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Kajal S, Narang G, Jangir BL, Kundu P, Lather D, Chhabra R. Studies on immunopathological changes induced by commercial IBD live vaccines in poultry birds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12379. [PMID: 37524771 PMCID: PMC10390494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate plus live strain infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines are used to control IBDV endemic infections in India. In the present study, immunopathological changes induced by commercial infectious bursal disease live vaccines with different immunization regimes were compared. A total of days old 108 Cobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups with 24 chicks each in groups I, II, III and 18 chicks each in group IV and V. Group I served as control I (no immunization) and group II and III chicks were immunized with a single dose of vaccines 1 and 2 on 17th day of age (DOA), respectively. The group IV and V chicks were immunized with vaccines 1 and 2, respectively with primary dose on 17th DOA followed by booster dose on 24th DOA. Both intermediate plus live vaccines produced gross and histopathological lesions in lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and caecal tonsils). Increased CD4 + , CD8 + T cells in affected bursa of Fabricius was evidenced by immunohistochemistry. Further, up-regulation in relative mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 were observed in bursa of Fabricius of treated birds, with maximum alteration particularly on 14th day post single immunization and 7th day post booster immunization. The findings suggest that single immunization regime on the 17th day of age showed immunization equivalent to booster immunization with lesser lesions, therefore, may be practiced and promoted in the field conditions for the better economic returns and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kajal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
| | - Gulshan Narang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Babu Lal Jangir
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Pooja Kundu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Deepika Lather
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
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Zhang S, Zheng S. Host Combats IBDV Infection at Both Protein and RNA Levels. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102309. [PMID: 36298864 PMCID: PMC9607458 DOI: 10.3390/v14102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In recent years, with the emergence of IBDV variants and recombinant strains, IBDV still threatens the poultry industry worldwide. It seems that the battle between host and IBDV will never end. Thus, it is urgent to develop a more comprehensive and effective strategy for the control of this disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying virus-host interactions would be of help in the development of novel vaccines. Recently, much progress has been made in the understanding of the host response against IBDV infection. If the battle between host and IBDV at the protein level is considered the front line, at the RNA level, it can be taken as a hidden line. The host combats IBDV infection at both the front and hidden lines. Therefore, this review focuses on our current understanding of the host response to IBDV infection at both the protein and RNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(10)-6273-4681
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Trapp J, Rautenschlein S. Infectious bursal disease virus' interferences with host immune cells: What do we know? Avian Pathol 2022; 51:303-316. [PMID: 35616498 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInfectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) induces one of the most important immunosuppressive diseases in chickens leading to high economic losses due increased mortality and condemnation rates, secondary infections and the need for antibiotic treatment. Over 400 publications have been listed in PubMed.gov in the last five years pointing out the research interest in this disease and the development of improved preventive measures. While B cells are the main target cells of the virus, also other immune and non-immune cell populations are affected leading a multifaceted impact on the normally well orchestrated immune system in IBDV-infected birds. Recent studies clearly revealed the contribution of innate immune cells as well as T cells to a cytokine storm and subsequent death of affected birds in the acute phase of the disease. Transcriptomics identified differential regulation of immune related genes between different chicken genotypes as well as virus strains, which may be associated with a variable disease outcome. The recent availability of primary B cell culture systems allowed a closer look into virus-host interactions during IBDV-infection. The new emerging field of research with transgenic chickens will open up new opportunities to understand the impact of IBDV on the host also under in vivo conditions, which will help to understand the complex virus-host interactions further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Trapp
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Huang X, Xu Y, Lin Q, Guo W, Zhao D, Wang C, Wang L, Zhou H, Jiang Y, Cui W, Qiao X, Li Y, Ma G, Tang L. Determination of antiviral action of long non-coding RNA loc107051710 during infectious bursal disease virus infection due to enhancement of interferon production. Virulence 2021; 11:68-79. [PMID: 31865850 PMCID: PMC6961729 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1707957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions and profiles of lncRNAs during infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection have not been determined, yet. The objectives of this study were to determine the antiviral action of loc107051710 lncRNA during IBDV infection by investigating the relationship between loc107051710 and IRF8, Type I IFN, STATs, and ISGs. DF-1 cells were either left untreated as non-infected controls (n = 1) or infected with IBDV (n = 3). RNA sequencing was applied for analysis of mRNAs and lncRNAs expression. Differentially expressed genes were verified by RT-qPCR. Then identification, of 230 significantly different expressed genes (182 mRNAs and 48 lncRNA) by pairwise comparison of the infected and control groups, was carried out. The functions of differentially expressed lncRNAs were investigated by selection of lncRNAs and mRNAs significantly enriched in the aforementioned biological processes and signaling pathways for construction of lncRNA-mRNA co-expression networks. The techniques of gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were applied. It was suggested that these differentially expressed genes were involved in the interaction between the host and IBDV. Loc107051710 was found to have potential antiviral effects. RT-qPCR and western blot were applied and revealed that loc107051710 was required for induction of IRF8, type I IFN, STAT, and ISG expression, and its knockdown promoted IBDV replication. By fluorescence in situ hybridization, it was found that loc107051710 was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after infection with IBDV. Overall, loc107051710 promoted the production of IFN-α and IFN-β by regulating IRF8, thereby promoting the antiviral activity of ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yigang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Qingyu Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Weilong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Han Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Guangpeng Ma
- Agricultural High Technology Department, China Rural Technology Development Center, Beijing China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Yu Y, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Ou C, Wang Y, Wang L, Gao P, Du S, Guo F, Ma J. Ghrelin attenuates infectious bursal disease virus-induced early inflammatory response and bursal injury in chicken. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5399-5406. [PMID: 33142456 PMCID: PMC7647848 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies demonstrated that chicken ghrelin mRNA was expressed in immune organs of chicken. However, it was not known for its functions in chicken immune system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ghrelin on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)-induced acute inflammatory and bursal injury. Chickens were divided into 4 groups. One group was used as control (“C”). The other three groups incubated with IBDV on the 19th d, of which 2 were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 nmol (“LG”) or 1.0 nmol (“HG”) ghrelin/100g body weight from 18th to 22nd d, respectively, and one was injected intraperitoneally with PBS (“I”). Results showed that cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 mRNA expression in I group were upregulated significantly after chickens infected with IBDV from 1 d post-infection (dpi) to 3 dpi (P < 0.05). However, the expression level of IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 mRNA in LG and HG groups was 7.3, ∼43.3% as much as that of the I group at 2 dpi and 3 dpi (P < 0.05). Moreover, ghrelin administration attenuated significantly the bursal injury from 1 dpi to 7 dpi and prevents the reduction of bird weight gain at 5 dpi and 7 dpi, which were induced by IBDV (P < 0.05). The results indicated that ghrelin could play an important role in the immune system of chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Changbo Ou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Shouyang Du
