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Kuźniak E, Gajewska E. Lipids and Lipid-Mediated Signaling in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7255. [PMID: 39000361 PMCID: PMC11241471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant lipids are essential cell constituents with many structural, storage, signaling, and defensive functions. During plant-pathogen interactions, lipids play parts in both the preexisting passive defense mechanisms and the pathogen-induced immune responses at the local and systemic levels. They interact with various components of the plant immune network and can modulate plant defense both positively and negatively. Under biotic stress, lipid signaling is mostly associated with oxygenated natural products derived from unsaturated fatty acids, known as oxylipins; among these, jasmonic acid has been of great interest as a specific mediator of plant defense against necrotrophic pathogens. Although numerous studies have documented the contribution of oxylipins and other lipid-derived species in plant immunity, their specific roles in plant-pathogen interactions and their involvement in the signaling network require further elucidation. This review presents the most relevant and recent studies on lipids and lipid-derived signaling molecules involved in plant-pathogen interactions, with the aim of providing a deeper insight into the mechanisms underpinning lipid-mediated regulation of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Gajewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
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2
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Melnikova DN, Finkina EI, Potapov AE, Danilova YD, Toropygin IY, Matveevskaya NS, Ovchinnikova TV, Bogdanov IV. Structural and Immunological Features of PR-10 Allergens: Focusing on the Major Alder Pollen Allergen Aln g 1. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4965. [PMID: 38732184 PMCID: PMC11084660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, allergies have become a serious problem. PR-10 proteins are clinically relevant allergens that have the ability to bind hydrophobic ligands, which can significantly increase their allergenicity potential. It has been recently shown that not only the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 but also the alder pollen allergen Aln g 1, might act as a true sensitizer of the immune system. The current investigation is aimed at the further study of the allergenic and structural features of Aln g 1. By using qPCR, we showed that Aln g 1 was able to upregulate alarmins in epithelial cells, playing an important role in sensitization. With the use of CD-spectroscopy and ELISA assays with the sera of allergic patients, we demonstrated that Aln g 1 did not completely restore its structure after thermal denaturation, which led to a decrease in its IgE-binding capacity. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we revealed that the replacement of two residues (Asp27 and Leu30) in the structure of Aln g 1 led to a decrease in its ability to bind to both IgE from sera of allergic patients and lipid ligands. The obtained data open a prospect for the development of hypoallergenic variants of the major alder allergen Aln g 1 for allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria N. Melnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.F.); (A.E.P.); (Y.D.D.); (T.V.O.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.F.); (A.E.P.); (Y.D.D.); (T.V.O.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Andrey E. Potapov
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.F.); (A.E.P.); (Y.D.D.); (T.V.O.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Yulia D. Danilova
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.F.); (A.E.P.); (Y.D.D.); (T.V.O.); (I.V.B.)
| | | | - Natalia S. Matveevskaya
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.F.); (A.E.P.); (Y.D.D.); (T.V.O.); (I.V.B.)
| | - Ivan V. Bogdanov
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.I.F.); (A.E.P.); (Y.D.D.); (T.V.O.); (I.V.B.)
