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Ul-Rahman A, Shabbir MAB, Aziz MW, Yaqub S, Mehmood A, Raza MA, Shabbir MZ. A comparative phylogenomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 strains reported from non-human mammalian species and environmental samples. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9207-9217. [PMID: 33104993 PMCID: PMC7586201 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect a wide range of domestic and wild mammals. These viruses have a potential and tendency to cross-species barriers and infect humans. Novel human coronavirus 2019-nCoV (hCoV-19) emerged from Wuhan, China, and has caused a global pandemic. Genomic features of SARS-CoV-2 may attribute inter-species transmission and adaptation to a novel host, and therefore is imperative to explicate the evolutionary dynamics of the viral genome and its propensity for differential host selection. We conducted an in silico analysis of all the coding gene sequences of SARS-CoV-2 strains (n = 39) originating from a range of non-human mammalian species, including pangolin, bat, dog, cat, tiger, mink, mouse, and the environmental samples such as wastewater, air and surface samples from the door handle and seafood market. Compared to the reference SARS-CoV-2 strain (MN908947; Wuhan-Hu-1), phylogenetic and comparative residue analysis revealed the circulation of three variants, including hCoV-19 virus from humans and two hCoV-19-related precursors from bats and pangolins. A lack of obvious differences as well as a maximum genetic homology among dog-, cat-, tiger-, mink-, mouse-, bat- and pangolin-derived SARS-CoV-2 sequences suggested a likely evolution of these strains from a common ancestor. Several residue substitutions were observed in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, concluding a promiscuous nature of the virus for host species where genomic alternations may be required for the adaptation to novel host/s. However, such speculation needs in vitro investigations to unleash the influence of substitutions towards species-jump and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan. .,Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan. .,Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan.
| | | | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Saima Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Asif Mehmood
- Veterinary Research Institute, Zarar Shaheed road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
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Yan X, Owens JR, Wen Y, Su X, Wang Z, Liu S, Zhang D, Callan R, Wenlei B, Qi D, Spotila JR, Hou R, Zhang Z. Dogs and Disease Threats to Giant Pandas in China. J Wildl Manage 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Jacob R. Owens
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Sichuan Agriculture University Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Su
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Zhenghao Wang
- Sichuan Agriculture University Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Songrui Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Ramana Callan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Bi Wenlei
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - James R. Spotila
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental ScienceDrexel University Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
| | - Zhihe Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered WildlifeChengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu Sichuan 610081 P.R. China
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Gold S, Donnelly CA, Nouvellet P, Woodroffe R. Rabies virus-neutralising antibodies in healthy, unvaccinated individuals: What do they mean for rabies epidemiology? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007933. [PMID: 32053628 PMCID: PMC7017994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has been a widely feared disease for thousands of years, with records of rabid dogs as early as ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian texts. The reputation of rabies as being inevitably fatal, together with its ability to affect all mammalian species, contributes to the fear surrounding this disease. However, the widely held view that exposure to the rabies virus is always fatal has been repeatedly challenged. Although survival following clinical infection in humans has only been recorded on a handful of occasions, a number of studies have reported detection of rabies-specific antibodies in the sera of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife that are apparently healthy and unvaccinated. These 'seropositive' individuals provide possible evidence of exposure to the rabies virus that has not led to fatal disease. However, the variability in methods of detecting these antibodies and the difficulties of interpreting serology tests have contributed to an unclear picture of their importance. In this review, we consider the evidence for rabies-specific antibodies in healthy, unvaccinated individuals as indicators of nonlethal rabies exposure and the potential implications of this for rabies epidemiology. Our findings indicate that whilst there is substantial evidence that nonlethal rabies exposure does occur, serology studies that do not use appropriate controls and cutoffs are unlikely to provide an accurate estimate of the true prevalence of nonlethal rabies exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Gold
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Rupprecht CE, Xiang Z, Servat A, Franka R, Kirby J, Ertl HCJ. Additional Progress in the Development and Application of a Direct, Rapid Immunohistochemical Test for Rabies Diagnosis. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E59. [PMID: 29925781 PMCID: PMC6024515 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory-based surveillance is fundamental to effective rabies prevention and control. The direct fluorescent antibody (AB) test (FAT) is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis. Recently, additional tests besides the FAT have been developed, such as the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT). In this study, our objective was to further refine technical aspects of the DRIT using a combination of two monoclonal ABs (MABs), 502 and 802, conduct additional testing among rabies reference laboratories using a diversity of animal species and rabies virus (RV) variants and compare the potential utility of the DRIT for end users via proficiency testing (PT) against the FAT. Considering the ideal molar ratios of biotin to AB in formulation of the DRIT conjugate, 3.9 was found to be superior to 7.4, for detection of RV antigens in the brain of a naturally infected raccoon. Optimization of the DRIT conjugate may also be dependent upon the apparent choice of specific viral antigens for testing, as a gray fox RV variant reacted less strongly than a raccoon RV variant in determining the working dilution of the MAB cocktail. Using the same MABs and protocol, the DRIT was compared to the FAT using more than 800 samples of mammalian brains, representative of more than 25 taxa, including in excess of 250 animal rabies cases from Europe and North America. Sensitivity was determined at 98% (96⁻100%, 95% CI) and specificity was calculated at 95% (92⁻96%, 95% CI). In a comparison among end users, PT of laboratory personnel resulted in values of 77⁻100% sensitivity and 86-100% specificity. Based upon these and previously reported results, the DRIT appears to be a suitable alternative to the FAT for use in lyssavirus diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre Servat
- OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 54220 Malzeville, France.
