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Maje Bello A, Chaimongkolnukul K, Poomputsa K, Mekvichitsaeng P, Maprang Roshorm Y. Immunogenicity and immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes of a new DNA-based tetravalent vaccine against four major enteroviruses causing hand, foot, and mouth disease. Vaccine 2024; 42:3733-3743. [PMID: 38705805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) poses a significant public health threat primarily caused by four major enteroviruses: enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackieviruses A16, A10, and A6. Broadly protective immune responses are essential for complete protection against these major enteroviruses. In this study, we designed a new tetravalent immunogen for HFMD, validated it in silico, in vivo evaluated the immunogenicity of the DNA-based tetravalent vaccine in mice, and identified immunogenic B-cell and T-cell epitopes. A new tetravalent immunogen, VP1me, was designed based on the chimeric protein and epitope-based vaccine principles. It contains a complete EV71 VP1 protein and six reported neutralizing B-cell epitopes derived from the four major enteroviruses causing HFMD. In silico validation using multiple immunoinformatic tools indicated good attributes of the VP1me immunogen suitable for vaccine development. The VP1me-based DNA vaccine efficiently induced both humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/cAJcl mice. A combination of in silico prediction and immunoassays enabled the identification of immunogenic linear B-cell and CD8 T-cell epitopes within the VP1me immunogen. Immunodominant linear B-cell epitopes were identified in six regions of VP1me, with one epitope located at the N-terminus of the VP1 protein (aa 9-23) regarded as a novel epitope. Interestingly, some B-cell epitopes could also induce the CD8 T-cell response, suggesting their dual functions in immune stimulation. These results lay the groundwork for further development of VP1me as a new vaccine candidate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Female
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Enterovirus/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Maje Bello
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano Nigeria
| | | | - Kanokwan Poomputsa
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phenjun Mekvichitsaeng
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Hong D, Bian J, Zeng L, Huang S, Qin Y, Chen Y, Wei Z, Huang W, Ouyang K. A novel VP1-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed widespread Enterovirus G infections in Guangxi, China. J Virol Methods 2024; 325:114873. [PMID: 38142820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus G (EV-G) has recently been shown to affect weight gain and cause neurological symptoms in piglets. However, the serological investigation of EV-G is limited. In this study, we developed a novel serological detection method based on the structural protein, VP1 of EV-G. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient variations were 3.2-8.9% and 2.6-8.0%, respectively. There was no cross-reaction of the VP1-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with antisera against the other known porcine viruses. In addition, a comparison was made with other methods including the developed indirect ELISAs based on VP2 and VP3 proteins and western blot (WB) analysis, which demonstrated the reliability of the novel method. Using the VP1-based ELISA, we carried out the first seroepidemiological survey of EV-G in China by testing 1041 serum samples collected from different pig farms in Guangxi from 2019 to 2021. Our results showed that 68.78% of the serum samples and 100% of the pig farms were positive for EV-G, with a relatively high incidence of seropositivity in pigs of different ages. This was specifically evident in fattening pigs and sows, which may suggest that the piglets have experienced an infection with EV-G during their growth process. Our data provide the first serological evidence of EV-G infections in pigs from China and reveal the widespread presence of EV-G infections in Guangxi, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalin Hong
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Jinni Bian
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Lingyou Zeng
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Shiting Huang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530005, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530005, China.
