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Sakai J, Yang J, Chou CK, Wu WW, Akkoyunlu M. B cell receptor-induced IL-10 production from neonatal mouse CD19 +CD43 - cells depends on STAT5-mediated IL-6 secretion. eLife 2023; 12:83561. [PMID: 36735294 PMCID: PMC9934864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborns are unable to reach the adult-level humoral immune response partly due to the potent immunoregulatory role of IL-10. Increased IL-10 production by neonatal B cells has been attributed to the larger population of IL-10-producting CD43+ B-1 cells in neonates. Here, we show that neonatal mouse CD43- non-B-1 cells also produce substantial amounts of IL-10 following B cell antigen receptor (BCR) activation. In neonatal mouse CD43- non-B-1 cells, BCR engagement activated STAT5 under the control of phosphorylated forms of signaling molecules Syk, Btk, PKC, FAK, and Rac1. Neonatal STAT5 activation led to IL-6 production, which in turn was responsible for IL-10 production in an autocrine/paracrine fashion through the activation of STAT3. In addition to the increased IL-6 production in response to BCR stimulation, elevated expression of IL-6Rα expression in neonatal B cells rendered them highly susceptible to IL-6-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and IL-10 production. Finally, IL-10 secreted from neonatal mouse CD43- non-B-1 cells was sufficient to inhibit TNF-α secretion by macrophages. Our results unveil a distinct mechanism of IL-6-dependent IL-10 production in BCR-stimulated neonatal CD19+CD43- B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Sakai
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, The US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Jiyeon Yang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, The US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Chao-Kai Chou
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Wells W Wu
- Facility for Biotechnology Resources, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, The US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringUnited States
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2
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Activation of STAT transcription factors by the Rho-family GTPases. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2213-2227. [PMID: 32915198 PMCID: PMC7609038 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Rho-family of small GTPases are biological molecular switches that are best known for their regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Through their activation and stimulation of downstream effectors, the Rho-family control pathways involved in cellular morphology, which are commonly activated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. While this makes them excellent potential therapeutic targets, a deeper understanding of the downstream signalling pathways they influence will be required for successful drug targeting. Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are a family of transcription factors that are hyper-activated in most cancer types and while STATs are widely understood to be activated by the JAK family of kinases, many additional activators have been discovered. A growing number of examples of Rho-family driven STAT activation, largely of the oncogenic family members, STAT3 and STAT5, are being identified. Cdc42, Rac1, RhoA, RhoC and RhoH have all been implicated in STAT activation, contributing to Rho GTPase-driven changes in cellular morphology that lead to cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. This highlights the importance and therapeutic potential of the Rho-family as regulators of non-canonical activation of STAT signalling.
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3
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Filla MS, Meyer KK, Faralli JA, Peters DM. Overexpression and Activation of αvβ3 Integrin Differentially Affects TGFβ2 Signaling in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081923. [PMID: 34440692 PMCID: PMC8394542 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies from our laboratory have suggested that activation of αvβ3 integrin-mediated signaling could contribute to the fibrotic-like changes observed in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma. To determine how αvβ3 integrin signaling could be involved in this process, RNA-Seq analysis was used to analyze the transcriptomes of immortalized trabecular meshwork (TM) cell lines overexpressing either a control vector or a wild type (WT) or a constitutively active (CA) αvβ3 integrin. Compared to control cells, hierarchical clustering, PANTHER pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of cells overexpressing WT-αvβ3 integrin or CA-αvβ3 integrin resulted in a significant differential expression of genes encoding for transcription factors, adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cytokines and GTPases. Cells overexpressing a CA-αvβ3 integrin also demonstrated an enrichment for genes encoding proteins found in TGFβ2, Wnt and cadherin signaling pathways all of which have been implicated in POAG pathogenesis. These changes were not observed in cells overexpressing WT-αvβ3 integrin. Our results suggest that activation of αvβ3 integrin signaling in TM cells could have significant impacts on TM function and POAG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Filla
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Kristy K. Meyer
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jennifer A. Faralli
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Donna M. Peters
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-262-4626
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4
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Dees S, Pontiggia L, Jasmin JF, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP, Mercier I. Essential role of STAT5a in DCIS formation and invasion following estrogen treatment. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15104-15120. [PMID: 32633727 PMCID: PMC7425506 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is one of the earliest stages of breast cancer (BCa). The mechanisms by which DCIS lesions progress to an invasive state while others remain indolent are yet to be fully characterized and both diagnosis and treatment of this pre-invasive disease could benefit from better understanding the pathways involved. While a decreased expression of Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in the tumor microenvironment of patients with DCIS breast cancer was linked to progression to invasive breast cancer (IBC), the downstream effector(s) contributing to this process remain elusive. The current report shows elevated expression of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5a (STAT5a) within the DCIS-like lesions in Cav-1 KO mice following estrogen treatment and inhibition of STAT5a expression prevented the formation of these mammary lesions. In addition, STAT5a overexpression in a human DCIS cell line (MCF10DCIS.com) promoted their invasion, a process accelerated by estrogen treatment and associated with increased levels of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) precursor. In sum, our results demonstrate a novel regulatory axis (Cav-1♦STAT5a♦MMP-9) in DCIS that is fully activated by the presence of estrogen. Our sudies suggest to further study phosphorylated STAT5a (Y694) as a potential biomarker to guide and predict outcome of DCIS patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundee Dees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Pontiggia