| | | | - Jordona Kirby
- USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, Milton, FL 32583, USA.
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5
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Zhang JM, Zhang ZS, Deng YQ, Wu SL, Wang W, Yan YS. Incidence of human rabies and characterization of rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs in Fujian Province, Southeast China, 2002-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:599. [PMID: 28854892 PMCID: PMC5577672 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a global fatal infectious viral disease that is characterized by a high mortality after onset of clinical symptoms. Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of rabies in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of human rabies and characterize the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs sampled from Fujian Province, Southeast China from 2002 to 2012. Methods Data pertaining to human rabies cases in Fujian Province during the period from 2002 through 2012 were collected, and the epidemiological profiles were described. The saliva and brain specimens were collected from dogs in Quanzhou, Longyan and Sanming cities of the province, and the rabies virus antigen was determined in the canine saliva specimens using an ELISA assay. Rabies virus RNA was extracted from canine brain specimens, and rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was amplified using a nested RT-PCR assay, followed by sequencing and genotyping. Results A total of 226 human rabies cases were reported in Fujian Province from 2002 to 2012, in which 197 cases were detected in three cities of Quanzhou, Longyan and Sanming. ELISA assay revealed positive rabies virus antigen in six of eight rabid dogs and 165 of 3492 seemingly healthy dogs. The full-length gene fragment of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was amplified from the brain specimens of seven rabid dogs and 12 seemingly healthy dogs. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 19 rabies virus nucleoprotein genes all belonged to genotype I, and were classified into three genetic groups. Sequencing analysis showed a 99.7% to 100% intra-group and an 86.4% to 89.3% inter-group homology. Conclusions This study is the first description pertaining to the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases and characterization of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs in Fujian Province, Southeast China. Our findings may provide valuable knowledge for the development of strategies targeting the prevention and control of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362002, China.,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362002, China.
| | - Yan-Qin Deng
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Shou-Li Wu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China.,Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, No. 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China. .,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China.
| | - Yan-Sheng Yan
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China.,Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
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6
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Zhang HL, Zhang YZ, Yang WH, Tao XY, Li H, Ding JC, Feng Y, Yang DJ, Zhang J, He J, Shen XX, Wang LH, Zhang YZ, Song M, Tang Q. Molecular epidemiology of reemergent rabies in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1433-42. [PMID: 25144604 PMCID: PMC4178403 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.130440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This province is a focal point for spread of rabies between Southeast Asia and China. Yunnan Province in China borders 3 countries (Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar) in Southeast Asia. In the 1980s, a large-scale rabies epidemic occurred in this province, which subsided by the late 1990s. However, 3 human cases of rabies in 2000 indicated reemergence of the disease in 1 county. In 2012, rabies was detected in 77 counties; 663 persons died of rabies during this new epidemic. Fifty two rabies virus strains obtained during 2008–2012 were identified and analyzed phylogenetically by sequencing the nucleoprotein gene. Of the 4 clades identified, clades YN-A and YN-C were closely related to strains from neighboring provinces, and clade YN-B was closely related to strains from Southeast Asia, but formed a distinct branch. Rabies virus diversity might be attributed to dog movements among counties, provinces, and neighboring countries. These findings suggest that Yunnan Province is a focal point for spread of rabies between Southeast Asia and China.
