1
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Muth LT, Van Bogaert INA. Let it stick: Strategies and applications for intracellular plasma membrane targeting of proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2024; 41:315-329. [PMID: 38444057 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid binding domains and protein lipidations are essential features to recruit proteins to intracellular membranes, enabling them to function at specific sites within the cell. Membrane association can also be exploited to answer fundamental and applied research questions, from obtaining insights into the understanding of lipid metabolism to employing them for metabolic engineering to redirect fluxes. This review presents a broad catalog of membrane binding strategies focusing on the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both lipid binding domains (pleckstrin homology, discoidin-type C2, kinase associated-1, basic-rich and bacterial phosphoinositide-binding domains) and co- and post-translational lipidations (prenylation, myristoylation and palmitoylation) are introduced as tools to target the plasma membrane. To provide a toolset of membrane targeting modules, respective candidates that facilitate plasma membrane targeting are showcased including their in vitro and in vivo properties. The relevance and versatility of plasma membrane targeting modules are further highlighted by presenting a selected set of use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Teresa Muth
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Cocozza F, Martin‐Jaular L, Lippens L, Di Cicco A, Arribas YA, Ansart N, Dingli F, Richard M, Merle L, Jouve San Roman M, Poullet P, Loew D, Lévy D, Hendrix A, Kassiotis G, Joliot A, Tkach M, Théry C. Extracellular vesicles and co-isolated endogenous retroviruses from murine cancer cells differentially affect dendritic cells. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113590. [PMID: 38073509 PMCID: PMC10711651 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-vesicular extracellular (nano)particles (NVEPs or ENPs) that may play a role in intercellular communication. Tumor-derived EVs have been proposed to induce immune priming of antigen presenting cells or to be immuno-suppressive agents. We suspect that such disparate functions are due to variable compositions in EV subtypes and ENPs. We aimed to characterize the array of secreted EVs and ENPs of murine tumor cell lines. Unexpectedly, we identified virus-like particles (VLPs) from endogenous murine leukemia virus in preparations of EVs produced by many tumor cells. We established a protocol to separate small EVs from VLPs and ENPs. We compared their protein composition and analyzed their functional interaction with target dendritic cells. ENPs were poorly captured and did not affect dendritic cells. Small EVs specifically induced dendritic cell death. A mixed large/dense EV/VLP preparation was most efficient to induce dendritic cell maturation and antigen presentation. Our results call for systematic re-evaluation of the respective proportions and functions of non-viral EVs and VLPs produced by murine tumors and their contribution to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cocozza
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Lorena Martin‐Jaular
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Institut Curie Centre de RechercheCurieCoreTech Extracellular VesiclesParisFrance
| | - Lien Lippens
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent University, and Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - Aurelie Di Cicco
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico‐chimie CurieParisFrance
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT‐IBiSA)ParisFrance
| | - Yago A Arribas
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Ansart
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, CurieCoreTech Spectrométrie de Masse ProtéomiqueParisFrance
| | - Michael Richard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, CurieCoreTech Spectrométrie de Masse ProtéomiqueParisFrance
| | - Louise Merle
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | | | - Patrick Poullet
- Institut Curie, Bioinformatics core facility (CUBIC), INSERM U900, PSL Research University, Mines Paris TechParisFrance
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, CurieCoreTech Spectrométrie de Masse ProtéomiqueParisFrance
| | - Daniel Lévy
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico‐chimie CurieParisFrance
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT‐IBiSA)ParisFrance
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and RepairGhent University, and Cancer Research Institute GhentGhentBelgium
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute and Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Alain Joliot
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Institut Curie Centre de RechercheCurieCoreTech Extracellular VesiclesParisFrance
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3
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O'Brien K, Ughetto S, Mahjoum S, Nair AV, Breakefield XO. Uptake, functionality, and re-release of extracellular vesicle-encapsulated cargo. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110651. [PMID: 35417683 PMCID: PMC9074118 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated particles that carry genetically active and protein/lipid cargo that can affect the function of the recipient cell. A number of studies have described the effect of these vesicles on recipient cells and demonstrated their promise as therapeutic delivery vectors. Here we demonstrate functional delivery of EV-encapsulated RNA and protein cargo through use of luminescence and fluorescence reporters by combining organelle-targeted nanoluciferase with fluorescent proteins. We highlight a mechanism by which cells retain internalized cargo in the endosomal compartment for days, usually leading to content degradation. We also identify a mode through which recipient cells re-release internalized EVs intact after uptake. Highlighting these different fates of EVs in recipient cells sheds light on critical factors in steering functional cargo delivery and will ultimately allow more efficient use of EVs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian O'Brien
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Stefano Ughetto
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Shadi Mahjoum
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anil V Nair
- Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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A Dual-Reporter Platform for Screening Tumor-Targeted Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030475. [PMID: 35335849 PMCID: PMC8953635 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated transfer of biomolecules plays an essential role in intercellular communication and may improve targeted drug delivery. In the past decade, various approaches to EV surface modification for targeting specific cells or tissues have been proposed, including genetic engineering of parental cells or postproduction EV engineering. However, due to technical limitations, targeting moieties of engineered EVs have not been thoroughly characterized. Here, we report the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) EV reporter, PalmReNL-based dual-reporter platform for characterizing the cellular uptake of tumor-homing peptide (THP)-engineered EVs, targeting PDL1, uPAR, or EGFR proteins expressed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, simultaneously by bioluminescence measurement and fluorescence microscopy. Bioluminescence analysis of cellular EV uptake revealed the highest binding efficiency of uPAR-targeted EVs, whereas PDL1-targeted EVs showed slower cellular uptake. EVs engineered with two known EGFR-binding peptides via lipid nanoprobes did not increase cellular uptake, indicating that designs of EGFR-binding peptide conjugation to the EV surface are critical for functional EV engineering. Fluorescence analysis of cellular EV uptake allowed us to track individual PalmReNL-EVs bearing THPs in recipient cells. These results demonstrate that the PalmReNL-based EV assay platform can be a foundation for high-throughput screening of tumor-targeted EVs.
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5
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Perez GI, Broadbent D, Zarea AA, Dolgikh B, Bernard MP, Withrow A, McGill A, Toomajian V, Thampy LK, Harkema J, Walker JR, Kirkland TA, Bachmann MH, Schmidt J, Kanada M. In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Metastasis Using a Bright, Red-Shifted Bioluminescent Reporter Protein. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:2100055. [PMID: 36619349 PMCID: PMC9744575 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells produce heterogeneous extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of intercellular communication. This study focuses on a novel method to image EV subtypes and their biodistribution in vivo. A red-shifted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) EV reporter is developed, called PalmReNL, which allows for highly sensitive EV tracking in vitro and in vivo. PalmReNL enables the authors to study the common surface molecules across EV subtypes that determine EV organotropism and their functional differences in cancer progression. Regardless of injection routes, whether retro-orbital or intraperitoneal, PalmReNL positive EVs, isolated from murine mammary carcinoma cells, localized to the lungs. The early appearance of metastatic foci in the lungs of mammary tumor-bearing mice following multiple intraperitoneal injections of the medium and large EV (m/lEV)-enriched fraction derived from mammary carcinoma cells is demonstrated. In addition, the results presented here show that tumor cell-derived m/lEVs act on distant tissues through upregulating LC3 expression within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria I. Perez
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - David Broadbent
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Ahmed A. Zarea
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47906USA
| | - Benedikt Dolgikh
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,College of Natural ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Matthew P. Bernard
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Alicia Withrow
- Center for Advanced MicroscopyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Amelia McGill
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Victoria Toomajian
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Lukose K. Thampy
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,College of Osteopathic MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Jack Harkema
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Joel R. Walker
- Promega Biosciences LLC227 Granada DrSan Luis ObispoCA93401USA
| | | | - Michael H. Bachmann
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Jens Schmidt
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyCollege of Human MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Masamitsu Kanada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA,Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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6
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Engler AJ, Wang Y. Editorial: Understanding molecular interactions that underpin vascular mechanobiology. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:030401. [PMID: 34258496 PMCID: PMC8253597 DOI: 10.1063/5.0058611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are exposed to a variety of mechanical forces in their daily lives, especially endothelial cells that are stretched from vessel distention and are exposed to hemodynamic shear stress from a blood flow. Exposure to excessive forces can induce a disease, but the molecular details on how these cells perceive forces, transduce them into biochemical signals and genetic events, i.e., mechanotransduction, and integrate them into physiological or pathological changes remain unclear. However, seminal studies in endothelial cells over the past several decades have begun to elucidate some of these signals. These studies have been highlighted in APL Bioengineering and elsewhere, describing a complex temporal pattern where forces are sensed immediately by ion channels and force-dependent conformational changes in surface proteins, followed by biochemical cascades, cytoskeletal contraction, and nuclear remodeling that can affect long-term changes in endothelial morphology and fate. Key examples from the endothelial literature that have established these pathways include showing that integrins and Flk-1 or VE-cadherin act as shear stress transducers, activating downstream proteins such as Cbl and Nckβ or Src, respectively. In this Editorial, we summarize a recent literature highlighting these accomplishments, noting the engineering tools and analysis methods used in these discoveries while also highlighting unanswered questions.