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Jasmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Mercier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Program in Personalized Medicine and Targeted Therapeutics, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Gramlich OW, Brown AJ, Godwin CR, Chimenti MS, Boland LK, Ankrum JA, Kardon RH. Systemic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Mitigates Structural and Functional Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:16. [PMID: 32855863 PMCID: PMC7422913 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.8.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy efficacy on rescuing the visual system in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis (MS) and to provide new mechanistic insights. Methods EAE was induced in female C57BL6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55, complete Freund's adjuvant, and pertussis toxin. The findings were compared to sham-immunized mice. Half of the EAE mice received intraperitoneally delivered stem cells (EAE + MSC). Clinical progression was monitored according to a five-point EAE scoring scheme. Pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured 32 days after induction. Retinas were harvested to determine retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density and prepared for RNA-sequencing. Results EAE animals that received MSC treatment seven days after EAE induction showed significantly lower motor-sensory impairment, improvement in the PERG amplitude, and preserved RNFL. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data demonstrated statistically significant differences in gene expression in the retina of MSC-treated EAE mice. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for pathways involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress, endothelial cell differentiation, HIF-1 signaling, and cholesterol transport in the MSC-treated EAE group. Conclusions Systemic MSC treatment positively affects RGC function and survival in EAE mice. Better cholesterol handling by increased expression of Abca1, the cholesterol efflux regulatory protein, paired with the resolution of HIF-1 signaling activation might explain the improvements seen in PERG of EAE animals after MSC treatment. Translational Relevance Using MSC therapy in a mouse model of MS, we discovered previously unappreciated biochemical pathways associated with RGC neuroprotection, which have the potential to be pharmacologically targeted as a new treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Gramlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexander J Brown
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cheyanne R Godwin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lauren K Boland
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Randy H Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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6
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Navarra G, Pagano C, Pacelli R, Crescenzi E, Longobardi E, Gazzerro P, Fiore D, Pastorino O, Pentimalli F, Laezza C, Bifulco M. N 6-Isopentenyladenosine Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells by Inhibiting the Homologous Recombination Repair Protein RAD51 Expression. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1498. [PMID: 31993371 PMCID: PMC6971108 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is among the most common malignant brain tumors and has a dismal prognosis due to the poor response to therapeutic regimens such as ionizing radiation and DNA-alkylating agents. In our study, we investigated the radiosensitizing activity of the N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPA), an naturally modified adenosine harboring an isopenenyl moiety, which shows antiproliferative effects on glioblastoma cell lines. We observed that co-treatment with ionizing radiation and iPA at micromolar concentration inhibited colony formation and viability of glioblastoma cell lines but not of non-malignant human cells. The combined treatment significantly attenuated the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage by inhibiting both the expression and irradiation-induced foci formation of RAD51, a key player in the homologous recombination repair process, leading to persistent DNA damage, as reflected by an increase of γ-H2AX foci. The radiosensitizing effect relied also on the inhibition of STAT5a/b activation, which is crucial for RAD51 expression, suggesting that iPA modulates the STAT5a/b-RAD51 axis following exposure to ionizing radiation. Overall, these data suggest that iPA, by acting through RAD51 inhibition at the mechanistic level, could function as a promising radiosensitizing agent and warrants further evaluation in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Navarra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University School of Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Crescenzi
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Longobardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Pastorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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7
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Reduced RhoA expression enhances breast cancer metastasis with a concomitant increase in CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokines signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16351. [PMID: 31705019 PMCID: PMC6841971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of RhoA GTPases in breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis is unclear. Early studies within which mutations in RhoA were designed based on cancer-associated mutations in Ras supported an oncogene role for RhoA. However, recent whole-genome sequencing studies of cancers raised the possibility that RhoA may have a tumor suppression function. Here, using a syngeneic triple negative breast cancer murine model we investigated the physiological effects of reduced RhoA expression on breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. RhoA knockdown had no effect on primary tumor formation and tumor proliferation, concurring with our in vitro findings where reduced RhoA had no effect on breast cancer cell proliferation and clonogenic growth. In contrast, primary tumors with RhoA knockdown efficiently invaded sentinel lymph nodes and significantly metastasized to lungs compared to control tumors. Mechanistically, the current study demonstrated that this is achieved by promoting a pro-tumor microenvironment, with increased cancer-associated fibroblasts and macrophage infiltration, and by modulating the CCL5-CCR5 and CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine axes in the primary tumor. To our knowledge, this is the first such mechanistic study in breast cancer showing the ability of RhoA to suppress chemokine receptor expression in breast tumor cells. Our work suggests a physiological lung and lymph node metastasis suppressor role for RhoA GTPase in breast cancer.