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An HH, Li M, Liu RL, Wu J, Meng SL, Guo J, Wang ZJ, Qian SS, Shen S. Humoral and cellular immunogenicity and efficacy of a coxsackievirus A10 vaccine in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2147022. [PMID: 36373411 PMCID: PMC9848378 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2147022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) has become one of the major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and studies on the vaccine and animal model of CV-A10 are still far from complete. Our study used a mouse-adapted CV-A10 strain, which was lethal for 14-day-old mice, to develop an infected mouse model. Then this model was employed to establish an actively immunized-challenged mouse model to evaluate the efficacy of a formaldehyde-inactivated CV-A10 vaccine, which was prepared from a Vero cell-adapted strain. CV-A10 vaccine at a dose of 0.5 or 2.0 μg was inoculated intraperitoneally in neonatal Kunming mice on the third and ninth day. Then the mice were challenged on day 14. The survival rate of mice immunized with 0.5 or 2.0 μg vaccine were 90% and 100%, respectively, while all Alum-inoculated mice died. Compared to those in the two vaccinated groups, the Alum-inoculated mice showed severe pathological damage, strong viral protein expression and high viral loads. The antisera from vaccinated mice showed high level of neutralizing antibodies against CV-A10. Meanwhile, three potential T cell epitopes located at the carboxyl-terminal regions of the VP1 and VP3 were identified and exhibited CV-A10 serotype-specific. The humoral and cellular immunogenicity analysis showed that immunization with two doses of the vaccine elicited CV-A10 specific neutralizing antibody and T cell response in BALB/c mice. Collectively, these findings indicated that this actively immunized-challenged mouse model will be invaluable in future studies on CV-A10 pathogenesis and evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan An
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Lun Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Qian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, Sha-Sha Qian Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan430207, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China,Shuo Shen Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., No.1 Huangjin Industrial Park Road, Jiangxia District, Wuhan430207, People’s Republic of China
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Volle R, Luo L, Razafindratsimandresy R, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Gouandjika-Valisache I, Horwood P, Duong V, Buchy P, Joffret ML, Huang Z, Duizer E, Martin J, Chakrabarti LA, Dussart P, Jouvenet N, Delpeyroux F, Bessaud M. Neutralization of African enterovirus A71 genogroups by antibodies to canonical genogroups. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37909282 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a major public health problem, causing a range of illnesses from hand-foot-and-mouth disease to severe neurological manifestations. EV-A71 strains have been phylogenetically classified into eight genogroups (A to H), based on their capsid-coding genomic region. Genogroups B and C have caused large outbreaks worldwide and represent the two canonical circulating EV-A71 subtypes. Little is known about the antigenic diversity of new genogroups as compared to the canonical ones. Here, we compared the antigenic features of EV-A71 strains that belong to the canonical B and C genogroups and to genogroups E and F, which circulate in Africa. Analysis of the peptide sequences of EV-A71 strains belonging to different genogroups revealed a high level of conservation of the capsid residues involved in known linear and conformational neutralization antigenic sites. Using a published crystal structure of the EV-A71 capsid as a model, we found that most of the residues that are seemingly specific to some genogroups were mapped outside known antigenic sites or external loops. These observations suggest a cross-neutralization activity of anti-genogroup B or C antibodies against strains of genogroups E and F. Neutralization assays were performed with diverse rabbit and mouse anti-EV-A71 sera, anti-EV-A71 human standards and a monoclonal neutralizing antibody. All the batches of antibodies that were tested successfully neutralized all available isolates, indicating an overall broad cross-neutralization between the canonical genogroups B and C and genogroups E and F. A panel constituted of more than 80 individual human serum samples from Cambodia with neutralizing antibodies against EV-A71 subgenogroup C4 showed quite similar cross-neutralization activities between isolates of genogroups C4, E and F. Our results thus indicate that the genetic drift underlying the separation of EV-A71 strains into genogroups A, B, C, E and F does not correlate with the emergence of antigenically distinct variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Volle
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
- Present address: Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lingjie Luo
- Present address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, PR China
- Institut Pasteur, Control of Chronic Viral Infections (CIVIC) Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Serge Alain Sadeuh-Mba
- Present address: Maryland Department of Agriculture, Salisbury Animal Health Laboratory, Salisbury, USA
- Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Paul Horwood
- Present address: James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Zhong Huang
- Present address: Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai - Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Erwin Duizer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Javier Martin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar, UK
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- Institut Pasteur, Control of Chronic Viral Infections (CIVIC) Group, Virus and Immunity Unit, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