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Akhiyarova G, Finkina EI, Zhang K, Veselov D, Vafina G, Ovchinnikova TV, Kudoyarova G. The Long-Distance Transport of Some Plant Hormones and Possible Involvement of Lipid-Binding and Transfer Proteins in Hormonal Transport. Cells 2024; 13:364. [PMID: 38474328 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to changes in the environment depends, in part, on signaling between plant organs to integrate adaptive response at the level of the whole organism. Changes in the delivery of hormones from one organ to another through the vascular system strongly suggest that hormone transport is involved in the transmission of signals over long distances. However, there is evidence that, alternatively, systemic responses may be brought about by other kinds of signals (e.g., hydraulic or electrical) capable of inducing changes in hormone metabolism in distant organs. Long-distance transport of hormones is therefore a matter of debate. This review summarizes arguments for and against the involvement of the long-distance transport of cytokinins in signaling mineral nutrient availability from roots to the shoot. It also assesses the evidence for the role of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonates in long-distance signaling of water deficiency and the possibility that Lipid-Binding and Transfer Proteins (LBTPs) facilitate the long-distance transport of hormones. It is assumed that proteins of this type raise the solubility of hydrophobic substances such as ABA and jasmonates in hydrophilic spaces, thereby enabling their movement in solution throughout the plant. This review collates evidence that LBTPs bind to cytokinins, ABA, and jasmonates and that cytokinins, ABA, and LBTPs are present in xylem and phloem sap and co-localize at sites of loading into vascular tissues and at sites of unloading from the phloem. The available evidence indicates a functional interaction between LBTPs and these hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Akhiyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Finkina
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of 10 Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Dmitriy Veselov
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Gulnara Vafina
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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4
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Melnikova DN, Bogdanov IV, Potapov AE, Alekseeva AS, Finkina EI, Ovchinnikova TV. Molecular Insight into Ligand Binding and Transport by the Lentil Lipid Transfer Protein Lc-LTP2: The Role of Basic Amino Acid Residues at Opposite Entrances to the Hydrophobic Cavity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1699. [PMID: 38136572 PMCID: PMC10741581 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) realize their functions in plants due to their ability to bind and transport various ligands. Structures of many LTPs have been studied; however, the mechanism of ligand binding and transport is still not fully understood. In this work, we studied the role of Lys61 and Lys81 located near the "top" and "bottom" entrances to the hydrophobic cavity of the lentil lipid transfer protein Lc-LTP2, respectively, in these processes. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we showed that both amino acid residues played a key role in lipid binding to the protein. In experiments with calcein-loaded liposomes, we demonstrated that both the above-mentioned lysine residues participated in the protein interaction with model membranes. According to data obtained from fluorescent spectroscopy and TNS probe displacement, both amino acid residues are necessary for the ability of the protein to transfer lipids between membranes. Thus, we hypothesized that basic amino acid residues located at opposite entrances to the hydrophobic cavity of the lentil Lc-LTP2 played an important role in initial protein-ligand interaction in solution as well as in protein-membrane docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria N. Melnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (A.S.A.); (E.I.F.); (T.V.O.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Bogdanov
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (A.S.A.); (E.I.F.); (T.V.O.)
| | - Andrey E. Potapov
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (A.S.A.); (E.I.F.); (T.V.O.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anna S. Alekseeva
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (A.S.A.); (E.I.F.); (T.V.O.)
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (A.S.A.); (E.I.F.); (T.V.O.)
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin & Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.B.); (A.S.A.); (E.I.F.); (T.V.O.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Gao H, Ma K, Ji G, Pan L, Zhou Q. Lipid transfer proteins involved in plant-pathogen interactions and their molecular mechanisms. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1815-1829. [PMID: 36052490 PMCID: PMC9644281 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small, cysteine-rich proteins that play numerous functional roles in plant growth and development, including cutin wax formation, pollen tube adhesion, cell expansion, seed development, germination, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. LTPs contain eight conserved cysteine residues and a hydrophobic cavity that provides a wide variety of lipid-binding specificities. As members of the pathogenesis-related protein 14 family (PR14), many LTPs inhibit fungal or bacterial growth, and act as positive regulators in plant disease resistance. Over the past decade, these essential immunity-related roles of LTPs in plant immune processes have been documented in a growing body of literature. In this review, we summarize the roles of LTPs in plant-pathogen interactions, emphasizing the underlying molecular mechanisms in plant immune responses and specific LTP functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuHenanChina
| | - Kang Ma
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuHenanChina
| | - Guojie Ji
- Experimental Teaching Center of Biology and Basic MedicineSanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangHenanChina
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuHenanChina
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuHenanChina
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Madni ZK, Kumar A, Kumar U, Jaiswal D, Salunke DM. Dynamics of lipid displacement inside the hydrophobic cavity of a nonspecific lipid transfer protein from Solanum melongena. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35838149 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2097956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins are multifunctional and multispecific seed proteins with a characteristic hydrophobic cavity that runs form N-terminal to the C-terminal end. They are capable of binding and transferring different lipid molecules by means of their hydrophobic cavity. Apart from the cavity, lipid molecules bind and interact at key positions on the nsLTP surface as well. The plasticity of the hydrophobic cavity is an unusual property, considered as the primary lipid binding site. Here, we report a crystal structure of nsLTP from Solanum melongena with two lauric acid molecules bound inside the cavity. It has been observed that the extent of the N-terminal entry point and plasticity of the cavity can be extended, upon binding of one or two lipid molecules inside the cavity. The MD simulation further revealed that the lipid molecule shows high mobility inside the cavity and interestingly, was able to change its orientation. An alternate lipid entry site adjacent to the N-terminal end was uncovered during simulation and Arg-84 was implicated to be a potential regulatory residue aside from Tyr-59. Collectively, this study helps to understand that changes in orientation of the lipid inside the cavity could occur intermittently besides entering the cavity via tail-in-mechanism.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Kamal Madni
- Structural Biology Lab, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Structural Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Structural Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar
- Structural Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Jaiswal
- Structural Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinakar M Salunke
- Structural Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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7
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Amador VC, dos Santos-Silva CA, Vilela LMB, Oliveira-Lima M, de Santana Rêgo M, Roldan-Filho RS, de Oliveira-Silva RL, Lemos AB, de Oliveira WD, Ferreira-Neto JRC, Crovella S, Benko-Iseppon AM. Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs)-Structure, Diversity and Roles beyond Antimicrobial Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1281. [PMID: 34827219 PMCID: PMC8615156 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are among the most promising plant-exclusive antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). They figure among the most challenging AMPs from the point of view of their structural diversity, functions and biotechnological applications. This review presents a current picture of the LTP research, addressing not only their structural, evolutionary and further predicted functional aspects. Traditionally, LTPs have been identified by their direct isolation by biochemical techniques, whereas omics data and bioinformatics deserve special attention for their potential to bring new insights. In this context, new possible functions have been identified revealing that LTPs are actually multipurpose, with many additional predicted roles. Despite some challenges due to the toxicity and allergenicity of LTPs, a systematic review and search in patent databases, indicate promising perspectives for the biotechnological use of LTPs in human health and also plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Costa Amador
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
| | - Carlos André dos Santos-Silva
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34100 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Lívia Maria Batista Vilela
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
| | - Marx Oliveira-Lima
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
| | - Mireli de Santana Rêgo
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
| | - Ricardo Salas Roldan-Filho
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
| | - Roberta Lane de Oliveira-Silva
- General Microbiology Laboratory, Agricultural Science Campus, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56300-990, Brazil;
| | - Ayug Bezerra Lemos
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
| | - Wilson Dias de Oliveira
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
| | - José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
| | - Sérgio Crovella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha 1883, Qatar;
| | - Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
- Bioscience Centre, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (V.C.A.); (L.M.B.V.); (M.O.-L.); (M.d.S.R.); (R.S.R.-F.); (A.B.L.); (W.D.d.O.); (J.R.C.F.-N.)