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8
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Dehbashi M, Hojati Z, Motovali-Bashi M, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, Shimosaka A. Integral membrane protein expression of human CD25 on the cell surface of HEK293 cell line: the available cellular model of CD25 positive to facilitate in vitro developing assays. Biomol Concepts 2019; 10:150-159. [PMID: 31541599 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Typically, CD25 is expressed on the cellular surface of regulatory T (Treg) cells. These cells are significant in regulating the self-tolerance and also preventing the immune system from attacking a person's own tissues and cells. They promote the cancer progression by playing an important role in evading the immune system. Thus, the experimental procedures was aimed to clone and express human CD25 in HEK293 cell line, as the available cellular model, for the purpose of developing assays to facilitate and enhance the studies on an available CD25 positive cell. The secondary RNA structure of CD25 was evaluated by in silico analysis. Then, cDNA of human CD25 were synthesized from isolated total mRNA of cultured and stimulated PBMCs from blood donors. After cloning the cDNA of CD25 into a pcDNA3.1(+) plasmid, using the effective transfection of the recombinant pcDNA3.1(+) in HEK293, qRT-PCR and flow cytometry methods were used to quantitatively evaluate CD25 transcripts and protein level. There was a 4.8 fold increase in transcripts and a 76.2% increase in protein levels of CD25 when comparing the transfected and control cell lines. The genetically engineered HEK293 cell line expressing Treg cell surface marker of CD25 was introduced in this study for the first time. This cell line can be used to overcome the problematic issues for studying Treg cells including low population of Tregs in peripheral blood, low recovery methods for Treg isolation, time-consuming and non-cost benefit methods in the conditions of in vitro cell culture experiments for the studies focused on the binding of IL-2 to CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Dehbashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Postal Code: 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Hojati
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Postal Code: 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Motovali-Bashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Postal Code: 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code: 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.,Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akihiro Shimosaka
- Institute of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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9
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Olmez I, Love S, Xiao A, Manigat L, Randolph P, McKenna BD, Neal BP, Boroda S, Li M, Brenneman B, Abounader R, Floyd D, Lee J, Nakano I, Godlewski J, Bronisz A, Sulman EP, Mayo M, Gioeli D, Weber M, Harris TE, Purow B. Targeting the mesenchymal subtype in glioblastoma and other cancers via inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase alpha. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:192-202. [PMID: 29048560 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mesenchymal phenotype in glioblastoma (GBM) and other cancers drives aggressiveness and treatment resistance, leading to therapeutic failure and recurrence of disease. Currently, there is no successful treatment option available against the mesenchymal phenotype. Methods We classified patient-derived GBM stem cell lines into 3 subtypes: proneural, mesenchymal, and other/classical. Each subtype's response to the inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) was compared both in vitro and in vivo. RhoA activation, liposome binding, immunoblot, and kinase assays were utilized to elucidate the novel link between DGKα and geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase I). Results Here we show that inhibition of DGKα with a small-molecule inhibitor, ritanserin, or RNA interference preferentially targets the mesenchymal subtype of GBM. We show that the mesenchymal phenotype creates the sensitivity to DGKα inhibition; shifting GBM cells from the proneural to the mesenchymal subtype increases ritanserin activity, with similar effects in epithelial-mesenchymal transition models of lung and pancreatic carcinoma. This enhanced sensitivity of mesenchymal cancer cells to ritanserin is through inhibition of GGTase I and downstream mediators previously associated with the mesenchymal cancer phenotype, including RhoA and nuclear factor-kappaB. DGKα inhibition is synergistic with both radiation and imatinib, a drug preferentially affecting proneural GBM. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a DGKα-GGTase I pathway can be targeted to combat the treatment-resistant mesenchymal cancer phenotype. Combining therapies with greater activity against each GBM subtype may represent a viable therapeutic option against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inan Olmez
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shawn Love
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Aizhen Xiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Laryssa Manigat
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Peyton Randolph
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Brian D McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Brian P Neal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Salome Boroda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Breanna Brenneman
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Roger Abounader
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Desiree Floyd
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jeongwu Lee
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jakub Godlewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Agnieszka Bronisz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas
| | - Marty Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Michael Weber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Thurl E Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Benjamin Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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10
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Stark GR, Cheon H, Wang Y. Responses to Cytokines and Interferons that Depend upon JAKs and STATs. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028555. [PMID: 28620095 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Many cytokines and all interferons activate members of a small family of kinases (the Janus kinases [JAKs]) and a slightly larger family of transcription factors (the signal transducers and activators of transcription [STATs]), which are essential components of pathways that induce the expression of specific sets of genes in susceptible cells. JAK-STAT pathways are required for many innate and acquired immune responses, and the activities of these pathways must be finely regulated to avoid major immune dysfunctions. Regulation is achieved through mechanisms that include the activation or induction of potent negative regulatory proteins, posttranslational modification of the STATs, and other modulatory effects that are cell-type specific. Mutations of JAKs and STATs can result in gains or losses of function and can predispose affected individuals to autoimmune disease, susceptibility to a variety of infections, or cancer. Here we review recent developments in the biochemistry, genetics, and biology of JAKs and STATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Stark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - HyeonJoo Cheon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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11
