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Fish Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection-An Overview of Five Major Antiviral Genes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071546. [PMID: 35891526 PMCID: PMC9317989 DOI: 10.3390/v14071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish viral diseases represent a constant threat to aquaculture production. Thus, a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in establishing an antiviral state associated with protection against virus replication and pathogenesis is paramount for a sustainable aquaculture industry. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on five selected host innate immune-related genes in response to the most relevant viral pathogens in fish farming. Viruses have been classified as ssRNA, dsRNA, and dsDNA according to their genomes, in order to shed light on what those viruses may share in common and what response may be virus-specific, both in vitro (cell culture) as well as in vivo. Special emphasis has been put on trying to identify markers of resistance to viral pathogenesis. That is, those genes more often associated with protection against viral disease, a key issue bearing in mind potential applications into the aquaculture industry.
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2
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Guidi C, Esteban MÁ, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Vera LM. Administration time-dependent effects of poly (I:C) on antioxidant and immune responses along the diurnal time scale in zebrafish. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1256-1267. [PMID: 35786237 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2093735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock of vertebrates regulates many biological processes, including the immune system. This paper investigated whether responsiveness to poly (I:C), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA used as an immunostimulant, exhibits day/night differences in zebrafish. Fish were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or poly (I:C) at two different time points: "Zeitgeber Time" (ZT) 4 (day) and ZT16 (night). Then, 6 h later, fish were euthanized, and tissue samples (skin, liver and kidney) were collected. A control group (intact fish) was also sampled at the same time points. The effect of poly (I:C) on the expression of antioxidant and immune genes was time-of-day-dependent, and the response was stronger following poly (I:C) administration in the day than at night. Time-dependent differences were observed for some genes in the PBS and control groups. However, these differences were tissue-specific. In liver, almost all the genes were affected by time of day. In kidney, poly (I:C) affected the expression of all the gene markers regardless of administration time. These findings highlight the importance of considering the time to administer poly (I:C) when evaluating the fish immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luisa M Vera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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3
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Andresen AMS, Gjøen T. Chitosan nanoparticle formulation attenuates poly (I:C) induced innate immune responses against inactivated virus vaccine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 40:100915. [PMID: 34634571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many vaccine formulations, in particular vaccines based on inactivated virus, needs adjuvants to boost immunogenicity. In aquaculture, mineral and plant oil are used as adjuvant in commercial vaccines, and the advent of oil-adjuvanted vaccines was crucial to aquaculture development. Nevertheless, some of these approved vaccines display suboptimal performance in the field compared to experimental conditions. Therefore, there is a need to improve adjuvants and delivery methods for fish vaccines against viruses. We used RNA sequencing of Atlantic salmon head kidney to analyse the difference in gene expression 24 h after injection of different experimental vaccine formulations. We compared five different formulations in addition to a PBS control: inactivated virus alone (group V), soluble poly (I:C) (group P), nanoparticles containing poly (I:C) (group N), soluble poly (I:C) + inactivated virus (group PV) and finally nanoparticles containing poly (I:C) + inactivated virus (group NV). Our results showed poly (I:C)'s ability as adjuvant and its capacity influence innate immune genes expression in Atlantic salmon. Soluble poly (I:C) upregulated multiple immune related genes and was more effective compared to poly (I:C) formulated into chitosan nanoparticles (more than 10 fold increase in differentially expressed genes, DEGs). However, inclusion of inactivated ISA virus in the nanoparticle vaccine, increased the number of DEGs fivefold suggesting a synergistic effect of adjuvant and antigen. Our results indicate that the way poly (I:C) is formulated and the presence of antigen is important for the magnitude of the innate immune response in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Henrique C, Falcão MAP, De Araújo Pimenta L, Maleski ALA, Lima C, Mitsunari T, Sampaio SC, Lopes-Ferreira M, Piazza RMF. Heat-Labile Toxin from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Causes Systemic Impairment in Zebrafish Model. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:419. [PMID: 34204819 PMCID: PMC8231604 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-labile toxin I (LT-I), produced by strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), causes profuse watery diarrhea in humans. Different in vitro and in vivo models have already elucidated the mechanism of action of this toxin; however, their use does not always allow for more specific studies on how the LT-I toxin acts in systemic tracts and intestinal cell lines. In the present work, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and human intestinal cells (Caco-2) were used as models to study the toxin LT-I. Caco-2 cells were used, in the 62nd passage, at different cell concentrations. LT-I was conjugated to FITC to visualize its transport in cells, as well as microinjected into the caudal vein of zebrafish larvae, in order to investigate its effects on survival, systemic traffic, and morphological formation. The internalization of LT-I was visualized in 3 × 104 Caco-2 cells, being associated with the cell membrane and nucleus. The systemic traffic of LT-I in zebrafish larvae showed its presence in the cardiac cavity, yolk, and regions of the intestine, as demonstrated by cardiac edema (100%), the absence of a swimming bladder (100%), and yolk edema (80%), in addition to growth limitation in the larvae, compared to the control group. There was a reduction in heart rate during the assessment of larval survival kinetics, demonstrating the cardiotoxic effect of LT-I. Thus, in this study, we provide essential new depictions of the features of LT-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Henrique
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (C.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Maria Alice Pimentel Falcão
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Luciana De Araújo Pimenta
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.D.A.P.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Adolfo Luís Almeida Maleski
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lima
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Thais Mitsunari
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (C.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (L.D.A.P.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Mônica Lopes-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; (M.A.P.F.); (A.L.A.M.); (C.L.)