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Tao Y, Zou T, Zhang X, Liu R, Chen H, Yuan G, Zhou D, Xiong P, He Z, Li G, Zhou M, Liu S, Deng Q, Wang S, Zhu J, Liang Y, Yu X, Zheng A, Wang A, Liu H, Wang L, Li P, Li S. Secretory lipid transfer protein OsLTPL94 acts as a target of EAT1 and is required for rice pollen wall development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:358-377. [PMID: 34314535 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant pollen wall protects the male gametophyte from various biotic and abiotic stresses. The formation of a unique pollen wall structure and elaborate exine pattern is a well-organized process, which needs coordination between reproductive cells and the neighboring somatic cells. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. Here, we report a rice male-sterile mutant (l94) that exhibits defective pollen exine patterning and abnormal tapetal cell development. MutMap and knockout analyses demonstrated that the causal gene encodes a type-G non-specific lipid transfer protein (OsLTPL94). Histological and cellular analyses established that OsLTPL94 is strongly expressed in the developing microspores and tapetal cells, and its protein is secreted to the plasma membrane. The l94 mutation impeded the secretory ability of OsLTPL94 protein. Further in vivo and in vitro investigations supported the hypothesis that ETERNAL TAPETUM 1 (EAT1), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (bHLH TF), activated OsLTPL94 expression through direct binding to the E-box motif of the OsLTPL94 promoter, which was supported by the positive correlation between the expression of EAT1 and OsLTPL94 in two independent eat1 mutants. Our findings suggest that the secretory OsLTPL94 plays a key role in the coordinated development of tapetum and microspores with the regulation of EAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ting Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pingping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhiyuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Gongwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Menglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huainian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Effects of Salinity and Abscisic Acid on Lipid Transfer Protein Accumulation, Suberin Deposition and Hydraulic Conductance in Pea Roots. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100762. [PMID: 34677528 PMCID: PMC8537554 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) participate in many important physiological processes in plants, including adaptation to stressors, e.g., salinity. Here we address the mechanism of this protective action of LTPs by studying the interaction between LTPs and abscisic acid (ABA, a "stress" hormone) and their mutual participation in suberin deposition in root endodermis of salt-stressed pea plants. Using immunohistochemistry we show for the first time NaCl induced accumulation of LTPs and ABA in the cell walls of phloem paralleled by suberin deposition in the endoderm region of pea roots. Unlike LTPs which were found localized around phloem cells, ABA was also present within phloem cells. In addition, ABA treatment resulted in both LTP and ABA accumulation in phloem cells and promoted root suberization. These results suggested the importance of NaCl-induced accumulation of ABA in increasing the abundance of LTPs and of suberin. Using molecular modeling and fluorescence spectroscopy we confirmed the ability of different plant LTPs, including pea Ps-LTP1, to bind ABA. We therefore hypothesize an involvement of plant LTPs in ABA transport (unloading from phloem) as part of the salinity adaptation mechanism.
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10
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Chen B, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Liu Z, Zhang D, Yang J, Wang G, Wu J, Ke H, Meng C, Wu L, Yan Y, Cui Y, Li Z, Wu L, Zhang G, Wang X, Ma Z. Tissue-specific expression of GhnsLTPs identified via GWAS sophisticatedly coordinates disease and insect resistance by regulating metabolic flux redirection in cotton. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:831-846. [PMID: 34008265 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is constantly attacked by pathogens and insects. The most efficient control strategy is to develop resistant varieties using broad-spectrum gene resources. Several resistance loci harboured by superior varieties have been identified through genome-wide association studies. However, the key genes and/or loci have not been functionally identified. In this study, we identified a locus significantly associated with Verticillium wilt (VW) resistance, and within a 145.5-kb linkage disequilibrium, two non-specific lipid transfer protein genes (named GhnsLTPsA10) were highly expressed under Verticillium pathogen stress. The expression of GhnsLTPsA10 significantly increased in roots upon Verticillium dahliae stress but significantly decreased in leaves under insect attack. Furthermore, GhnsLTPsA10 played antagonistic roles in positively regulating VW and Fusarium wilt resistance and negatively mediating aphid and bollworm resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis and silenced cotton. By combining transcriptomic, histological and physiological analyses, we determined that GhnsLTPsA10-mediated phenylpropanoid metabolism further affected the balance of the downstream metabolic flux of flavonoid and lignin biosynthesis. The divergent expression of GhnsLTPsA10 in roots and leaves coordinated resistance of cotton against fungal pathogens and insects via the redirection of metabolic flux. In addition, GhnsLTPsA10 contributed to reactive oxygen species accumulation. Therefore, in this study, we elucidated the novel function of GhnsLTP and the molecular association between disease resistance and insect resistance, balanced by GhnsLTPsA10. This broadens our knowledge of the biological function of GhnsLTPsA10 in crops and provides a useful locus for genetic improvement of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhengwen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guoning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Huifeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Chengsheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Lizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yanru Cui
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, North China Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
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11
