fatigue, constipation, and weight increase. Therefore, we aimed to investigate a patient-derived thyroid organoid model with the potential to regenerate the thyroid gland. Murine and human thyroid-derived cells were cultured as organoids capable of self-renewal and which expressed proliferation and putative stem cell and thyroid characteristics, without a change in the expression of thyroid tumor-related genes. These organoids formed thyroid-tissue-resembling structures in culture. (Xeno-)transplantation of 600,000 dispersed organoid cells underneath the kidney capsule of a hypothyroid mouse model resulted in the generation of hormone-producing thyroid-resembling follicles. This study provides evidence that thyroid-lineage-specific cells can form organoids that are able to self-renew and differentiate into functional thyroid tissue. Subsequent (xeno-)transplantation of these thyroid organoids demonstrates a proof of principle for functional miniature gland formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M L Ogundipe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Andries H Groen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke Hosper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W K Nagle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Hess
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Hette Faber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Anne L Jellema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Baanstra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Thera P Links
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - John T M Plukker
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Rob P Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands.
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3
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Brower KK, Khariton M, Suzuki PH, Still C, Kim G, Calhoun SGK, Qi LS, Wang B, Fordyce PM. Double Emulsion Picoreactors for High-Throughput Single-Cell Encapsulation and Phenotyping via FACS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13262-13270. [PMID: 32900183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the past five years, droplet microfluidic techniques have unlocked new opportunities for the high-throughput genome-wide analysis of single cells, transforming our understanding of cellular diversity and function. However, the field lacks an accessible method to screen and sort droplets based on cellular phenotype upstream of genetic analysis, particularly for large and complex cells. To meet this need, we developed Dropception, a robust, easy-to-use workflow for precise single-cell encapsulation into picoliter-scale double emulsion droplets compatible with high-throughput screening via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We demonstrate the capabilities of this method by encapsulating five standardized mammalian cell lines of varying sizes and morphologies as well as a heterogeneous cell mixture of a whole dissociated flatworm (5-25 μm in diameter) within highly monodisperse double emulsions (35 μm in diameter). We optimize for preferential encapsulation of single cells with extremely low multiple-cell loading events (<2% of cell-containing droplets), thereby allowing direct linkage of cellular phenotype to genotype. Across all cell lines, cell loading efficiency approaches the theoretical limit with no observable bias by cell size. FACS measurements reveal the ability to discriminate empty droplets from those containing cells with good agreement to single-cell occupancies quantified via microscopy, establishing robust droplet screening at single-cell resolution. High-throughput FACS screening of cellular picoreactors has the potential to shift the landscape of single-cell droplet microfluidics by expanding the repertoire of current nucleic acid droplet assays to include functional phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K Brower
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Chem-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Margarita Khariton
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Peter H Suzuki
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chris Still
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gaeun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Suzanne G K Calhoun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Chem-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Polly M Fordyce
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Chem-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Chan Zuckerburg BioHub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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4
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Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives: Current status and potential. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 138:175-208. [PMID: 32220297 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal apparatus, a transient embryological structure, includes diverse cells from all three germ layers that ultimately contribute to a variety of adult tissues. In particular, pharyngeal endoderm produces cells of the inner ear, palatine tonsils, the thymus, parathyroid and thyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies. Each of these structures and organs contribute to vital human physiological processes, including central immune tolerance (thymus) and metabolic homeostasis (parathyroid and thyroid glands, and ultimobranchial bodies). Thus, improper development or damage to pharyngeal endoderm derivatives leads to complicated and severe human maladies, such as autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, hypothyroidism, and/or hypoparathyroidism. To study and treat such diseases, we can utilize human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which differentiate into functionally mature cells in vitro given the proper developmental signals. Here, we discuss current efforts regarding the directed differentiation of hPSCs toward pharyngeal endoderm derivatives. We further discuss model system and therapeutic applications of pharyngeal endoderm cell types produced from hPSCs. Finally, we provide suggestions for improving hPSC differentiation approaches to pharyngeal endoderm derivatives with emphasis on current single cell-omics and 3D culture system technologies.