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7
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Ruiz-Saenz A, Zahedi F, Peterson E, Yoo A, Dreyer CA, Spassov DS, Oses-Prieto J, Burlingame A, Moasser MM. Proteomic Analysis of Src Family Kinase Phosphorylation States in Cancer Cells Suggests Deregulation of the Unique Domain. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:957-967. [PMID: 33727342 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Src family kinases (SFK) are homologs of retroviral oncogenes, earning them the label of proto-oncogenes. Their functions are influenced by positive and negative regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation events and inhibitory and activating intramolecular and extramolecular interactions. This regulation is disrupted in their viral oncogene counterparts. However, in contrast to most other proto-oncogenes, the genetic alteration of these genes does not seem to occur in human tumors and how and whether their functions are altered in human cancers remain to be determined. To look for proteomic-level alterations, we took a more granular look at the activation states of SFKs based on their two known regulatory tyrosine phosphorylations, but found no significant differences in their activity states when comparing immortalized epithelial cells with cancer cells. SFKs are known to have other less well-studied phosphorylations, particularly within their unstructured N-terminal unique domains (UD), although their role in cancers has not been explored. In comparing panels of epithelial cells with cancer cells, we found a decrease in S17 phosphorylation in the UD of Src in cancer cells. Dephosphorylated S17 favors the dimerization of Src that is mediated through the UD and suggests increased Src dimerization in cancers. These data highlight the important role of the UD of Src and suggest that a deeper understanding of proteomic-level alterations of the unstructured UD of SFKs may provide considerable insights into how SFKs are deregulated in cancers. IMPLICATIONS: This work highlights the role of the N-terminal UD of Src kinases in regulating their signaling functions and possibly in their deregulation in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruiz-Saenz
- Departments of Cell Biology & Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Farima Zahedi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elliott Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ashley Yoo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Courtney A Dreyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Juan Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mark M Moasser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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8
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Live-cell monitoring of protein localization to membrane rafts using protein-fragment complementation. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221616. [PMID: 31850494 PMCID: PMC6944658 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane consists of a variety of discrete domains differing from the surrounding membrane in composition and properties. Selective partitioning of protein to these microdomains is essential for membrane functioning and integrity. Studying the nanoscale size and dynamic nature of the membrane microdomains requires advanced imaging approaches with a high spatiotemporal resolution and, consequently, expensive and specialized equipment, unavailable for most researchers and unsuited for large-scale studies. Thus, understanding of protein partitioning to the membrane microdomains in health and disease is still hampered by the lack of inexpensive live-cell approaches with an appropriate spatial resolution. Here, we have developed a novel approach based on Gaussia princeps luciferase protein-fragment complementation assay to quantitively investigate protein partitioning to cholesterol and sphingomyelin-rich domains, sometimes called ‘lipid rafts’, in intact living cells with a high-spatial resolution. In the assay, the reporter construct, carrying one half of the luciferase protein, is targeted to lipid microdomains through the fused acetylation motif from Src-family kinase Fyn. A protein of interest carries the second half of the luciferase protein. Together, this serves as a reversible real-time sensor of raft recruitment for the studied protein. We demonstrated that the assay can efficiently detect the dynamic alterations in raft localization of two disease-associated proteins: Akt and APP. Importantly, this method can be used in high-throughput screenings and other large-scale studies in living cells. This inexpensive, and easy to implement raft localization assay will benefit all researchers interested in protein partitioning in rafts.
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9
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Ji B, Skup M. Roles of palmitoylation in structural long-term synaptic plasticity. Mol Brain 2021; 14:8. [PMID: 33430908 PMCID: PMC7802216 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are important cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-dependent LTP and LTD play especially crucial roles in these functions, and their expression depends on changes in the number and single channel conductance of the major ionotropic glutamate receptor α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) located on the postsynaptic membrane. Structural changes in dendritic spines comprise the morphological platform and support for molecular changes in the execution of synaptic plasticity and memory storage. At the molecular level, spine morphology is directly determined by actin cytoskeleton organization within the spine and indirectly stabilized and consolidated by scaffold proteins at the spine head. Palmitoylation, as a uniquely reversible lipid modification with the ability to regulate protein membrane localization and trafficking, plays significant roles in the structural and functional regulation of LTP and LTD. Altered structural plasticity of dendritic spines is also considered a hallmark of neurodevelopmental disorders, while genetic evidence strongly links abnormal brain function to impaired palmitoylation. Numerous studies have indicated that palmitoylation contributes to morphological spine modifications. In this review, we have gathered data showing that the regulatory proteins that modulate the actin network and scaffold proteins related to AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission also undergo palmitoylation and play roles in modifying spine architecture during structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjun Ji
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Skup
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Wąchalska M, Rychłowski M, Grabowska K, Kowal K, Narajczyk M, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K, Lipińska AD. Palmitoylated mNeonGreen Protein as a Tool for Visualization and Uptake Studies of Extracellular Vesicles. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120373. [PMID: 33260914 PMCID: PMC7768372 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles released by cells as vital mediators of intercellular communication. As such, EVs have become an attractive target for pathogens and cancer cells, which can take control over their cargo composition, as well as their trafficking, shaping the pathogenesis. Despite almost four decades of research on EVs, the number of specific and efficient EV labeling methods is limited, and there is still no universal method for the visualization of their transport in living cells. Lipophilic dyes that non-specifically intercalate into the EVs membranes may diffuse to other membranes, leading to the misinterpretation of the results. Here, we propose a palmitoylated fluorescent mNeonGreen (palmNG) protein as an alternative to chemical dyes for EVs visualization. The Branchiostoma lanceolatum-derived mNeonGreen is a brighter, more stable, and less sensitive to laser-induced bleaching alternative to green fluorescent protein (GFP), which makes it a more potent tag in a variety of fluorescence-based techniques. A palmNG-expressing stable human melanoma cell line was generated using retrovirus gene transfer and cell sorting. This protein partially localizes to cellular membranes, and can be detected inside size-exclusion (SEC)-purified EVs. With the use of flow cytometry and fluorescent confocal microscopy, we performed qualitative and quantitative analyses of palmNG-EVs uptake in recipient human hepatoma cells, in comparison to PKH67-labeled vesicles. Our findings confirm that membrane-embedded mNeonGreen can be successfully applied as a tool in EVs transfer and uptake studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Wąchalska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (K.K.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Michał Rychłowski
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (K.K.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Kinga Grabowska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (K.K.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Kinga Kowal
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (K.K.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Bieńkowska-Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (K.K.); (K.B.-S.)