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Feng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
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Silveira F, Felice V, Franzo G, Mescolini G, Catelli E, Cecchinato M, Berto G, Listorti V, Lupini C. Inoculation of specific pathogen-free chickens with an infectious bursal disease virus of the ITA genotype (G6) leads to a high and persistent viral load in lymphoid tissues and to a delayed antiviral response. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:136-142. [PMID: 31282371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) of the ITA genotype (G6) was shown to have peculiar molecular characteristics and, despite a subclinical course, aggressiveness towards lymphoid tissues after experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare with a Classical IBDV strain, ITA IBDV distribution and persistence in various tissues (bursa of Fabricious, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, caecal tonsils, Harderian gland, kidney, liver and proventriculus), its cloacal shedding and the involvement of gut TLR-3 in duodenum tissues. The 35-day-old SPF chickens were experimentally infected and sampled up to 28 days post infection (dpi) for IBDV detection and TLR-3 quantification by qRT-PCR. The ITA IBDV strain was detected in lymphoid and most non-lymphoid tissues up to the end of the trial, with higher loads compared to the Classical IBDV. Most of those differences were found during the first 2 weeks post-infection. Notably, bone marrow and caecal tonsils presented higher viral loads until 28 dpi, allowing to speculate that these organs may serve as non-bursal lymphoid tissues supporting virus replication. Differences in relative TLR-3 gene expression between ITA IBDV-infected birds and Classical-IBDV infected ones were observed at 4, 14 and 21 dpi, being initially higher in Classical group and later in ITA group. Our results provide new insights into IBDV pathogenesis showing that IBDV of ITA genotype leads to a high and persistent viral load in lymphoid tissues and to a delayed antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Viviana Felice
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giacomo Berto
- CEVA Salute Animale, Viale Bartolomeo Colleoni, 15, 20864, Agrate Brianza, MB, Italy
| | - Valeria Listorti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Chaudhari AA, Kim WH, Lillehoj HS. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) may regulate alternative activation of macrophage-like cells in chickens: A sequential study using novel and specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against chicken IL-4. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jahromi MZ, Bello MB, Abdolmaleki M, Yeap SK, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR. Differential activation of intraepithelial lymphocyte-natural killer cells in chickens infected with very virulent and vaccine strains of infectious bursal disease virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:116-123. [PMID: 29886054 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To gain insights into the role of CD3-/28.4+ intraepithelial lymphocytes-natural killer (CD3-/28.4+IEL-NK) cells during infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, characterisation of the cells was performed following infection with different strains of the virus. In vitro treatment with IL-18 or ionomycin/PMA successfully stimulated and activated the cells via a significant increase in the expression of CD69, B-Lec, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin. Similarly, chickens infected with the vaccine strain of IBDV also up-regulated the expression of CD69, B-Lec, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin in CD3-/28.4+ IEL-NK cells up to 3 days post infection (dpi) and down-regulated the expression of the inhibitory receptor B-NK at 3 dpi. On the contrary, infection with the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strain lead to a reduced activation of the cells by down-regulating the expression of the CD69, CHIR-AB1 and NK-lysin especially at 1 dpi. These findings altogether demonstrate the differential activation of CD3-/28.4+IEL-NK cells in chicken following infection with the vaccine or very virulent strains of IBDV. The study therefore provides an important clue into the differential pathogenesis of IBDV infection in chicken. Further studies are however required to determine the functional importance of these findings during IBDV vaccination and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zareian Jahromi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Bashir Bello
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Mostafa Abdolmaleki
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.
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Farhanah MI, Yasmin AR, Khanh NP, Yeap SK, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR. Bursal immunopathology responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens and red jungle fowl infected with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2085-2097. [PMID: 29626271 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) targets B lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius (BF), causing immunosuppression and increased mortality rates in young birds. There have been few studies on the host immune response following vvIBDV infection at different inoculum doses in chickens with different genetic backgrounds. In this study, we characterized the immune responses of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and Malaysian red jungle fowl following infection with vvIBDV strain UPM0081 at 103.8 and 106.8 times the 50% embryo infectious dose (EID50). The viral burden, histopathological changes, immune cell populations, and expression of immune-related genes were measured and compared between infected and uninfected bursa at specific intervals. The populations of KUL1+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells were significantly increased in both types of chickens at 3 dpi, and there was significant early depletion of IgM+ B cells at 1 dpi in the red jungle fowl. vvIBDV infection also induced differential expression of genes that are involved in Th1 and pro-inflammatory responses, with groups receiving the higher dose (106.8 EID50) showing earlier expression of IFNG, IL12B, IL15, IL6, CXCLi2, IL28B, and TLR3 at 1 dpi. Although both chicken types showed equal susceptibility to infection, the red jungle fowl were clinically healthier than the SPF chickens despite showing more depletion of IgM+ B cells and failure to induce IFNB activation. In conclusion, high-dose vvIBDV infection caused an intense early host immune response in the infected bursa, with depletion of IgM+ B cells, bursal lesions, and cytokine expression as a response to mitigate the severity of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Isa Farhanah
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahaman Yasmin
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nguyen Phuc Khanh