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Bello AM, Roshorm YM. Recent progress and advances towards developing enterovirus 71 vaccines for effective protection against human hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Biologicals 2022; 79:1-9. [PMID: 36089444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogen causing severe and neurotrophic hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is enterovirus A71 (EV71). EV71 infection is among the major cause of serious public health burden and economic loss especially in the Asia-pacific region. Yet, no specific anti-viral treatment against this life-threatening infection is currently available. Thus, the best way to control EV71 infection is by vaccination with an effective and safe vaccine. Several strategies are being employed to develop vaccines against EV71. These include conventional and modern recombinant vaccine strategies. Conventional vaccines such as inactivated EV71 vaccines are the most studied and advanced vaccines against HFMD. Recombinant HFMD vaccines developed based on the recombinant DNA technology have been employed but are mostly at early or late preclinical development stage. In this article, we discuss the recent progress and advances in modern recombinant strategies of EV71 vaccine development including subunit, VLP, epitope-based, DNA, and vector-based vaccines, as well as conventional approaches, focusing on their various prospects, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Maje Bello
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, 700241, Nigeria
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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Aw‐Yong KL, NikNadia NMN, Tan CW, Sam I, Chan YF. Immune responses against enterovirus A71 infection: Implications for vaccine success. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2073. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw‐Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Nasir NikNadia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - I‐Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Zhang J, Huang H, Xu L, Lou C, Pan M. Screening and Identification of Linear B Cell Epitopes Within the Nonstructural Proteins of Enterovirus 71. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:84-88. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
| | - Huiqi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
| | - Lian Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
| | - Chaonan Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
| | - Mi Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, P.R. China
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Wang H, Li Y. Recent Progress on Functional Genomics Research of Enterovirus 71. Virol Sin 2018; 34:9-21. [PMID: 30552635 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main pathogens that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). HFMD caused by EV71 infection is mostly self-limited; however, some infections can cause severe neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, and even death. There are still no effective clinical drugs used for the prevention and treatment of HFMD. Studying EV71 protein function is essential for elucidating the EV71 replication process and developing anti-EV71 drugs and vaccines. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the studies of EV71 non-coding regions (5' UTR and 3' UTR) and all structural and nonstructural proteins, especially the key motifs involving in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. This review will promote our understanding of EV71 virus replication and pathogenesis, and will facilitate the development of novel drugs or vaccines to treat EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Chen H, Cheng Y, Liang X, Meng JT, Zuo HJ, Su LY, Wang XX, Yang CB, Luan RS. Molecular characterization of enterovirus 71 sibling strains for thermal adaption in Vero cells with adaptive laboratory evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 67:44-50. [PMID: 30347249 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 is the main pathogen that causes severe and fatal hand-foot-mouth-disease (HFMD) cases. As the enterovirus virus mutation has implications for pathogenesis, vaccine development, antiviral therapy, and epidemiological disease management of the virus. In this study, we investigated the variations of enterovirus 71 in thermal adaption, using the method of adaptive laboratory evolution. The sibling virus strains were isolated from a 2-year-old severe case of HFMD (#100) and her symptomless close contact (#101). Both strains were cultured in Vero cells by serial passage of 36 generations at the temperatures of 28.0 °C, 33.0 °C and 39.5 °C to construct adaptive lineages. According to the comparative analysis of phenotypes between adapted strains and parental strains, differences in growth rate were observed in the sibling lineages and a larger plaque was found mainly in the hot adapted strains for lineage #101. Two sets of adaptive strains from six time points (parental, 12th 17th, 31st, 35th passage and endpoint) were sequenced and analyzed by both Sanger sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing. Several variations in most coding genes and one reverse mutation in 5'UTR was observed, along with the identity of 99.8% for complete genome for both lineages. Notably, thermal specific non-synonymous mutations were found in the gene of VP1\VP3\3A\2C\3C. Moreover, the concurrent mutations A292G, A434G and A355C/T of sibling lineages in VP1 showed quantificational trace with distinguishing patterns for different temperatures, which were suspected to be the thermo-sensitive mutation hotspots. These results highlight the possible rules of thermal adaption in enterovirus 71, produce a novel picture of genome evolution of the virus, and shed light on viral variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Chen
- West China School of Public Health, & No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China; Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xian Liang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jian-Tong Meng
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hao-Jiang Zuo
- West China School of Public Health, & No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Yuan Su
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cai-Bin Yang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Luan