| | - Andrea D. Lipińska
- Laboratory of Virus Molecular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.); (M.R.); (K.G.); (K.K.); (K.B.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Beauchamp E, Yap MC, Iyer A, Perinpanayagam MA, Gamma JM, Vincent KM, Lakshmanan M, Raju A, Tergaonkar V, Tan SY, Lim ST, Dong WF, Postovit LM, Read KD, Gray DW, Wyatt PG, Mackey JR, Berthiaume LG. Targeting N-myristoylation for therapy of B-cell lymphomas. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5348. [PMID: 33093447 PMCID: PMC7582192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myristoylation, the N-terminal modification of proteins with the fatty acid myristate, is critical for membrane targeting and cell signaling. Because cancer cells often have increased N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) expression, NMTs were proposed as anti-cancer targets. To systematically investigate this, we performed robotic cancer cell line screens and discovered a marked sensitivity of hematological cancer cell lines, including B-cell lymphomas, to the potent pan-NMT inhibitor PCLX-001. PCLX-001 treatment impacts the global myristoylation of lymphoma cell proteins and inhibits early B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling events critical for survival. In addition to abrogating myristoylation of Src family kinases, PCLX-001 also promotes their degradation and, unexpectedly, that of numerous non-myristoylated BCR effectors including c-Myc, NFκB and P-ERK, leading to cancer cell death in vitro and in xenograft models. Because some treated lymphoma patients experience relapse and die, targeting B-cell lymphomas with a NMT inhibitor potentially provides an additional much needed treatment option for lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Beauchamp
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada.,Pacylex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Megan C Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada.,Pacylex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aishwarya Iyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
| | - Maneka A Perinpanayagam
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada.,Pacylex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jay M Gamma
- Departments of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
| | - Krista M Vincent
- Departments of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
| | - Manikandan Lakshmanan
- Mouse Models of Human Cancer Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Anandhkumar Raju
- Advanced Molecular Pathology Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673.,Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Advanced Molecular Pathology Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673.,Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo Yong Tan
- Advanced Molecular Pathology Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673.,Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soon Thye Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Outram Road, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Wei-Feng Dong
- Departments of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
| | - Lynne M Postovit
- Departments of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David W Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - John R Mackey
- Pacylex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Departments of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
| | - Luc G Berthiaume
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, AB, Canada. .,Pacylex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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12
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Abels ER, Maas SLN, Nieland L, Wei Z, Cheah PS, Tai E, Kolsteeg CJ, Dusoswa SA, Ting DT, Hickman S, El Khoury J, Krichevsky AM, Broekman MLD, Breakefield XO. Glioblastoma-Associated Microglia Reprogramming Is Mediated by Functional Transfer of Extracellular miR-21. Cell Rep 2020; 28:3105-3119.e7. [PMID: 31533034 PMCID: PMC6817978 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are primary, diffusely infiltrating brain tumors. Microglia are innate immune cells in the CNS and make up a substantial portion of the tumor mass. Glioma cells shape their microenvironment, communicating with and reprogramming surrounding cells, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis, immune suppression, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Glioma cells communicate with microglia, in part by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs). Mouse glioma cells stably expressing a palmitoylated GFP to label EVs were implanted intracranially into syngeneic miR-21-null mice. Here, we demonstrate functional delivery of miR-21, regulating specific downstream mRNA targets in microglia after uptake of tumor-derived EVs. These findings attest to EV-dependent microRNA delivery as studied in an in vivo-based model and provide insight into the reprograming of microglial cells by tumor cells to create a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Abels
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Sybren L N Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Nieland
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pike See Cheah
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Eric Tai
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christy-Joy Kolsteeg
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sophie A Dusoswa
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunology Institute and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David T Ting
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Suzanne Hickman
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurology, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marike L D Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, 2512 VA The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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13
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Xu R, Greening DW, Chen M, Rai A, Ji H, Takahashi N, Simpson RJ. Surfaceome of Exosomes Secreted from the Colorectal Cancer Cell Line SW480: Peripheral and Integral Membrane Proteins Analyzed by Proteolysis and TX114. Proteomics 2020; 19:e1700453. [PMID: 30865381 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are important bidirectional cell-cell communicators in normal and pathological physiology. Although exosomal surface membrane proteins (surfaceome) enable target cell recognition and are an attractive source of disease marker, they are poorly understood. Here, a comprehensive surfaceome analysis of exosomes secreted by the colorectal cancer cell line SW480 is described. Sodium carbonate extraction/Triton X-114 phase separation and mild proteolysis (proteinase K, PK) of intact exosomes is used in combination with label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to identify 1025 exosomal proteins of which 208 are predicted to be integral membrane proteins (IMPs) according to TOPCONS and GRAVY scores. Interrogation of UniProt database-annotated proteins reveals 124 predicted peripherally-associated membrane proteins (PMPs). Surprisingly, 108 RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)/RNA nucleoproteins (RNPs) are found in the carbonate/Triton X-114 insoluble fraction. Mild PK treatment of SW480-GFP labeled exosomes reveal 58 proteolytically cleaved IMPs and 14 exoplasmic PMPs (e.g., CLU/GANAB/LGALS3BP). Interestingly, 18 RBPs/RNPs (e.g., EIF3L/RPL6) appear bound to the outer exosome surface since they are sensitive to PK proteolysis. The finding that outer surface-localized miRNA Let-7a-5p is RNase A-resistant, but degraded by a combination of RNase A/PK treatment suggests exosomal miRNA species also reside on the outer surface of exosomes bound to RBPs/RNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Maoshan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.,Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu City, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan
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14
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Maas SLN, Abels ER, Van De Haar LL, Zhang X, Morsett L, Sil S, Guedes J, Sen P, Prabhakar S, Hickman SE, Lai CP, Ting DT, Breakefield XO, Broekman MLD, El Khoury J. Glioblastoma hijacks microglial gene expression to support tumor growth. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:120. [PMID: 32299465 PMCID: PMC7164149 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas are the most common and lethal primary brain tumors. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, survey their environment and respond to pathogens, toxins, and tumors. Glioblastoma cells communicate with microglia, in part by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs). Despite the presence of large numbers of microglia in glioblastoma, the tumors continue to grow, and these neuroimmune cells appear incapable of keeping the tumor in check. To understand this process, we analyzed gene expression in microglia interacting with glioblastoma cells. METHODS We used RNASeq of isolated microglia to analyze the expression patterns of genes involved in key microglial functions in mice with glioblastoma. We focused on microglia that had taken up tumor-derived EVs and therefore were within and immediately adjacent to the tumor. RESULTS We show that these microglia have downregulated expression of genes involved in sensing tumor cells and tumor-derived danger signals, as well as genes used for tumor killing. In contrast, expression of genes involved in facilitating tumor spread was upregulated. These changes appear to be in part EV-mediated, since intracranial injection of EVs in normal mice led to similar transcriptional changes in microglia. We observed a similar microglial transcriptomic signature when we analyzed datasets from human patients with glioblastoma. CONCLUSION Our data define a microgliaGlioblastoma specific phenotype, whereby glioblastomas have hijacked gene expression in the neuroimmune system to favor avoiding tumor sensing, suppressing the immune response, clearing a path for invasion, and enhancing tumor propagation. For further exploration, we developed an interactive online tool at http://www.glioma-microglia.com with all expression data and additional functional and pathway information for each gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren L N Maas
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik R Abels
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Lieke L Van De Haar
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Liza Morsett
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Srinjoy Sil
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Joana Guedes
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pritha Sen
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Shilpa Prabhakar
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Suzanne E Hickman
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Charles P Lai
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences/Academia Sinica, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David T Ting
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Marike L D Broekman
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, 2512 VA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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15
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Arenaccio C, Chiozzini C, Ferrantelli F, Leone P, Olivetta E, Federico M. Exosomes in Therapy: Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Future Applications. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:87-95. [PMID: 29779478 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180521100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic cells release vesicles of different sizes under both physiological and pathological conditions. On the basis of the respective biogenesis, extracellular vesicles are classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Among these, exosomes are considered tools for innovative therapeutic interventions, especially when engineered with effector molecules. The delivery functions of exosomes are favored by a number of typical features. These include their small size (i.e., 50-200 nm), the membrane composition tightly similar to that of producer cells, lack of toxicity, stability in serum as well as other biological fluids, and accession to virtually any organ and tissue including central nervous system. However, a number of unresolved questions still affects the possible use of exosomes in therapy. Among these are the exact identification of both in vitro and ex vivo produced vesicles, their large-scale production and purification, the uploading efficiency of therapeutic macromolecules, and the characterization of their pharmacokinetics. OBJECTIVE Here, we discuss two key aspects to be analyzed before considering exosomes as a tool of delivery for the desired therapeutic molecule, i.e., techniques of engineering, and their in vivo biodistribution/ pharmacokinetics. In addition, an innovative approach aimed at overcoming at least part of the obstacles towards a safe and efficient use of exosomes in therapy will be discussed. CONCLUSION Several biologic features render exosomes an attractive tool for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. They will surely be a part of innovative therapeutic interventions as soon as few still unmet technical hindrances will be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arenaccio
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiozzini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Olivetta
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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16
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Baksheeva VE, Nemashkalova EL, Firsov AM, Zalevsky AO, Vladimirov VI, Tikhomirova NK, Philippov PP, Zamyatnin AA, Zinchenko DV, Antonenko YN, Permyakov SE, Zernii EY. Membrane Binding of Neuronal Calcium Sensor-1: Highly Specific Interaction with Phosphatidylinositol-3-Phosphate. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020164. [PMID: 31973069 PMCID: PMC7072451 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal calcium sensors are a family of N-terminally myristoylated membrane-binding proteins possessing a different intracellular localization and thereby targeting unique signaling partner(s). Apart from the myristoyl group, the membrane attachment of these proteins may be modulated by their N-terminal positively charged residues responsible for specific recognition of the membrane components. Here, we examined the interaction of neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) with natural membranes of different lipid composition as well as individual phospholipids in form of multilamellar liposomes or immobilized monolayers and characterized the role of myristoyl group and N-terminal lysine residues in membrane binding and phospholipid preference of the protein. NCS-1 binds to photoreceptor and hippocampal membranes in a Ca2+-independent manner and the binding is attenuated in the absence of myristoyl group. Meanwhile, the interaction with photoreceptor membranes is less dependent on myristoylation and more sensitive to replacement of K3, K7, and/or K9 of NCS-1 by glutamic acid, reflecting affinity of the protein to negatively charged phospholipids. Consistently, among the major phospholipids, NCS-1 preferentially interacts with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol with micromolar affinity and the interaction with the former is inhibited upon mutating of N-terminal lysines of the protein. Remarkably, NCS-1 demonstrates pronounced specific binding to phosphoinositides with high preference for phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate. The binding does not depend on myristoylation and, unexpectedly, is not sensitive to the charge inversion mutations. Instead, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate can be recognized by a specific site located in the N-terminal region of the protein. These data provide important novel insights into the general mechanism of membrane binding of NCS-1 and its targeting to specific phospholipids ensuring involvement of the protein in phosphoinositide-regulated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia E. Baksheeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.B.); (A.M.F.); (N.K.T.); (P.P.P.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Ekaterina L. Nemashkalova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia; (E.L.N.); (S.E.P.)
| | - Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.B.); (A.M.F.); (N.K.T.); (P.P.P.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Arthur O. Zalevsky
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily I. Vladimirov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Pushchino, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia; (V.I.V.); (D.V.Z.)
| | - Natalia K. Tikhomirova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.B.); (A.M.F.); (N.K.T.); (P.P.P.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Pavel P. Philippov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.B.); (A.M.F.); (N.K.T.); (P.P.P.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.B.); (A.M.F.); (N.K.T.); (P.P.P.); (Y.N.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Zinchenko
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Pushchino, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia; (V.I.V.); (D.V.Z.)