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7
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Rupprecht CE, Burgess GW. Viral and vector zoonotic exploitation of a homo-sociome memetic complex. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:394-403. [PMID: 25769428 PMCID: PMC7128523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As most newly characterized emerging infectious diseases are considered to be zoonotic, a modern pre-eminence ascribed within this classification lies clearly within the viral taxonomic realm. In particular, RNA viruses deserve special concern given their documented impact on conservation biology, veterinary medicine and public health, with an unprecedented ability to promote an evolutionary host–pathogen arms race from the ultimate infection and immunity perspective. However, besides the requisite molecular/gross anatomical and physiological bases for infectious diseases to transmit from one host to another, both viral pathogens and their reservoirs/vectors exploit a complex anthropological, cultural, historical, psychological and social suite that specifically defines the phylodynamics within Homo sapiens, unlike any other species. Some of these variables include the ecological benefits of living in groups, decisions on hunting and foraging behaviours and dietary preferences, myths and religious doctrines, health economics, travel destinations, population planning, political decisions on agricultural product bans and many others, in a homo-sociome memetic complex. Taken to an extreme, such complexities elucidate the underpinnings of explanations as to why certain viral zoonoses reside in neglected people, places and things, whereas others are chosen selectively and prioritized for active mitigation. Canine-transmitted rabies serves as one prime example of how a neglected viral zoonosis may transition to greater attention on the basis of renewed advocacy, social media, local champions and vested international community engagement. In contrast, certain bat-associated and arboviral diseases suffer from basic ignorance and perpetuated misunderstanding of fundamental reservoir and vector ecology tenets, translated into failed control policies that only exacerbate the underlying environmental conditions of concern. Beyond applied biomedical knowledge, epidemiological skills and biotechnical abilities alone, if a homo-sociome memetic complex approach is also entertained in a modern transdisciplinary context, neglected viral zoonosis may be better understood, controlled, prevented and possibly eliminated, in a more holistic One Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Rupprecht
- LYSSA LLC, Lawrenceville, GA 30044, USA; The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - G W Burgess
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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Tang HB, Pan Y, Wei XK, Lu ZL, Lu W, Yang J, He XX, Xie LJ, Zeng L, Zheng LF, Xiong Y, Minamoto N, Luo TR. Re-emergence of rabies in the Guangxi province of Southern China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3114. [PMID: 25275567 PMCID: PMC4183421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rabies cases in the Guangxi province of China decreased from 839 in 1982 to 24 in 1995, but subsequently underwent a sharp increase, and has since maintained a high level. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 3,040 brain samples from normal dogs and cats were collected from 14 districts of Guangxi and assessed by RT-PCR. The brain samples showed an average rabies virus (RV) positivity rate of 3.26%, but reached 4.71% for the period Apr 2002 to Dec 2003. A total of 30 isolates were obtained from normal dogs and 28 isolates from rabid animals by the mouse inoculation test (MIT). Six representative group I and II RV isolates showed an LD50 of 10-5.35/ml to 10-6.19/ml. The reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to group I and II RV isolates from the Guangxi major epidemic showed that eight anti-G MAbs showed strong reactivity with isolates of group I and II with titers of ≥10,000; however, the MAbs 9-6, 13-3 and 12-14 showed lower reactivity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the G gene demonstrated that the Guangxi RV isolates have similar topologies with strong bootstrap values and are closely bonded. Alignment of deduced amino acids revealed that the mature G protein has four substitutions A96S, L132F, N436S, and A447I specific to group I, and 13 substitutions T90M, Y168C, S204G, T249I, P253S, S289T, V332I, Q382H, V427I, L474P, R463K Q486H, and T487N specific to group II, coinciding with the phylogenetic analysis of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS Re-emergence of human rabies has mainly occurred in rural areas of Guangxi since 1996. The human rabies incidence rate increased is related with RV positive rate of normal dogs. The Guangxi isolates tested showed a similar pathogenicity and antigenicity. The results of phylogenetic analysis coincide with that of alignment of deduced amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Kai Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhuan-Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Wu Lu
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Xia He
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Lin-Juan Xie