- West China School of Public Health, & No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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Yuan J, Shen L, Wu J, Zou X, Gu J, Chen J, Mao L. Enterovirus A71 Proteins: Structure and Function. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 29515559 PMCID: PMC5826392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has grown to become a serious threat to global public health. It is one of the major causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. EV-A71 can also infect the central nervous system (CNS) and induce diverse neurological complications, such as brainstem encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis, or even death. Viral proteins play a crucial role in EV-A71 infection. Many recent studies have discussed the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins, and the findings reported will definitely aid the development of vaccines and therapeutic approaches. This article reviews the progress in the research on the structure and function of EV-A71 proteins. Available literature can provide a basis for studying the pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Danyang People's Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Gu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Yee PTI, Poh CL. T Cell Immunity To Enterovirus 71 Infection In Humans And Implications For Vaccine Development. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1143-1152. [PMID: 30123051 PMCID: PMC6097258 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.26450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Some strains can lead to neurological disease and fatality in children. Up to date, there is no FDA-approved vaccine to prevent severe HFMD and mortality. Although the inactivated vaccine has advanced to production in China, lack of long-term protection and the requirement of multiple boosters have necessitated the development of other types of vaccines. Recent studies indicate that cellular and not humoral immunity determines the clinical outcome of EV-A71 infections. High levels of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ tend to correlate with clinical severity in patients with pulmonary edema and encephalitis. The live attenuated vaccine may serve as the preferred choice as it can induce excellent humoral and cellular immunity as well as live-long immunity. Expression of certain HLA alleles such as TNF-α promoter type II (-308 allele), HLA-A33 and HLA-DR17 responses have been linked to severe HFMD. However, the high variability of MHC genes could restrict T cell recognition and be a major obstacle in the design of peptide vaccines. Hence, the development of a T cell universal vaccine (incorporating both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes) that induces broad, multifunctional and cross-reactive CD8+ T cell responses maybe desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinn Tsin Isabel Yee
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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12
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Aw-Yong KL, Sam IC, Koh MT, Chan YF. Immunodominant IgM and IgG Epitopes Recognized by Antibodies Induced in Enterovirus A71-Associated Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165659. [PMID: 27806091 PMCID: PMC5091889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Unlike other enteroviruses that cause HFMD, EV-A71 is more frequently associated with severe neurological complications and fatality. To date, no effective licensed antivirals are available to combat EV-A71 infection. Little is known about the immunogenicity of viral non-structural proteins in humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on characterization of epitopes of EV-A71 structural proteins by using immunized animal antisera. In this study, we have characterized human antibody responses against the structural and non-structural proteins of EV-A71. Each viral protein was cloned and expressed in either bacterial or mammalian systems, and tested with antisera by western blot. Results revealed that all structural proteins (VP1-4), and non-structural proteins 2A, 3C and 3D were targets of EV-A71 IgM, whereas EV-A71 IgG recognized all the structural and non-structural proteins. Sixty three synthetic peptides predicted to be immunogenic in silico were synthesized and used for the characterization of EV-A71 linear B-cell epitopes. In total, we identified 22 IgM and four IgG dominant epitopes. Synthetic peptide PEP27, corresponding to residues 142-156 of VP1, was identified as the EV-A71 IgM-specific immunodominant epitope. PEP23, mapped to VP1 41-55, was recognized as the EV-A71 IgG cross-reactive immunodominant epitope. The structural protein VP1 is the major immunodominant site targeted by anti-EV-A71 IgM and IgG antibodies, but epitopes against non-structural proteins were also detected. These data provide new understanding of the immune response to EV-A71 infection, which benefits the development of diagnostic tools, potential therapeutics and subunit vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw-Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mia Tuang Koh
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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13
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Lee JA, Yoon YS, Hyeon JY, Yoo JS, Lee SW, Lee JW, Lee SW. Sequence analysis of the first C2 subgenogroup strain of enterovirus 71 isolated in Korea. J Clin Virol 2016; 85:13-16. [PMID: 27816018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease with severe neurological complications, which may lead to death in children. Large outbreaks caused by EV71 have frequently occurred in Asia-Pacific region. OBJECTIVES In Korea, the outbreaks have been caused by EV71 subgenogroups C3, and C4. Only genogroup C, especially subgenogroup C1, C3, C4, and C5, has been detected by the national enterovirus surveillance system in Korea. This study reports the first isolation of EV71 A1451 strain, which belongs to subgenogroup C2. STUDY DESIGN EV71 was isolated from a Korean patient with meningoencephalitis. Complete genome analysis and phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of the strain. RESULTS Comparative genome analysis of the A1451 strain indicated that this novel C2 strain is associated with the Taiwan strains, which are recombinant virus combined with subgenogroup C2 and B3. CONCLUSIONS Because the subgenogroup B3 was not previously detected in Korea, the A1451 strain is regarded as an imported recombinant virus. Periodic surveillance of EV71 is required to control the spread of this disease and its introduction from overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ah Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease, National Research Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sil Yoon