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5
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Sullivan C, Soos BL, Millard PJ, Kim CH, King BL. Modeling Virus-Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish: A Balance Between Infection Control and Excessive Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636623. [PMID: 34025644 PMCID: PMC8138431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response to viral infection in humans is a dynamic process with complex cell interactions that are governed by the immune system and influenced by both host and viral factors. Due to this complexity, the relative contributions of the virus and host factors are best studied in vivo using animal models. In this review, we describe how the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used as a powerful model to study host-virus interactions and inflammation by combining robust forward and reverse genetic tools with in vivo imaging of transparent embryos and larvae. The innate immune system has an essential role in the initial inflammatory response to viral infection. Focused studies of the innate immune response to viral infection are possible using the zebrafish model as there is a 4-6 week timeframe during development where they have a functional innate immune system dominated by neutrophils and macrophages. During this timeframe, zebrafish lack a functional adaptive immune system, so it is possible to study the innate immune response in isolation. Sequencing of the zebrafish genome has revealed significant genetic conservation with the human genome, and multiple studies have revealed both functional conservation of genes, including those critical to host cell infection and host cell inflammatory response. In addition to studying several fish viruses, zebrafish infection models have been developed for several human viruses, including influenza A, noroviruses, chikungunya, Zika, dengue, herpes simplex virus type 1, Sindbis, and hepatitis C virus. The development of these diverse viral infection models, coupled with the inherent strengths of the zebrafish model, particularly as it relates to our understanding of macrophage and neutrophil biology, offers opportunities for far more intensive studies aimed at understanding conserved host responses to viral infection. In this context, we review aspects relating to the evolution of innate immunity, including the evolution of viral pattern recognition receptors, interferons and interferon receptors, and non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Con Sullivan
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Maine at Augusta, Bangor, ME, United States
| | - Brandy-Lee Soos
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Paul J Millard
- Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Carol H Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin L King
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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6
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Marana MH, Schmidt JG, Biacchesi S, Lorenzen N, Jørgensen LVG. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae as a model for real-time studies of propagating VHS virus infection, tissue tropism and neutrophil activity. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:563-571. [PMID: 33170959 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that infects more than 140 different fish species. In this study, zebrafish larvae were employed as in vivo model organisms to investigate progression of disease, the correlation between propagation of the infection and irreversibility of disease, cell tropism and in situ neutrophil activity towards the VHSV-infected cells. A recombinant VHSV strain, encoding "tomato" fluorescence (rVHSV-Tomato), was used in zebrafish to be able to follow the progress of the infection in the live host in real-time. Two-day-old zebrafish larvae were injected into the yolk sac with the recombinant virus. The virus titre peaked 96 hr post-infection in zebrafish larvae kept at 18°C, and correlated with 33% mortality and high morbidity among the larvae. By utilizing the transgenic zebrafish line Tg(fli1:GFP)y1 with fluorescently tagged endothelial cells, we were able to demonstrate that the virus initially infected endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. By observing the rVHSV-Tomato infection in the neutrophil reporter zebrafish line Tg(MPX:eGFP)i114 , we inferred that only a subpopulation of the neutrophils responded to the virus infection. We conclude that the zebrafish larvae are suitable for real-time studies of VHS virus infections, allowing in vivo dissection of host-virus interactions at the whole organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonika Haahr Marana
- Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jacob Günther Schmidt
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Lorenzen
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Section of Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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7
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Zebrafish as a Model for Fish Diseases in Aquaculture. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080609. [PMID: 32726918 PMCID: PMC7460226 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of zebrafish as a model for human conditions is widely recognized. Within the last couple of decades, the zebrafish has furthermore increasingly been utilized as a model for diseases in aquacultured fish species. The unique tools available in zebrafish present advantages compared to other animal models and unprecedented in vivo imaging and the use of transgenic zebrafish lines have contributed with novel knowledge to this field. In this review, investigations conducted in zebrafish on economically important diseases in aquacultured fish species are included. Studies are summarized on bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases and described in relation to prophylactic approaches, immunology and infection biology. Considerable attention has been assigned to innate and adaptive immunological responses. Finally, advantages and drawbacks of using the zebrafish as a model for aquacultured fish species are discussed.
