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Xie J, Goodbourn PT, Bui BV, Jusuf PR. Establishment and comprehensive characterization of a novel dark-reared zebrafish model for myopia studies. Exp Eye Res 2024:110009. [PMID: 39067805 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Myopia is predicted to impact approximately 5 billion people by 2050, necessitating mechanistic understanding of its development. Myopia results from dysregulated genetic mechanisms of emmetropization, caused by over-exposure to aberrant visual environments; however, these genetic mechanisms remain unclear. Recent human genome-wide association studies have identified a range of novel myopia-risk genes. To facilitate large-scale in vivo mechanistic examination of gene-environment interactions, this study aims to establish a myopia model platform that allows efficient environmental and genetic manipulations. We established an environmental zebrafish myopia model by dark-rearing. Ocular biometrics including relative ocular refraction were quantified using optical coherence tomography images. Spatial vision was assessed using optomotor response (OMR). Retinal function was analyzed via electroretinography (ERG). Myopia-associated molecular contents or distributions were examined using RT-qPCR or immunohistochemistry. Our model produces robust phenotypic changes, showing myopia after 2 weeks of dark-rearing, which were recoverable within 2 weeks after returning animals to normal lighting. 2-week dark-reared zebrafish have reduced spatial-frequency tuning function. ERG showed reduced photoreceptor and bipolar cell function (a- and b-waves) after only 2 days of dark-rearing, which worsened after 2 weeks of dark-rearing. We also found dark-rearing-induced changes to expression of myopia-risk genes, including egr1, vegfaa, vegfab, rbp3, gjd2a and gjd2b, inner retinal distribution of EFEMP1, TIMP2 and MMP2, as well as transiently reduced PSD95 density in the inner plexiform layer. Coupled with the gene editing tools available for zebrafish, our environmental myopia model provides an excellent platform for large-scale investigation of gene-environment interactions in myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Xie
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick T Goodbourn
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Patricia Regina Jusuf
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Waalkes MR, Leathery M, Peck M, Barr A, Cunill A, Hageter J, Horstick EJ. Light wavelength modulates search behavior performance in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16533. [PMID: 39019915 PMCID: PMC11255219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual systems have evolved to discriminate between different wavelengths of light. The ability to perceive color, or specific light wavelengths, is important as color conveys crucial information about both biotic and abiotic features in the environment. Indeed, different wavelengths of light can drive distinct patterns of activity in the vertebrate brain, yet what remains incompletely understood is whether distinct wavelengths can invoke etiologically relevant behavioral changes. To address how specific wavelengths in the visible spectrum modulate behavioral performance, we use larval zebrafish and a stereotypic light-search behavior. Prior work has shown that the cessation of light triggers a transitional light-search behavior, which we use to interrogate wavelength-dependent behavioral modulation. Using 8 narrow spectrum light sources in the visible range, we demonstrate that all wavelengths induce motor parameters consistent with search behavior, yet the magnitude of search behavior is spectrum sensitive and the underlying motor parameters are modulated in distinct patterns across short, medium, and long wavelengths. However, our data also establishes that not all motor features of search are impacted by wavelength. To define how wavelength modulates search performance, we performed additional assays with alternative wavelengths, dual wavelengths, and variable intensity. Last, we also tested blind larvae to resolve which components of wavelength dependent behavioral changes potentially include signaling from non-retinal photoreception. These findings have important implications as organisms can be exposed to varying wavelengths in laboratory and natural settings and therefore impose unique behavioral outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Waalkes
- Department of Biology Morgantown, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Maegan Leathery
- Department of Biology Morgantown, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Madeline Peck
- Department of Biology Morgantown, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Allison Barr
- Department of Biology Morgantown, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alexander Cunill
- Department of Biology Morgantown, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John Hageter
- Department of Biology Morgantown, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Eric J Horstick
- Department of Biology Morgantown, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience Morgantown, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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3
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Cho SH, Cho SY, Vaidya B, Kwon J, Kim D. Influence of colour background on anti-viral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in zebrafish regulated by circadian rhythm signalling pathway. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13887. [PMID: 38018296 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The influence of colour background on the regulation of behavioural and physiological responses in zebrafish is widely recognized. However, its specific effect on virus infection in zebrafish remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the susceptibility of zebrafish to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) infection in relation to background colour, investigate the underlying mechanisms, and elucidate the involvement of key molecules, using proteomic and gene expression analyses. The results revealed that zebrafish housed in a blue tank exhibited higher survival rates and considerably reduced VHSV replication compared to those housed in a yellow tank. Further, up-regulation of apolipoprotein 1 (APOA1) was identified as a crucial shared mechanism associated with survival in zebrafish exposed to VHSV infection and reared in a blue background. The mRNA expression level of bmal1a, a core gene involved in the circadian rhythm, was consistently downregulated in fish from the blue tank compared to fish from the yellow tank, regardless of infection status. Subsequently, zebrafish in the blue tank were exposed to daylight conditions to stimulate per2 and pgc1a expression, aiming to investigate their potential impact on VHSV infection. The validity of these interconnected events, triggered by background colour, involving APOA1 up-regulation, circadian rhythm modulation, and antiviral responses, was confirmed by treatments with hesperetin and cyclosporine A, an activator and inhibitor of apoa1 respectively. Our findings revealed the influence of background colour on the apoa1 expression level, thus establishing the involvement of a novel network through circadian rhythm signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hyun Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bipin Vaidya
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Biochemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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4
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Karuppasamy M, English KG, Henry CA, Manzini MC, Parant JM, Wright MA, Ruparelia AA, Currie PD, Gupta VA, Dowling JJ, Maves L, Alexander MS. Standardization of zebrafish drug testing parameters for muscle diseases. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050339. [PMID: 38235578 PMCID: PMC10820820 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscular diseases predominantly affect skeletal and cardiac muscle, resulting in muscle weakness, impaired respiratory function and decreased lifespan. These harmful outcomes lead to poor health-related quality of life and carry a high healthcare economic burden. The absence of promising treatments and new therapies for muscular disorders requires new methods for candidate drug identification and advancement in animal models. Consequently, the rapid screening of drug compounds in an animal model that mimics features of human muscle disease is warranted. Zebrafish are a versatile model in preclinical studies that support developmental biology and drug discovery programs for novel chemical entities and repurposing of established drugs. Due to several advantages, there is an increasing number of applications of the zebrafish model for high-throughput drug screening for human disorders and developmental studies. Consequently, standardization of key drug screening parameters, such as animal husbandry protocols, drug compound administration and outcome measures, is paramount for the continued advancement of the model and field. Here, we seek to summarize and explore critical drug treatment and drug screening parameters in the zebrafish-based modeling of human muscle diseases. Through improved standardization and harmonization of drug screening parameters and protocols, we aim to promote more effective drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Karuppasamy
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Katherine G. English
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Clarissa A. Henry
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - M. Chiara Manzini
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - John M. Parant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Melissa A. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Child Neurology, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Avnika A. Ruparelia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter D. Currie
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Victorian Node, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vandana A. Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James J. Dowling
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lisa Maves
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew S. Alexander
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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5
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Toulany N, Morales-Navarrete H, Čapek D, Grathwohl J, Ünalan M, Müller P. Uncovering developmental time and tempo using deep learning. Nat Methods 2023; 20:2000-2010. [PMID: 37996754 PMCID: PMC10703695 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
During animal development, embryos undergo complex morphological changes over time. Differences in developmental tempo between species are emerging as principal drivers of evolutionary novelty, but accurate description of these processes is very challenging. To address this challenge, we present here an automated and unbiased deep learning approach to analyze the similarity between embryos of different timepoints. Calculation of similarities across stages resulted in complex phenotypic fingerprints, which carry characteristic information about developmental time and tempo. Using this approach, we were able to accurately stage embryos, quantitatively determine temperature-dependent developmental tempo, detect naturally occurring and induced changes in the developmental progression of individual embryos, and derive staging atlases for several species de novo in an unsupervised manner. Our approach allows us to quantify developmental time and tempo objectively and provides a standardized way to analyze early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikan Toulany
- Systems Biology of Development, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany
- University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hernán Morales-Navarrete
- Systems Biology of Development, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Čapek
- Systems Biology of Development, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jannis Grathwohl
- Systems Biology of Development, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Murat Ünalan
- Systems Biology of Development, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Patrick Müller
- Systems Biology of Development, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany.
- University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, Konstanz, Germany.
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6
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von Hellfeld R, Gade C, Baumann L, Leist M, Braunbeck T. The sensitivity of the zebrafish embryo coiling assay for the detection of neurotoxicity by compounds with diverse modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27662-2. [PMID: 37213015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the aim to determine neurotoxicity, new methods are being validated, including tests and test batteries comprising in vitro and in vivo approaches. Alternative test models such as the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo have received increasing attention, with minor modifications of the fish embryo toxicity test (FET; OECD TG 236) as a tool to assess behavioral endpoints related to neurotoxicity during early developmental stages. The spontaneous tail movement assay, also known as coiling assay, assesses the development of random movement into complex behavioral patterns and has proven sensitive to acetylcholine esterase inhibitors at sublethal concentrations. The present study explored the sensitivity of the assay to neurotoxicants with other modes of action (MoAs). Here, five compounds with diverse MoAs were tested at sublethal concentrations: acrylamide, carbaryl, hexachlorophene, ibuprofen, and rotenone. While carbaryl, hexachlorophene, and rotenone consistently induced severe behavioral alterations by ~ 30 h post fertilization (hpf), acrylamide and ibuprofen expressed time- and/or concentration-dependent effects. At 37-38 hpf, additional observations revealed behavioral changes during dark phases with a strict concentration-dependency. The study documented the applicability of the coiling assay to MoA-dependent behavioral alterations at sublethal concentrations, underlining its potential as a component of a neurotoxicity test battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca von Hellfeld
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UK, UK.