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Kinslechner K, Schörghofer D, Schütz B, Vallianou M, Wingelhofer B, Mikulits W, Röhrl C, Hengstschläger M, Moriggl R, Stangl H, Mikula M. Malignant Phenotypes in Metastatic Melanoma are Governed by SR-BI and its Association with Glycosylation and STAT5 Activation. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 16:135-146. [PMID: 28974560 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is hallmarked by elevated glycolytic flux and alterations in cholesterol homeostasis. The contribution of cholesterol transporting receptors for the maintenance of a migratory and invasive phenotype is not well defined. Here, the scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1/SR-BI), a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor, was identified as an estimator of melanoma progression in patients. We further aimed to identify the SR-BI-controlled gene expression signature and its related cellular phenotypes. On the basis of whole transcriptome analysis, it was found that SR-BI knockdown, but not functional inhibition of its cholesterol-transporting capacity, perturbed the metastasis-associated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Furthermore, SR-BI knockdown was accompanied by decreased migration and invasion of melanoma cells and reduced xenograft tumor growth. STAT5 is an important mediator of the EMT process and loss of SR-BI resulted in decreased glycosylation, reduced DNA binding, and target gene expression of STAT5. When human metastatic melanoma clinical specimens were analyzed for the abundance of SR-BI and STAT5 protein, a positive correlation was found. Finally, a novel SR-BI-regulated gene profile was determined, which discriminates metastatic from nonmetastatic melanoma specimens indicating that SR-BI drives gene expression contributing to growth at metastatic sites. Overall, these results demonstrate that SR-BI is a highly expressed receptor in human metastatic melanoma and is crucial for the maintenance of the metastatic phenotype.Implications: High SR-BI expression in melanoma is linked with increased cellular glycosylation and hence is essential for a metastasis-specific expression signature. Mol Cancer Res; 16(1); 135-46. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kinslechner
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Schörghofer
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Schütz
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Vallianou
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Wingelhofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Röhrl
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Mikula
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Arneja A, Johnson H, Gabrovsek L, Lauffenburger DA, White FM. Qualitatively different T cell phenotypic responses to IL-2 versus IL-15 are unified by identical dependences on receptor signal strength and duration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:123-35. [PMID: 24298013 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 and IL-15 are common γ-chain family cytokines involved in regulation of T cell differentiation and homeostasis. Despite signaling through the same receptors, IL-2 and IL-15 have non-redundant roles in T cell biology, both physiologically and at the cellular level. The mechanisms by which IL-2 and IL-15 trigger distinct phenotypes in T cells remain elusive. To elucidate these mechanisms, we performed a quantitative comparison of the phosphotyrosine signaling network and resulting phenotypes triggered by IL-2 and IL-15. This study revealed that the signaling networks activated by IL-2 or IL-15 are highly similar and that T cell proliferation and metabolism are controlled in a quantitatively distinct manner through IL-2/15R signal strength independent of the cytokine identity. Distinct phenotypes associated with IL-2 or IL-15 stimulation therefore arise through differential regulation of IL-2/15R signal strength and duration because of differences in cytokine-receptor binding affinity, receptor expression levels, physiological cytokine levels, and cytokine-receptor intracellular trafficking kinetics. These results provide important insights into the function of other shared cytokine and growth factor receptors, quantitative regulation of cell proliferation and metabolism through signal transduction, and improved design of cytokine based clinical immunomodulatory therapies for cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Arneja
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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13
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Liu Y, Burkhalter R, Symowicz J, Chaffin K, Ellerbroek S, Stack MS. Lysophosphatidic Acid disrupts junctional integrity and epithelial cohesion in ovarian cancer cells. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:501492. [PMID: 22593767 PMCID: PMC3346998 DOI: 10.1155/2012/501492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer metastasizes via exfoliation of free-floating cells and multicellular aggregates from the primary tumor to the peritoneal cavity. A key event in EOC metastasis is disruption of cell-cell contacts via modulation of intercellular junctional components including cadherins. Ascites is rich in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid that may promote early events in ovarian cancer dissemination. The objective of this paper was to assess the effect of LPA on E-cadherin junctional integrity. We report a loss of junctional E-cadherin in OVCAR3, OVCA429, and OVCA433 cells exposed to LPA. LPA-induced loss of E-cadherin was concentration and time dependent. LPA increased MMP-9 expression and promoted MMP-9-catalyzed E-cadherin ectodomain shedding. Blocking LPA receptor signaling inhibited MMP-9 expression and restored junctional E-cadherin staining. LPA-treated cells demonstrated a significant decrease in epithelial cohesion. Together these data support a model wherein LPA induces MMP-9 expression and MMP-9-catalyzed E-cadherin ectodomain shedding, resulting in loss of E-cadherin junctional integrity and epithelial cohesion, facilitating metastatic dissemination of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, A200D Harper Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46557, USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, A200D Harper Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46557, USA
| | - Rebecca Burkhalter
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, A200D Harper Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46557, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jaime Symowicz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kim Chaffin
- Department of Chemistry, Wartburg College, Waverly, IA 50677, USA
| | - Shawn Ellerbroek
- Department of Chemistry, Wartburg College, Waverly, IA 50677, USA
| | - M. Sharon Stack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, A200D Harper Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46557, USA
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 1234 Notre Dame Avenue, A200D Harper Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46557, USA
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14