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Farhanah MI, Yasmin AR, Mat Isa N, Hair-Bejo M, Ideris A, Powers C, Oladapo O, Nair V, Khoo JS, Ghazali AK, Yee WY, Omar AR. Bursal transcriptome profiling of different inbred chicken lines reveals key differentially expressed genes at 3 days post-infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:21-35. [PMID: 29058656 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease is a highly contagious disease in the poultry industry and causes immunosuppression in chickens. Genome-wide regulations of immune response genes of inbred chickens with different genetic backgrounds, following very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) infection are poorly characterized. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the bursal tissue transcriptome of six inbred chicken lines 6, 7, 15, N, O and P following infection with vvIBDV strain UK661 using strand-specific next-generation sequencing, by highlighting important genes and pathways involved in the infected chicken during peak infection at 3 days post-infection. All infected chickens succumbed to the infection without major variations among the different lines. However, based on the viral loads and bursal lesion scoring, lines P and 6 can be considered as the most susceptible lines, while lines 15 and N were regarded as the least affected lines. Transcriptome profiling of the bursa identified 4588 genes to be differentially expressed, with 2985 upregulated and 1642 downregulated genes, in which these genes were commonly or uniquely detected in all or several infected lines. Genes that were upregulated are primarily pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and IFN-related. Various genes that are associated with B-cell functions and genes related to apoptosis were downregulated, together with the genes involved in p53 signalling. In conclusion, bursal transcriptome profiles of different inbred lines showed differential expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, Th1 cytokines, JAK-STAT signalling genes, MAPK signalling genes, and their related pathways following vvIBDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Isa Farhanah
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abd Rahaman Yasmin
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ideris
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Claire Powers
- Avian Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | | | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Jia-Shiun Khoo
- Codon Genomics SB, Taman Dutamas, Balakong, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad-Kamal Ghazali
- Codon Genomics SB, Taman Dutamas, Balakong, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Yan Yee
- Codon Genomics SB, Taman Dutamas, Balakong, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Yasmin AR, Yeap SK, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR. Characterization of Chicken Splenic-Derived Dendritic Cells Following Vaccine and Very Virulent Strains of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection. Avian Dis 2017; 60:739-751. [PMID: 27902915 DOI: 10.1637/11275-091315-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infects lymphoid cells, mainly B cells and macrophages. This study was aimed to examine the involvement of chicken splenic-derived dendritic cells (ch-sDCs) in specific-pathogen-free chickens following inoculation with IBDV vaccine strain (D78) and a very virulent (vv) strain (UPM0081). Following IBDV infection, enriched activated ch-sDCs were collected by using the negative selection method and were examined based on morphology and immunophenotyping to confirm the isolation method for dendritic cells (DCs). The presence of IBDV on enriched activated ch-sDCs was analyzed based on the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) while the mRNAs of several cytokines were detected using RT-qPCR. The isolated ch-sDCs resembled typical DC morphologies found in mammals by having a veiled shape and they grew in clusters. Meanwhile, the expression of DC maturation markers, namely CD86 and MHCII, were increased at day 2 and day 3 following vvIBDV and vaccine strain inoculation, respectively, ranging from 10% to 40% compared to the control at 2.55% (P < 0.05). At day 3 postinfection, IBDV VP3 proteins colocalized with CD86 were readily detected via IFAT and flow cytometry in both vaccine and vvIBDV strains. In addition, enriched activated ch-sDCs were also detected as positive based on the VP4 gene by RT-qPCR; however, a higher viral load was detected on vvIBDV compared to the vaccine group. Infection with vaccine and vvIBDV strains induced the enriched activated ch-sDCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines and Th1-like cytokines from day 3 onward; however, the expressions were higher in the vvIBDV group (P < 0.05). These data collectively suggest that enriched activated ch-sDCs were permissive to IBDV infection and produced a strong inflammatory and Th1-like cytokine response following vvIBDV infection as compared to the vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Yasmin
- A Institute of Bioscience.,B Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - M Hair-Bejo
- A Institute of Bioscience.,B Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A R Omar
- A Institute of Bioscience.,B Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Ou C, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Kong W, Zhang S, Yu Y, Ma J, Liu X, Kong X. Transcription profiles of the responses of chicken bursae of Fabricius to IBDV in different timing phases. Virol J 2017; 14:93. [PMID: 28486945 PMCID: PMC5424287 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection causes immunosuppression in chickens and increases their susceptibility to secondary infections. To explore the interaction between host and IBDV, RNA-Seq was applied to analyse the transcriptional profiles of the responses of chickens’ bursas of Fabricius in the early stage of IBDV infection. Results The results displayed that a total of 15546 genes were identified in the chicken bursa libraries. Among the annotated genes, there were 2006 and 4668 differentially expressed genes in the infection group compared with the mock group on day 1 and day 3 post inoculation (1 and 3 dpi), respectively. Moreover, there were 676 common up-regulated and 83 common down-regulated genes in the bursae taken from the chickens infected with IBDV on both 1 and 3 dpi. Meanwhile, there were also some characteristic differentially expressed genes on 1 and 3 dpi. On day 1 after inoculation with IBDV, host responses mainly displayed immune response processes, while metabolic pathways played an important role on day three post infection. Six genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Conclusions In conclusion, the differential gene expression profile demonstrated with RNA-Seq might offer a better understanding of the molecular interactions between host and IBDV during the early stage of infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0757-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Ou
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.,Postdoctoral Research and Development Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,College of Animal Science and veterinary medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Postdoctoral Research and Development Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,College of Animal Science and veterinary medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and veterinary medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Shouping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and veterinary medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and veterinary medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- College of Animal Science and veterinary medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- Postdoctoral Research and Development Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China. .,College of Animal Science and veterinary medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
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14
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Transcriptome analysis of a wild bird reveals physiological responses to the urban environment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44180. [PMID: 28290496 PMCID: PMC5349542 DOI: 10.1038/srep44180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the molecular basis of environmentally induced phenotypic variation presents exciting opportunities for furthering our understanding of how ecological processes and the environment can shape the phenotype. Urban and rural environments present free-living organisms with different challenges and opportunities, which have marked consequences for the phenotype, yet little is known about responses at the molecular level. We characterised transcriptomes from an urban and a rural population of great tits Parus major, demonstrating striking differences in gene expression profiles in both blood and liver tissues. Differentially expressed genes had functions related to immune and inflammatory responses, detoxification, protection against oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Many genes linked to stress responses were expressed at higher levels in the urban birds, in accordance with our prediction that urban animals are exposed to greater environmental stress. This is one of the first studies to reveal transcriptional differences between urban- and rural-dwelling animals and suggests an important role for epigenetics in mediating environmentally induced physiological variation. The study provides valuable resources for developing further in-depth studies of the mechanisms driving phenotypic variation in the urban context at larger spatial and temporal scales.