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8
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Lulijwa R, Alfaro AC, Merien F, Burdass M, Meyer J, Venter L, Young T. Metabolic and immune responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts to a short-term poly (I:C) challenge. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:731-746. [PMID: 31995234 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] was administered in vivo to Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) post-smolts to determine the immune responses on haematological and cellular functional parameters, including spleen (SP), head kidney (HK) and red blood cell (RBC) cytokine expression, as well as serum metabolomics. Poly (I:C) in vivo (24 h exposure) did not affect fish haematological parameters, leucocyte phagocytic activity and phagocytic index, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics revealed that poly (I:C) significantly altered the serum biochemistry profile of 25 metabolites. Metabolites involved in the branched-chain amino acid/glutathione and transsulphuration pathways and phospholipid metabolism accumulated in poly (I:C)-treated fish, whereas those involved in the glycolytic and energy metabolism pathways were downregulated. At cytokine transcript level, poly (I:C) induced a significant upregulation of antiviral ifnγ in HK and Mx1 protein in HK, SP and RBCs. This study provides evidence for poly (I:C)-induced, immune-related biomarkers at metabolic and molecular levels in farmed O. tshawytscha in vivo. These findings provide insights into short-term effects of poly (I:C) at haematological, innate and adaptive immunity and metabolic levels, setting the stage for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Lulijwa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Rwebitaba-ZARDI), Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Merien
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Burdass
- Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology (NMIT), Nelson, New Zealand
| | - Jill Meyer
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Aleström P, D'Angelo L, Midtlyng PJ, Schorderet DF, Schulte-Merker S, Sohm F, Warner S. Zebrafish: Housing and husbandry recommendations. Lab Anim 2019; 54:213-224. [PMID: 31510859 PMCID: PMC7301644 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219869037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This article provides recommendations for the care of laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio) as part of the further implementation of Annex A to the European Convention on the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, EU Commission Recommendation 2007/526/EC and the fulfilment of Article 33 of EU Directive 2010/63, both concerning the housing and care of experimental animals. The recommendations provide guidance on best practices and ranges of husbandry parameters within which zebrafish welfare, as well as reproducibility of experimental procedures, are assured. Husbandry procedures found today in zebrafish facilities are numerous. While the vast majority of these practices are perfectly acceptable in terms of zebrafish physiology and welfare, the reproducibility of experimental results could be improved by further standardisation of husbandry procedures and exchange of husbandry information between laboratories. Standardisation protocols providing ranges of husbandry parameters are likely to be more successful and appropriate than the implementation of a set of fixed guidance values neglecting the empirically successful daily routines of many facilities and will better reflect the wide range of environmental parameters that characterise the natural habitats occupied by zebrafish. A joint working group on zebrafish housing and husbandry recommendations, with members of the European Society for Fish Models in Biology and Medicine (EUFishBioMed) and of the Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA) has been given a mandate to provide guidelines based on a FELASA list of parameters, ‘Terms of Reference’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aleström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Italian Association of Laboratory Animal Sciences (AISAL); Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Paul J Midtlyng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel F Schorderet
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, WWU Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany.,CiM Cluster of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frederic Sohm
- UMS AMAGEN, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Susan Warner
- Karolinska Institutet, Comparative Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Medina-Gali R, Belló-Pérez M, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Coll J, Novoa B, Ortega-Villaizán MDM, Perez L. Plasma proteomic analysis of zebrafish following spring viremia of carp virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:892-899. [PMID: 30580041 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To better understand spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) pathogenesis in zebrafish proteomic analysis was used to examine the plasma protein profile in SVCV-infected zebrafish. A total of 3062 proteins were identified. Of those 137, 63 and 31 proteins were enriched in blood samples harvested at 1, 2 and 5 days post SVCV infection, respectively. These altered host proteins were classified based on their biological function: 23 proteins under the response to stimulus term were identified. Interestingly, at the top of the up-regulated proteins during SVCV infection were the proteins of the vitellogenin family (Vtg) and the grass carp reovirus-induced gene (Gig) proteins. Real-time RT-PCR evaluation of samples from internal organs verified that SVCV infection induced vtg and gig2 gene expression already at day 1 post-infection. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of Vtg protein only in blood of SVCV-infected fish. This is the first proteomic study to reveal the involvement of Vtg proteins in adult fish response to viral challenge. It also highlights the role of Gig proteins as important factors in antiviral response in fish. This work provides valuable relevant insight into virus-host interaction and the identification of molecular markers of fish response to virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regla Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Melissa Belló-Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | | | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain.