- National Decommissioning Centre, Main Street, Ellon, AB41 6AA, UK.
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Gade
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UK, UK
- National Decommissioning Centre, Main Street, Ellon, AB41 6AA, UK
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Environmental Health & Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amersterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Constance, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Silva PF, de Leaniz CG, Freire FAM, Silveira VAM, Luchiari AC. Different housing conditions for zebrafish: what are the effects? Behav Processes 2023; 209:104886. [PMID: 37150333 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a popular experimental model in several research areas but little is known about the effects of using different strains or housing conditions. Poor control of genetic background and housing conditions could affect experimental results and data reproducibility. Here we investigated the effects of two possible sources of variation on zebrafish behaviour: fish origin and environmental parameters (light intensity, water temperature and noise). Zebrafish behaviour was then examined using the 'novel tank test', one of the most common paradigms used to assess anxiety-like behaviours in zebrafish. Our results show that an increase in light intensity alters fish behaviour, particularly freezing duration and distance from the bottom of the tank, indicating increased anxiety. Swimming activity increased at the lowest temperature (25°C). However, different levels of background noise did not cause any significant changes in behaviour. Differences were also found between zebrafish strains and populations: while the AB strain from laboratory 1 was minimally influenced by variation in holding conditions, the AB strain from laboratory 2 was highly affected by changes in temperature, light, and background noise. Our study shows that variation in strains and holding conditions can significantly influence the results of behavioural testing and should be carefully considered in the experimental design and properly reported to improve data interpretation and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila F Silva
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K
| | - Carlos Garcia de Leaniz
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, U.K
| | - Fulvio A M Freire
- Aquatic Fauna Lab, Department of Botany and Zoology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A M Silveira
- Fish Lab, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana C Luchiari
- Fish Lab, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
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8
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Feugere L, Bates A, Emagbetere T, Chapman E, Malcolm LE, Bulmer K, Hardege J, Beltran-Alvarez P, Wollenberg Valero KC. Heat induces multiomic and phenotypic stress propagation in zebrafish embryos. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad137. [PMID: 37228511 PMCID: PMC10205475 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heat alters biology from molecular to ecological levels, but may also have unknown indirect effects. This includes the concept that animals exposed to abiotic stress can induce stress in naive receivers. Here, we provide a comprehensive picture of the molecular signatures of this process, by integrating multiomic and phenotypic data. In individual zebrafish embryos, repeated heat peaks elicited both a molecular response and a burst of accelerated growth followed by a growth slowdown in concert with reduced responses to novel stimuli. Metabolomes of the media of heat treated vs. untreated embryos revealed candidate stress metabolites including sulfur-containing compounds and lipids. These stress metabolites elicited transcriptomic changes in naive receivers related to immune response, extracellular signaling, glycosaminoglycan/keratan sulfate, and lipid metabolism. Consequently, non-heat-exposed receivers (exposed to stress metabolites only) experienced accelerated catch-up growth in concert with reduced swimming performance. The combination of heat and stress metabolites accelerated development the most, mediated by apelin signaling. Our results prove the concept of indirect heat-induced stress propagation toward naive receivers, inducing phenotypes comparable with those resulting from direct heat exposure, but utilizing distinct molecular pathways. Group-exposing a nonlaboratory zebrafish line, we independently confirm that the glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-related gene chs1 and the mucus glycoprotein gene prg4a, functionally connected to the candidate stress metabolite classes sugars and phosphocholine, are differentially expressed in receivers. This hints at the production of Schreckstoff-like cues in receivers, leading to further stress propagation within groups, which may have ecological and animal welfare implications for aquatic populations in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Feugere
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Adam Bates
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Timothy Emagbetere
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Emma Chapman
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Linsey E Malcolm
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidities, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Kathleen Bulmer
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidities, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Jörg Hardege
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Pedro Beltran-Alvarez
- Biomedical Institute for Multimorbidities, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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9
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Norland S, Gomes AS, Rønnestad I, Helvik JV, Eilertsen M. Light conditions during Atlantic salmon embryogenesis affect key neuropeptides in the melanocortin system during transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1162494. [PMID: 37153936 PMCID: PMC10160384 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1162494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first feeding period, fish will adapt to exogenous feeding as their endogenous source of nutrients is depleted. This requires the development of a functional physiological system to control active search for food, appetite, and food intake. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) melanocortin system, a key player in appetite control, includes neuronal circuits expressing neuropeptide y (npya), agouti-related peptide (agrp1), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart), and proopiomelanocortin (pomca). Little is known about the ontogeny and function of the melanocortin system during early developmental stages. Atlantic salmon [0-730 day degrees (dd)] were reared under three different light conditions (DD, continuous darkness; LD, 14:10 Light: Dark; LL, continuous light) before the light was switched to LD and the fish fed twice a day. We examined the effects of different light conditions (DD LD , LD LD , and LL LD ) on salmon growth, yolk utilization, and periprandial responses of the neuropeptides npya1, npya2, agrp1, cart2a, cart2b, cart4, pomca1, and pomca2. Fish were collected 1 week (alevins, 830 dd, still containing yolk sac) and 3 weeks (fry, 991 dd, yolk sac fully consumed) into the first feeding period and sampled before (-1 h) and after (0.5, 1.5, 3, and 6 h) the first meal of the day. Atlantic salmon reared under DD LD , LD LD , and LL LD had similar standard lengths and myotome heights at the onset of first feeding. However, salmon kept under a constant light condition during endogenous feeding (DD LD and LL LD ) had less yolk at first feeding. At 830 dd none of the neuropeptides analyzed displayed a periprandial response. But 2 weeks later, and with no yolk remaining, significant periprandial changes were observed for npya1, pomca1, and pomca2, but only in the LD LD fish. This suggests that these key neuropeptides serve an important role in controlling feeding once Atlantic salmon need to rely entirely on active search and ingestion of exogenous food. Moreover, light conditions during early development did not affect the size of salmon at first feeding but did affect the mRNA levels of npya1, pomca1, and pomca2 in the brain indicating that mimicking natural light conditions (LD LD ) better stimulates appetite control.
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10
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Eilertsen M, Dolan DWP, Bolton CM, Karlsen R, Davies WIL, Edvardsen RB, Furmanek T, Sveier H, Migaud H, Helvik JV. Photoreception and transcriptomic response to light during early development of a teleost with a life cycle tightly controlled by seasonal changes in photoperiod. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010529. [PMID: 36508414 PMCID: PMC9744326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Light cues vary along the axis of periodicity, intensity and spectrum and perception of light is dependent on the photoreceptive capacity encoded within the genome and the opsins expressed. A global approach was taken to analyze the photoreceptive capacity and the effect of differing light conditions on a developing teleost prior to first feeding. The transcriptomes of embryos and alevins of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to different light conditions were analyzed, including a developmental series and a circadian profile. The results showed that genes mediating nonvisual photoreception are present prior to hatching when the retina is poorly differentiated. The clock genes were expressed early, but the circadian profile showed that only two clock genes were significantly cycling before first feeding. Few genes were differentially expressed between day and night within a light condition; however, many genes were significantly different between light conditions, indicating that light environment has an impact on the transcriptome during early development. Comparing the transcriptome data from constant conditions to periodicity of white light or different colors revealed overrepresentation of genes related to photoreception, eye development, muscle contraction, degradation of metabolites and cell cycle among others, and in constant light, several clock genes were upregulated. In constant white light and periodicity of green light, genes associated with DNA replication, chromatin remodeling, cell division and DNA repair were downregulated. The study implies a direct influence of light conditions on the transcriptome profile at early developmental stages, by a complex photoreceptive system where few clock genes are cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Eilertsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (ME); (JVH)
| | | | - Charlotte M. Bolton
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wayne I. L. Davies
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Vidar Helvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (ME); (JVH)
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11
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Burton EA, Burgess HA. A Critical Review of Zebrafish Neurological Disease Models-2. Application: Functional and Neuroanatomical Phenotyping Strategies and Chemical Screens. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2:kvac019. [PMID: 37637775 PMCID: PMC10455049 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Extensive phylogenetic conservation of molecular pathways and neuroanatomical structures, associated with efficient methods for genetic modification, have been exploited increasingly to generate zebrafish models of human disease. A range of powerful approaches can be deployed to analyze these models with the ultimate goal of elucidating pathogenic mechanisms and accelerating efforts to find effective treatments. Unbiased neurobehavioral assays can provide readouts that parallel clinical abnormalities found in patients, although some of the most useful assays quantify responses that are not routinely evaluated clinically, and differences between zebrafish and human brains preclude expression of the full range of neurobehavioral abnormalities seen in disease. Imaging approaches that use fluorescent reporters and standardized brain atlases coupled with quantitative measurements of brain structure offer an unbiased means to link experimental manipulations to changes in neural architecture. Together, quantitative structural and functional analyses allow dissection of the cellular and physiological basis underlying neurological phenotypes. These approaches can be used as outputs in chemical modifier screens, which provide a major opportunity to exploit zebrafish models to identify small molecule modulators of pathophysiology that may be informative for understanding disease mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Burton
- Pittsburgh Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
| | - Harold A Burgess
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Feng Z, Ducos B, Scerbo P, Aujard I, Jullien L, Bensimon D. The Development and Application of Opto-Chemical Tools in the Zebrafish. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196231. [PMID: 36234767 PMCID: PMC9572478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is one of the most widely adopted animal models in both basic and translational research. This popularity of the zebrafish results from several advantages such as a high degree of similarity to the human genome, the ease of genetic and chemical perturbations, external fertilization with high fecundity, transparent and fast-developing embryos, and relatively low cost-effective maintenance. In particular, body translucency is a unique feature of zebrafish that is not adequately obtained with other vertebrate organisms. The animal’s distinctive optical clarity and small size therefore make it a successful model for optical modulation and observation. Furthermore, the convenience of microinjection and high embryonic permeability readily allow for efficient delivery of large and small molecules into live animals. Finally, the numerous number of siblings obtained from a single pair of animals offers large replicates and improved statistical analysis of the results. In this review, we describe the development of opto-chemical tools based on various strategies that control biological activities with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We also discuss the reported applications of these tools in zebrafish and highlight the current challenges and future possibilities of opto-chemical approaches, particularly at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Feng
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (D.B.)