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15
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Qin Y, Zheng SJ. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus-Host Interactions: Multifunctional Viral Proteins that Perform Multiple and Differing Jobs. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E161. [PMID: 28098808 PMCID: PMC5297794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive poultry disease caused by IBD virus (IBDV). The consequent immunosuppression increases susceptibility to other infectious diseases and the risk of subsequent vaccination failure as well. Since the genome of IBDV is relatively small, it has a limited number of proteins inhibiting the cellular antiviral responses and acting as destroyers to the host defense system. Thus, these virulence factors must be multifunctional in order to complete the viral replication cycle in a host cell. Insights into the roles of these viral proteins along with their multiple cellular targets in different pathways will give rise to a rational design for safer and effective vaccines. Here we summarize the recent findings that focus on the virus-cell interactions during IBDV infection at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Quan R, Zhu S, Wei L, Wang J, Yan X, Li Z, Liu J. Transcriptional profiles in bursal B-lymphoid DT40 cells infected with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virol J 2017; 14:7. [PMID: 28086922 PMCID: PMC5237357 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes a highly contagious, immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The virus mainly infects immature B lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius (BF). Chicken B cell line DT40, an avian leukosis virus-induced B cell line, supports very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) infection in vitro and thereby serves as a good model for investigating the infection and pathogenesis of this virus. However, a transcriptome-wide understanding of the interaction between vvIBDV and B cells has not yet been achieved. This study aimed to employ time-course DNA microarrays to investigate gene expression patterns in DT40 cells after infection with vvIBDV strain LX. Results DT40 cells infected with vvIBDV exhibited alterations in the expression of many important host genes involved in signal transduction pathways, including MAPK signaling, PI3K/mTOR signaling, cell death and survival, BCR signaling, and antigen presentation. The changes in cellular mRNA levels identified by microarray analysis were confirmed for 8 selected genes using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the bursa of vvIBDV-infected chickens might involve excessive activation of the innate immune and inflammatory responses and contribute to tissue damage. Conclusions The present study is the first to provide a comprehensive differential transcriptional profile of cultured DT40 cells in response to vvIBDV infection and further extends our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying vvIBDV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Garden Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Garden Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Garden Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Garden Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Garden Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Garden Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, No. 9 Shuguang Garden Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Lee CC, Wu CC, Lin TL. Role of chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 in induction and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses to infectious bursal disease virus in cultured macrophages. Arch Virol 2015; 160:3021-35. [PMID: 26392283 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine if chicken melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) senses infectious bursal disease virus infection to induce innate immunity that bridges to adaptive immunity. During IBDV infection in HD11 cells, IBDV titers and RNA loads increased up to 3.4 × 10(7) plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL and 1114 ng/µL, respectively, at 24 hours postinfection (hpi). IBDV infection in HD11 cells induced significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) expression levels of chicken MDA5 (59-fold), interferon-β (IFN-β) (693-fold), dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) (4-fold), 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) (286-fold), myxovirus resistance gene (Mx) (22-fold), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (5-fold), IL-6 (146-fold), IL-8 (4-fold), IL-10 (4-fold), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (15-fold), and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) (4-fold). Nitric oxide production in the culture supernatants increased significantly (p < 0.05) up to 6.5 μM at 24 hpi. The expressed chMDA5 and IBDV-derived dsRNA were localized in the cytoplasm of HD11 cells during IBDV infection. ChMDA5-knockdown HD11 cells had significantly higher (p < 0.05) IBDV RNA loads at 24 hpi and significantly lower (p < 0.05) nitric oxide production and expression levels of chicken MDA5, IFN-β, PKR, OAS, Mx, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12(p40), IL-18, IL-10, iNOS, MHC class I and CD86 at 24 hpi. In addition, chMDA5 overexpression in HD11 cells resulted in significantly reduced (p < 0.05) IBDV titers and RNA loads and significantly increased (p < 0.05) nitric oxide production at 16 and 24 hpi. It also resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.05) expression levels of chicken MDA5, IFN-β, PKR, OAS, Mx, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12(p40), IL-10 and iNOS at 2 hpi. In conclusion, the results indicate that chMDA5 senses IBDV infection in chicken macrophages, and this is associated with IBDV-induced expression of IFN-β and initiation of an innate immune response that in turn activates the adaptive immune response and limits IBDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Lee
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 406, S. University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ching Ching Wu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 406, S. University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tsang Long Lin
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 406, S. University St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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18
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Hui RK, Leung FC. Differential Expression Profile of Chicken Embryo Fibroblast DF-1 Cells Infected with Cell-Adapted Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0111771. [PMID: 26053856 PMCID: PMC4460012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq was used to unveil the transcriptional profile of DF-1 cells at the early stage of caIBDV infection. Total RNAs were extracted from virus-infected cells at 0, 6 and 12 hpi. RNA-Seq datasets of respective samples mapped to 56.5–57.6% of isoforms in the reference genome Galgal4.73. At 6 hpi, 23 isoforms underwent an elevated expression, while 128 isoforms were up-regulated and 5 were down-regulated at 12 hpi in the virus-infected group. Besides, 10 isoforms were exclusively expressed in the virus-infected cells. Though no significant change was detected in cytokine and interferon expression levels at the first 12 hours of infection, modulations of the upstream regulators were observed. In addition to the reported regulatory factors including EIF2AK2, MX, OAS*A, GBP7 and IFIT, IBDV infection also triggered a IFIT5-IRF1/3-RSAD5 pathway in the DF-1 cells which potentially restricted the viral replication cycle in the early infection stage. Over-expression of LIPA and CH25H, together with the suppression of STARD4, LSS and AACS genes implied a modulation of membrane fluidity and lipid raft arrangement in the infected cells. Alternative splicing of the EFR3 homolog A gene was also through to be involved in the lipid membrane regulation, and these cumulative responses projected an inhibition of viral endocytosis. Recognition of viral RNA genomes and intermediates was presumably enhanced by the elevated levels of IFIH1, DHX58 and TRIM25 genes which possess properties on detecting viral dsRNA. On the other hand, the caIBDV arrested the host's apoptotic process by inducing the expression of apoptosis inhibitors including NFKBIA/Z, TNFAIP2/3 and ITA at the first 12 hours of infection. In conclusion, the differential expression landscape demonstrated with RNA-Seq provides a comprehensive picture on the molecular interactions between host cells and virus at the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K. Hui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Frederick C. Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Rasoli M, Yeap SK, Tan SW, Roohani K, Kristeen-Teo YW, Alitheen NB, Rahaman YA, Aini I, Bejo MH, Kaiser P, Omar AR. Differential modulation of immune response and cytokine profiles in the bursae and spleen of chickens infected with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:75. [PMID: 25884204 PMCID: PMC4395976 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) induces immunosuppression and inflammation in young birds, which subsequently leads to high mortality. In addition, infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the leading causes of vaccine failure on farms. Therefore, understanding the immunopathogenesis of IBDV in both the spleen and the bursae could help effective vaccine development. However, previous studies only profiled the differential expression of a limited number of cytokines, in either the spleen or the bursae of Fabricius of IBDV-infected chickens. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo immunoregulatory effects of vvIBDV infection on macrophage-like cells, spleen and bursae of Fabricius. Results The viral load was increased during the progression of the in vitro infection in the HD11 macrophage cell line and in vivo, but no significant difference was observed between the spleen and the bursae tissue. vvIBDV infection induced the expression of pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines, and chemokines from HD11 cells in a time- and dosage-dependent manner. Furthermore, alterations in the lymphocyte populations, cytokine and chemokine expression, were observed in the vvIBDV-infected spleens and bursae. A drastic rise was detected in numbers of macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the spleen, as early as 2 days post-infection (dpi). On 4 dpi, macrophage and T lymphocyte infiltration, associated with the peak expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bursae tissues of infected chickens were observed. The majority of the significantly regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, in vvIBDV-infected spleens and bursae, were also detected in vvIBDV-infected HD11 cells. This cellular infiltration subsequently resulted in a sharp rise in nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxidation levels. Conclusion This study suggests that macrophage may play an important role in regulating the early expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, first in the spleen and then in the bursae, the latter tissue undergoing macrophage infiltration at 4 dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rasoli
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kiarash Roohani
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ye Wen Kristeen-Teo
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Yasmin Abd Rahaman
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ideris Aini
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hair Bejo
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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20
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A Preventive Cytokine Treatment of the Viral Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) of Chickens. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0140074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Analysis of the early immune response to infection by infectious bursal disease virus in chickens differing in their resistance to the disease. J Virol 2014; 89:2469-82. [PMID: 25505077 PMCID: PMC4325706 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02828-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken whole-genome gene expression arrays were used to analyze the host response to infection by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Spleen and bursal tissue were examined from control and infected birds at 2, 3, and 4 days postinfection from two lines that differ in their resistance to IBDV infection. The host response was evaluated over this period, and differences between susceptible and resistant chicken lines were examined. Antiviral genes, including IFNA, IFNG, MX1, IFITM1, IFITM3, and IFITM5, were upregulated in response to infection. Evaluation of this gene expression data allowed us to predict several genes as candidates for involvement in resistance to IBDV. IMPORTANCE Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is of economic importance to the poultry industry and thus is also important for food security. Vaccines are available, but field strains of the virus are of increasing virulence. There is thus an urgent need to explore new control solutions, one of which would be to breed birds with greater resistance to IBD. This goal is perhaps uniquely achievable with poultry, of all farm animal species, since the genetics of 85% of the 60 billion chickens produced worldwide each year is under the control of essentially two breeding companies. In a comprehensive study, we attempt here to identify global transcriptomic differences in the target organ of the virus between chicken lines that differ in resistance and to predict candidate resistance genes.
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22
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Goossens KE, Karpala AJ, Rohringer A, Ward A, Bean AGD. Characterisation of chicken viperin. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:373-80. [PMID: 25311379 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of immune pathways that protect against pathogens may lead to novel molecular therapies for both livestock and human health. Interferon (IFN) is a major response pathway that stimulates multiple genes targeted towards reducing virus. Viperin is one such interferon stimulated gene (ISG) that helps protect mammals from virus and may be critical to protecting chickens in the same way. In chickens, ISGs are not generally well characterised and viperin, in concert with other ISGs, may be important in protecting against virus. Here we identify chicken viperin (ch-viperin) and show that ch-viperin is upregulated in response to viral signature molecules. We further show that viperin is upregulated in response to virus infection in vivo. This data will benefit investigators targeting the antiviral pathways in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Goossens
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Karpala
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Andreas Rohringer
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Alistair Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Abstract
Subclinical immunosuppression in chickens is an important but often underestimated factor in the subsequent development of clinical disease. Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). Mycotoxins and stress, often caused by poor management practices, can also cause immunosuppression. The effects on the innate and acquired immune responses and the mechanisms by which mycotoxins, stress and infectious agents cause immunosuppression are discussed. Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory non-structural proteins or multi-functional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g., Newcastle disease virus).
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24
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Jain P, Singh R, Saxena VK, Singh KB, Ahmed KA, Tiwari AK, Saxena M, Sundaresan NR. In vitro rapid clearance of infectious bursal disease virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chicken lines divergent for antibody response might be related to the enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:957-64. [PMID: 24075224 PMCID: PMC7111768 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). An effective way to control IBDV would be to breed chickens with a reduced susceptibility to IBDV infection. In the present work, we used chickens selected for high and low specific responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (H and L, respectively) to assess the susceptibility of differential immune competent animals to IBDV infection. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of high SRBC line (HL) and low SRBC line (LL) were infected with IBDV and viral RNA loads were determined at different time post-IBDV infection. Chicken orthologues of the T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2); a Th2 cytokine, IL-10; a pro inflammatory cytokine, IL-6; the CCL chemokines, chCCLi2, chCCLi4 and chCCLi7; colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF; and a anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor β-2 (TGFβ-2) were quantified. The expression of chCCLi2, chCCLi4 and chCCLi7 was significantly higher in L line as compared to H line. However, in H line the viral RNA loads were significantly lower than in L line. Therefore, the upregulated chemokines might be associated with the susceptibility to IBDV. The expression of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6 was significantly higher in H line as compared to L line. We assume that the higher proinflammatory cytokines expression in H line might be related to the rapid clearance of virus from PBMCs. Significantly higher levels of IL-10 and TGFβ-2 mRNAs in L line might be related to the pathogenesis of IBDV. In conclusion, selection for antibody responses appears to influence the expression profiles of chemokines and cytokines against IBDV. Further, the selection for high SRBC response might improve the immuno-competence of chickens against IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jain
- Disease Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 Bareilly, India; National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India.