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Majumder A, Kirabo A, Karrupiah K, Tsuda S, Caldwell-Busby J, Cardounel AJ, Keseru GM, Sayeski PP. Cell death induced by the Jak2 inhibitor, G6, correlates with cleavage of vimentin filaments. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7774-86. [PMID: 21823612 DOI: 10.1021/bi200847n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperkinetic Jak2 tyrosine kinase signaling has been implicated in several human diseases including leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, and the myeloproliferative neoplasms. Using structure-based virtual screening, we previously identified a novel Jak2 inhibitor named G6. We showed that G6 specifically inhibits Jak2 kinase activity and suppresses Jak2-mediated cellular proliferation. To elucidate the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which G6 inhibits Jak2-mediated cellular proliferation, we treated Jak2-V617F expressing human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells for 12 h with either vehicle control or 25 μM of the drug and compared protein expression profiles using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One differentially expressed protein identified by electrospray mass spectroscopy was the intermediate filament protein, vimentin. It was present in DMSO treated cells but absent in G6 treated cells. HEL cells treated with G6 showed both time- and dose-dependent cleavage of vimentin as well as a marked reorganization of vimentin intermediate filaments within intact cells. In a mouse model of Jak2-V617F mediated human erythroleukemia, G6 also decreased the levels of vimentin protein, in vivo. The G6-induced cleavage of vimentin was found to be Jak2-dependent and calpain-mediated. Furthermore, we found that intracellular calcium mobilization is essential and sufficient for the cleavage of vimentin. Finally, we show that the cleavage of vimentin intermediate filaments, per se, is sufficient to reduce HEL cell viability. Collectively, these results suggest that G6-induced inhibition of Jak2-mediated pathogenic cell growth is concomitant with the disruption of intracellular vimentin filaments. As such, this work describes a novel pathway for the targeting of Jak2-mediated pathological cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurima Majumder
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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15
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Ferbeyre G, Moriggl R. The role of Stat5 transcription factors as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1815:104-14. [PMID: 20969928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stat5 is constitutively activated in many human cancers affecting the expression of cell proliferation and cell survival controlling genes. These oncogenic functions of Stat5 have been elegantly reproduced in mouse models. Aberrant Stat5 activity induces also mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species leading to DNA damage. Although DNA damage can stimulate tumorigenesis, it can also prevent it. Stat5 can inhibit tumor progression like in the liver and it is a tumor suppressor in fibroblasts. Stat5 proteins are able to regulate cell differentiation and senescence activating the tumor suppressors SOCS1, p53 and PML. Understanding the context dependent regulation of tumorigenesis through Stat5 function will be central to understand proliferation, survival, differentiation or senescence of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferbeyre
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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16
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Cannito S, Novo E, di Bonzo LV, Busletta C, Colombatto S, Parola M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: from molecular mechanisms, redox regulation to implications in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1383-430. [PMID: 19903090 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process, paradigmatic of the concept of cell plasticity, that leads epithelial cells to lose their polarization and specialized junctional structures, to undergo cytoskeleton reorganization, and to acquire morphological and functional features of mesenchymal-like cells. Although EMT has been originally described in embryonic development, where cell migration and tissue remodeling have a primary role in regulating morphogenesis in multicellular organisms, recent literature has provided evidence suggesting that the EMT process is a more general biological process that is also involved in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer progression and organ fibrosis. This review offers first a comprehensive introduction to describe major relevant features of EMT, followed by sections dedicated on those signaling mechanisms that are known to regulate or affect the process, including the recently proposed role for oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Current literature data involving EMT in both physiological conditions (i.e., embryogenesis) and major human diseases are then critically analyzed, with a special final focus on the emerging role of hypoxia as a relevant independent condition able to trigger EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cannito
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology and Interuniversity Center for Hepatic Pathophysiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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17
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Gu L, Vogiatzi P, Puhr M, Dagvadorj A, Lutz J, Ryder A, Addya S, Fortina P, Cooper C, Leiby B, Dasgupta A, Hyslop T, Bubendorf L, Alanen K, Mirtti T, Nevalainen MT. Stat5 promotes metastatic behavior of human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:481-93. [PMID: 20233708 PMCID: PMC6260789 DOI: 10.1677/erc-09-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There are no effective therapies for disseminated prostate cancer. Constitutive activation of Stat5 in prostate cancer is associated with cancer lesions of high histological grade. We have shown that Stat5 is activated in 61% of distant metastases of clinical prostate cancer. Active Stat5 increased metastases formation of prostate cancer cells in nude mice by 11-fold in an experimental metastases assay. Active Stat5 promoted migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells, and induced rearrangement of the microtubule network. Active Stat5 expression was associated with decreased cell surface E-cadherin levels, while heterotypic adhesion of prostate cancer cells to endothelial cells was stimulated by active Stat5. Activation of Stat5 and Stat5-induced binding of prostate cancer cells to endothelial cells were decreased by inhibition of Src but not of Jak2. Gene expression profiling indicated that 21% of Stat5-regulated genes in prostate cancer cells were related to metastases, while 7.9% were related to proliferation and 3.9% to apoptosis. The work presented here provides the first evidence of Stat5 involvement in the induction of metastatic behavior of human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Stat5 may provide a therapeutic target protein for disseminated prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Li H, Ung CY, Ma XH, Liu XH, Li BW, Low BC, Chen YZ. Pathway sensitivity analysis for detecting pro-proliferation activities of oncogenes and tumor suppressors of epidermal growth factor receptor-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway at altered protein levels. Cancer 2009; 115:4246-63. [PMID: 19551902 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mathematic models and sensitivity analyses of biologic pathways have been used for exploring the dynamics and for detecting the key components of signaling pathways. METHODS The authors previously developed a mathematic model of the epidermal growth factor receptor-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (EGFR-ERK) pathway using ordinary differential equations from existing EGFR-ERK pathway models. By using prolonged ERK activation as an indicator that may lead to cell proliferation under certain circumstances, in the current study, a pathway sensitivity analysis was performed to test its capability of detecting pro-proliferative activities through altered protein levels to examine the effects on ERK activation. RESULTS The analysis revealed that 12 of 20 oncoproteins and 4 of 5 tumor suppressors were detected, consistent with reported experimental works. Because pathway dynamics depend on many factors, some of which were not included in the current models, failure to detect all known oncogenes and tumor suppressors can be because of the failure to include relevant crosstalk to other pathway components. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the current results indicated that pathway sensitivity analysis is a useful approach for detecting and distinguishing pro-proliferation activities of oncoproteins and suppressed proliferative activities of tumor suppressors at altered protein levels at least in the EGFR-ERK model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Koppikar P, Lui VWY, Man D, Xi S, Chai RL, Nelson E, Tobey ABJ, Grandis JR. Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 contributes to tumor growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor targeting. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7682-90. [PMID: 19047094 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is activated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), where targeting of STAT5 inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. The role of STAT5 activation in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and response to therapy remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of STAT5 activation on squamous epithelial carcinogenesis and response to therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The functional consequences of STAT5 activation in squamous epithelial carcinogenesis were examined using cells derived from normal (Het-1A) and transformed mucosal epithelial cells engineered to express constitutive-active mutants of STAT5. RESULTS The growth rate of stable clones derived from both normal and transformed squamous epithelial cells expressing the constitutive-active STAT5 was increased. In SCCHN xenografts, tumor volumes were increased in constitutive-active STAT5 mutant cells compared with vector-transfected controls. Constitutive activation of STAT5 significantly increased cell migration and invasion through Matrigel, as well as the transforming efficiency of SCCHN cells in vitro, as assessed by soft agar assays. The constitutive-active STAT5 clones derived from SCCHN cells showed changes consistent with an epithelial-mesenchymal transition including decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased vimentin in comparison with control transfectants. In these cells, STAT5 activation was associated with resistance to cisplatin-mediated apoptosis and growth inhibition induced by the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that constitutive STAT5 signaling enhances tumor growth, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in squamous epithelial carcinogenesis and may contribute to resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Koppikar
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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20
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Abstract
Invasion, the hallmark of malignancy, consists in the translocation of tumour cells from the initial neoplastic focus into neighbouring host tissues, and also allows tumour cells to penetrate vessel endothelium and enter the circulation to form distant metastasis. A histological pattern found at the periphery of carcinomas is the presence of individual malignant cells detached from the tumour mass and staying independently within the interstitial matrix of the stroma. While they are readily identified by the pathologist as invading malignant cells, their relationship with the compact-appearing portions of the tumour as well as the mechanism underlying the development of this pattern are not immediately evident at histological level. There is growing evidence suggesting that this change in tumour tissue architecture takes place through a peculiar phenotype modulation known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The essential features of EMT are the disruption of intercellular contacts and the enhancement of cell motility, thereby leading to the release of cells from the parent epithelial tissue. The resulting mesenchymal-like phenotype is suitable for migration and, thus, for tumour invasion and dissemination, allowing metastatic progression to proceed. Although the molecular bases of EMT have not been completely elucidated, several interconnected transduction pathways and a number of signalling molecules potentially involved have been identified. These include growth factors, receptor tyrosine kinases, Ras and other small GTPases, Src, beta-catenin and integrins. Most of these pathways converge on the down-regulation of the epithelial molecule E-cadherin, an event critical in tumour invasion and a 'master' programmer of EMT. E-cadherin gene is somatically inactivated in many diffuse-type cancers such as lobular carcinoma of the breast and diffuse gastric carcinoma, in which neoplastic cells through the entire tumour mass have lost many of their epithelial characteristics and exhibit a highly invasive, EMT-derived histological pattern. E-cadherin down-modulation is also seen in solid, non-diffuse-type cancers at the tumour-stroma boundary where singly invading, EMT-derived tumour cells are seen in histological sections. In this latter scenario, E-cadherin loss and EMT could be transient, reversible processes possibly regulated by the tumour microenvironment and, as a matter of fact, neoplastic cells that have undergone EMT during invasion seem to regain E-cadherin expression and their epithelial, cohesive characteristics at the secondary foci. Since the molecules involved in EMT represent potential targets for pharmacological agents, these findings open new avenues for the control of metastatic spread in the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Guarino
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hospital of Vimercate. Milan, Italy.
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21
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Kundumani-Sridharan V, Wang D, Karpurapu M, Liu Z, Zhang C, Dronadula N, Rao GN. Suppression of activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5B signaling in the vessel wall reduces balloon injury-induced neointima formation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1381-94. [PMID: 17823285 PMCID: PMC1988886 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that STAT-5B plays a role in thrombin-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and motility. To learn more about the role of STAT-5B in vessel wall remodeling, we examined its involvement in platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-stimulated VSMC growth and motility and balloon injury-induced neointima formation. PDGF-BB activated STAT-5B as measured by its tyrosine phosphorylation, DNA binding, and reporter gene activity. PDGF-BB induced cyclin D1 expression, CDK4 activity, and Rb protein phosphorylation, leading to VSMC growth and motility, and these responses were suppressed by the blockade of STAT-5B. Increased cyclin D1 levels, CDK4 activity, and Rb protein phosphorylation were observed in 1-week balloon-injured arteries compared with uninjured arteries, and these responses were also suppressed by adenovirus-mediated expression of dnSTAT-5B. In addition, adenovirus-mediated expression of dnSTAT-5B attenuated balloon injury-induced smooth muscle cell migration from media to intima and their proliferation in intima, resulting in reduced neointima formation. These observations indicate that STAT-5B plays an important role in PDGF-BB-induced VSMC growth and motility in vitro and balloon injury-induced neointima formation in vivo.