| | - Bertrand Ducos
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- High Throughput qPCR Core Facility, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, 46 Rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierluigi Scerbo
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- Inovarion, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aujard
- Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Jullien
- Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Bensimon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences Letters University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.F.); (D.B.)
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13
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George S, Yin H, Liu Z, Shen S, Cole I, Khiong CW. Hazard profiling of a combinatorial library of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Ameliorating light and dark toxicity through surface passivation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128825. [PMID: 35430455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the high-volume production nanoparticles (NPs) currently used in a wide range of consumer and industrial goods. The inevitable seepage into environmental matrices and the photoactive nature of ZnO NPs warrants hazard profiling under environmentally related conditions. In this paper, the influence of simulated solar light (SSL) on dissolution behaviour and phototoxicity of ZnO NPs was studied using a combinatorial library of ZnO NPs with different sizes, surface coatings, dopant chemistry, and aspect ratios in a fish cell line (BF2) and zebrafish embryos. Generally, the cytotoxicity and embryo mortality increased when exposed concomitantly to SSL and ZnO NPs. The increase in toxic potential of ZnO NPs during SSL exposure concurred with release of Zn ions and ROS generation. Surface modification of NPs with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), silica or serum coating decreased toxicity and ZnO with serum coating was the only NP that had no significant effect on any of the cytotoxicity parameters when tested under both dark and SSL conditions. Results from our study show that exposure to light could increase the toxic potential of ZnO NPs to environmental lifeforms and mitigation of ZnO NP toxicity is possible through modifying the surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji George
- Centre for Sustainable Nanotechnology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore 569830, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Agriculture Chemistry, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Hong Yin
- Advanced Manufacturing and Fabrication, School of Engineering, RMIT University, VIC 3000 Australia; CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia.
| | - Ziruo Liu
- Department of Food Science and Agriculture Chemistry, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Shirley Shen
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Ivan Cole
- Advanced Manufacturing and Fabrication, School of Engineering, RMIT University, VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Chan Woon Khiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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14
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Alba G, Carrillo S, Sánchez‐Vázquez FJ, López‐Olmeda JF. Combined blue light and daily thermocycles enhance zebrafish growth and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART A: ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:501-515. [PMID: 35189038 PMCID: PMC9303188 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Alba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Sherezade Carrillo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez‐Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” University of Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - José Fernando López‐Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum” University of Murcia Murcia Spain
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15
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Lee CJ, Paull GC, Tyler CR. Improving zebrafish laboratory welfare and scientific research through understanding their natural history. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1038-1056. [PMID: 34983085 PMCID: PMC9303617 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, millions of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used for scientific laboratory experiments for which researchers have a duty of care, with legal obligations to consider their welfare. Considering the growing use of the zebrafish as a vertebrate model for addressing a diverse range of scientific questions, optimising their laboratory conditions is of major importance for both welfare and improving scientific research. However, most guidelines for the care and breeding of zebrafish for research are concerned primarily with maximising production and minimising costs and pay little attention to the effects on welfare of the environments in which the fish are maintained, or how those conditions affect their scientific research. Here we review the physical and social conditions in which laboratory zebrafish are kept, identifying and drawing attention to factors likely to affect their welfare and experimental science. We also identify a fundamental lack knowledge of how zebrafish interact with many biotic and abiotic features in their natural environment to support ways to optimise zebrafish health and well-being in the laboratory, and in turn the quality of scientific data produced. We advocate that the conditions under which zebrafish are maintained need to become a more integral part of research and that we understand more fully how they influence experimental outcome and in turn interpretations of the data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole J. Lee
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Gregory C. Paull
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope BuildingUniversity of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDU.K.
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16
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Shaw PAG, Panda SK, Stanca A, Luyten W. Optimization of a locomotion-based zebrafish seizure model. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 375:109594. [PMID: 35421798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locomotor assays in zebrafish have emerged as a screening test in early drug discovery for antiseizure compounds. However, parameters differ considerably between published studies, which may explain some discrepant results with (candidate) antiseizure medications. NEW METHOD We optimized a locomotor-based seizure assay in zebrafish with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) as the pharmacological proconvulsant to generate a therapeutic window in which proconvulsant-treated zebrafish larvae could be discriminated from a non-treated control. To generate a reliable control, exposure time and concentration of valproate (VPA, anticonvulsant) was optimized. RESULTS Wells with one or three larvae show a similar PTZ dose-dependent increase in locomotion with less variability in motility for the latter. Zebrafish immersed in 10 mM PTZ showed a significant increase in movement with a sustained effect, without any indication of toxicity. Animals treated with 3 mM VPA showed the strongest reduction of PTZ-induced movement without toxicity. The decrease in PTZ-induced locomotion was greater after 18 h versus 2 h. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) For the larval zebrafish PTZ-induced seizure model, varying experimental parameters have been reported in literature. Our results show that PTZ is often used at toxic concentrations, and we provide instead reliable conditions to quantify convulsant behaviour using an infrared-beam motility assay. CONCLUSIONS We recommend using three zebrafish larvae per well to quantify locomotion in 96-multiwell plates. Larvae should preferably be exposed to 10 mM PTZ for 1 h, consisting of 30 min acclimation and 30 min subsequent recording. As positive control for anticonvulsant activity, we recommend exposure to 3 mM VPA for 18 h before administration of PTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujogya Kumar Panda
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center of Environment Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India.