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Ingrao F, Rauw F, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T. Infectious Bursal Disease: a complex host-pathogen interaction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:429-38. [PMID: 23567344 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is caused by a small, non-enveloped virus, highly resistant in the outside environment. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) targets the chicken's immune system in a very comprehensive and complex manner by destroying B lymphocytes, attracting T cells and activating macrophages. As an RNA virus, IBDV has a high mutation rate and may thus give rise to viruses with a modified antigenicity or increased virulence, as emphasized during the last decades. The molecular basis of pathogenicity and the exact cause of clinical disease and death are still poorly understood, as it is not clearly related to the severity of the lesions and the extent of the bursal damage. Recent works however, pointed out the role of an exacerbated innate immune response during the early stage of the infection with upregulated production of promediators that will induce a cytokine storm. In the case of IBDV, immunosuppression is both a direct consequence of the infection of specific target immune cells and an indirect consequence of the interactions occurring in the immune network of the host. Recovery from disease or subclinical infection will be followed by immunosuppression with more serious consequences if the strain is very virulent and infection occurs early in life. Although the immunosuppression caused by IBDV is principally directed towards B-lymphocytes, an effect on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) has also been demonstrated therefore increasing the impact of IBDV on the immunocompetence of the chicken. In addition to its zootechnical impact and its role in the development of secondary infections, it may affect the immune response of the chicken to subsequent vaccinations, essential in all types of intensive farming. Recent progress in the field of avian immunology has allowed a better knowledge of the immunological mechanisms involved in the disease but also should give improved tools for the measurement of immunosuppression in the field situation. Although satisfactory protection may be provided by the induction of high neutralizing antibody titres, interference from parental antibodies with vaccination has become the most important obstacle in the establishment of control programs. In this context, recombinant HVT and immune complex vaccines show promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ingrao
- Avian Virology & Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
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Ma H, Zhao S, Ma Y, Guo X, Han D, Jia Y, Zhang W, Teng K. Susceptibility of chicken Kupffer cells to Chinese virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:270-80. [PMID: 23522638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by IBD virus (IBDV). Although the effects of IBDV on bursa of Fabricius in chickens have been well reported, the impacts of IBDV on liver after IBDV infection are still unclear. In the present study, specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were experimentally inoculated with IBDV Chinese virulent strain BC6/85, and the cells in liver and bursa were examined by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The congestion of liver tissue and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes were characteristics of microscopical changes in chicken liver at 3 days post infection (d.p.i.), whereas there were follicular lymphoid necrosis, apoptosis, depletion, as well as edema and congestion in bursa. In addition, the number of IBDV-positive cells peaked at 4 d.p.i. in bursa and at 3 d.p.i. in liver, respectively. With respect to ultrastructural pathological changes of hepatocytes, mitochondria swelled and nucleus deformed into an irregular shape or its chromatin peripherally condensed which indicated that the hepatocyte was at the early stage of apoptosis, and the electron-lucent lipid droplets in a variety of sizes were observed within cytoplasm. Kupffer cells became "swollen-like" and the electron-density of their cytoplasm was lower than that of cells in uninfected group. Liver glycogen deposits significantly declined from 2 to 5 d.p.i. and recovered strongly at 6 d.p.i. More importantly, KLU01 (macrophage marker) positive (KUL01(+)) cells were infiltrated in bursa and liver in IBDV-exposed chickens by immunoperoxidase staining. To demonstrate the correlation between IBDV and macrophages in bursa and liver, we further investigated the colocalization of viral antigens and macrophages by double immunofluorescence labeling. At 4 d.p.i., the percentage of double positive cells (IBDV positive and KUL01(+) cells) accounted for 26.5 percent of the total IBDV positive cells or 57 percent of the total KUL01(+) cells in bursa. In comparison, the percentage of double positive cells in liver constituted 97 percent of the total IBDV positive cells or 99 percent of the total KUL01(+) cells. These results suggest that IBDV was susceptible to KUL01(+) cells in liver (mainly Kupffer cells) and replicated in the KUL01(+) cells. By comparison with the influence of IBDV on bursa, our findings were the first to elucidate the pathological changes in liver after IBDV infection on a microscopical and ultrastructural scale, and, especially, to gain the initial insight into the susceptibility of Kupffer cells to IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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27
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Mahgoub HA, Bailey M, Kaiser P. An overview of infectious bursal disease. Arch Virol 2012; 157:2047-57. [PMID: 22707044 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral immunosuppressive disease of chickens attacking mainly an important lymphoid organ in birds [the bursa of Fabricius (BF)]. The emergence of new variant strains of the causative agent [infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)] has made it more urgent to develop new vaccination strategies against IBD. One of these strategies is the use of recombinant vaccines (DNA and viral-vectored vaccines). Several studies have investigated the host immune response towards IBDV. This review will present a detailed background on the disease and its causative agent, accompanied by a summary of the most recent findings regarding the host immune response to IBDV infection and the use of recombinant vaccines against IBD.
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Raj GD, Rajanathan TMC, Kumanan K, Elankumaran S. Changes in the Cytokine and Toll-Like Receptor Gene Expression Following Infection of Indigenous and Commercial Chickens With Infectious bursal disease virus. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2011; 22:146-51. [PMID: 23637518 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-011-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of cytokine and toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA expression in 3 weeks old indigenous and commercial chickens infected with a very virulent strain of Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was performed using a custom-made microarray chip. In uninfected indigenous chickens, the basal levels of interleukin (IL) 15 were lower and IL 16 was higher than their commercial counterparts. In the IBDV infected indigenous chickens, only IL16 gene expression was down regulated, while TLR3 expression was up regulated significantly. In the IBDV infected commercial chickens IL15, IL16 and TLR3 were down regulated. But, IL1-β, IL2, IL8, IL12, IL17, interferon (IFN)-α and β were significantly increased compared with the control. In IBDV infected indigenous chickens, IL15, IFN-γ, beta-defensin and TLR3 were up regulated compared to virus-infected commercial chickens. The results suggested that up regulation of TLR3, a ligand for double-stranded (ds) RNA probably could account for the possible clinical resistance in these birds. There was a 5.2 fold difference by quantitative real-time RT-PCR between indigenous and commercial chickens in TLR3 mRNA expression. Therefore, TLR3, a receptor for dsRNA could be a putative molecule that could play a role in differential innate and adaptive immune responses to IBDV in commercial and indigenous chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, 600007 India