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11
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Tandberg J, Lagos L, Ropstad E, Smistad G, Hiorth M, Winther-Larsen HC. The Use of Chitosan-Coated Membrane Vesicles for Immunization Against Salmonid Rickettsial Septicemia in an Adult Zebrafish Model. Zebrafish 2018; 15:372-381. [PMID: 29957152 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of fish vaccination has had a tremendous impact on the aquaculture industry by providing an important measurement in regard to disease control. Infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens do, however, remain an unsolved problem for the industry. This is in many cases directly connected to the inability of vaccines to evoke a cellular immunity needed for long-term protection. Thus, there is a need for new and improved vaccines and adjuvants able to induce a strong humoral and cellular immune response. We have previously shown that membrane vesicles (MVs) from the intracellular fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis are able to induce a protective response in adult zebrafish, but the incorporation of an adjuvant has not been evaluated. In this study, we report the use of chitosan as an adjuvant in combination with the P. salmonis-derived MVs for improved immunization against P. salmonis. Both free chitosan and chitosan-coated MVs (cMVs) were injected into adult zebrafish and their efficacy evaluated. The cMVs provided a significant protection (p < 0.05), while a small but nonsignificant reduction in mortalities was registered for fish injected with free chitosan. Both free chitosan and the cMVs were shown to induce an increased immune gene expression of CD 4, CD 8, MHC I, Mpeg1.1, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-6, but to a higher degree in the cMV group. Taken together, the results indicate a potential use of chitosan-coated MVs for vaccination, and that zebrafish is a promising model for aquaculture-relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tandberg
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- 2 Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Ropstad
- 3 Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Smistad
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- 4 Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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12
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Poynter SJ, DeWitte-Orr SJ. Understanding Viral dsRNA-Mediated Innate Immune Responses at the Cellular Level Using a Rainbow Trout Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:829. [PMID: 29740439 PMCID: PMC5924774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses across genome types produce long dsRNA molecules during replication [viral (v-) dsRNA]. dsRNA is a potent signaling molecule and inducer of type I interferon (IFN), leading to the production of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and a protective antiviral state within the cell. Research on dsRNA-induced immune responses has relied heavily on a commercially available, and biologically irrelevant dsRNA, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Alternatively, dsRNA can be produced by in vitro transcription (ivt-) dsRNA, with a defined sequence and length. We hypothesized that ivt-dsRNA, containing legitimate viral sequence and length, would be a more appropriate proxy for v-dsRNA, compared with poly I:C. This is the first study to investigate the effects of v-dsRNA on the innate antiviral response and to compare v-dsRNA to ivt-dsRNA-induced responses in fish cells, specifically rainbow trout. Previously, class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) were found to be surface receptors for poly I:C in rainbow trout cells. In this study, ivt-dsRNA binding was blocked by poly I:C and v-dsRNA, as well as SR-A competitive ligands, suggesting all three dsRNA molecules are recognized by SR-As. Downstream innate antiviral effects were determined by measuring IFN and ISG transcript levels using qRT-PCR and antiviral assays. Similar to what has been shown previously with ivt-dsRNA, v-dsRNA was able to induce IFN and ISG transcript production between 3 and 24 h, and its effects were length dependent (i.e., longer v-dsRNA produced a stronger response). Interestingly, when v-dsRNA and ivt-dsRNA were length and sequence matched both molecules induced statistically similar IFN and ISG transcript levels, which resulted in similar antiviral states against two aquatic viruses. To pursue sequence effects further, three ivt-dsRNA molecules of the same length but different sequences (including host and viral sequences) were tested for their ability to induce IFN/ISG transcripts and an antiviral state. All three induced responses similarly. This study is the first of its kind to look at the effects v-dsRNA in fish cells as well as to compare ivt-dsRNA to v-dsRNA, and suggests that ivt-dsRNA may be a good surrogate for v-dsRNA in the study of dsRNA-induced responses and potential future antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Poynter