| | - Alexandru Stanca
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Walter Luyten
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Feugere L, Scott VF, Rodriguez-Barucg Q, Beltran-Alvarez P, Wollenberg Valero KC. Thermal stress induces a positive phenotypic and molecular feedback loop in zebrafish embryos. J Therm Biol 2021; 102:103114. [PMID: 34863478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms must cope with both rising and rapidly changing temperatures. These thermal changes can affect numerous traits, from molecular to ecological scales. Biotic stressors are already known to induce the release of chemical cues which trigger behavioural responses in other individuals. In this study, we infer whether fluctuating temperature, as an abiotic stressor, may similarly induce stress-like responses in individuals not directly exposed to the stressor. To test this hypothesis, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed for 24 h to fluctuating thermal stress, to medium in which another embryo was thermally stressed before ("stress medium"), and to a combination of these. Growth, behaviour, expression of molecular markers, and of whole-embryo cortisol were used to characterise the thermal stress response and its propagation between embryos. Both fluctuating high temperature and stress medium significantly accelerated development, by shifting stressed embryos from segmentation to pharyngula stages, and altered embryonic activity. Importantly, we found that the expression of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR), the antioxidant gene SOD1, and of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were significantly altered by stress medium. This study illustrates the existence of positive thermal stress feedback loops in zebrafish embryos where heat stress can induce stress-like responses in conspecifics, but which might operate via different molecular pathways. If similar effects also occur under less severe heat stress regimes, this mechanism may be relevant in natural settings as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Feugere
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria F Scott
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom; Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Rodriguez-Barucg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Beltran-Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina C Wollenberg Valero
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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18
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Eilertsen M, Clokie BGJ, Ebbesson LOE, Tanase C, Migaud H, Helvik JV. Neural activation in photosensitive brain regions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after light stimulation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258007. [PMID: 34587204 PMCID: PMC8480854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptive inputs to the teleost brain are perceived as image of the visual world and as photo-modulation of neuroendocrine and neuronal signals. The retina and pineal organ are major receptive organs with projections to various parts of the brain, but in the past decades deep brain photoreceptors have emerged as candidates for photoreceptive inputs, either independent or in combination with projections from light sensory organs. This study aimed to test the effects of narrow bandwidth light using light-emitting diodes technology on brain neural activity through putative opsin stimulation in Atlantic salmon. The expression of c-fos, a known marker of neural activity, was compared in situ between dark-adapted salmon parr and following light stimulation with different wavelengths. c-fos expression increased with duration of light stimulation and the strongest signal was obtained in fish exposed to light for 120 minutes. Distinct and specific brain regions were activated following dark to light stimulation, such as the habenula, suprachiasmatic nucleus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The c-fos expression was overlapping with photoreceptors expressing melanopsin and/or vertebrate ancient opsin, suggesting a potential direct activation by light. Interestingly in the habenula, a distinct ring of vertebrate ancient opsin and melanopsin expressing cells is overlapping with c-fos expression after neural activation. Salmon exposed to different spectra had neural activation in similar brain regions. The most apparent difference was melanopsin expression in the lateral cells of the lateral tuberal nuclus in the hypothalamus, which appeared to be specifically activated by red light. Light-stimulated neuronal activity in the deep brain was limited to subpopulations of neurons, mainly in regions with neuronal modulation activity, retinal and pineal innervations and known presence of nonvisual photoreceptors. The overlapping expression patterns of c-fos and nonvisual opsins support direct light stimulation of deep brain photoreceptors and the importance of these systems in light induced brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Eilertsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin G. J. Clokie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lars O. E. Ebbesson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norce, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Vidar Helvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Jones NAR, Webster MM, Salvanes AGV. Physical enrichment research for captive fish: Time to focus on the DETAILS. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:704-725. [PMID: 33942889 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growing research effort has shown that physical enrichment (PE) can improve fish welfare and research validity. However, the inclusion of PE does not always result in positive effects and conflicting findings have highlighted the many nuances involved. Effects are known to depend on species and life stage tested, but effects may also vary with differences in the specific items used as enrichment between and within studies. Reporting fine-scale characteristics of items used as enrichment in studies may help to reveal these factors. We conducted a survey of PE-focused studies published in the last 5 years to examine the current state of methodological reporting. The survey results suggest that some aspects of enrichment are not adequately detailed. For example, the amount and dimensions of objects used as enrichment were frequently omitted. Similarly, the ecological relevance, or other justification, for enrichment items was frequently not made explicit. Focusing on ecologically relevant aspects of PE and increasing the level of detail reported in studies may benefit future work and we propose a framework with the acronym DETAILS (Dimensions, Ecological rationale, Timing of enrichment, Amount, Inputs, Lighting and Social environment). We outline the potential importance of each of the elements of this framework with the hope it may aid in the level of reporting and standardization across studies, ultimately aiding the search for more beneficial types of PE and the development of our understanding and ability to improve the welfare of captive fish and promote more biologically relevant behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A R Jones
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Mike M Webster
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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20
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Suriyampola PS, Lopez M, Suárez-Rodríguez M, Ellsworth BE, Conroy-Ben O, Martins EP. Co-occurring environmental stressors have emerging impacts on sensory-motor behavior. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1191-1201. [PMID: 34086909 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities often lead to alterations in the natural environment via multiple routes. Simultaneous occurrence of interacting environmental perturbations may influence animals via more complex pathways than when being exposed to environmental stressors discretely. In our study, we investigated the interactive effects of poor visual environment and exposure to an environmentally realistic concentration of a common contaminant on the behavior of larval zebrafish, Danio rerio. Specifically, we tested the sensory-motor behavior of zebrafish larvae by exposing them to low-light conditions and a low concentration of Bisphenol-A (BPA) for 7 days post-fertilization. We found that zebrafish exposed to both BPA and low-light conditions had significantly weaker response to a moving-visual cue. However, those exposed to only one of these treatments did not have altered response to visual cues. Since the response to a moving, visual cue involves locomotion, we also examined the distance they traveled as a proxy for activity level of individuals across treatments. However, the distance traveled by individuals did not significantly differ across treatments, suggesting that the differences in response are linked to visual sensory pathways. Here, we emphasize that the adverse effects of environmental stressors, particularly of those that occur at environmentally relevant concentrations, may emerge only when they co-occur with another environmental stressor. These findings highlight the need to incorporate multiple environmental stressors to comprehensively assess impacts that human activities have on behavioral strategies of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Lopez
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Otakuye Conroy-Ben
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Emília P Martins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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21
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Abdulateef SM, Al-Bayar MA, Majid AA, Shawkat SS, Tatar A, Al-Ani MQ. Effect of exposure to different light colors on embryonic development and neurophysiological traits in the chick embryo. Vet World 2021; 14:1284-1289. [PMID: 34220132 PMCID: PMC8243699 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1284-1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Many environmental factors exist that influence embryonic development which is missing in the poultry industry, such as light in incubation facilities or hatcheries. Light plays an important role in the growth and development of chick embryos, whereas dark environments can lead to hatching failure or embryo distortion. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the importance of light and its various colors on the growth and development of broiler chick embryos. Materials and Methods: Four treatments were used to study the impact of various light colors on the growth of embryos and their neurophysiological traits: Dark without light (D), red light (RL), blue light (BL), and green light (GL), with three replicates per treatment (25 eggs/replicate) for a total of 300 fertile Ross 308 eggs. Each treatment was assigned to one incubator (75 eggs/incubator), whereas all other conditions were kept the same. Results: The results showed a significant increase (p<0.01) in embryonic development for embryo weight, chick body weight, hatchability, and embryo index for RL, BL, and especially GL. RL, BL, and especially GL significantly increased (p<0.01) neurophysiological traits of the neurons, brain weight, and brain index. Conclusion: The use of light during the embryonic period affects the development of the embryo and its neurophysiological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Abdulateef
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar, Iraq
| | - M A Al-Bayar
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar, Iraq
| | - A A Majid
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar, Iraq
| | - S S Shawkat
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - A Tatar
- Animal Science Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Q Al-Ani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar, Iraq
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22
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Ramos J, Balasch JC, Tort L. About Welfare and Stress in the Early Stages of Fish. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:634434. [PMID: 33693043 PMCID: PMC7937697 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.634434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ramos
- Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Balasch
- Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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23
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de Alba G, López-Olmeda JF, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Rearing temperature conditions (constant vs. thermocycle) affect daily rhythms of thermal tolerance and sensing in zebrafish. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102880. [PMID: 33863444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the wild, the environment does not remain constant, but periodically oscillates so that temperature rises in the daytime and drops at night, which generates a daily thermocycle. The effects of thermocycles on thermal tolerance have been previously described in fish. However, the impact of thermocycles on daytime-dependent thermal responses and daily rhythms of temperature tolerance and sensing expression mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigates the effects of two rearing conditions: constant (26 °C, C) versus a daily thermocycle (28 °C in the daytime; 24 °C at night, T) on the thermal tolerance response in zebrafish. Thermal tolerance (mortality) was assessed in 4dpf (days post fertilization) zebrafish larvae after acute heat shock (39 °C for 1 h) at two time points: middle of the light phase (ML) or middle of the dark phase (MD). Thermal stress responses were evaluated in adult zebrafish after a 37 °C challenge for 1 h at ML or MD to examine the expression of the heat-shock protein (HSP) (hsp70, hsp90ab1, grp94, hsp90aa1, hspb1, hsp47, cirbp) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels (trpv4, trpm4a, trpm2, trpa1b) in the brain. Finally, the daily rhythms of gene expression of HSPs and TRPs were measured every 4 h for 24 h. The results revealed the larval mortality rates and the expression induction of most HSPs in adult zebrafish brain reached the highest values in fish reared under constant temperature and subjected to thermal shock at MD. The expression of most HSPs and TRPs was mainly synchronized to the light/dark (LD) cycle, regardless of the temperature regime. Most HSPs involved in hyperthermic challenges displayed diurnal rhythms with their acrophases in phase with warm-sensing thermoTRPs acrophases. The cold-sensing trpa1b peaked in the second half of the light period and slightly shifted toward the dark phase anticipating the acrophase of cirpb, which is involved in hypothermic challenges. These findings indicated that: a) thermal shocks are best tolerated in the daytime; b) the implementation of daily thermocycles during larval development reduces mortality and stress-cellular expression of HSPs to an acute thermal stress at MD; c) daily rhythms need to be considered when discussing physiological responses of thermal sensing and thermotolerance in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo de Alba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Samaee SM, Atashbar Kangarloei B, Noori F, Estévez A. An Endeavor to Find Starter Feed Alternatives and Techniques for Zebrafish First-Feeding Larvae: The Effects on Viability, Morphometric Traits, Digestive Enzymes, and Expression of Growth-Related Genes. Zebrafish 2021; 18:73-91. [PMID: 33538651 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low and variable growth and survival rates (SR) of 6-10 days postfertilization zebrafish larvae are a problem. This problem seems to be linked to starter feed characteristics. This study is an attempt to find alternatives to address these requests. For this, larvae were fed fresh and lyophilized microalgae (Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Haematococcus), egg yolk (YOLK), lyophilized Artemia nauplii (LAN), and a combination of them. The lowest SR was observed in algae-fed larvae. All died on day 11 showing an emaciated appearance, similar to starved larvae. The highest SR was observed in YOLK- and LAN-fed larvae, which also showed an elongated anterior part of the body. Negative correlations of SR with vegfaa (vascular endothelial growth factor) and morphometric traits with igf2a (insulin-like growth factor) were also found and supported by changes at the molecular level. The presence of algae in the digestive tract of the larvae and the observation of fecal droppings indicate that the algae have an appropriate size and are palatable. The increase in the digestive enzyme activity shows the larval effort to digest the algae. The fact that the algae-fed larvae died even before the larvae were kept in starvation indicates the dramatic amount of energy that the larvae spent in microalgae digestion. Although both YOLK- and LAN-fed larvae had the highest SR, LAN group started to feed on Artemia nauplii sooner. This can be linked to the delayed growth in YOLK-fed larvae and an accelerated growth in the case of LAN-fed group. LAN is an expensive feed with negative effects on water quality, whereas YOLK is a cheap and nutritionally balanced feed with fine granular texture that contributes to a larval SR similar to LAN without affecting water quality. In conclusion, microalgae cannot be considered a suitable starter food for zebrafish, whereas LAN and YOLK can be considered good starter feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behrooz Atashbar Kangarloei
- Department of Ecology and Resource Assessment, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Noori
- Department of Biology and Aquaculture, Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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25
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Capriello T, Visone IM, Motta CM, Ferrandino I. Adverse effects of E150d on zebrafish development. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 147:111877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Color as an important biological variable in zebrafish models: Implications for translational neurobehavioral research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 124:1-15. [PMID: 33359096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Color is an important environmental factor that in multiple ways affects human and animal behavior and physiology. Widely used in neuroscience research, various experimental (animal) models may help improve our understanding of how different colors impact brain and behavioral processes. Complementing laboratory rodents, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly emerging as an important novel model species to explore complex neurobehavioral processes. The growing utility of zebrafish in biomedicine makes it timely to consider the role of colors in their behavioral and physiological responses. Here, we summarize mounting evidence implicating colors as a critical variable in zebrafish models and neurobehavioral traits, with a particular relevance to CNS disease modeling, genetic and pharmacological modulation, as well as environmental enrichment and animal welfare. We also discuss the growing value of zebrafish models to study color neurobiology and color-related neurobehavioral phenomics, and outline future directions of research in this field.