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22
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Lee TK, Man K, Poon RTP, Lo CM, Yuen AP, Ng IO, Ng KT, Leonard W, Fan ST. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5b activation enhances hepatocellular carcinoma aggressiveness through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9948-56. [PMID: 17047057 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a high potential of vascular invasion and metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key event in the tumor invasion process. Recently, signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) has been linked to tumor progression by EMT induction. However, the precise roles of STAT5 genes (STAT5a and STAT5b) in human epithelial cancers have not been elucidated clearly. The aim of this study is to analyze the roles of STAT5 isoforms in HCC progression using HCC clinical samples. We showed that activation of STAT5b, but not STAT5a, was found in HCC clinical samples and its expression was significantly associated with younger age (P = 0.037), advanced tumor stages (P = 0.003), venous infiltration (P = 0.016), microsatellite formation (P = 0.024), multiple tumor nodules (P = 0.02), and poor patient survival. To specifically investigate the mechanism underlying constitutive activation of STAT5b in HCC, EGFP-HBX was introduced into Huh-7 cells. STAT5b activation in HCC is at least partially mediated by HBX activation. Ectopic STAT5b transfection conferred increased HCC cell motility and invasiveness by induction of EMT changes. In conclusion, STAT5b activation enhanced HCC aggressiveness by induction of EMT, which was possibly mediated by HBX activation. STAT5b could serve as a novel molecular target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence K Lee
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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23
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Akhtar N, Streuli CH. Rac1 links integrin-mediated adhesion to the control of lactational differentiation in mammary epithelia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:781-93. [PMID: 16754961 PMCID: PMC2063893 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200601059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of tissue-specific genes during mammary gland differentiation relies on the coincidence of two distinct signaling events: the continued engagement of β1 integrins with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and a hormonal stimulus from prolactin (Prl). How the integrin and Prl receptor (PrlR) systems integrate to regulate milk protein gene synthesis is unknown. In this study, we identify Rac1 as a key link. Dominant-negative Rac1 prevents Prl-induced synthesis of the milk protein β-casein in primary mammary epithelial cells cultured as three-dimensional acini on basement membrane. Conversely, activated Rac1 rescues the defective β-casein synthesis that occurs under conditions not normally permissive for mammary differentiation, either in β1 integrin–null cells or in wild-type cells cultured on collagen. Rac1 is required downstream of integrins for activation of the PrlR/Stat5 signaling cascade. Cdc42 is also necessary for milk protein synthesis but functions via a distinct mechanism to Rac1. This study identifies the integration of signals provided by ECM and hormones as a novel role for Rho family guanosine triphosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Akhtar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, England, United Kingdom
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24
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Robson EJD, Khaled WT, Abell K, Watson CJ. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition confers resistance to apoptosis in three murine mammary epithelial cell lines. Differentiation 2006; 74:254-64. [PMID: 16759291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential embryogenic and developmental process, characterized by altered cellular morphology, loss of cell adhesion, and gain of migratory ability. Dysregulation of this process has been implicated in tumorigenesis, mediating the acquisition of migratory and invasive phenotypes by tumor cells. Mammary epithelial cells provide an excellent model in which to study the process, being derived from mammary gland tissue that utilizes EMT to facilitate branching morphogenesis through which the developing gland migrates into and invades the fat pad. Inappropriate EMT has been heavily implicated in the progression of ductal hyperplasia and mammary tumor metastasis. We examined the morphological and molecular changes of three murine mammary epithelial cell lines following EMT induction. EMT was induced in the EpH-4 and NMuMG cell lines by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 but not by ethanol, while the KIM-2 cell line was partially resistant to TGF-beta1 but responded fully to ethanol. The response to EMT-inducing reagent was shown to be critically dependent on the time of treatment, with confluent cells failing to respond. Timelapse photography identified increased motility during wound healing in cells pre-treated with EMT-inducing reagent compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, EMT conferred resistance to UV-induced apoptosis. Our data indicate that evaluation of characteristics other than loss and gain of phenotypic markers may be of benefit when assessing EMT, and contribute to the evidence suggesting that inappropriate EMT facilitates the acquisition of resistance to apoptosis, a key characteristic required for tumor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan J D Robson
- Mammary Apoptosis and Development Group, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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25
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Dentelli P, Rosso A, Garbarino G, Calvi C, Lombard E, Di Stefano P, Defilippi P, Pegoraro L, Brizzi MF. The interaction between KDR and interleukin-3 receptor (IL-3R) beta common modulates tumor neovascularization. Oncogene 2005; 24:6394-405. [PMID: 16007196 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
As vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), released into the tumor microenvironment stimulates motogenic and mitogenic activity of normal and transformed cells. In the present study, we investigate the effects of IL-3 and VEGF on neoplastic vascular growth. Engagement of IL-3 receptor beta common (IL-3R beta c) contributes to both IL-3- and VEGF-induced Rac1 activation, cell migration and in vitro tube-like structure formation as shown by the expression of the dominant-negative IL-3R beta c construct (Delta455). In normal and transformed endothelial cells (EC) as well as in HEK 293 cells expressing KDR and IL-3R, VEGF and IL-3 treatment induces the formation of a KDR/IL-3R beta c complex. Moreover, as shown by the IL-3R Delta455 mutant or by the kinase dead KDR, functional receptors are required for this interaction. Consistent with the contribution of IL-3R beta c in both IL-3- and VEGF-mediated angiogenic signal, a reduced number of vessels inside tumors are found in mice injected with cells expressing the IL-3R Delta455 mutant. Thus, these findings provide a novel mechanism through which IL-3 and VEGF support cell survival and tumor neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Dentelli
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, Torino 10126, Italy
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26
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Sultan AS, Xie J, LeBaron MJ, Ealley EL, Nevalainen MT, Rui H. Stat5 promotes homotypic adhesion and inhibits invasive characteristics of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:746-60. [PMID: 15592524 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (Stat5) mediates prolactin (PRL)-induced differentiation and growth of breast epithelial cells. We have recently identified active Stat5 as a tumor marker of favorable prognosis in human breast cancer, and determined that Stat5 activation is lost during metastatic progression. Here we provide novel evidence for an invasion-suppressive role of Stat5 in human breast cancer. Activation of Stat5 by PRL in human breast cancer lines was associated with increased surface levels of the invasion-suppressive adhesion molecule E-cadherin in vitro and in xenotransplant tumors in vivo. Inducible E-cadherin was blocked by dominant-negative (Dn) Stat5 or Dn-Jak2, but not by Dn-Stat3. Further experimental data indicated a role of Stat5 as a coordinate regulator of additional invasion-related characteristics of human breast cancer cells, including cell surface association of beta-catenin, homotypic cell clustering, invasion through Matrigel, cell migration, and matrix metalloproteinase activity. A role of Stat5 as a suppressor of breast cancer invasion and metastatic progression provides a biological mechanism to explain the favorable prognosis associated with active Stat5 in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NRB E504, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057-1469, USA