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease, National Research Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease, National Research Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sik Yoo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease, National Research Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease, National Research Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease, National Research Institute of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Dang S, Gao N, Li Y, Li M, Wang X, Jia X, Zhai S, Zhang X, Liu J, Deng H, Dong T. Dominant CD4-dependent RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-specific T-cell responses in children acutely infected with human enterovirus 71 and healthy adult controls. Immunology 2014; 142:89-100. [PMID: 24329688 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causes of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which leads to significant mortality in infected children. A prophylactic vaccine is urgently needed. However, little is known about the protective T-cell immunity in individuals infected with the EV71 virus. In this study, we performed a comprehensive ex vivo interferon-γ ELISPOT analysis in 31 children infected with EV71 as well as in 40 healthy adult controls of the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to overlapping peptides spanning the VP1 structural protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) non-structural protein. EV71-specific CD4 T-cell responses were detected in most of the acute patients and were mostly CD4-dependent RdRp-specific responses. CD8-dependent VP1 and RdRp-specific responses were also detected in a small proportion of recently infected children. There was no significant association between the strength of the T-cell responses and disease severity observed during the acute EV71 infection phase. Interestingly, an RdRp-specific, but no VP1-specific, CD4-dependent T-cell response was detected in 30% of the adult controls, and no T-cell responses were detected in healthy children. In addition, 24 individual peptides containing potential T-cell epitope regions were identified. The data suggest that CD4-dependent RdRp-specific T-cell responses may play an important role in protective immunity, and the epitopes identified in this study should provide valuable information for future therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine design as well as basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangsuo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Li YX, Zhao H, Cao RY, Deng YQ, Han JF, Zhu SY, Ma J, Liu L, Qin ED, Qin CF. Recombinant tandem multi-linear neutralizing epitopes of human enterovirus 71 elicited protective immunity in mice. Virol J 2014; 11:79. [PMID: 24885030 PMCID: PMC4030048 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as the leading cause of viral encephalitis in children, especially in the Asia-Pacific regions. EV71 vaccine development is of high priority at present, and neutralization antibodies have been documented to play critical roles during in vitro and in vivo protection against EV71 infection. RESULTS In this study, a novel strategy to produce EV71 vaccine candidate based on recombinant multiple tandem linear neutralizing epitopes (mTLNE) was proposed. The three well identified EV71 linear neutralizing epitopes in capsid proteins, VP1-SP55, VP1-SP70 and VP2-SP28, were sequentially linked by a Gly-Ser linker ((G4S)3), and expressed in E.coli in fusion with the Trx and His tag at either terminal. The recombinant protein mTLNE was soluble and could be purified by standard affinity chromatography. Following three dosage of immunization in adult mice, EV71-specific IgG and neutralization antibodies were readily induced by recombinant mTLNE. IgG subtyping demonstrated that lgG1 antibodies dominated the mTLNE-induced humoral immune response. Especially, cytokine profiling in spleen cells from the mTLNE-immunized mice revealed high production of IL-4 and IL-6. Finally, in vivo challenge experiments showed that passive transfer with anti-mTLNE sera conferred full protection against lethal EV71 challenge in neonatal mice. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that this rational designed recombinant mTLNE might have the potential to be further developed as an EV71 vaccine in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cytokines/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/prevention & control
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xiang Li
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Yuan Cao
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Han
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Ya Zhu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Long Liu
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - E-De Qin
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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16
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Oral immunization with recombinant enterovirus 71 VP1 formulated with chitosan protects mice against lethal challenge. Virol J 2014; 11:80. [PMID: 24885121 PMCID: PMC4022980 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the etiologic agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in the Asia-Pacific region, Many strategies have been applied to develop EV71 vaccines but no vaccines are currently available. Mucosal immunization of the VP1, a major immunogenic capsid protein of EV71, may be an alternative way to prevent EV71 infection. Results In this study, mucosal immunogenicity and protect function of recombinant VP1 protein (rVP1) in formulation with chitosan were tested and assessed in female ICR mouse model. The results showed that the oral immunization with rVP1 induced VP1-specific IgA antibodies in intestine, feces, vagina, and the respiratory tract and serum-specific IgG and neutralization antibodies in vaccinated mice. Splenocytes from rVP1-immunized mice induced high levels of Th1 (cytokine IFN-γ), Th2 (cytokine IL-4) and Th3 (cytokine TGF-β) type immune responses after stimulation. Moreover, rVP1-immunized mother mice conferred protection (survival rate up to 30%) on neonatal mice against a lethal challenge of 103 plaque-forming units (PFU) EV71. Conclusions These data indicated that oral immunization with rVP1 in formulation with chitosan was effective in inducing broad-spectrum immune responses and might be a promising subunit vaccine candidate for preventing EV71 infection.