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Lan Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Lie-Feng Zheng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangxi, China
| | - Nobuyuki Minamoto
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Millán J, Chirife AD, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Cabezón O, Muro J, Marco I, Cliquet F, León-Vizcaíno L, Wasniewski M, Almería S, Mugisha L. Serosurvey of dogs for human, livestock, and wildlife pathogens, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:680-2. [PMID: 23750507 PMCID: PMC3647413 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Jemberu WT, Molla W, Almaw G, Alemu S. Incidence of rabies in humans and domestic animals and people's awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2216. [PMID: 23675547 PMCID: PMC3649954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a zoonotic disease that has been prevalent in humans and animals for centuries in Ethiopia and it is often dealt with using traditional practices. There is lack of accurate quantitative information on rabies both in humans and animals in Ethiopia and little is known about the awareness of the people about the disease. In this study, we estimated the incidence of rabies in humans and domestic animals, and assessed the people's awareness about the disease in North Gondar zone, Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The incidence of rabies in humans and domestic animals was prospectively followed up for one year period based on clinical observation. A questionnaire was also administered to 120 randomly selected dog owners and 5 traditional healers to assess the knowledge and practices about the disease. We found an annual estimated rabies incidence of 2.33 cases per 100,000 in humans, 412.83 cases per 100,000 in dogs, 19.89 cases per 100,000 in cattle, 67.68 cases per 100,000 in equines, and 14.45 cases per 100,000 in goats. Dog bite was the source of infection for all fatal rabies cases. Ninety eight percent of the questionnaire respondents were familiar with rabies and mentioned dog bite as a means of transmission. But discordant with current scientific knowledge, 84% and 32% of the respondents respectively mentioned any type of contact (irrespective of skin condition) with saliva, and inhalation as a means of transmission of rabies. Eighty four percent of the respondents relied on traditional healers for management of rabies. CONCLUSIONS The study shows high canine rabies burden, and lack of sufficient awareness about the disease and high reliance on traditional treatment that interfere with timely post exposure management. Vaccination of dogs, proper post exposure management, and increasing the awareness of the community are suggested to reduce the disease burden.
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Wilde H, Hemachudha T, Wacharapluesadee S, Lumlertdacha B, Tepsumethanon V. Rabies in Asia: the classical zoonosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 365:185-203. [PMID: 22678037 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies remains a constant threat to humans throughout much of Asia. The dog is the main reservoir and vector with wildlife playing a very minor role. No Asian country or region has been declared rabies free by WHO in over two decades and there is evidence of canine rabies spread to new regions during the past 10 years. We now have the knowledge and technology to control canine rabies. The main barrier in managing this costly endemic is lack of motivation by authorities to address this issue along with regional inability of public health and livestock (agriculture) officials to tackle this issue in cooperation and coordination. Rabies is one of the first recognized zoonoses and a model for a true "One Health" management goal where human; veterinary, and government officials must work together in harmony to defeat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Wilde
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand,
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Zhao J, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhang F, Gao H, Hu R. Analysis of an Outbreak of Human Rabies in 2009 in Hanzhong District, Shaanxi Province, China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:59-68. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhao
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
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13
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Characterization of conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus nucleoprotein. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1187-92. [PMID: 20521069 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Three anti-rabies virus (RABV) nucleoprotein (N) monoclonal antibodies (Mab) were characterized by immunofluorescence assays, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. One of these Mabs recognized the antigen by all of the assays, while the other two recognized N only in the native form in the immunofluorescence assay. These data, together with epitope mapping studies, suggest that two anti-N Mabs recognize conformational epitopes located within the N-terminal region of the RABV N protein. The availability of Mabs specific for both linear and epitope-specific antibodies should prove valuable for rabies diagnosis as well as for RABV N protein structure-function studies.