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.B.); (A.M.F.); (N.K.T.); (P.P.P.); (Y.N.A.)
| | - Sergey E. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia; (E.L.N.); (S.E.P.)
| | - Evgeni Yu. Zernii
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.E.B.); (A.M.F.); (N.K.T.); (P.P.P.); (Y.N.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-2344
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17
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Spassov DS, Ruiz-Saenz A, Piple A, Moasser MM. A Dimerization Function in the Intrinsically Disordered N-Terminal Region of Src. Cell Rep 2019; 25:449-463.e4. [PMID: 30304684 PMCID: PMC6226010 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mode of regulation of Src kinases has been elucidated by crystallographic studies identifying conserved structured protein modules involved in an orderly set of intramolecular associations and ligand interactions. Despite these detailed insights, much of the complex behavior and diversity in the Src family remains unexplained. A key missing piece is the function of the unstructured N-terminal region. We report here the function of the N-terminal region in binding within a hydrophobic pocket in the kinase domain of a dimerization partner. Dimerization substantially enhances autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of selected substrates, and interfering with dimerization is disruptive to these functions. Dimerization and Y419 phosphorylation are codependent events creating a bistable switch. Given the versatility inherent in this intrinsically disordered region, its multisite phosphorylations, and its divergence within the family, the unique domain likely functions as a central signaling hub overseeing much of the activities and unique functions of Src family kinases. Spassov et al. report that Src exists in cells and functions as a dimer and that dimerization and autophosphorylation are codependent events. Through a comprehensive structure-function analysis, they show that the dimer is an asymmetric dimer held through the interaction of the myristoylated N-terminal unique domain of one partner with a hydrophobic pocket in the kinase domain of another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danislav S Spassov
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ana Ruiz-Saenz
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amit Piple
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark M Moasser
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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18
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Nakamura A, Katahira R, Sawada S, Shinoda E, Kuwata K, Yoshii T, Tsukiji S. Chemogenetic Control of Protein Anchoring to Endomembranes in Living Cells with Lipid-Tethered Small Molecules. Biochemistry 2019; 59:205-211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Rika Katahira
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sawada
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Eri Shinoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Yoshii
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukiji
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho,
Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Materials Science (FRIMS), Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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19
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Kanada M, Kim BD, Hardy JW, Ronald JA, Bachmann MH, Bernard MP, Perez GI, Zarea AA, Ge TJ, Withrow A, Ibrahim SA, Toomajian V, Gambhir SS, Paulmurugan R, Contag CH. Microvesicle-Mediated Delivery of Minicircle DNA Results in Effective Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:2331-2342. [PMID: 31451563 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An emerging approach for cancer treatment employs the use of extracellular vesicles, specifically exosomes and microvesicles, as delivery vehicles. We previously demonstrated that microvesicles can functionally deliver plasmid DNA to cells and showed that plasmid size and sequence, in part, determine the delivery efficiency. In this study, delivery vehicles comprised of microvesicles loaded with engineered minicircle (MC) DNA that encodes prodrug converting enzymes developed as a cancer therapy in mammary carcinoma models. We demonstrated that MCs can be loaded into shed microvesicles with greater efficiency than their parental plasmid counterparts and that microvesicle-mediated MC delivery led to significantly higher and more prolonged transgene expression in recipient cells than microvesicles loaded with the parental plasmid. Microvesicles loaded with MCs encoding a thymidine kinase (TK)/nitroreductase (NTR) fusion protein produced prolonged TK-NTR expression in mammary carcinoma cells. In vivo delivery of TK-NTR and administration of prodrugs led to the effective killing of both targeted cells and surrounding tumor cells via TK-NTR-mediated conversion of codelivered prodrugs into active cytotoxic agents. In vivo evaluation of the bystander effect in mouse models demonstrated that for effective therapy, at least 1% of tumor cells need to be delivered with TK-NTR-encoding MCs. These results suggest that MC delivery via microvesicles can mediate gene transfer to an extent that enables effective prodrug conversion and tumor cell death such that it comprises a promising approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Kanada
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Bryan D Kim
- Deptartment of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Jonathan W Hardy
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - John A Ronald
- Department of Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael H Bachmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Matthew P Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Gloria I Perez
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Ahmed A Zarea
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - T Jessie Ge
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Alicia Withrow
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sherif A Ibrahim
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Deptartment of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Victoria Toomajian
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Materials Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Christopher H Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California. .,Department of Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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20
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Werner N, Ramirez-Sarmiento CA, Agosin E. Protein engineering of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases to optimize β-ionone biosynthesis in yeast cell factories. Food Chem 2019; 299:125089. [PMID: 31319343 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of β-ionone in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae is limited by the efficiency of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenases (CCD), membrane-tethered enzymes catalyzing the last step in the pathway. We performed in silico design and membrane affinity analysis, focused on single-point mutations of PhCCD1 to improve membrane anchoring. The resulting constructs were tested in a β-carotene hyper-producing strain by comparing colony pigmentation against colonies transformed with native PhCCD1 and further analyzed by β-ionone quantification via RP-HPLC. Two single-point mutants increased β-ionone yields almost 3-fold when compared to native PhCCD1. We also aimed to improve substrate accessibility of PhCCD1 through the amino-terminal addition of membrane destination peptides directed towards the endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane. Yeast strains expressing peptide-PhCCD1 constructs showed β-ionone yields up to 4-fold higher than the strain carrying the native enzyme. Our results demonstrate that protein engineering of CCDs significantly increases the yield of β-ionone synthesized by metabolically engineered yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Werner
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
| | - César A Ramirez-Sarmiento
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Agosin
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
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21
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Ejendal KFK, Fraseur JG, Kinzer-Ursem TL. Protein Labeling and Bioconjugation Using N-Myristoyltransferase. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2033:149-165. [PMID: 31332753 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9654-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methods that allow for labeling of proteins cotranslationally within protein expression systems have had wide-ranging applications in health, engineering, and medicine. Bioorthogonal chemistries that allow for conjugation of proteins or biomolecules of interest to substrates (fluorophores, gold nanoparticles, polymers, etc.) in living cells without prior enrichment or purification have likewise enabled advances in technology to study and engineer cellular and biomolecular systems. At the intersection of these, chemoenzymatic labeling of proteins at specific sites of interest and their subsequent selective bioconjugation to substrates without prior purification has dramatically streamlined workflows that allow proteins to reside in the native expression volumes as long as possible prior to conjugation, be readily isolated upon conjugation, and remain functionally active after conjugation. Here we present methods and protocols to express and label proteins of interest at the N-terminus with azide derivatives of myristic acid, a small, soluble, 14-carbon fatty acid, and conjugate the labeled protein to fluorophores and gold nanoparticle substrates. These methods can be extended to label proteins with other myristoyl derivatives and to conjugation to other solid or polymeric substrates of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin F K Ejendal
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Julia G Fraseur
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tamara L Kinzer-Ursem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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22
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Prince E, Kroeger B, Gligorov D, Wilson C, Eaton S, Karch F, Brankatschk M, Maeda RK. Rab-mediated trafficking in the secondary cells of Drosophila male accessory glands and its role in fecundity. Traffic 2018; 20:137-151. [PMID: 30426623 PMCID: PMC6492190 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The male seminal fluid contains factors that affect female post‐mating behavior and physiology. In Drosophila, most of these factors are secreted by the two epithelial cell types that make up the male accessory gland: the main and secondary cells. Although secondary cells represent only ~4% of the cells of the accessory gland, their contribution to the male seminal fluid is essential for sustaining the female post‐mating response. To better understand the function of the secondary cells, we investigated their molecular organization, particularly with respect to the intracellular membrane transport machinery. We determined that large vacuole‐like structures found in the secondary cells are trafficking hubs labeled by Rab6, 7, 11 and 19. Furthermore, these organelles require Rab6 for their formation and many are essential in the process of creating the long‐term postmating behavior of females. In order to better serve the intracellular membrane and protein trafficking communities, we have created a searchable, online, open‐access imaging resource to display our complete findings regarding Rab localization in the accessory gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Prince
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Section of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Kroeger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dragan Gligorov
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Section of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Biotechnology Center of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - François Karch
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Section of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marko Brankatschk
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert K Maeda
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Section of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Karch S, Broichhagen J, Schneider J, Böning D, Hartmann S, Schmid B, Tripal P, Palmisano R, Alzheimer C, Johnsson K, Huth T. A New Fluorogenic Small-Molecule Labeling Tool for Surface Diffusion Analysis and Advanced Fluorescence Imaging of β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme 1 Based on Silicone Rhodamine: SiR-BACE1. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6121-6139. [PMID: 29939737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a major player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Structural and functional fluorescence microscopy offers a powerful approach to learn about the physiology and pathophysiology of this protease. Up to now, however, common labeling techniques require genetic manipulation, use large antibodies, or are not compatible with live cell imaging. Fluorescent small molecules that specifically bind to the protein of interest can overcome these limitations. Herein, we introduce SiR-BACE1, a conjugate of the BACE1 inhibitor S-39 and SiR647, as a novel fluorogenic, tag-free, and antibody-free label for BACE1. We present its chemical development, characterize its photophysical and pharmacologic properties, and evaluate its behavior in solution, in overexpression systems, and in native brain tissue. We demonstrate its applicability in confocal, stimulated emission depletion and dynamic single-molecule microscopy. The first functional studies with SiR-BACE1 on the surface mobility of BACE1 revealed a markedly confined diffusion pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Karch