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17
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Xu L, He D, Li Z, Zheng J, Yang L, Yu M, Yu H, Chen Y, Que Y, Shih JWK, Liu G, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Cheng T, Xia N. Protection against lethal enterovirus 71 challenge in mice by a recombinant vaccine candidate containing a broadly cross-neutralizing epitope within the VP2 EF loop. Theranostics 2014; 4:498-513. [PMID: 24669278 PMCID: PMC3964443 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and is associated with several severe neurological complications in the Asia-Pacific region. Here, we evaluated that while passive transfer of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nMAb) against the VP2 protein protect against lethal EV71 infection in BALB/c mice. Protective nMAb were mapped to residues 141-155 of VP2 by peptide ELISA. High-resolution structural analysis showed that the epitope is part of the VP2 EF loop, which is the “puff” region that forms the “southern rim” of the canyon. Moreover, a three-dimensional structural characterization for the puff region with prior neutralizing epitopes and receptor-binding sites that can serve to inform vaccine strategies. Interestingly, using hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) as a carrier, we demonstrated that the cross-neutralizing EV71 antibodies were induced, and the VP2 epitope immunized mice serum also conferred 100% in vivo passive protection. The mechanism of in vivo protection conferred by VP2 nMAb is in part attributed to the in vitro neutralizing titer and ability to bind authentic viral particles. Importantly, the anti-VP2(aa141-155) antibodies could inhibit the binding of human serum to EV71 virions showed that the VP2 epitope is immunodominant. Collectively, our results suggest that a broad-spectrum vaccine strategy targeting the high-affinity epitope of VP2 EF loop may elicits effective immune responses against EV71 infection.
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18
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Huang YP, Lin TL, Lin TH, Wu HS. Antigenic and genetic diversity of human enterovirus 71 from 2009 to 2012, Taiwan. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80942. [PMID: 24348916 PMCID: PMC3858369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different subgenogroups of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) have caused numerous outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. During the development of a vaccine against EV-71, the genetic and antigenic diversities of EV-71 isolates from Taiwan were analyzed by phylogenetic analyses and neutralization tests. The results showed that the dominant genogroups had changed twice, from B to C and from C to B, between 2009 and 2012. The subgenogroup B5 (B5b cluster) was dominant in 2008-2009 but was replaced by subgenogroup C4 in 2010-2011. From the end of 2011 to 2012, the re-emerging subgenogroup B5 (B5c cluster) was identified as the dominant subgenogroup of EV-71 outbreaks, and subgenogroups C2 and C4 were detected in sporadic cases. Interestingly, the amino acid substitution at position 145 in the VP1 gene was observed in some strains isolated from patients with acute flaccid paralysis. Furthermore, thirty-five strains and their corresponding serum samples were used to analyze the cross-protections and antigenic diversities among different subgenogroups (C4a, C5, B4, B5b, B5c, and C2-like) of EV-71. Evident antigenic diversity existed only for the C2-like subgenogroup, which was not effectively neutralized by other serum samples. In contrast, the anti-C2-like serum sample showed broad cross-reactivity against all other subgenogroups. Therefore, these results may provide valuable information for the selection of EV-71 vaccine candidates and the evolution of EV-71 subgenogroups in Taiwan from 2009 to 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Huang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsuey-Li Lin
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Han Lin
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ho-Sheng Wu
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Tan S, Tan X, Sun X, Lu G, Chen CC, Yan J, Liu J, Xu W, Gao GF. VP2 dominated CD4+ T cell responses against enterovirus 71 and cross-reactivity against coxsackievirus A16 and polioviruses in a healthy population. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1637-47. [PMID: 23863902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated hand-foot-mouth disease has become a major threat to public health in the Asia-Pacific region. Although T cell immunity is closely correlated with clinical outcomes of EV71 infection, little is known about T cell immunity baseline against EV71 and T cell immunogenecity of EV71 Ags in the population, which has restricted our understanding of immunoprotection mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the cellular immune responses against the four structural Ags of EV71 and determined the immunohierarchy of these Ags in healthy adults. A low frequency of EV71-responsive T cells was detected circulating in peripheral blood, and broad T cell immune responses could be identified in most of the subjects after in vitro expansion. We demonstrated that the VP2 Ag with broad distribution of immunogenic peptides dominates T cell responses against EV71 compared with VP1, VP3, and VP4. Furthermore, the responses were illuminated to be mainly single IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) T cell dependent, indicating the previous natural acute viral infection of the adult population. Conservancy analysis of the immunogenic peptides revealed that moderately variant peptides were in the majority in coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) whereas most of the peptides were highly variant in polioviruses. Less efficient cross-reactivity against CV-A16 might broadly exist among individuals, whereas influences derived from poliovirus vaccination would be limited. Our findings suggest that the significance of VP2 Ag should be addressed in the future EV71-responsive immunological investigations. And the findings concerning the less efficient cross-reactivity against CV-A16 and limited influences from poliovirus vaccination in EV71-contacted population would contribute to a better understanding of immunoprotection mechanisms