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27
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Abstract
A long-standing question, particularly in physiotherapy and sports medicine, is whether time of day affects muscle metabolism and hence growth, either intrinsically or in response to exercise or nutrition. Answers would help to identify the best time of day to exercise, build muscle, and prevent aging- or disease-related sarcopenia. Here, we address this question in live zebrafish myotome in vivo, without interference from other circadian oscillations such as locomotor activity and food intake. We show that active muscle anabolizes more in the day and grows faster, while catabolizing more at night and growing slower. Such day/night differences remain in inactive muscle but disappear after clock disruption. We conclude that muscles display circadian differences in growth independent of activity and feeding. Muscle tissue shows diurnal variations in function, physiology, and metabolism. Whether such variations are dependent on the circadian clock per se or are secondary to circadian differences in physical activity and feeding pattern is unclear. By measuring muscle growth over 12-h periods in live prefeeding larval zebrafish, we show that muscle grows more during day than night. Expression of dominant negative CLOCK (ΔCLK), which inhibits molecular clock function, ablates circadian differences and reduces muscle growth. Inhibition of muscle contraction reduces growth in both day and night, but does not ablate the day/night difference. The circadian clock and physical activity are both required to promote higher muscle protein synthesis during the day compared to night, whereas markers of protein degradation, murf messenger RNAs, are higher at night. Proteasomal inhibitors increase muscle growth at night, irrespective of physical activity, but have no effect during the day. Although physical activity enhances TORC1 activity, and the TORC1 inhibitor rapamycin inhibits clock-driven daytime growth, no effect on muscle growth at night was detected. Importantly, day/night differences in 1) muscle growth, 2) protein synthesis, and 3) murf expression all persist in entrained larvae under free-running constant conditions, indicating circadian drive. Removal of circadian input by exposure to either permanent darkness or light leads to suboptimal muscle growth. We conclude that diurnal variations in muscle growth and metabolism are a circadian property that is independent of, but augmented by, physical activity, at least during development.
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Mundy PC, Carte MF, Brander SM, Hung TC, Fangue N, Connon RE. Bifenthrin exposure causes hyperactivity in early larval stages of an endangered fish species at concentrations that occur during their hatching season. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 228:105611. [PMID: 32949974 PMCID: PMC7938764 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in agricultural and urban sectors, and is found in watersheds worldwide. As a sodium channel blocker, at sublethal concentrations it causes off-target effects, including disruption of calcium signaling and neuronal growth. At the whole organism level, sublethal concentrations of bifenthrin cause behavioral effects in fish species, raising concerns about the neurotoxic properties of the compound on fish populations. Here we describe the application of a high-throughput behavioral system to evaluate contaminant impacts on the sensitive early-life stages of Delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), a critically endangered teleost species endemic to the San Francisco Bay Delta (SFBD), California, USA. Leveraging the natural behavior of early-larval Delta smelt, whereby they increase movement in bright light and decrease movement in the dark, we developed a test using a cycle of light and dark periods in a closed chamber to test hyper- or hypoactivity for this species. We show that early-larval Delta smelt have a significant preference to move toward light, and utilized the behavioral test to evaluate the impact of exposure to bifenthrin at concentrations found in habitats where Delta smelt reportedly spawn, ranging up to concentrations detected in tributaries to these habitats. All tested concentrations of bifenthrin (nominal 2, 10, or 100 ng/L) caused hyperactivity, over a 96 h exposure, with noted significance determined during the light period of the test. To further understand the impact of bifenthrin exposure, expression of a suite of genes relevant to neurodevelopment, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and biotransformation in exposed larvae were also measured. Following exposure to picomolar concentrations of bifenthrin, expression of genes in the mTOR signaling and neurogenesis pathways were altered alongside behavior. This study demonstrates how light and dark cycle behavioral tests can be used to assess sensitive alterations in swimming activity in Delta smelt at early developmental stages and how gene expression can complement these assays. This approach can be used to assess the impact of multiple compounds that occur within the restricted habitat of Delta smelt, thus having the potential to greatly inform conservation management strategies for this critically sensitive life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige C Mundy
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616 CA, USA
| | - Meggie F Carte
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616 CA, USA; Department of Biology, University of Namur, de Bruxelles 61, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nann Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard E Connon
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616 CA, USA.