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Universitaetsstrasse 17 , 91054 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Johannes Broichhagen
- Department of Chemical Biology , Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstrasse 29 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany.,Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Sciences de Base , École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Universitaetsstrasse 17 , 91054 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Daniel Böning
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light , Staudtstrasse 2 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stephanie Hartmann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Universitaetsstrasse 17 , 91054 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Benjamin Schmid
- Optical Imaging Centre , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Hartmannstrasse 14 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Optical Imaging Centre , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Hartmannstrasse 14 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- Optical Imaging Centre , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Hartmannstrasse 14 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christian Alzheimer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Universitaetsstrasse 17 , 91054 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Department of Chemical Biology , Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstrasse 29 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany.,Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Sciences de Base , École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Tobias Huth
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Universitaetsstrasse 17 , 91054 Erlangen , Germany
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24
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Chase AJ, Wombacher R, Fackler OT. Intrinsic properties and plasma membrane trafficking route of Src family kinase SH4 domains sensitive to retargeting by HIV-1 Nef. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7824-7840. [PMID: 29588370 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV type 1 pathogenicity factor Nef enhances viral replication by modulating multiple host cell pathways, including tuning the activation state of infected CD4 T lymphocytes to optimize virus spread. For this, Nef inhibits anterograde transport of the Src family kinase (SFK) Lck toward the plasma membrane (PM). This leads to retargeting of the kinase to the trans-Golgi network, whereas the intracellular transport of a related SFK, Fyn, is unaffected by Nef. The 18-amino acid Src homology 4 (SH4) domain membrane anchor of Lck is necessary and sufficient for Nef-mediated retargeting, but other details of this process are not known. The goal of this study was therefore to identify characteristics of SH4 domains responsive to Nef and the transport machinery used. Screening a panel of SFK SH4 domains revealed two groups that were sensitive or insensitive for trans-Golgi network retargeting by Nef as well as the importance of the amino acid at position 8 for determining Nef sensitivity. Anterograde transport of Nef-sensitive domains was characterized by slower delivery to the PM and initial targeting to Golgi membranes, where transport was arrested in the presence of Nef. For Nef-sensitive SH4 domains, ectopic expression of the lipoprotein binding chaperone Unc119a or the GTPase Arl3 or reduction of their endogenous expression phenocopied the effect of Nef. Together, these results suggest that, analogous to K-Ras, Nef-sensitive SH4 domains are transported to the PM by a cycle of solubilization and membrane insertion and that intrinsic properties define SH4 domains as cargo of this Nef-sensitive lipoprotein binding chaperone-GTPase transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Chase
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecka Wombacher
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Integrative Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Stepanik V, Dunipace L, Bae YK, Macabenta F, Sun J, Trisnadi N, Stathopoulos A. The migrations of Drosophila muscle founders and primordial germ cells are interdependent. Development 2017; 143:3206-15. [PMID: 27578182 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM) cells migrate from posterior to anterior of the Drosophila embryo as two bilateral streams of cells to support the specification of longitudinal muscles along the midgut. To accomplish this long-distance migration, CVM cells receive input from their environment, but little is known about how this collective cell migration is regulated. In a screen we found that wunen mutants exhibit CVM cell migration defects. Wunens are lipid phosphate phosphatases known to regulate the directional migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGC and CVM cell types interact while PGCs are en route to the somatic gonadal mesoderm, and previous studies have shown that CVM impacts PGC migration. In turn, we found here that CVM cells exhibit an affinity for PGCs, localizing to the position of PGCs whether mislocalized or trapped in the endoderm. In the absence of PGCs, CVM cells exhibit subtle changes, including more cohesive movement of the migrating collective, and an increased number of longitudinal muscles is found at anterior sections of the larval midgut. These data demonstrate that PGC and CVM cell migrations are interdependent and suggest that distinct migrating cell types can coordinately influence each other to promote effective cell migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Stepanik
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Leslie Dunipace
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Young-Kyung Bae
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Frank Macabenta
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nathanie Trisnadi
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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26
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Boisselier É, Demers É, Cantin L, Salesse C. How to gather useful and valuable information from protein binding measurements using Langmuir lipid monolayers. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 243:60-76. [PMID: 28372794 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review presents data on the influence of various experimental parameters on the binding of proteins onto Langmuir lipid monolayers. The users of the Langmuir methodology are often unaware of the importance of choosing appropriate experimental conditions to validate the data acquired with this method. The protein Retinitis pigmentosa 2 (RP2) has been used throughout this review to illustrate the influence of these experimental parameters on the data gathered with Langmuir monolayers. The methods detailed in this review include the determination of protein binding parameters from the measurement of adsorption isotherms, infrared spectra of the protein in solution and in monolayers, ellipsometric isotherms and fluorescence micrographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élodie Boisselier
- CUO-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, and Regroupement stratégique PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Éric Demers
- CUO-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, and Regroupement stratégique PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Line Cantin
- CUO-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, and Regroupement stratégique PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Salesse
- CUO-Recherche, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec and Département d'ophtalmologie, Faculté de médecine, and Regroupement stratégique PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
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27
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Wu AYT, Lai CPK. Tracking Extracellular Vesicles Delivery and RNA Translation Using Multiplexed Reporters. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1660:255-265. [PMID: 28828663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7253-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating extracellular vesicle (EV; e.g., exosomes, microvesicles) delivery and translation of its RNA cargo with an accurate spatiotemporal resolution is critical in helping understand EV's role under normal and pathological conditions. We here describe a multiplexed fluorescent and bioluminescent reporter strategy to simultaneously monitor and quantify EV delivery, as well as EV-RNA translation in EV-recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yan-Tang Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Charles Pin-Kuang Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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28
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GPS-Lipid: a robust tool for the prediction of multiple lipid modification sites. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28249. [PMID: 27306108 PMCID: PMC4910163 DOI: 10.1038/srep28249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells, lipid modification is an important mechanism for the regulation of variety aspects of protein function. Over the last decades, three classes of lipid modifications have been increasingly studied. The co-regulation of these different lipid modifications is beginning to be noticed. However, due to the lack of integrated bioinformatics resources, the studies of co-regulatory mechanisms are still very limited. In this work, we developed a tool called GPS-Lipid for the prediction of four classes of lipid modifications by integrating the Particle Swarm Optimization with an aging leader and challengers (ALC-PSO) algorithm. GPS-Lipid was proven to be evidently superior to other similar tools. To facilitate the research of lipid modification, we hosted a publicly available web server at http://lipid.biocuckoo.org with not only the implementation of GPS-Lipid, but also an integrative database and visualization tool. We performed a systematic analysis of the co-regulatory mechanism between different lipid modifications with GPS-Lipid. The results demonstrated that the proximal dual-lipid modifications among palmitoylation, myristoylation and prenylation are key mechanism for regulating various protein functions. In conclusion, GPS-lipid is expected to serve as useful resource for the research on lipid modifications, especially on their co-regulation.
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29
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Smith AW, Huang HH, Endres NF, Rhodes C, Groves JT. Dynamic Organization of Myristoylated Src in the Live Cell Plasma Membrane. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:867-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44303, United States
| | - Hector H. Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Endres
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher Rhodes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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The SLE variant Ala71Thr of BLK severely decreases protein abundance and binding to BANK1 through impairment of the SH3 domain function. Genes Immun 2016; 17:128-38. [PMID: 26821283 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The B-lymphocyte kinase (BLK) gene is associated genetically with several human autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus. We recently described that the genetic risk is given by two haplotypes: one covering several strongly linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the promoter of the gene that correlated with low transcript levels, and a second haplotype that includes a rare nonsynonymous variant (Ala71Thr). Here we show that this variant, located within the BLK SH3 domain, is a major determinant of protein levels. In vitro analyses show that the 71Thr isoform is hyperphosphorylated and promotes kinase activation. As a consequence, BLK is ubiquitinated, its proteasomal degradation enhanced and the average life of the protein is reduced by half. Altogether, these findings suggest that an intrinsic autoregulatory mechanism previously unappreciated in BLK is disrupted by the 71Thr substitution. Because the SH3 domain is also involved in protein interactions, we sought for differences between the two isoforms in trafficking and binding to protein partners. We found that binding of the 71Thr variant to the adaptor protein BANK1 is severely reduced. Our study provides new insights on the intrinsic regulation of BLK activation and highlights the dominant role of its SH3 domain in BANK1 binding.