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5
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Ran Q, Zhou Q, Oda K, Yasue A, Abe M, Ye X, Li Y, Sasaoka T, Sakimura K, Ajioka Y, Saijo Y. Generation of Thyroid Tissues From Embryonic Stem Cells via Blastocyst Complementation In Vivo. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:609697. [PMID: 33381086 PMCID: PMC7767966 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.609697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of mature, functional, thyroid follicular cells from pluripotent stem cells would potentially provide a therapeutic benefit for patients with hypothyroidism, but in vitro differentiation remains difficult. We earlier reported the in vivo generation of lung organs via blastocyst complementation in fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10), compound, heterozygous mutant (Fgf10 Ex1mut/Ex3mut) mice. Fgf10 also plays an essential role in thyroid development and branching morphogenesis, but any role thereof in thyroid organogenesis remains unclear. Here, we report that the thyroids of Fgf10 Ex1mut/Ex3mut mice exhibit severe hypoplasia, and we generate thyroid tissues from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in Fgf10 Ex1mut/Ex3mut mice via blastocyst complementation. The tissues were morphologically normal and physiologically functional. The thyroid follicular cells of Fgf10 Ex1mut/Ex3mut chimeric mice were derived largely from GFP-positive mouse ESCs although the recipient cells were mixed. Thyroid generation in vivo via blastocyst complementation will aid functional thyroid regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Ran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Qiliang Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Qiliang Zhou,
| | - Kanako Oda
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasue
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Xulu Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yingchun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ajioka
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuo Saijo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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6
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Abstract
Thyroid gland has been implicated in the regulation of many functions using endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signals. Functional thyroid follicular cells derived from stem cells attracted a great interest from researchers as a strategy for thyroid's regenerative therapy. Thyroid has a very low rate of turnover; however, studies showed that the regenerative ability is enhanced following diseases or thyroidectomy, which promotes the role of stem cell. The objective of this review is to summarize the morphological characterization and the expression of stem cell genes/markers in the thyroid. Also, to highlight the mechanisms of tumor formation in thyroid via its stem cells. The most important thyroid stem cell's markers are: stem cell antigen 1 (SCA-1), octamer-binding transcription 4 (OCT-4), p63, CD34+ CD45-, paired box gene 8 (PAX-8), thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), thyroid transcription factor 2 (TTF-2), hematopoietically expressed homeobox protein HHEX, the transcription factor GATA-4, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-α (HNF-4-α) and homeobox transcription factor Nanog (hNanog). This review highlights the functional characterization describing the mechanisms of stem cell's differentiation into functional thyroid follicle and proposing mechanisms involving in cancer formation through one of these cell types: fetal cell, thyroblasts, prothyrocytes, certain genetic mutation in the mature thyroid cells or presence of a special type of cells (cancer stem cell) which are responsible for different types of cancer formation. Understanding the mechanisms of thyroid's stem cell in cancer formation and the expression of the biomarkers in normal and abnormal thyroid status are promising physiological tools in promoting thyroid regeneration and in provision management for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam A Al-Suhaimi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khulood Al-Khater
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Chen JK, Wang WC, Zang L, Zhao J, Li W, Jiang T. Repression of a chromatin modifier aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:515-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Kurmann AA, Serra M, Hawkins F, Rankin SA, Mori M, Astapova I, Ullas S, Lin S, Bilodeau M, Rossant J, Jean JC, Ikonomou L, Deterding RR, Shannon JM, Zorn AM, Hollenberg AN, Kotton DN. Regeneration of Thyroid Function by Transplantation of Differentiated Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:527-42. [PMID: 26593959 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of functional thyroid epithelia from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) holds the potential for application in regenerative medicine. However, progress toward this goal is hampered by incomplete understanding of the signaling pathways needed for directed differentiation without forced overexpression of exogenous transgenes. Here we use mouse PSCs to identify key conserved roles for BMP and FGF signaling in regulating thyroid lineage specification from foregut endoderm in mouse and Xenopus. Thyroid progenitors derived from mouse PSCs can be matured into thyroid follicular organoids that provide functional secretion of thyroid hormones in vivo and rescue hypothyroid mice after transplantation. Moreover, by stimulating the same pathways, we were also able to derive human thyroid progenitors from normal and disease-specific iPSCs generated from patients with hypothyroidism resulting from NKX2-1 haploinsufficiency. Our studies have therefore uncovered the regulatory mechanisms that underlie early thyroid organogenesis and provide a significant step toward cell-based regenerative therapy for hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita A Kurmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maria Serra
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Finn Hawkins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Inna Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Soumya Ullas
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sui Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Melanie Bilodeau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jyh C Jean
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Robin R Deterding
- Breathing Institute at the Children's Hospital Colorado and Section of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John M Shannon
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Many tissues if not all are thought to contain stem cells that are responsible for regeneration and repair of the tissue after injury. Dysregulation of tissue regeneration may result in various pathological conditions, among which cancer is the most extensively studied. Notably, the so-called cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells, have been studied in order to understand the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and/or metastasis. However, the nature of cancer stem cells, let alone normal stem/progenitor cells, particularly those of the thyroid remains elusive. There remains a gap in knowledge between adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells and cancer stem cells of the thyroid, and if and/or how they are related to each other. Understanding of the mechanism for thyroid regeneration and mode of participation of normal adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells in this process will hopefully yield a more complete understanding of the nature of thyroid cancer stem cells, and/or help understand the pathogenesis of other thyroid diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of adult thyroid stem/progenitor cells, with particular emphasis on how they contribute to thyroid regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Shioko Kimura, Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 3106, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA e-mail:
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10
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Generation of functional thyroid from embryonic stem cells. Nature 2012; 491:66-71. [PMID: 23051751 DOI: 10.1038/nature11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of the thyroid gland is to metabolize iodide by synthesizing thyroid hormones, which are critical regulators of growth, development and metabolism in almost all tissues. So far, research on thyroid morphogenesis has been missing an efficient stem-cell model system that allows for the in vitro recapitulation of the molecular and morphogenic events regulating thyroid follicular-cell differentiation and subsequent assembly into functional thyroid follicles. Here we report that a transient overexpression of the transcription factors NKX2-1 and PAX8 is sufficient to direct mouse embryonic stem-cell differentiation into thyroid follicular cells that organize into three-dimensional follicular structures when treated with thyrotropin. These in vitro-derived follicles showed appreciable iodide organification activity. Importantly, when grafted in vivo into athyroid mice, these follicles rescued thyroid hormone plasma levels and promoted subsequent symptomatic recovery. Thus, mouse embryonic stem cells can be induced to differentiate into thyroid follicular cells in vitro and generate functional thyroid tissue.