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29
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Sanders E, Farmer SC. Aquatic Models: Water Quality and Stability and Other Environmental Factors. ILAR J 2020; 60:141-149. [PMID: 33094818 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of aquatic animals in ecotoxicology, genetic, and biomedical research has grown immensely in recent years, especially due to the increased use of zebrafish in the laboratory setting. Because water is the primary environment of most aquatic species, the composition and management of this water is paramount to ensuring their health and welfare. In this publication, we will describe the important variables in water quality that can influence animal health and research results, using the zebrafish model for detailed specifics of optimal conditions. Wherever possible, recommendations are provided to reduce the potential impact of poor or highly variable water quality, and standards are given which can be used as institutional goals to maximize animal health and welfare and reduce research variability. It is increasingly important that authors of publications describing work done using aquatic models characterize water quality and other environmental conditions of the animal environment so that the work can be repeated and understood in context of these important factors. It is clear that there are a great many extrinsic factors which may influence research outcomes in the aquatics model laboratory setting, and consequently, an increased level of funding will be essential to support continued research exploring these and other important husbandry conditions. References from a large body of literature on this subject are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan C Farmer
- Animal Resources Program, and Zebrafish Research Facility, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
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Lieggi C, Kalueff AV, Lawrence C, Collymore C. The Influence of Behavioral, Social, and Environmental Factors on Reproducibility and Replicability in Aquatic Animal Models. ILAR J 2020; 60:270-288. [PMID: 32400880 PMCID: PMC7743897 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The publication of reproducible, replicable, and translatable data in studies utilizing animal models is a scientific, practical, and ethical necessity. This requires careful planning and execution of experiments and accurate reporting of results. Recognition that numerous developmental, environmental, and test-related factors can affect experimental outcomes is essential for a quality study design. Factors commonly considered when designing studies utilizing aquatic animal species include strain, sex, or age of the animal; water quality; temperature; and acoustic and light conditions. However, in the aquatic environment, it is equally important to consider normal species behavior, group dynamics, stocking density, and environmental complexity, including tank design and structural enrichment. Here, we will outline normal species and social behavior of 2 commonly used aquatic species: zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Xenopus (X. laevis and X. tropicalis). We also provide examples as to how these behaviors and the complexity of the tank environment can influence research results and provide general recommendations to assist with improvement of reproducibility and replicability, particularly as it pertains to behavior and environmental complexity, when utilizing these popular aquatic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lieggi
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China, and Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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31
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Choi JY, Choi CY. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-independent effects of recombinant vertebrate ancient long opsin in the goldfish Carassius auratus reveal alternative reproduction pathways. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1219-1227. [PMID: 32146552 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate ancient long (VAL)-opsin is a green-sensitive photoreceptor that shows high sequence similarity to vertebrate ancient opsin, which is considered to play a role in sexual maturation via gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); however, the role of VAL-opsin in vertebrate sexual maturity remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the possible role of VAL-opsin in reproduction in the goldfish Carassius auratus under a state of GnRH inhibition. Goldfish were injected with recombinant VAL-opsin protein (0.5 μg/g body mass) and/or the GnRH antagonist cetrorelix (0.5 μg/fish), and changes in the mRNA expression levels of genes associated with goldfish reproduction were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, including those involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis, VAL-opsin, GnRH, the gonadotropins (GTHs) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and estrogen receptor (ER). Moreover, the fish were irradiated with a green light-emitting diode (520 nm) to observe the synergistic effect on the HPG axis with VAL-opsin. Green LED exposure significantly and slightly increased the VAL-opsin and GnRH levels, respectively; however, these effects were blocked in groups injected with cetrorelix at all time points. Cetrorelix significantly decreased the mRNA levels of GTHs and ER, whereas these hormones recovered by co-treatment with VAL-opsin. These results indicate that green LED is an effective light source to promote the expression of sex hormones in fish. Moreover, VAL-opsin not only affects activity of the HPG axis but also appears to act on the pituitary gland directly to stimulate a new sexual maturation pathway that promotes the secretion of GTHs independent of GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, National Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Basili D, Lutfi E, Falcinelli S, Balbuena-Pecino S, Navarro I, Bertolucci C, Capilla E, Carnevali O. Photoperiod Manipulation Affects Transcriptional Profile of Genes Related to Lipid Metabolism and Apoptosis in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae: Potential Roles of Gut Microbiota. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:933-946. [PMID: 31820072 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a fundamental role in maintaining host's health by controlling a wide range of physiological processes. Administration of probiotics and manipulation of photoperiod have been suggested as modulators of microbial composition and are currently undergoing an extensive research in aquaculture as a way to improve health and quality of harvested fish. However, our understanding regarding their effects on physiological processes is still limited. In the present study we investigated whether manipulation of photoperiod and/or probiotic administration was able to alter microbial composition in zebrafish larvae at hatching stage. Our findings show that probiotic does not elicit effects while photoperiod manipulation has a significant impact on microbiota composition. Moreover, we successfully predicted lipid biosynthesis and apoptosis to be modulated by microbial communities undergoing continuous darkness. Interestingly, expression levels of caspase 3 gene (casp3) and lipid-related genes (hnf4a, npc1l1, pparγ, srebf1, agpat4 and fitm2) were found to be significantly overexpressed in dark-exposed larvae, suggesting an increase in the occurrence of apoptotic processes and a lipid metabolism impairment, respectively (p < 0.05). Our results provide the evidence that microbial communities in zebrafish at early life stages are not modulated by a short administration of probiotics and highlight the significant effect that dark photoperiod elicits on zebrafish microbiota and potentially on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Basili
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Esmail Lutfi
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Silvia Falcinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Balbuena-Pecino
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Encarnación Capilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliana Carnevali
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Afonin S, Babii O, Reuter A, Middel V, Takamiya M, Strähle U, Komarov IV, Ulrich AS. Light-controllable dithienylethene-modified cyclic peptides: photoswitching the in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:39-49. [PMID: 31976015 PMCID: PMC6964649 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the embryotoxicity of dithienylethene-modified peptides upon photoswitching, using 19 analogues based on the β-hairpin scaffold of the natural membranolytic peptide gramicidin S. We established an in vivo assay in two variations (with ex vivo and in situ photoisomerization), using larvae of the model organism Danio rerio, and determined the toxicities of the peptides in terms of 50% lethal doses (LD50). This study allowed us to: (i) demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating peptide toxicity with D. rerio larvae at 3–4 days post fertilization, (ii) determine the phototherapeutic safety windows for all peptides, (iii) demonstrate photoswitching of the whole-body toxicity for the dithienylethene-modified peptides in vivo, (iv) re-analyze previous structure–toxicity relationship data, and (v) select promising candidates for potential clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Afonin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Oleg Babii
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aline Reuter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Volker Middel
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), KIT, POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), KIT, POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), KIT, POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Igor V Komarov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, vul. Volodymyrska 60, 1601 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Lumobiotics GmbH, Auerstr. 2, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), POB 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), KIT, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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34
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Liu Q, Yan H, Hu P, Liu W, Shen X, Cui X, Wu Y, Yuan Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Song C, Liu Y. Growth and survival of Takifugu rubripes larvae cultured under different light conditions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1533-1549. [PMID: 31001755 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of light intensity and spectrum on the growth and survival of Takifugu rubripes larvae from 30 to 69 days after hatching. Five lighting regimes were applied using 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 W m-2 full spectrum white (W0.5, W1.5, W3.0), 0.5 W m-2 yellow (Y0.5), and 0.5 W m-2 blue light (B0.5). At the end of the experiment, body length, wet weight, and specific growth rate from day 0 to day 39 were significantly greater in larvae reared under W3.0 than under B0.5 (P ˂ 0.05). No significant differences were observed among W0.5, W1.5, and W3.0, or among W0.5, Y0.5, and B0.5 (P > 0.05). Survival rate was significantly higher in larvae reared under W1.5 than W0.5 (P ˂ 0.05), but no significant differences were observed among W0.5, Y0.5, and B0.5 (P > 0.05). Additionally, light conditioning did not affect the total thickness of the retina. Although the ratio of the thickness of the retinal pigment epithelium layer/total thickness (TT) was significantly higher in larvae exposed to W3.0 compared with those exposed to other light conditions, and the thickness of the outer nuclear layer/TT was significantly lower in larvae exposed to W3.0 compared with those exposed to W0.5 (P < 0.05), no relationship was confirmed between the structure of the retina and the growth performance of the T. rubripes larvae. Expression patterns of two stress-related and seven growth-related genes were also compared with the biometric parameters investigated in the experimental groups. No significant differences in the aanat1a, crh, ss1, igf1, or igf2 expression were observed among the five treatments. Pomc expression was significantly lower in larvae exposed to W1.5 than the larvae exposed to W0.5, and it was significantly lower in larvae exposed to Y0.5 than in larvae exposed to W0.5 or B0.5 (P < 0.05). Significant differences were also found in the expression of gh, with the highest levels being observed under W3.0, while the lowest levels were observed in B0.5 (P < 0.05). Ghrh expression was significantly higher in W3.0 (P < 0.05). These results should be considered when designing rearing protocols for fugu larvae in aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongwei Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Pengfei Hu
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenlei Liu
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xufang Shen
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xin Cui
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanxiang Zhang
- Dalian Fugu Foods Co., Ltd, No. 888, Bishui Road, Economic Development Zone, Dalian, 116400, China
| | - Changbin Song
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.35, Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, No. 52 Heishijiao Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116023, China.
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35
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Jones NAR, Spence R, Jones FAM, Spence-Jones HC. Shade as enrichment: testing preferences for shelter in two model fish species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:1161-1165. [PMID: 31454410 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We compared preferences shown by zebrafish Danio rerio and three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus for shelter provided by above-tank shade and artificial plants. Zebrafish showed no preference for either shelter, whereas sticklebacks showed a preference for both shelter types over open areas and for shade over plants. Our results suggest shade may be used as enrichment for captive fish and re-emphasise the importance of species-specific welfare considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A R Jones
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Rowena Spence
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
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Aleström P, D'Angelo L, Midtlyng PJ, Schorderet DF, Schulte-Merker S, Sohm F, Warner S. Zebrafish: Housing and husbandry recommendations. Lab Anim 2019; 54:213-224. [PMID: 31510859 PMCID: PMC7301644 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219869037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This article provides recommendations for the care of laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio) as part of the further implementation of Annex A to the European Convention on the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, EU Commission Recommendation 2007/526/EC and the fulfilment of Article 33 of EU Directive 2010/63, both concerning the housing and care of experimental animals. The recommendations provide guidance on best practices and ranges of husbandry parameters within which zebrafish welfare, as well as reproducibility of experimental procedures, are assured. Husbandry procedures found today in zebrafish facilities are numerous. While the vast majority of these practices are perfectly acceptable in terms of zebrafish physiology and welfare, the reproducibility of experimental results could be improved by further standardisation of husbandry procedures and exchange of husbandry information between laboratories. Standardisation protocols providing ranges of husbandry parameters are likely to be more successful and appropriate than the implementation of a set of fixed guidance values neglecting the empirically successful daily routines of many facilities and will better reflect the wide range of environmental parameters that characterise the natural habitats occupied by zebrafish. A joint working group on zebrafish housing and husbandry recommendations, with members of the European Society for Fish Models in Biology and Medicine (EUFishBioMed) and of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) has been given a mandate to provide guidelines based on a FELASA list of parameters, ‘Terms of Reference’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aleström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Italian Association of Laboratory Animal Sciences (AISAL); Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Paul J Midtlyng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel F Schorderet
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, WWU Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany.,CiM Cluster of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frederic Sohm
- UMS AMAGEN, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Susan Warner
- Karolinska Institutet, Comparative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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White LED Light Exposure Inhibits the Development and Xanthophore Pigmentation of Zebrafish Embryo. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10810. [PMID: 31346212 PMCID: PMC6658701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47163-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm in all living organisms is disturbed continuously by artificial light sources and artificial lighting has become a hazard for public health. Circadian rhythm of melatonin maintains high levels of melatonin during the night and low levels during the day. N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, AANAT) is one of the four enzymes required for melatonin synthesis and mtnr1ba is a melatonin receptor-encoding mRNA that is expressed widely in the embryonic brain. Pax7 has important roles during neural crest development and especially xanthophore pigmentation. Due to its diurnal nature, zebrafish provide a special opportunity for research on circadian rhythms that are regulated by melatonin. Here in this study, we showed that when compared with the white light control group, white LED light exposure resulted in loss of yellow pigmentation, decreased body length and locomotor activity, oxidant-antioxidant imbalance and decreased expressions of aanat2, mtnr1ba, and pax7 in zebrafish embryos. Histological analysis of this group revealed disorganization of the spaces among photoreceptor cells, decreased total retinal thickness and photoreceptor cell layer thickness compared with the control group. Artificial lighting pollution has the potential to become an important risk factor for different diseases including cancer especially for industrialized countries, therefore, more studies should be performed and necessary regulations should be made regarding this risk factor.