against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Tan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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Wei R, Yang C, Zeng M, Terry F, Zhu K, Yang C, Altmeyer R, Martin W, De Groot AS, Leng Q. A dominant EV71-specific CD4+ T cell epitope is highly conserved among human enteroviruses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51957. [PMID: 23251663 PMCID: PMC3522610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity plays a central role in determining the immunopathogenesis of viral infections. However, the role of CD4+ T cells in EV71 infection, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has yet to be elucidated. We applied a sophisticated method to identify promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitopes contained within the sequence of the EV71 polyprotein. Fifteen epitopes were identified, and three of them are dominant ones. The most dominant epitope is highly conserved among enterovirus species, including HFMD-related coxsackieviruses, HFMD-unrelated echoviruses and polioviruses. Furthermore, the CD4+ T cells specific to the epitope indeed cross-reacted with the homolog of poliovirus 3 Sabin. Our findings imply that CD4+ T cell responses to poliovirus following vaccination, or to other enteroviruses to which individuals may be exposed in early childhood, may have a modulating effect on subsequent CD4+ T cell response to EV71 infection or vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunfu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Frances Terry
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ralf Altmeyer
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - William Martin
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Anne S. De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Qibin Leng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Tian X, Su X, Li X, Li H, Li T, Zhou Z, Zhong T, Zhou R. Protection against enterovirus 71 with neutralizing epitope incorporation within adenovirus type 3 hexon. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41381. [PMID: 22848478 PMCID: PMC3407240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease with high mortality among children. Various neutralizing B cell epitopes of EV71 have been identified as potential vaccine candidates. Capsid-incorporation of antigens into adenovirus (Ad) has been developed for a novel vaccine approach. We constructed Ad3-based EV71 vaccine vectors by incorporating a neutralizing epitope SP70 containing 15 amino acids derived from capsid protein VP1 of EV71 within the different surface-exposed domains of the capsid protein hexon of Ad3EGFP, a recombinant adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein. Thermostability and growth kinetic assays suggested that the SP70 epitope incorporation into hypervariable region (HVR1, HVR2, or HVR7) of the hexon did not affect Ad fitness. The SP70 epitopes were thought to be exposed on all hexon-modified intact virion surfaces. Repeated administration of BALB/c mice with the modified Ads resulted in boosting of the anti-SP70 humoral immune response. Importantly, the modified Ads immunization of mother mice conferred protection in vivo to neonatal mice against the lethal EV71 challenge, and the modified Ads-immunized mice serum also conferred passive protection against the lethal challenge in newborn mice. Compared with the recombinant GST-fused SP70 protein immunization, immunization with the Ads containing SP70 in HVR1 or HVR2 elicited higher SP70-specific IgG titers, higher neutralization titers, and conferred more effective protection to neonatal mice. Thus, this study provides valuable information for hexon-modified Ad3 vector development as a promising EV71 vaccine candidate and as an epitope-delivering vehicle for other pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/physiology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/blood
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/prevention & control
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Infant
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Vero Cells
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingui Tian
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobo Su
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Science, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haitao Li
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhua Zhong
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Chaves FA, Lee AH, Nayak JL, Richards KA, Sant AJ. The utility and limitations of current Web-available algorithms to predict peptides recognized by CD4 T cells in response to pathogen infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4235-48. [PMID: 22467652 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to track CD4 T cells elicited in response to pathogen infection or vaccination is critical because of the role these cells play in protective immunity. Coupled with advances in genome sequencing of pathogenic organisms, there is considerable appeal for implementation of computer-based algorithms to predict peptides that bind to the class II molecules, forming the complex recognized by CD4 T cells. Despite recent progress in this area, there is a paucity of data regarding the success of these algorithms in identifying actual pathogen-derived epitopes. In this study, we sought to rigorously evaluate the performance of multiple Web-available algorithms by comparing their predictions with our results--obtained by purely empirical methods for epitope discovery in influenza that used overlapping peptides and cytokine ELISPOTs--for three independent class II molecules. We analyzed the data in different ways, trying to anticipate how an investigator might use these computational tools for epitope discovery. We come to the conclusion that currently available algorithms can indeed facilitate epitope discovery, but all shared a high degree of false-positive and false-negative predictions. Therefore, efficiencies were low. We also found dramatic disparities among algorithms and between predicted IC(50) values and true dissociation rates of peptide-MHC class II complexes. We suggest that improved success of predictive algorithms will depend less on changes in computational methods or increased data sets and more on changes in parameters used to "train" the algorithms that factor in elements of T cell repertoire and peptide acquisition by class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Chaves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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23