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11
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Longmire TA, Ikonomou L, Hawkins F, Christodoulou C, Cao Y, Jean JC, Kwok LW, Mou H, Rajagopal J, Shen SS, Dowton AA, Serra M, Weiss DJ, Green MD, Snoeck HW, Ramirez MI, Kotton DN. Efficient derivation of purified lung and thyroid progenitors from embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:398-411. [PMID: 22482505 PMCID: PMC3322392 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two populations of Nkx2-1(+) progenitors in the developing foregut endoderm give rise to the entire postnatal lung and thyroid epithelium, but little is known about these cells because they are difficult to isolate in a pure form. We demonstrate here the purification and directed differentiation of primordial lung and thyroid progenitors derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Inhibition of TGFβ and BMP signaling, followed by combinatorial stimulation of BMP and FGF signaling, can specify these cells efficiently from definitive endodermal precursors. When derived using Nkx2-1(GFP) knockin reporter ESCs, these progenitors can be purified for expansion in culture and have a transcriptome that overlaps with developing lung epithelium. Upon induction, they can express a broad repertoire of markers indicative of lung and thyroid lineages and can recellularize a 3D lung tissue scaffold. Thus, we have derived a pure population of progenitors able to recapitulate the developmental milestones of lung/thyroid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Longmire
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Finn Hawkins
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Constantina Christodoulou
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yuxia Cao
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - JC Jean
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Letty W. Kwok
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hongmei Mou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114, USA
| | - Steven S. Shen
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USAw
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Anne A. Dowton
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maria Serra
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Michael D. Green
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Oncological Science, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Oncological Science, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Maria I. Ramirez
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Boston University Pulmonary Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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12
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Abstract
Continuing advances in stem cell science have prompted researchers to envisage the potential application of stem cells for the management of several debilitating disorders, thus raising the expectations of transplant clinicians. In particular, in order to find a source of adult stem cells alternative to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for the exploration of novel strategies in regenerative medicine, researchers have attempted to identify and characterise adult stem/progenitor cells resident in compact organs, since these populations appear to be responsible for physiological tissue renewal and regeneration after injury. In particular, recent studies have also reported evidence for the existence of adult stem/progenitor cell populations in both mouse and human thyroids. Here, I provide a review of published findings about ESC lines capable of generating thyroid follicular cells, thyroid somatic stem cells and cancer stem cells within the thyroid. The three subjects are analysed by also considering the criticism recently raised against their existence and potential utility. I comment specifically on the significance of resident thyroid stem cells in the developmental biology of the gland and their putative role in the pathogenesis of thyroid disorders and on the protocols employed for their identification. I finally provide my opinion on whether from basic science results obtained to date it is possible to extrapolate any convincing basic for future treatment of thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fierabracci
- Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù Research Institute, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome, Italy.
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Davies TF, Latif R, Minsky NC, Ma R. Clinical review: The emerging cell biology of thyroid stem cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:2692-702. [PMID: 21778219 PMCID: PMC3167664 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the property of self-renewal and give rise to highly specialized cells under appropriate local conditions. The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine holds great promise for the treatment of many diseases, including those of the thyroid gland. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This review focuses on the progress that has been made in thyroid stem cell research including an overview of cellular and molecular events (most of which were drawn from the period 1990-2011) and discusses the remaining problems encountered in their differentiation. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Protocols for the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells, based on normal developmental processes, have generated thyroid-like cells but without full thyrocyte function. However, agents have been identified, including activin A, insulin, and IGF-I, which are able to stimulate the generation of thyroid-like cells in vitro. In addition, thyroid stem/progenitor cells have been identified within the normal thyroid gland and within thyroid cancers. CONCLUSIONS Advances in thyroid stem cell biology are providing not only insight into thyroid development but may offer therapeutic potential in thyroid cancer and future thyroid cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and the James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York 10468, USA.
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