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38
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Reproducibility and replicability in zebrafish behavioral neuroscience research. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 178:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, López-Olmeda JF, Vera LM, Migaud H, López-Patiño MA, Míguez JM. Environmental Cycles, Melatonin, and Circadian Control of Stress Response in Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:279. [PMID: 31244768 PMCID: PMC6579845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish have evolved a biological clock to cope with environmental cycles, so they display circadian rhythms in most physiological functions including stress response. Photoperiodic information is transduced by the pineal organ into a rhythmic secretion of melatonin, which is released into the blood circulation with high concentrations at night and low during the day. The melatonin rhythmic profile is under the control of circadian clocks in most fish (except salmonids), and it is considered as an important output of the circadian system, thus modulating most daily behavioral and physiological rhythms. Lighting conditions (intensity and spectrum) change in the underwater environment and affect fish embryo and larvae development: constant light/darkness or red lights can lead to increased malformations and mortality, whereas blue light usually results in best hatching rates and growth performance in marine fish. Many factors display daily rhythms along the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis that controls stress response in fish, including corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) and its binding protein (Crhbp), proopiomelanocortin A and B (Pomca and Pomcb), and plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate. Many of these circadian rhythms are under the control of endogenous molecular clocks, which consist of self-sustained transcriptional-translational feedback loops involving the cyclic expression of circadian clock genes (clock, bmal, per, and cry) which persists under constant light or darkness. Exposing fish to a stressor can result in altered rhythms of most stress indicators, such as cortisol, glucose, and lactate among others, as well as daily rhythms of most behavioral and physiological functions. In addition, crh and pomca expression profiles can be affected by other factors such as light spectrum, which strongly influence the expression profile of growth-related (igf1a, igf2a) genes. Additionally, the daily cycle of water temperature (warmer at day and cooler at night) is another factor that has to be considered. The response to any acute stressor is not only species dependent, but also depends on the time of the day when the stress occurs: nocturnal species show higher responses when stressed during day time, whereas diurnal fish respond stronger at night. Melatonin administration in fish has sedative effects with a reduction in locomotor activity and cortisol levels, as well as reduced liver glycogen and dopaminergic and serotonergic activities within the hypothalamus. In this paper, we are reviewing the role of environmental cycles and biological clocks on the entrainment of daily rhythms in the HPI axis and stress responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luisa Maria Vera
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Antonio López-Patiño
- Laboratory Animal Physiology, Department Biology and Health Science, Faculty of Biology and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Míguez
- Laboratory Animal Physiology, Department Biology and Health Science, Faculty of Biology and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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40
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Liao ML, Peng WH, Kan D, Chien CL. Distribution patterns of the zebrafish neuronal intermediate filaments inaa and inab. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:202-214. [PMID: 30387501 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that the neuronal intermediate filament (IF) α-internexin may plays a role in the formation of the neuronal cytoskeleton during mammalian development. From a phylogenetic viewpoint, zebrafish express inaa and inab as homologs of mammalian α-internexin. However, the distribution patterns of the inaa and inab proteins throughout zebrafish development have not been well-characterized. We generated antibodies specific for zebrafish inaa and inab and analyzed the distribution of these two proteins in developing zebrafish. Inaa was identified in the major subdivisions of embryonic and larval brains as early as 1 day postfertilization (dpf), including the telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum, and inab was also detected in the same regions from 3 dpf to the adult stage. Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time that inaa was distinctively expressed in the photoreceptor-like cells of the pineal gland, where inab was sparsely detected. Besides, the expression of inaa in male adult fish was found to be stable under different photoperiod conditions. Thus, we suggest that inaa is one of useful markers for studies of zebrafish cone photoreceptors not only in the retina but also in the pineal gland. In conclusion, we report that the distribution patterns of inaa and inab are phylogenetically conserved in the telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum. Moreover, inaa and inab had different expression patterns in the pineal gland and retina during zebrafish development. Both inaa and inab are neuronal IFs and their functional roles may be different in various aspects of zebrafish neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hau Peng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine for International Student, College of Medicine, I-Shou University (Yanchao Campus), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Daphne Kan
- Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
The current body of work on rearing larval/juvenile zebrafish is based on (1) utilization of freshwater and (2) diurnal light/dark cycle, (3) provision of live feed at modest density, and (4) culture in high visibility environment. We challenged these rearing approaches by maintaining zebrafish under constant light for 46-48 days (days postfertilization [dpf]), while securing continuous feeding in high turbidity and saline (1.8-2.1 parts per thousand) environment for the experiment's duration, allowing 24 h feeding/growth of fish from first exogenous feeding to maturation. There was no evidence of negative effects on zebrafish larvae behavior, growth, survival, and life cycle duration at constant illumination when food was continuously available. Zebrafish were stocked at high initial density (100 larvae/L) in a static system and fed high densities of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) (200-400/mL) from 6 to 12 dpf. Fish density was then reduced by 50% and two diet treatments, live rotifers or brine shrimp (Artemia) nauplii (10/mL), followed. Fish were reared on these two diets until first maturation. Performance of adult zebrafish fed live rotifer followed by Artemia nauplii diet was the highest recorded in the literature after 42 dpf, 250 ± 29 (males) and 430 ± 5 mg (females). Use of these rearing conditions, during the entire life cycle, until reproduction, resulted in the shortest ever recorded generation time (from egg to egg) of 43-45 dpf and fertilization rate (1 dpf) of 80.3%-94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Dabrowski
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mackenzie Miller
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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42
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van den Bos R, Zethof J, Flik G, Gorissen M. Light regimes differentially affect baseline transcript abundance of stress-axis and (neuro)development-related genes in zebrafish ( Danio rerio, Hamilton 1822) AB and TL larvae. Biol Open 2017; 6:1692-1697. [PMID: 28982701 PMCID: PMC5703615 DOI: 10.1242/bio.028969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many strains of zebrafish (Danio rerio) are readily available. Earlier we observed differences between AB and Tupfel long-fin (TL) larvae regarding baseline hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis activity and (neuro)development. Light regimes, i.e. 14 h light:10 h dark and 24 h continuous dark or light, affect hatching rate and larval growth. Here, we assessed baseline transcript abundance of HPI-axis-related genes and (neuro)development-related genes of AB and TL larvae (5 days post fertilisation) using these light regimes. A principal component analysis revealed that in AB larvae the baseline expression of HPI-axis-related genes was higher the more hours of light, while the expression of (neuro)development-related genes was higher under 14 h light:10 h dark than under both continuous light or dark. In TL larvae, a complex pattern emerged regarding baseline expression of HPI-axis-related and (neuro)development-related genes. These data extend data of earlier studies by showing that light regimes affect gene-expression in larvae, and more importantly so, strengthen the notion of differences between larvae of the AB and TL strain. The latter finding adds to the growing database of phenotypical differences between zebrafish of the AB and TL strain. Summary: This study shows gene expression levels of zebrafish AB and TL larvae differ in relation to light regimes, strengthening earlier observations: AB and TL are not interchangeable strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud van den Bos
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Zethof
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Beaudry FEG, Iwanicki TW, Mariluz BRZ, Darnet S, Brinkmann H, Schneider P, Taylor JS. The non-visual opsins: eighteen in the ancestor of vertebrates, astonishing increase in ray-finned fish, and loss in amniotes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:685-696. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom W. Iwanicki
- Department of Biology; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
| | | | - Sylvain Darnet
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA); Campus do Guamá Belém PA Brazil
| | - Henner Brinkmann
- Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research; Leibniz Institute; DSMZ, Inhoffenstraße 7B Braunschweig Germany
| | - Patricia Schneider
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA); Campus do Guamá Belém PA Brazil
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44
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Tao H, Li X, Qiu JF, Liu HJ, Zhang DY, Chu F, Sima Y, Xu SQ. The light cycle controls the hatching rhythm in Bombyx mori via negative feedback loop of the circadian oscillator. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 96:e21408. [PMID: 28872696 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hatching behavior is a key target in silkworm (Bombyx mori) rearing, especially for the control of Lepidoptera pests. According to previous research, hatching rhythms appear to be controlled by a clock mechanism that restricts or "gates" hatching to a particular time. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Under 12-h light:12-h dark photoperiod (LD) conditions, the transcriptional levels of the chitinase5 (Cht5) and hatching enzyme-like (Hel) genes, as well as the enzymatic activities of their gene products, oscillated in time with ambient light cycles, as did the transcriptional levels of the cryptochrome 1, cryptochrome 2, period (per), and timeless genes, which are key components of the negative feedback loop of the circadian rhythm. These changes were related to the expression profile of the ecdysteroid receptor gene and the hatching behavior of B. mori eggs. However, under continuous light or dark conditions, the hatching behavior, the expression levels of Cht5 and Hel, as well as the enzymatic activities of their gene products, were not synchronized unlike under LD conditions. In addition, immunohistochemistry experiments showed that light promoted the translocation of PER from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In conclusion, LD cycles regulate the hatching rhythm of B. mori via negative feedback loop of the circadian oscillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Feng Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Heng-Jiang Liu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Da-Yan Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Chu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanghu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NEAER), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk (NEAER), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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45