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31
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François-Moutal L, Wang Y, Moutal A, Cottier KE, Melemedjian OK, Yang X, Wang Y, Ju W, Largent-Milnes TM, Khanna M, Vanderah TW, Khanna R. A membrane-delimited N-myristoylated CRMP2 peptide aptamer inhibits CaV2.2 trafficking and reverses inflammatory and postoperative pain behaviors. Pain 2015; 156:1247-1264. [PMID: 25782368 PMCID: PMC5766324 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeting proteins within the N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV2.2) complex has proven to be an effective strategy for developing novel pain therapeutics. We describe a novel peptide aptamer derived from the collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2), a CaV2.2-regulatory protein. Addition of a 14-carbon myristate group to the peptide (myr-tat-CBD3) tethered it to the membrane of primary sensory neurons near surface CaV2.2. Pull-down studies demonstrated that myr-tat-CBD3 peptide interfered with the CRMP2-CaV2.2 interaction. Quantitative confocal immunofluorescence revealed a pronounced reduction of CaV2.2 trafficking after myr-tat-CBD3 treatment and increased efficiency in disrupting CRMP2-CaV2.2 colocalization compared with peptide tat-CBD3. Consequently, myr-tat-CBD3 inhibited depolarization-induced calcium influx in sensory neurons. Voltage clamp electrophysiology experiments revealed a reduction of Ca, but not Na, currents in sensory neurons after myr-tat-CBD3 exposure. Current clamp electrophysiology experiments demonstrated a reduction in excitability of small-diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons after exposure to myr-tat-CBD3. Myr-tat-CBD3 was effective in significantly attenuating carrageenan-induced thermal hypersensitivity and reversing thermal hypersensitivity induced by a surgical incision of the plantar surface of the rat hind paw, a model of postoperative pain. These effects are compared with those of tat-CBD3-the nonmyristoylated tat-conjugated CRMP2 peptide as well as scrambled versions of CBD3 and CBD3-lacking control peptides. Our results demonstrate that the myristoyl tag enhances intracellular delivery and local concentration of the CRMP2 peptide aptamer near membrane-delimited calcium channels resulting in pronounced interference with the calcium channel complex, superior suppression of calcium influx, and better antinociceptive potential.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Aptamers, Peptide/genetics
- Aptamers, Peptide/metabolism
- Aptamers, Peptide/therapeutic use
- Calcium Channels, N-Type/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/therapeutic use
- Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy
- Pain, Postoperative/genetics
- Pain, Postoperative/metabolism
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Protein Transport/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karissa E. Cottier
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Xiaofang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Weina Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | | | - May Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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32
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Kumar S, Sharma RK. N-terminal region of the catalytic domain of human N-myristoyltransferase 1 acts as an inhibitory module. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127661. [PMID: 26000639 PMCID: PMC4441422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) plays critical roles in the modulation of various signaling molecules, however, the regulation of this enzyme in diverse cellular states remains poorly understood. We provide experimental evidence to show for the first time that for the isoform 1 of human NMT (hNMT1), the regulatory roles extend into the catalytic core. In our present study, we expressed, purified, and characterized a truncation mutant devoid of 28 N-terminal amino acids from the catalytic module (Δ28-hNMT1s) and compared its properties to the full-length catalytic domain of hNMT1. The deletion of the N-terminal peptide had no effect on the enzyme stability. Our findings suggest that the N-terminal region in the catalytic module of hNMT1 functions serves as a regulatory control element. The observations of an ~3 fold increase in enzymatic efficiency following removal of the N-terminal peptide of hNMT1s indicates that N-terminal amino acids acts as an inhibitory segment and negatively regulate the enzyme activity. Our findings that the N-terminal region confers control over activity, taken together with the earlier observations that the N-terminal of hNMT1 is differentially processed in diverse cellular states, suggests that the proteolytic processing of the peptide segment containing the inhibitory region provides a molecular mechanism for physiological up-regulation of myristoyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeet Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rajendra K. Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Cluster, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (RKS)
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Visualization and tracking of tumour extracellular vesicle delivery and RNA translation using multiplexed reporters. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7029. [PMID: 25967391 PMCID: PMC4435621 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate spatiotemporal assessment of extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery and cargo RNA translation requires specific and robust live-cell imaging technologies. Here we engineer optical reporters to label multiple EV populations for visualization and tracking of tumour EV release, uptake and exchange between cell populations both in culture and in vivo. Enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato) were fused at NH2-termini with a palmitoylation signal (PalmGFP, PalmtdTomato) for EV membrane labelling. To monitor EV-RNA cargo, transcripts encoding PalmtdTomato were tagged with MS2 RNA binding sequences and detected by co-expression of bacteriophage MS2 coat protein fused with EGFP. By multiplexing fluorescent and bioluminescent EV membrane reporters, we reveal the rapid dynamics of both EV uptake and translation of EV-delivered cargo mRNAs in cancer cells that occurred within 1-hour post-horizontal transfer between cells. These studies confirm that EV-mediated communication is dynamic and multidirectional between cells with delivery of functional mRNA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as a conduit for intercellular communication through the exchange of cellular materials without direct cell-to-cell contacts. Here the authors develop a multiplexed reporter system that allows monitoring of EV exchange, cargo delivery and protein translation between different cell populations.
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34
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Specific interaction to PIP2 increases the kinetic rate of membrane binding of VILIPs, a subfamily of Neuronal Calcium Sensors (NCS) proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2698-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Chloride channels in stellate cells are essential for uniquely high secretion rates in neuropeptide-stimulated Drosophila diuresis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14301-6. [PMID: 25228763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412706111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia frequently segregate transport processes to specific cell types, presumably for improved efficiency and control. The molecular players underlying this functional specialization are of particular interest. In Drosophila, the renal (Malpighian) tubule displays the highest per-cell transport rates known and has two main secretory cell types, principal and stellate. Electrogenic cation transport is known to reside in the principal cells, whereas stellate cells control the anion conductance, but by an as-yet-undefined route. Here, we resolve this issue by showing that a plasma membrane chloride channel, encoded by ClC-a, is exclusively expressed in the stellate cell and is required for Drosophila kinin-mediated induction of diuresis and chloride shunt conductance, evidenced by chloride ion movement through the stellate cells, leading to depolarization of the transepithelial potential. By contrast, ClC-a knockdown had no impact on resting secretion levels. Knockdown of a second CLC gene showing highly abundant expression in adult Malpighian tubules, ClC-c, did not impact depolarization of transepithelial potential after kinin stimulation. Therefore, the diuretic action of kinin in Drosophila can be explained by an increase in ClC-a-mediated chloride conductance, over and above a resting fluid transport level that relies on other (ClC-a-independent) mechanisms or routes. This key segregation of cation and anion transport could explain the extraordinary fluid transport rates displayed by some epithelia.