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Carballeda JM, Zoth SC, Gómez E, Gravisaco MJ, Berinstein A. Activation of the immune response against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus after intramuscular inoculation of an intermediate strain. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1028-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rauf A, Khatri M, Murgia MV, Jung K, Saif YM. Differential modulation of cytokine, chemokine and Toll like receptor expression in chickens infected with classical and variant infectious bursal disease virus. Vet Res 2011; 42:85. [PMID: 21749706 PMCID: PMC3146834 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an important immunosuppressive disease of chickens. The causative agent, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), consists of two serotypes, 1 and 2. Serotype 1 consists of classic IBDV (cIBDV) and variant IBDV (vIBDV). Both of these strains vary in antigenicity and pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to compare the immunopathogenesis of cIBDV and vIBDV. Three-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated intraocularly with standard challenge strain (STC) (cIBDV) and a variant strain Indiana (IN) (vIBDV). The cIBDV produced more pronounced bursal damage, inflammatory response and infiltration of T cells as compared to vIBDV. There were significant differences in the expression of innate (IFN-α and IFN-β), proinflammatory cytokine and mediator (IL-6 and iNOS) in cIBDV- and vIBDV-infected bursas. The expression of chemokines genes, IL-8 and MIP-α was also higher in cIBDV-infected chickens during the early phase of infection. The expression of Toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) was downregulated at post inoculation days (PIDs) 3, 5, and 7 in the bursas of vIBDV-infected chickens whereas TLR3 was upregulated at PIDs 3 and 5 in cIBDV-infected bursas. In vIBDV-infected bursa, TLR7 expression was downregulated at PIDs 3 and 5 and upregulated at PID 7. However, TLR7 was upregulated at PIDs 3 and 7 in cIBDV-infected bursas. The expression of MyD88 was downregulated whereas TRIF gene expression was upregulated in cIBDV- and vIBDV-infected bursa. These findings demonstrate the critical differences in bursal lesions, infiltration of T cells, expression of cytokines, chemokines and TLRs in the bursa of cIBDV-and vIBDV-infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rauf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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31
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Rauf A, Khatri M, Murgia MV, Saif YM. Expression of perforin-granzyme pathway genes in the bursa of infectious bursal disease virus-infected chickens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:620-627. [PMID: 21241730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an economically important immunosuppressive disease of chickens. The IBD virus (IBDV) actively replicates in B cells and causes severe bursal damage. Generally, T cells are refractory to infection with IBDV but are known to promote virus clearance. However, the mechanisms of T cell mediated viral clearance are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms of cytotoxic T cell responses in the pathogenesis of IBD in chickens. Infection of chickens with IBDV was accompanied by the infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the bursa. There was an upregulation in the gene expression of important cytolytic molecules; perforin (PFN), granzyme-A (Gzm-A), DNA repair and apoptotic proteins; high mobility proteins group (HMG) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) whereas expression of NK (natural killer) lysin was downregulated. Importantly, PFN producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were also detected in the bursa of IBDV-infected chickens by immunohistochemistry. The Th1 cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-γ expression was also strongly upregulated, suggesting the activation of T cells. The findings of this study highlight the mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis and the role of cytotoxic T cells in the clearance of virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rauf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
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32
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Bíró É, Kocsis K, Nagy N, Molnár D, Kabell S, Palya V, Oláh I. Origin of the chicken splenic reticular cells influences the effect of the infectious bursal disease virus on the extracellular matrix. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:199-206. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.554797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dänicke S, Pappritz J, Goyarts T, Xu B, Rautenschlein S. Effects of feeding aFusariumtoxin-contaminated diet to infectious bursal disease virus-infected broilers on the protein turnover of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen. Arch Anim Nutr 2011; 65:1-20. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2010.541191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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He H, Genovese KJ, Kogut MH. Modulation of chicken macrophage effector function by T(H)1/T(H)2 cytokines. Cytokine 2011; 53:363-9. [PMID: 21208811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of macrophage activity by T(H)1/2 cytokines is important to maintain the balance of immunity to provide adequate protective immunity while avoiding excessive inflammation. IFN-γ and IL-4 are the hallmark T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokines, respectively. In avian species, information concerning regulation of macrophage activity by T(H)1/2 cytokines is limited. Here, we investigated the regulatory function of chicken T(H)1 cytokines IFN-γ, IL-18 and T(H)2 cytokines IL-4, IL-10 on the HD11 macrophage cell line. Chicken IFN-γ stimulated nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in HD11 cells and primed the cells to produce significantly greater amounts of NO when exposed to microbial agonists, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, CpG-ODN, and poly I:C. In contrast, chicken IL-4 exhibited bi-directional immune regulatory activity: it activated macrophage NO synthesis in the absence of inflammatory agonists, but inhibited NO production by macrophages in response to microbial agonists. Both IFN-γ and IL-4, however, enhanced oxidative burst activity of the HD11 cells when exposed to Salmonella enteritidis. IL-18 and IL-10 did not affect NO production nor oxidative burst in HD11 cells. Phagocytosis and bacterial killing by the HD11 cells were not affected by the treatments of these cytokines. Infection of HD11 cells with S.enteritidis was shown to completely abolish NO production regardless of IFN-γ treatment. This study has demonstrated that IFN-γ and IL-4 are important T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokines that regulate macrophage function in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqi He
- Southern Plain Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, United States.
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35
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Pathogenic and immunogenic responses in turkeys following in ovo exposure to avian metapneumovirus subtype C. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:30-6. [PMID: 21146877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Commercial turkey eggs, free of antibodies to avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV/C), were inoculated with aMPV/C at embryonation day (ED) 24. There was no detectable effect of virus inoculation on the hatchability of eggs. At 4 days post inoculation (DPI) (the day of hatch (ED 28)) and 9 DPI (5 days after hatch), virus replication was detected by quantitative RT-PCR in the turbinate, trachea and lung but not in the thymus or spleen. Mild histological lesions characterized by lymphoid cell infiltration were evident in the turbinate mucosa. Virus exposure inhibited the mitogenic response of splenocytes and thymocytes and upregulated gene expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the turbinate tissue. Turkeys hatching from virus-exposed eggs had aMPV/C-specific IgG in the serum and the lachrymal fluid. At 3 week of age, in ovo immunized turkeys were protected against a challenge with pathogenic aMPV/C.