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Tsang B, Zahid H, Ansari R, Lee RCY, Partap A, Gerlai R. Breeding Zebrafish: A Review of Different Methods and a Discussion on Standardization. Zebrafish 2017; 14:561-573. [PMID: 28873037 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a rapidly increasing number of scientific papers have been published that utilize zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an alternative model organism in the study of a wide range of biological phenomena from cancer to behavior. This is, in large part, due to the prolific nature, relative ease of maintenance, and sufficiently high genetic homology of zebrafish to humans. With the surge of zebrafish use in animal research, the variations in methodologies of breeding and husbandry of this species have also increased. Investigators usually focus on the development and implementation of rigorous laboratory control that is specific to their studies. We suggest that the same scrutiny and attention may be required for the methods of breeding and housing of zebrafish. This article reviews a variety of zebrafish husbandry and breeding techniques and conditions employed around the world. It discusses factors ranging from numerous aspects of rearing/housing conditions through the sex ratio of the breeding group to the composition of the diet of zebrafish that may vary across laboratories. It provides some feedback on the potential pros and cons of the different methods. It argues that there is a substantial need for systematic analysis of these methods, that is, the effects of environmental factors on zebrafish health and breeding. It also discusses the question as to whether some degree of standardization of these methods is needed to enhance cross-laboratory comparability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
| | - Hifsa Zahid
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
| | - Rida Ansari
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
| | | | - Aman Partap
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga , Mississauga, Canada
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46
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Velki M, Di Paolo C, Nelles J, Seiler TB, Hollert H. Diuron and diazinon alter the behavior of zebrafish embryos and larvae in the absence of acute toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:65-76. [PMID: 28391154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of zebrafish for aquatic vertebrate (eco)toxicity testing allows the assessment of effects on a wide range of biological levels - from enzymes to sensory organs and behavioral endpoints. The present study investigated the effects of the insecticide diazinon and the herbicide diuron regarding the acute toxicity and behavior of zebrafish embryos and larvae. After conducting the fish embryo toxicity test, three concentrations (1, 2 and 3.5 mg L-1 for diazinon and 1, 2 and 3.8 mg L-1 for diuron) were evaluated for effects on embryonic spontaneous movement and heartbeat, larval light-dark transition response, and thigmotaxis. Although the modes-of-action are different, both pesticides proved to be moderately toxic to early life stages of zebrafish with 96 h LC50 of approximately 6.5 mg L-1 and similar EC50 values of approximately 4 mg L-1. Changes in behavioral endpoints were detected 24 h of exposure, suggesting that behavioral measurements can serve as sensitive and early indicators of pesticide exposure. Changes in behavior, such as decrease in spontaneous coiling movements of embryos and reduction of thigmotaxis in larvae, were pronounced for diuron, indicating the usefulness of the application of behavioral endpoints to assess the effects of other herbicides. In the case of diazinon, the effects were less prominent, but the detected changes in ratios between activity in light and darkness also point to the possibility of using behavioral changes for evaluation of insecticide effects. The obtained results support the usage of behavioral endpoints in zebrafish embryos and larvae for the detection of early effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Velki
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Nelles
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
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47
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Toxicant induced behavioural aberrations in larval zebrafish are dependent on minor methodological alterations. Toxicol Lett 2017; 276:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Lidster K, Readman GD, Prescott MJ, Owen SF. International survey on the use and welfare of zebrafish Danio rerio in research. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1891-1905. [PMID: 28220489 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted regarding zebrafish Danio rerio use for scientific research with a focus on: anaesthesia and euthanasia; housing and husbandry; breeding and production; refinement opportunities. A total of 98 survey responses were received from laboratories in 22 countries in Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Australia. There appears a clear and urgent need to identify the most humane methods of anaesthesia and euthanasia. Aversive responses to MS-222 were widely observed raising concerns about the use of this anaesthetic for D. rerio. The use of anaesthesia in fin clipping for genetic identification is widely practised and there appears to be an opportunity to further develop less invasive methods and refine this process. Optimization (and potentially standardization) of feeding is an area for further investigation. Given that diet and body condition can have such profound effects on results of experiments, differences in practice could have significant scientific implications. Further research into transition between dark and light phases in the laboratory appears to represent an opportunity to establish best practice. Plants and gravel were not considered practical by many laboratories. The true value and benefits need to be established and communicated. Overproduction is a concern both from ethical and financial viewpoints. There is an opportunity to further reduce wastage of D. rerio. There are clear concerns and opportunities for the scientific community to work together to further improve the welfare of these important laboratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lidster
- National Centre for Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, U.K
| | - G D Readman
- University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, U.K
| | - M J Prescott
- National Centre for Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, U.K
| | - S F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, U.K
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49
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Jaja-Chimedza A, Sanchez K, Gantar M, Gibbs P, Schmale M, Berry JP. Carotenoid glycosides from cyanobacteria are teratogenic in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:478-489. [PMID: 28189893 PMCID: PMC5835316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenicity of cyanobacteria is widely associated with production of several well-described toxins that pose recognized threats to human and ecosystem health as part of both freshwater eutrophication, and episodic blooms in freshwater and coastal habitats. However, a preponderance of evidence indicates contribution of additional bioactive, and potentially toxic, metabolites. In the present study, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo was used as a model of vertebrate development to identify, and subsequently isolate and characterize, teratogenic metabolites from two representative strains of C. raciborskii. Using this approach, three chemically related carotenoids - and specifically the xanthophyll glycosides, myxol 2'-glycoside (1), 4-ketomyxol 2'-glycoside (2) and 4-hydroxymyxol 2'-glycoside (3) - which are, otherwise, well known pigment molecules from cyanobacteria were isolated as potently teratogenic compounds. Carotenoids are recognized "pro-retinoids" with retinoic acid, as a metabolic product of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, established as both key mediator of embryo development and, consequently, a potent teratogen. Accordingly, a comparative toxicological study of chemically diverse carotenoids, as well as apocarotenoids and retinoids, was undertaken. Based on this, a working model of the developmental toxicity of carotenoids as pro-retinoids is proposed, and the teratogenicity of these widespread metabolites is discussed in relation to possible impacts on aquatic vertebrate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Jaja-Chimedza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - Kristel Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Miroslav Gantar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Patrick Gibbs
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Michael Schmale
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33146, USA.
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Further characterisation of differences between TL and AB zebrafish (Danio rerio): Gene expression, physiology and behaviour at day 5 of the larval stage. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175420. [PMID: 28419104 PMCID: PMC5395159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have become popular as model organism in research. Many strains are readily available, which not only differ morphologically, but also genetically, physiologically and behaviourally. Here, we focus on the AB and Tupfel long-fin (TL) strain for which we have previously shown that adults differ in baseline hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI)-axis activity (AB higher than TL) affecting inhibitory avoidance behaviour (absent in AB). To assess whether strain differences are already present in early life stages, we compared baseline HPI-axis related gene expression as well as cortisol levels, (neuro)development related as well as (innate) immune system related gene expression, and light-dark as well as startle behaviour in larvae 5 days post fertilisation. The data show that AB and TL larvae differ in baseline HPI-axis activity (AB higher than TL), expression of (neuro)development and immune system related genes (AB higher than TL), habituation to acoustic/vibrational stimuli (AB habituate faster than TL) and light-dark induced changes in motor behaviour (AB stronger than TL). Our data show that already in larval stages differences exist between zebrafish of the AB and TL strain confirming and extending data of earlier studies. To what extent the mutation in connexin 41.8, leading to spots rather than stripes in TL, but also (possibly) affecting eye, heart and brain function, is involved in the expression of (some of) these differences needs to be studied. These results emphasise that differences between strains need to be taken into account to enhance reproducibility both within, and between, laboratories.
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