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36
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Ma Y, Nagamune T, Kawahara M. Split focal adhesion kinase for probing protein–protein interactions. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Kaneko K, Tabuchi M, Sueyoshi N, Ishida A, Utsumi T, Kameshita I. Cellular localization of CoPK12, a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea, is regulated by N-myristoylation. J Biochem 2014; 156:51-61. [PMID: 24659342 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) have been extensively studied in mammals, whereas fungus CaMKs still remain largely uncharacterized. We previously obtained CaMK homolog in Coprinopsis cinerea, designated CoPK12, and revealed its unique catalytic properties in comparison with the mammalian CaMKs. To further clarify the regulatory mechanisms of CoPK12, we investigated post-translational modification and subcellular localization of CoPK12 in this study. In C. cinerea, full-length CoPK12 (65 kDa) was fractionated in the membrane fraction, while the catalytically active fragment (46 kDa) of CoPK12 was solely detected in the soluble fraction by differential centrifugation. Expressed CoPK12-GFP was localized on the cytoplasmic and vacuolar membranes as visualized by green fluorescence in yeast cells. In vitro N-myristoylation assay revealed that CoPK12 is N-myristoylated at Gly-2 in the N-terminal position. Furthermore, calmodulin could bind not only to CaM-binding domain but also to the N-terminal myristoyl moiety of CoPK12. These results, taken together, suggest that the cellular localization and function of CoPK12 are regulated by protein N-myristoylation and limited proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kaneko
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0795; Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521; and Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0795; Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521; and Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sueyoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0795; Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521; and Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Ishida
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0795; Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521; and Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0795; Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521; and Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Isamu Kameshita
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0795; Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521; and Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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38
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Martin DDO, Heit RJ, Yap MC, Davidson MW, Hayden MR, Berthiaume LG. Identification of a post-translationally myristoylated autophagy-inducing domain released by caspase cleavage of huntingtin. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3166-79. [PMID: 24459296 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor control and cognitive ability that ultimately leads to death. It is caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (HTT) protein, which leads to aggregation of the protein and eventually cellular death. Both the wild-type and mutant form of the protein are highly regulated by post-translational modifications including proteolysis, palmitoylation and phosphorylation. We now demonstrate the existence of a new post-translational modification of HTT: the addition of the 14 carbon fatty acid myristate to a glycine residue exposed on a caspase-3-cleaved fragment (post-translational myristoylation) and that myristoylation of this fragment is altered in a physiologically relevant model of mutant HTT. Myristoylated HTT553-585-EGFP, but not its non-myristoylated variant, initially localized to the ER, induced the formation of autophagosomes and accumulated in abnormally large autophagolysosomal/lysosomal structures in a variety of cell types, including neuronal cell lines under nutrient-rich conditions. Our results suggest that accumulation of myristoylated HTT553-586 in cells may alter the rate of production of autophagosomes and/or their clearance through the heterotypic autophagosomal/lysosomal fusion process. Overall, our novel observations establish a role for the post-translational myristoylation of a caspase-3-cleaved fragment of HTT, highly similar to the Barkor/ATG14L autophagosome-targeting sequence domain thought to sense, maintain and/or promote membrane curvature in the regulation of autophagy. Abnormal processing or production of this myristoylated HTT fragment might be involved in the pathophysiology of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale D O Martin
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan J Heit
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan C Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Michael R Hayden
- Department of Medical Genetics and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luc G Berthiaume
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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39
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Lu S, Wang Y. Single-cell imaging of mechanotransduction in endothelial cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 126:25-51. [PMID: 25081613 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394624-9.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are constantly exposed to chemical and mechanical microenvironment in vivo. In mechanotransduction, cells can sense and translate the extracellular mechanical cues into intracellular biochemical signals, to regulate cellular processes. This regulation is crucial for many physiological functions, such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival, as well as the progression of disease such as atherosclerosis. Here, we overview the current molecular understanding of mechanotransduction in ECs associated with atherosclerosis, especially those in response to physiological shear stress. The enabling technology of live-cell imaging has allowed the study of spatiotemporal molecular events and unprecedented understanding of intracellular signaling responses in mechanotransduction. Hence, we also introduce recent studies on mechanotransduction using single-cell imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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40
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Cuddy LK, Winick-Ng W, Rylett RJ. Regulation of the high-affinity choline transporter activity and trafficking by its association with cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. J Neurochem 2013; 128:725-40. [PMID: 24127780 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The sodium-coupled, hemicholinium-3-sensitive, high-affinity choline transporter (CHT) is responsible for transport of choline into cholinergic nerve terminals from the synaptic cleft following acetylcholine release and hydrolysis. In this study, we address regulation of CHT function by plasma membrane cholesterol. We show for the first time that CHT is concentrated in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in both SH-SY5Y cells and nerve terminals from mouse forebrain. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells expressing rat CHT with filipin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβC) or cholesterol oxidase significantly decreased choline uptake. In contrast, CHT activity was increased by addition of cholesterol to membranes using cholesterol-saturated MβC. Kinetic analysis of binding of [(3)H]hemicholinium-3 to CHT revealed that reducing membrane cholesterol with MβC decreased both the apparent binding affinity (KD) and maximum number of binding sites (Bmax ); this was confirmed by decreased plasma membrane CHT protein in lipid rafts in cell surface protein biotinylation assays. Finally, the loss of cell surface CHT associated with lipid raft disruption was not because of changes in CHT internalization. In summary, we provide evidence that CHT association with cholesterol-rich rafts is critical for transporter function and localization. Alterations in plasma membrane cholesterol cholinergic nerve terminals could diminish cholinergic transmission by reducing choline availability for acetylcholine synthesis. The sodium-coupled choline transporter CHT moves choline into cholinergic nerve terminals to serve as substrate for acetylcholine synthesis. We show for the first time that CHT is concentrated in cholesterol-rich lipid rafts, and decreasing membrane cholesterol significantly reduces both choline uptake activity and cell surface CHT protein levels. CHT association with cholesterol-rich rafts is critical for its function, and alterations in plasma membrane cholesterol could diminish cholinergic transmission by reducing choline availability for acetylcholine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah K Cuddy
- Molecular Brain Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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41
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MBNL142 and MBNL143 gene isoforms, overexpressed in DM1-patient muscle, encode for nuclear proteins interacting with Src family kinases. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e770. [PMID: 23949219 PMCID: PMC3763452 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type-1 (DM1) is the most prevalent form of muscular dystrophy in adults. This disorder is an RNA-dominant disease, caused by expansion of a CTG repeat in the DMPK gene that leads to a misregulation in the alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs. The longer muscleblind-like-1 (MBNL1) transcripts containing exon 5 and the respective protein isoforms (MBNL142-43) were found to be overexpressed in DM1 muscle and localized exclusively in the nuclei. In vitro assays showed that MBNL142-43 bind the Src-homology 3 domain of Src family kinases (SFKs) via their proline-rich motifs, enhancing the SFK activity. Notably, this association was also confirmed in DM1 muscle and myotubes. The recovery, mediated by an siRNA target to Ex5-MBNL142-43, succeeded in reducing the nuclear localization of both Lyn and MBNL142-43 proteins and in decreasing the level of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. Our results suggest an additional molecular mechanism in the DM1 pathogenesis, based on an altered phosphotyrosine signalling pathway.
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42
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Palmitoylation-dependent regulation of glutamate receptors and their PDZ domain-containing partners. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:72-8. [PMID: 23356261 DOI: 10.1042/bst20120223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that both AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid)- and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-type glutamate receptors, and many of their interacting partners, are palmitoylated proteins. Interfering with palmitoylation dramatically affects receptor trafficking and distribution and, in turn, can profoundly alter synaptic transmission. Increased knowledge of synaptic palmitoylation not only will aid our understanding of physiological neuronal regulation, but also may provide insights into, and even novel treatments for, neuropathological conditions. In the present paper, we review recent advances regarding the regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptor trafficking and function by palmitoylation.