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36
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Aricibasi M, Jung A, Heller ED, Rautenschlein S. Differences in genetic background influence the induction of innate and acquired immune responses in chickens depending on the virulence of the infecting infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) strain. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 135:79-92. [PMID: 20005576 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies and field observations have suggested that genetic background influences infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) pathogenesis. However, the influence of the virulence of the infecting IBDV strain and the mechanisms underlying the differences in susceptibility are not known. In the present study IBDV pathogenesis was compared between specific-pathogen-free layer-type (LT) chickens, which are the most susceptible chicken for IBDV and have been used as the model for pathogenesis studies, and broiler-type (BT) chickens, which are known to be less susceptible to clinical infectious bursal disease (IBD). The innate and acquired immune responses were investigated after inoculation of an intermediate (i), virulent (v) or very virulent (vv) strain of IBDV. IBDV pathogenesis was comparable among genetic backgrounds after infection with iIBDV. After infection with vIBDV and vvIBDV, LT birds showed severe clinical disease and mortality, higher bursal lesion scores and IBDV-antigen load relative to BT birds. Circulating cytokine induction varied significantly in both timing and quantity between LT and BT birds and among virus strains (P<0.05). Evaluation of different immune cell populations by flow-cytometric analysis in the bursa of Fabricius provided circumstantial evidence of a stronger local T cell response in BT birds vs. LT birds after infection with the virulent strain. On the other hand, LT birds showed a more significant increase in circulating macrophage-derived immune mediators such as total interferon (IFN) and serum nitrite than BT birds on days 2 and 3 post-vIBDV infection (P<0.05). Stronger stimulation of innate immune reactions especially after vIBDV infection in the early phase may lead to faster and more severe lesion development accompanied by clinical disease and death in LT chickens relative to BT chickens. Interestingly, no significant differences were seen between genetic backgrounds in induction of the IBDV-specific humoral response: timing of IBDV-antibody induction and antibody levels were comparable between BT and LT birds. This study clearly demonstrates a significant influence of chickens' genetic background on disease outcome. The difference between backgrounds in IBDV susceptibility is further influenced by the virulence of the infecting virus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aricibasi
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Dan Heller
- The Hebrew University, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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37
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Induction of innate host responses in the lungs of chickens following infection with a very virulent strain of Marek's disease virus. Virology 2009; 393:250-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Susceptibility of chicken mesenchymal stem cells to infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:197-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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39
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Khatri M, Sharma JM. Response of embryonic chicken lymphoid cells to infectious bursal disease virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 127:316-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Abdul-Careem MF, Hunter BD, Lee LF, Fairbrother JH, Haghighi HR, Read L, Parvizi P, Heidari M, Sharif S. Host responses in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens infected with virulent Marek's disease virus. Virology 2008; 379:256-65. [PMID: 18675437 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bursa of Fabricius serves as an important tissue in the process of Marek's disease virus (MDV) pathogenesis, since B cells of the bursa harbor the cytolytic phase of MDV replication cycle. In the present study, host responses associated with MDV infection in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens were investigated. The expression of MDV phosphoprotein (pp)38 antigen, MDV glycoprotein (gB) and MDV viral interleukin (vIL)-8 transcripts was at the highest at 4 days post-infection (d.p.i.) and then showed a declining trend. On the contrary, the expression of meq (MDV EcoRI Q) gene as well as the viral genome load increased gradually until day 14 post-infection. The changes in viral parameters were associated with significantly higher infiltration of macrophages and T cell subsets, particularly CD4+ T cells into the bursa of Fabricius. Of the genes examined, the expression of interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma genes and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was significantly up-regulated in response to MDV infection in the bursa of Fabricius. The results suggest a role for these cells and cytokines in MDV-induced responses in the bursa of Fabricius.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Abdul-Careem
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Khatri M, Sharma JM. IFN-γ upregulation and protection by macrophage-adapted infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine 2008; 26:4740-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Rauw F, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T. Pivotal role of ChIFNgamma in the pathogenesis and immunosuppression of infectious bursal disease. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:367-74. [PMID: 17899460 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701589159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the pivotal role of chicken interferon-gamma (ChIFNgamma) in the pathogenesis and immunosuppression of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection and is divided into in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro experiments. Two-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were inoculated with the 849VB very virulent strain of IBDV. The levels of systemic ChIFNgamma and chicken interleukin-6 in the serum were followed for 2 weeks during in vivo experiments. Then, splenocytes and bursal cells from infected chickens were analysed for their immunocompetence after mitogenic activation in ex vivo experiments. Finally, in vitro experiments were conducted to assess the direct immunosuppressive effect of ChIFNgamma on splenocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes from non-inoculated specific pathogen free chickens. Our results reveal that the acute phase of infectious bursal disease coincides, on one hand, with high levels of systemic ChIFNgamma and chicken interleukin-6 and, on the other hand, with a strong inhibition of proliferation and activation of mitogen-stimulated splenocytes from infected chickens, as measured by ChIFNgamma production. Two weeks after viral inoculation, T lymphocytes infiltrating the bursa of Fabricius had recovered their activation capability. Finally, an in vitro study showed that the proliferation of naïve splenocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes was directly and specifically inhibited by ChIFNgamma. In conclusion, a ChIFNgamma dysregulation occurs in chickens infected with IBDV and the overproduction of ChIFNgamma by T lymphocytes plays a key role in the pathogenesis and immunosuppression induced by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Rauw
- Avian Virology and Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Ukkel (Brussels), Belgium.
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A recombinant turkey herpesvirus expressing chicken interleukin-2 increases the protection provided by in ovo vaccination with infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis virus. Vaccine 2007; 25:8529-35. [PMID: 17996994 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In ovo vaccination remains an attractive option for the mass application of vaccines to poultry, ensuring a uniform application of vaccine in a cost-effective manner. However, the number of vaccines that can be delivered safely by this method is limited. Several infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines can be given in ovo though most are delivered post-hatch and there are no currently licensed embryo-safe infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines. Reduction in the dose of vaccines given in ovo is one possibility to ensure embryo safety though efficacy can be reduced when low doses are used. We have investigated the use of embryo-safe IBDV and IBV vaccines and the effects of co-delivery of a turkey herpesvirus recombinant expressing bioactive chicken IL-2 (IL-2/HVT). Co-delivery of the IL-2/HVT with low doses of the IBDV or IBV vaccines significantly increased the antibody response against these viruses. In addition the protection against challenge with virulent IBDV or IBV was increased significantly. This suggests that the co-delivery of IL-2/HVT with low doses of other vaccines in ovo may be one method to increase the number of vaccines that can be given safely and efficaciously via in ovo vaccination.
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Khatri M, Sharma JM. Modulation of macrophages by infectious bursal disease virus. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:388-93. [PMID: 17675882 DOI: 10.1159/000103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease is one of the most important naturally occurring viral diseases of chickens worldwide. The causative agent, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), belongs to the family Birnaviridae. This virus causes an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The virus infects and destroys actively dividing IgM-bearing B cells. Although B cells are the principal targets for IBDV, recent data show that the virus also infects macrophages. IBDV-infected macrophages produce various cytokines and chemokines which may play an important role in the protection and/or pathogenesis of IBDV. In this review, the modulatory effects of IBDV on macrophages will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khatri
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Rautenschlein S, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Haase C. A comparison of immune responses to infection with virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) between specific-pathogen-free chickens infected at 12 and 28 days of age. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 115:251-60. [PMID: 17157923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that the pathogenesis of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) may vary depending on the age of the infected chicken. The reason for this difference is not clear, immunopathogenesis studies comparing different age groups are lacking. In the present study the IBDV-immunopathogenesis was compared in 12-day-old and 28-day-old specific-pathogen-free layer-type chickens. Birds were inoculated with the classic virulent strain IBDV-IM. Interestingly, the up-regulation of interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin-1beta expression varied between the two IBDV-infected age groups. The cytokine expression pattern was different between IBDV-infected age groups in magnitude and timing not only in bursal tissue and caecal tonsils but also in the spleen. No variations between the different age groups were observed in IBDV-induced bursa lesions, accumulation of intrabursal T cells and macrophages, and systemic stimulation of the release of nitric oxide inducing factors. Furthermore, virus-neutralizing antibody levels were comparable between age groups. Under these experimental conditions, age-related differences were found only for the cytokine patterns but interestingly this did not influence the outcome of the disease with IBDV-IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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