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Megeressa M, Siraj B, Zarina S, Ahmed A. Structural characterization and in vitro lipid binding studies of non-specific lipid transfer protein 1 (nsLTP1) from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21243. [PMID: 33277525 PMCID: PMC7718255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are cationic proteins involved in intracellular lipid shuttling in growth and reproduction, as well as in defense against pathogenic microbes. Even though the primary and spatial structures of some nsLTPs from different plants indicate their similar features, they exhibit distinct lipid-binding specificities signifying their various biological roles that dictate further structural study. The present study determined the complete amino acid sequence, in silico 3D structure modeling, and the antiproliferative activity of nsLTP1 from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds. Fennel is a member of the family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It is used as a spice medicine and fresh vegetable. Fennel nsLTP1 was purified using the combination of gel filtration and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its homogeneity was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The purified nsLTP1 was treated with 4-vinyl pyridine, and the modified protein was then digested with trypsin. The complete amino acid sequence of nsLTP1 established by intact protein sequence up to 28 residues, overlapping tryptic peptides, and cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides. Hence, it is confirmed that fennel nsLTP1 is a 9433 Da single polypeptide chain consisting of 91 amino acids with eight conserved cysteines. Moreover, the 3D structure is predicted to have four α-helices interlinked by three loops and a long C-terminal tail. The lipid-binding property of fennel nsLTP1 is examined in vitro using fluorescent 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) and validated using a molecular docking study with AutoDock Vina. Both of the binding studies confirmed the order of binding efficiency among the four studied fatty acids linoleic acid > linolenic acid > Stearic acid > Palmitic acid. A preliminary screening of fennel nsLTP1 suppressed the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 6.98 µM after 48 h treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekdes Megeressa
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Bushra Siraj
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shamshad Zarina
- Dr. Zafar H. Zaidi Center for Proteomics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmed
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.
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12
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Chiu LY, Chen IH, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. The Lipid Transfer Protein 1 from Nicotiana benthamiana Assists Bamboo mosaic virus Accumulation. Viruses 2020; 12:E1361. [PMID: 33261222 PMCID: PMC7760991 DOI: 10.3390/v12121361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host factors play a pivotal role in regulating virus infection. Uncovering the mechanism of how host factors are involved in virus infection could pave the way to defeat viral disease. In this study, we characterized a lipid transfer protein, designated NbLTP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, which was downregulated after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) inoculation. BaMV accumulation significantly decreased in NbLTP1-knockdown leaves and protoplasts compared with the controls. The subcellular localization of the NbLTP1-orange fluorescent protein (OFP) was mainly the extracellular matrix. However, when we removed the signal peptide (NbLTP1/ΔSP-OFP), most of the expressed protein targeted chloroplasts. Both NbLTP1-OFP and NbLTP1/ΔSP-OFP were localized in chloroplasts when we removed the cell wall. These results suggest that NbLTP1 may have a secondary targeting signal. Transient overexpression of NbLTP1 had no effect on BaMV accumulation, but that of NbLTP1/ΔSP significantly increased BaMV expression. NbLTP1 may be a positive regulator of BaMV accumulation especially when its expression is associated with chloroplasts, where BaMV replicates. The mutation was introduced to the predicted phosphorylation site to simulate the phosphorylated status, NbLTP/ΔSP/P(+), which could still assist BaMV accumulation. By contrast, a mutant lacking calmodulin-binding or simulates the phosphorylation-negative status could not support BaMV accumulation. The lipid-binding activity of LTP1 was reported to be associated with calmodulin-binding and phosphorylation, by which the C-terminus functional domain of NbLTP1 may play a critical role in BaMV accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (I.-H.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - I-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (I.-H.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (I.-H.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (I.-H.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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13
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Dhar N, Caruana J, Erdem I, Raina R. An Arabidopsis DISEASE RELATED NONSPECIFIC LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN 1 is required for resistance against various phytopathogens and tolerance to salt stress. Gene 2020; 753:144802. [PMID: 32454178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous and timely regulation of multiple genes results in an effective defense response that decides the fate of the host when challenged with pathogens or unexpected changes in environmental conditions. One such gene, which is downregulated in response to multiple bacterial pathogens, is a putative nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) of unknown function that we have named DISEASE RELATED NONSPECIFIC LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN 1 (DRN1). We show that upon pathogen challenge, DRN1 is strongly downregulated, while a putative DRN1-targeting novel microRNA (miRNA) named DRN1 Regulating miRNA (DmiR) is reciprocally upregulated. Furthermore, we provide evidence that DRN1 is required for defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as for normal seedling growth under salinity stress. Although nsLTP family members from different plant species are known to be a significant source of food allergens and are often associated with antimicrobial properties, our knowledge on the biological functions and regulation of this gene family is limited. Our current work not only sheds light on the mechanism of regulation but also helps in the functional characterization of DRN1, a putative nsLTP family member of hitherto unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhilesh Dhar
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Salinas, CA 93905, United States
| | - Julie Caruana
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States; American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Fellow, Washington DC 20375, United States
| | - Irmak Erdem
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Ramesh Raina
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States.