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Vaccination with coxsackievirus B3 virus-like particles elicits humoral immune response and protects mice against myocarditis. Vaccine 2012; 30:2301-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Puenpa J, Theamboonlers A, Korkong S, Linsuwanon P, Thongmee C, Chatproedprai S, Poovorawan Y. Molecular characterization and complete genome analysis of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 from children with hand, foot and mouth disease in Thailand during 2008-2011. Arch Virol 2011; 156:2007-13. [PMID: 21898187 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has mostly been caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16). CA 16 was the most common cause of HFMD in 2010. EV71 had a high prevalence in 2008-2009 and has been identified with a higher frequency since 2011. Nearly complete genome sequences of three EV71 strains (2008-2009 strains) and two CA16 strains (2010 strains) obtained from outbreaks in Thailand in 2008 to 2010 were characterized. Based on a phylogenetic tree of the complete VP1 region, three EV71 strains grouped into the B5, C1 and C4 genotypes, and two CA16 strains grouped into the C genotype. Based on sequence analysis, nucleotide changes were found to cluster in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element of the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). Amino acid differences identified in all strains were located in the non-structural protein. These data also provide the molecular epidemiology of EV71 and CA16 outbreaks in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiratchaya Puenpa
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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25
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Huang YP, Lin TL, Hsu LC, Chen YJ, Tseng YH, Hsu CC, Fan WB, Yang JY, Chang FY, Wu HS. Genetic diversity and C2-like subgenogroup strains of enterovirus 71, Taiwan, 2008. Virol J 2010; 7:277. [PMID: 20959020 PMCID: PMC2975644 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is known of having caused numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease, and other clinical manifestations globally. In 2008, 989 EV-71 strains were isolated in Taiwan. Results In this study, the genetic and antigenic properties of these strains were analyzed and the genetic diversity of EV-71 subgenogroups surfacing in Taiwan was depicted, which includes 3 previously reported subgenogroups of C5, B5, and C4, and one C2-like subgenogroup. Based on the phylogenetic analyses using their complete genome nucleotide sequences and neutralization tests, the C2-like subgenogroup forms a genetically distinct cluster from other subgenogroups, and the antisera show a maximum of 128-fold decrease of neutralization titer against this subgenogroup. In addition, the subgenogroup C4 isolates of 2008 were found quite similar genetically to the Chinese strains that caused outbreaks in recent years and thus they should be carefully watched. Conclusions Other than to be the first report describing the existence of C2-like subgenogroup of EV-71 in Taiwan, this article also foresees a potential of subgenogroup C4 outbreaks in Taiwan in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Huang
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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26
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Zhang D, Lu J, Lu J. Enterovirus 71 vaccine: close but still far. Int J Infect Dis 2010; 14:e739-43. [PMID: 20400350 PMCID: PMC7110504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, is one of the causative pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and the most common etiological agent isolated from HFMD patients complicated with neurological disorders. EV71 has become an increasingly important neurotropic enterovirus in the post-poliomyelitis eradication era. Effective antiviral agents and vaccines against this virus are currently still under development. We reviewed publications on the development of EV71 vaccines in order to provide an overview of the field. Methods Fifty-five articles on EV71 vaccine development, published from 1974 to 2009, were collected from Sun Yat-sen University library and reviewed. Results Various types of vaccine have been developed for EV71. In results published to date, all vaccines for EV71 under development appear to elicit an immune response in rodents or in monkeys. According to the established regulatory standards, it may be relatively easy to acquire a license to use the inactivated virus in order to meet the immediate demands for EV71 control . With regard to the attenuated vaccine, it is critical to increase the genetic stability before clinical use, due to the risk of virulent revertants. The virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, not only conserving the conformational epitopes, but also having no risk of virulent revertants, is another promising vaccine candidate for EV71, but needs further development. The VP1 capsid protein is the backbone antigen protein for developing subunit vaccine and epitope vaccine; these remain viable potential vaccine strategies worthy of further study and development. Conclusions The conservation of the three-dimensional structure is important for the EV71 inactivated vaccine and VLP vaccine to induce a strong immune response. To develop EV71 vaccines with a high protection efficacy, strategies such as the use of adjuvant, strong promoters, tissue-specific promoters, and addition of mucosal immune adjuvant should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingmei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Severe Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Guangzhou 510080, China
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27
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Chen X, Zhang Q, Li J, Cao W, Zhang JX, Zhang L, Zhang W, Shao ZJ, Yan Y. Analysis of recombination and natural selection in human enterovirus 71. Virology 2010; 398:251-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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