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43
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Rawat A, Harishchandran A, Nagaraj R. Fatty acyl chain-dependent but charge-independent association of the SH4 domain of Lck with lipid membranes. J Biosci 2013; 38:63-71. [PMID: 23385814 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-012-9288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The SH4 domain of Src family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases represents the extreme N-terminal 1-16 amino acid region which mediates membrane association of these proteins and facilitates their functions. The SH4 domains among Src members lack well-defined sequence consensus and vary in the net charge. However, they readily anchor to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane upon fatty acid acylation. Here, we report the membrane association of differentially acylated SH4 domain of Lck kinase, which has net negative charge at physiological pH. Our results suggest that despite the net negative charge, the SH4 domain of Lck associates with membranes upon fatty acid acylation. While myristoylation at the N-terminus is sufficient for providing membrane anchorage, multiple acylation determines orientation of the peptide chain with respect to the lipid bilayer. Hence, fatty acylation serves more than just a lipid anchor. It has an important role in regulating the spatial orientation of the peptide domain with respect to the lipid bilayer, which could be important for the interaction of the other domains of these kinases with their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Rawat
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India
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44
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Tremp AZ, Carter V, Saeed S, Dessens JT. Morphogenesis of Plasmodium zoites is uncoupled from tensile strength. Mol Microbiol 2013; 89:552-64. [PMID: 23773015 PMCID: PMC3912903 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A shared feature of the motile stages (zoites) of malaria parasites is a cortical cytoskeletal structure termed subpellicular network (SPN), thought to define and maintain cell shape. Plasmodium alveolins comprise structural components of the SPN, and alveolin gene knockout causes morphological abnormalities that coincide with markedly reduced tensile strength of the affected zoites, indicating the alveolins are prime cell shape determinants. Here, we characterize a novel SPN protein of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes and sporozoites named G2 (glycine at position 2), which is structurally unrelated to alveolins. G2 knockout abolishes parasite transmission and causes zoite malformations and motility defects similar to those observed in alveolin null mutants. Unlike alveolins, however, G2 contributes little to tensile strength, arguing against a cause-effect relationship between tensile strength and cell shape. We also show that G2 null mutant sporozoites display an abnormal arrangement of their subpellicular microtubules. These results provide important new understanding of the factors that determine zoite morphogenesis, as well as the potential roles of the cortical cytoskeleton in gliding motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Z Tremp
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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45
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Pan X, Geist MM, Rudolph JM, Nickel W, Fackler OT. HIV-1 Nef disrupts membrane-microdomain-associated anterograde transport for plasma membrane delivery of selected Src family kinases. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1605-21. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology; University Hospital Heidelberg; INF 324; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Miriam M. Geist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology; University Hospital Heidelberg; INF 324; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Jochen M. Rudolph
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology; University Hospital Heidelberg; INF 324; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Walter Nickel
- Biochemistry Center; Heidelberg University; INF 328; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Oliver T. Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology; University Hospital Heidelberg; INF 324; 69120; Heidelberg; Germany
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46
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Mukhtarov M, Liguori L, Waseem T, Rocca F, Buldakova S, Arosio D, Bregestovski P. Calibration and functional analysis of three genetically encoded Cl(-)/pH sensors. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:9. [PMID: 23616745 PMCID: PMC3629305 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of the intracellular concentrations of Cl− and H+ requires sensitive probes that allow reliable quantitative measurements without perturbation of cell functioning. For these purposes the most promising are genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors, which have become powerful tools for non-invasive intracellular monitoring of ions, molecules, and enzymatic activity. A ratiometric CFP/YFP-based construct with a relatively good sensitivity to Cl− has been developed (Markova et al., 2008; Waseem et al., 2010). Recently, a combined Cl−/pH sensor (ClopHensor) opened the way for simultaneous ratiometric measurement of these two ions (Arosio et al., 2010). ClopHensor was obtained by fusion of a red-fluorescent protein (DsRed-monomer) to the E2GFP variant that contains a specific Cl−-binding site. This construct possesses pKa = 6.8 for H+ and Kd in the 40–50 mM range for Cl− at physiological pH (~7.3). As in the majority of cell types the intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i) is about 10 mM, the development of sensors with higher sensitivity is highly desirable. Here, we report the intracellular calibration and functional characterization of ClopHensor and its two derivatives: the membrane targeting PalmPalm-ClopHensor and the H148G/V224L mutant with improved Cl− affinity, reduced pH dependence, and pKa shifted to more alkaline values. For functional analysis, constructs were expressed in CHO cells and [Cl−]i was changed by using pipettes with different Cl− concentrations during whole-cell recordings. Kd values for Cl− measured at 33°C and pH ~7.3 were, respectively, 39, 47, and 21 mM for ClopHensor, PalmPalm-ClopHensor, and the H148G/V224L mutant. PalmPalm-ClopHensor resolved responses to activation of Cl−-selective glycine receptor (GlyR) channels better than did ClopHensor. Our observations indicate that these different ClopHensor constructs are promising tools for non-invasive measurement of [Cl−]i in various living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mukhtarov
- Brain Dynamics Institute, Inserm UMR1106, Aix-Marseille University Marseille, France ; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
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47
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Traverso JA, Micalella C, Martinez A, Brown SC, Satiat-Jeunemaître B, Meinnel T, Giglione C. Roles of N-terminal fatty acid acylations in membrane compartment partitioning: Arabidopsis h-type thioredoxins as a case study. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1056-77. [PMID: 23543785 PMCID: PMC3634677 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal fatty acylations (N-myristoylation [MYR] and S-palmitoylation [PAL]) are crucial modifications affecting 2 to 4% of eukaryotic proteins. The role of these modifications is to target proteins to membranes. Predictive tools have revealed unexpected targets of these acylations in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants. However, little is known about how N-terminal lipidation governs membrane compartmentalization of proteins in plants. We show here that h-type thioredoxins (h-TRXs) cluster in four evolutionary subgroups displaying strictly conserved N-terminal modifications. It was predicted that one subgroup undergoes only MYR and another undergoes both MYR and PAL. We used plant TRXs as a model protein family to explore the effect of MYR alone or MYR and PAL in the same family of proteins. We used a high-throughput biochemical strategy to assess MYR of specific TRXs. Moreover, various TRX-green fluorescent protein fusions revealed that MYR localized protein to the endomembrane system and that partitioning between this membrane compartment and the cytosol correlated with the catalytic efficiency of the N-myristoyltransferase acting at the N terminus of the TRXs. Generalization of these results was obtained using several randomly selected Arabidopsis proteins displaying a MYR site only. Finally, we demonstrated that a palmitoylatable Cys residue flanking the MYR site is crucial to localize proteins to micropatching zones of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Traverso
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, C/ Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, Spain
| | - Chiara Micalella
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Aude Martinez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Spencer C. Brown
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Satiat-Jeunemaître
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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48
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De Napoli MG, de Miguel N, Lebrun M, Moreno SNJ, Angel SO, Corvi MM. N-terminal palmitoylation is required for Toxoplasma gondii HSP20 inner membrane complex localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1329-37. [PMID: 23485398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite and the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. Protein palmitoylation is known to play roles in signal transduction and in enhancing the hydrophobicity of proteins thus contributing to their membrane association. Global inhibition of protein palmitoylation has been shown to affect T. gondii physiology and invasion of the host cell. However, the proteins affected by this modification have been understudied. This paper shows that the small heat shock protein 20 from T. gondii (TgHSP20) is synthesized as a mature protein in the cytosol and is palmitoylated in three cysteine residues. However, its localization at the inner membrane complex (IMC) is dependent only on N-terminal palmitoylation. Absence or incomplete N-terminal palmitoylation causes TgHSP20 to partially accumulate in a membranous structure. Interestingly, TgHSP20 palmitoylation is not responsible for its interaction with the daughter cells IMCs. Together, our data describe the importance of palmitoylation in protein targeting to the IMC in T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G De Napoli
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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49
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Batista CM, Kalb LC, Moreira CMDN, Batista GTH, Eger I, Soares MJ. Identification and subcellular localization of TcHIP, a putative Golgi zDHHC palmitoyl transferase of Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:52-60. [PMID: 23428831 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is a post-translational modification that contributes to determining protein localization and function. Palmitoylation has been described in trypanosomatid protozoa, but no zDHHC palmitoyl transferase has been identified in Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease in Latin America. In this study we identify and show the subcellular localization of TcHIP (Tc00.1047053508199.50), a putative T. cruzi zDHHC palmitoyl transferase. Analysis of the deduced protein sequence indicates that it contains ankyrin repeats (Ank and Ank2) and the zDHHC conserved domain, typical of zDHHC palmitoyl transferases. A TcHIP polyclonal antiserum obtained from mice immunized with the purified recombinant protein was used to study the presence and subcellular localization of the native enzyme. In western blots this antiserum recognized a protein of about 95 kDa, consistent with the predicted molecular mass of TcHIP (95.4 kDa), in whole extracts of T. cruzi epimastigotes, metacyclic trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Immunolocalization by confocal microscopy showed TcHIP labeling at the Golgi complex, co-localizing with the T. cruzi Golgi marker TcRab7-GFP. Transfectant T. cruzi epimastigotes containing a construct encoding TcHIP fused to proteins A and C (TcHIP/AC) were obtained. In western blotting experiments, the TcHIP polyclonal antiserum recognized both native and TcHIP/AC proteins in extracts of the transfectants. Confocal microscopy showed co-localization of native TcHIP with TcHIP/AC. These findings demonstrate the presence of a putative zDHHC palmitoyl transferase (TcHIP) containing ankyrin and zDHHC domains in different developmental forms of T. cruzi, and its association with the Golgi complex.
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50
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Thompson JL, Shuttleworth TJ. A plasma membrane-targeted cytosolic domain of STIM1 selectively activates ARC channels, an arachidonate-regulated store-independent Orai channel. Channels (Austin) 2012; 6:370-8. [PMID: 22992514 PMCID: PMC3508776 DOI: 10.4161/chan.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Orai family of calcium channels includes the store-operated CRAC channels and store-independent, arachidonic acid (AA)-regulated ARC channels. Both depend on STIM1 for their activation but, whereas CRAC channel activation involves sensing the depletion of intracellular calcium stores via a luminal N terminal EF-hand of STIM1 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, ARC channels are exclusively activated by the pool of STIM1 that constitutively resides in the plasma membrane (PM). Here, the EF-hand is extracellular and unlikely to ever lose its bound calcium, suggesting that STIM1-dependent activation of ARC channels is very different from that of CRAC channels. We now show that attachment of the cytosolic portion of STIM1 to the inner face of the PM via an N terminal Lck-domain sequence is sufficient to enable normal AA-dependent activation of ARC channels, while failing to allow activation of store-operated CRAC channels. Introduction of a point mutation within the Lck-domain resulted in the loss of both PM localization and ARC channel activation. Reversing the orientation of the PM-anchored STIM1 C terminus via a C-terminal CAAX-box fails to support either CRAC or ARC channel activation. Finally, the Lck-anchored STIM1 C-terminal domain also enabled the exclusive activation of the ARC channels following physiological agonist addition. These data demonstrate that simple tethering of the cytosolic C-terminal domain of STIM1 to the inner face of the PM is sufficient to allow the full, normal and exclusive activation of ARC channels, and that the N-terminal regions of STIM1 (including the EF-hand domain) play no significant role in this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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