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Clarke BD, McColl KA, Ward AC, Doran TJ. shRNAs targeting either the glycoprotein or polymerase genes inhibit Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus replication in zebrafish ZF4 cells. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Ramani M, Mudge MC, Morris RT, Zhang Y, Warcholek SA, Hurst MN, Riviere JE, DeLong RK. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Poly I:C RNA Complexes: Implication as Therapeutics against Experimental Melanoma. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:614-625. [PMID: 28135100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is current interest in harnessing the combined anticancer and immunological effect of nanoparticles (NPs) and RNA. Here, we evaluate the bioactivity of poly I:C (pIC) RNA, bound to anticancer zinc oxide NP (ZnO-NP) against melanoma. Direct RNA association to unfunctionalized ZnO-NP is shown by observing change in size, zeta potential, and absorption/fluorescence spectra upon complexation. RNA corona was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the first time. Binding constant (Kb = 1.6-2.8 g-1 L) was determined by modified Stern-Volmer, absorption, and biological surface activity index analysis. The pIC-ZnO-NP complex increased cell death for both human (A375) and mouse (B16F10) cell lines and suppressed tumor cell growth in BALB/C-B16F10 mouse melanoma model. Ex vivo tumor analysis indicated significant molecular activity such as changes in the level of phosphoproteins JNK, Akt, and inflammation markers IL-6 and IFN-γ. High throughput proteomics analysis revealed zinc oxide and poly I:C-specific and combinational patterns that suggested possible utility as an anticancer and immunotherapeutic strategy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miranda C Mudge
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | - R Tyler Morris
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | | | | | - Miranda N Hurst
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | | | - Robert K DeLong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University , Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
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15
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Embregts CWE, Forlenza M. Oral vaccination of fish: Lessons from humans and veterinary species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:118-37. [PMID: 27018298 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The limited number of oral vaccines currently approved for use in humans and veterinary species clearly illustrates that development of efficacious and safe oral vaccines has been a challenge not only for fish immunologists. The insufficient efficacy of oral vaccines is partly due to antigen breakdown in the harsh gastric environment, but also to the high tolerogenic gut environment and to inadequate vaccine design. In this review we discuss current approaches used to develop oral vaccines for mass vaccination of farmed fish species. Furthermore, using various examples from the human and veterinary vaccine development, we propose additional approaches to fish vaccine design also considering recent advances in fish mucosal immunology and novel molecular tools. Finally, we discuss the pros and cons of using the zebrafish as a pre-screening animal model to potentially speed up vaccine design and testing for aquaculture fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W E Embregts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Kavaliauskis A, Arnemo M, Speth M, Lagos L, Rishovd AL, Estepa A, Griffiths G, Gjøen T. Protective effect of a recombinant VHSV-G vaccine using poly(I:C) loaded nanoparticles as an adjuvant in zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 61:248-257. [PMID: 27084059 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a constant need to increase the efficiency of vaccines in the aquaculture industry. Although several nano-based vaccine formulations have been reported, to the best of our knowledge so far only one of them have been implemented in the industry. Here we report on chitosan-poly(I:C) nanoparticles (NPs) that could be used as a non-specific adjuvant in antiviral vaccines in aquaculture. We have characterized the physical parameters of the NPs, studied the in vivo and in vitro bio-distribution of fluorescent NPs and verified NP uptake by zebrafish leucocytes. We used the zebrafish model to test the protective efficiency of the recombinant glycoprotein G (rgpG) of VHSV compared to inactivated whole virus (iV) against VHSV using NPs as an adjuvant in both formulations. In parallel we tested free poly(I:C) and rgpG (pICrgpG), and free chitosan and rgpG (CSrgpG) vaccine formulations. While the iV group (with NP adjuvant) provided the highest overall survival, all vaccine formulations with poly(I:C) provided a significant protection against VHSV; possibly through an early induction of an anti-viral state. Our results suggest that chitosan-poly(I:C) NPs are a promising adjuvant candidate for future vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Kavaliauskis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnemo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Speth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Rishovd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Gjøen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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