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27
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Woods A, Wang G, Beier F. RhoA/ROCK signaling regulates Sox9 expression and actin organization during chondrogenesis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:11626-34. [PMID: 15665004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409158200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is initiated by the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells to chondrocytes (chondrogenesis). This process is characterized by a strong interdependence of cell shape, cytoskeletal organization, and the onset of chondrogenic gene expression, but the molecular mechanisms mediating these interactions are not known. Here we investigated the role of the RhoA/ROCK pathway, a well characterized regulator of cytoskeletal organization, in chondrogenesis. We show that pharmacological inhibition of ROCK signaling by Y27632 resulted in increased glycosaminoglycan synthesis and elevated expression of the chondrogenic transcription factor Sox9, whereas overexpression of RhoA in the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5 had the opposite effects. Suppression of Sox9 expression by ROCK signaling was achieved through repression of Sox9 promoter activity. These molecular changes were accompanied by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, where RhoA/ROCK signaling suppressed cortical actin organization, a hallmark of differentiated chondrocytes. This led us to analyze the regulation of Sox9 expression by drugs affecting cytoskeletal dynamics. Both inhibition of actin polymerization by cytochalasin D and stabilization of existing actin filaments by jasplakinolide resulted in increased Sox9 mRNA levels, whereas inhibition of microtubule polymerization by colchicine completely blocked Sox9 expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that RhoA/ROCK signaling suppresses chondrogenesis through the control of Sox9 expression and actin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Woods
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Clevenger CV. Roles and regulation of stat family transcription factors in human breast cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1449-60. [PMID: 15509516 PMCID: PMC1618660 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stats (for signal transducers and activators of transcription) are a family of transcription factors that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Their activity is latent until phosphorylation by receptor-associated kinases. A sizable body of data from cell lines, mouse models, and human tissues now implicates these transcription factors in the oncogenesis of breast cancer. Because Stat activity is modulated by several posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions, these transcription factors are capable of integrating inputs from multiple signaling networks. Given this, the future utilization of Stats as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in human breast cancer appears likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Clevenger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 513 SC Labs, 422 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Aznar S, Fernández-Valerón P, Espina C, Lacal JC. Rho GTPases: potential candidates for anticancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2004; 206:181-91. [PMID: 15013523 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 08/04/2003] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight Rho GTPases are proteins that, in response to diverse stimuli, control key cellular processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, cytoarchitecture, adhesion, migration, cell polarity, and transcriptional regulation. The high incidence of overexpression of some members of the Rho family of GTPases in human tumors suggests that these proteins are important in the carcinogenic process, and therefore potential candidates for a therapeutic intervention. In recent years, the characterization of downstream effectors to Rho GTPases has increased our understanding of the general cellular effects that permit aberrant proliferation and motility of tumor cells. In addition, several transcription factors have been identified to play important roles at various levels of Rho-induced tumorigenesis. Accordingly, drugs that specifically alter Rho signaling display antineoplastic properties both at the level of tumor growth and tumor metastasis. In this review, a brief summary of the progress made in understanding the biological functions elicited by Rho GTPases that contribute to tumor biology will be made. In addition, a description of new drugs available targeted to specific elements of Rho signaling with antineoplastic or antimetastatic activity is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Aznar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
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Ling L, Lobie PE. RhoA/ROCK activation by growth hormone abrogates p300/histone deacetylase 6 repression of Stat5-mediated transcription. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:32737-50. [PMID: 15102857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400601200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate here that growth hormone (GH) stimulates the activation of RhoA and its substrate Rho kinase (ROCK) in NIH-3T3 cells. GH-stimulated formation of GTP-bound RhoA requires JAK2-dependent dissociation of RhoA from its negative regulator p190 RhoGAP. Inactivation of RhoA does not affect GH-stimulated JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation nor p44/42 MAPK activity. However, RhoA and ROCK activities are required for GH-stimulated, Stat5-mediated transcription. RhoA-dependent enhancement of GH-stimulated, Stat5-mediated transcription is due to repression of histone deacetylase 6 activity recruited by transcription cofactor p300 that negatively regulates GH-stimulated, Stat5-mediated transcription. We also demonstrate that RhoA is the pivot for cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibition of GH-stimulated, Stat5-mediated transcription as a consequence of cAMP-dependent protein kinase inactivation of RhoA through serine residue 188 of RhoA. We have therefore provided a novel mechanism by which a Ras-like small GTPase, RhoA, can regulate Stat5-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Republic of Singapore
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Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process governing morphogenesis in multicellular organisms. This process is also reactivated in a variety of diseases including fibrosis and in the progression of carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of EMT were primarily studied in epithelial cell lines, leading to the discovery of transduction pathways involved in the loss of epithelial cell polarity and the acquisition of a variety of mesenchymal phenotypic traits. Similar mechanisms have also been uncovered in vivo in different species, showing that EMT is controlled by remarkably well-conserved mechanisms. Current studies further emphasise the critical importance of EMT and provide a better molecular and functional definition of mesenchymal cells and how they emerged >500 million years ago as a key event in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Paul Thiery
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 144, Centre National Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France.
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