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Song M, Tang Q, Wang DM, Mo ZJ, Guo SH, Li H, Tao XY, Rupprecht CE, Feng ZJ, Liang GD. Epidemiological investigations of human rabies in China. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:210. [PMID: 20025742 PMCID: PMC2803182 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemic of rabies showed a rising trend in China in recent years. To identify the potential factors involved in the emergence, we investigated and analyzed the status and characteristics of human rabies between 1996 and 2008. Moreover, the status of rabies infection and vaccination in dogs, and prophylaxis of humans after rabies exposure were analyzed. METHODS Human rabies data in China between 1996 and 2008 collected from the annual reports of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) were analyzed. To investigate the status of dogs and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of humans, brain specimens of domestic dogs were collected and detected, and the demographic details, exposure status and PEP of rabies patients were obtained in 2005 and 2006 in Guangxi, Hunan and Guizhou provinces. RESULTS The results showed 19,806 human rabies cases were reported in China from 1996 to 2008, with an average of 1,524 cases each year, and the incidence almost was rising rapidly, with the peak in 2007 (3,300 cases). It was notable that nearly 50% of the total rabies cases nationwide were reported in Guangxi, Hunan and Guizhou provinces. In these three provinces, the rabies infection rate in dogs was 2.3%, and 60% investigated cities had a dog vaccination rate of below 70%; among the 315 recorded human cases, 66.3% did not receive any PEP at all, 27.6% received inadequate PEP, and only 6.0% received a full regime of PEP. CONCLUSIONS In recent years, rabies is reemerging and becoming a major public-health problem in China. Our analysis showed that unsuccessful control of dog rabies and inadequate PEP of patients were the main factors leading to the high incidence of human rabies in China, then there are following suggestions: (1) Strict control of free-ranging dogs and mandatory rabies vaccination should be enforced. (2)Establishing national animal rabies surveillance network is imperative. (3) PEP should be decided to initiate or withhold according to postmortem diagnosis of the biting animal. (4) The cost of PEP should be decreased or free, especially in rural areas. (5)Education of the public and health care staff should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Song
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, PR China
- Liupanshui Vocational and Technical College, Liupanshui 553001, PR China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Ding-Ming Wang
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Zhao-Jun Mo
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, PR China
| | - Shou-Heng Guo
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, PR China
| | - Charles E Rupprecht
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. 30333, USA
| | - Zi-Jian Feng
- Office for Disease Control and Emergency Response, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Guo-Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, PR China
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Wu X, Hu R, Zhang Y, Dong G, Rupprecht CE. Reemerging rabies and lack of systemic surveillance in People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1159-64. [PMID: 19751575 PMCID: PMC2815959 DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a reemerging disease in China. The high incidence of rabies leads to numerous concerns: a potential carrier-dog phenomenon, undocumented transmission of rabies virus from wildlife to dogs, counterfeit vaccines, vaccine mismatching, and seroconversion testing in patients after their completion of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). These concerns are all scientifically arguable given a modern understanding of rabies. Rabies reemerges periodically in China because of high dog population density and low vaccination coverage in dogs. Mass vaccination campaigns rather than depopulation of dogs should be a long-term goal for rabies control. Seroconversion testing after vaccination is not necessary in either humans or animals. Human PEP should be initiated on the basis of diagnosis of biting animals. Reliable national systemic surveillance of rabies-related human deaths and of animal rabies prevalence is urgently needed. A laboratory diagnosis-based epidemiologic surveillance system can provide substantial information about disease transmission and effective prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Wu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Tao XY, Tang Q, Li H, Mo ZJ, Zhang H, Wang DM, Zhang Q, Song M, Velasco-Villa A, Wu X, Rupprecht CE, Liang GD. Molecular epidemiology of rabies in Southern People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:1192-8. [PMID: 19751579 PMCID: PMC2815963 DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration and transport of dogs may have caused recent epidemics of human rabies. In recent years, the number of human rabies cases in the People’s Republic of China has increased during severe epidemics in 3 southern provinces (Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan). To analyze the causes of the high incidence of human rabies in this region, during 2005–2007, we collected 2,887 brain specimens from apparently healthy domestic dogs used for meat consumption in restaurants, 4 specimens from suspected rabid dogs, and 3 from humans with rabies in the 3 provinces. Partial nucleoprotein gene sequences were obtained from rabies-positive specimens. Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of viruses were determined. We infer that the spread of rabies viruses from high-incidence regions, particularly by long-distance movement or transprovincial translocation of dogs caused by human-related activities, may be 1 cause of the recent massive human rabies epidemics in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Tao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Evidence for a 4-dose vaccine schedule for human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in previously non-vaccinated individuals. Vaccine 2009; 27:7141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Human rabies cases in China have continued to increase in recent years, reaching a new peak in 2007. Parallel with an increase in human rabies deaths, a number of animal species with rabies have been reported in the majority of rabies-endemic areas. In this report, the occurrence, status, and control of rabies in both humans and animals are reviewed. Vaccines and immunoglobulin for human and animal use and postexposure prophylaxis for human are also summarized. The current strategies for rabies elimination in China are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglinag Hu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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