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Kapoor R, Kumar G, Arya P, Jaswal R, Jain P, Singh K, Sharma TR. Genome-Wide Analysis and Expression Profiling of Rice Hybrid Proline-Rich Proteins in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses, and Hormone Treatment. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E343. [PMID: 31514343 PMCID: PMC6784160 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid proline-rich proteins (HyPRPs) belong to the family of 8-cysteine motif (8CM) containing proteins that play important roles in plant development processes, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. To gain insight into the rice HyPRPs, we performed a systematic genome-wide analysis and identified 45 OsHyPRP genes encoding 46 OsHyPRP proteins. The phylogenetic relationships of OsHyPRP proteins with monocots (maize, sorghum, and Brachypodium) and a dicot (Arabidopsis) showed clustering of the majority of OsHyPRPs along with those from other monocots, which suggests lineage-specific evolution of monocots HyPRPs. Based on our previous RNA-Seq study, we selected differentially expressed OsHyPRPs genes and used quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) to measure their transcriptional responses to biotic (Magnaporthe oryzae) and abiotic (heat, cold, and salt) stresses and hormone treatment (Abscisic acid; ABA, Methyl-Jasmonate; MeJA, and Salicylic acid; SA) in rice blast susceptible Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1) and blast-resistant near-isogenic line PB1+Pi9. The induction of OsHyPRP16 expression in response to the majority of stresses and hormonal treatments was highly correlated with the number of cis-regulatory elements present in its promoter region. In silico docking analysis of OsHyPRP16 showed its interaction with sterols of fungal/protozoan origin. The characterization of the OsHyPRP gene family enables us to recognize the plausible role of OsHyPRP16 in stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, Punjab, India.
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Preeti Arya
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, Punjab, India.
| | - Priyanka Jain
- National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, Punjab, India.
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
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15
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Fleury C, Gracy J, Gautier MF, Pons JL, Dufayard JF, Labesse G, Ruiz M, de Lamotte F. Comprehensive classification of the plant non-specific lipid transfer protein superfamily towards its sequence-structure-function analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7504. [PMID: 31428542 PMCID: PMC6698131 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-specific Lipid Transfer Proteins (nsLTPs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and constitute a superfamily of related proteins. Several hundreds of different nsLTP sequences—and counting—have been characterized so far, but their biological functions remain unclear. It has been clear for years that they present a certain interest for agronomic and nutritional issues. Deciphering their functions means collecting and analyzing a variety of data from gene sequence to protein structure, from cellular localization to the physiological role. As a huge and growing number of new protein sequences are available nowadays, extracting meaningful knowledge from sequence–structure–function relationships calls for the development of new tools and approaches. As nsLTPs show high evolutionary divergence, but a conserved common right handed superhelix structural fold, and as they are involved in a large number of key roles in plant development and defense, they are a stimulating case study for validating such an approach. Methods In this study, we comprehensively investigated 797 nsLTP protein sequences, including a phylogenetic analysis on canonical protein sequences, three-dimensional structure modeling and functional annotation using several well-established bioinformatics programs. Additionally, two integrative methodologies using original tools were developed. The first was a new method for the detection of (i) conserved amino acid residues involved in structure stabilization and (ii) residues potentially involved in ligand interaction. The second was a structure–function classification based on the evolutionary trace display method using a new tree visualization interface. We also present a new tool for visualizing phylogenetic trees. Results Following this new protocol, an updated classification of the nsLTP superfamily was established and a new functional hypothesis for key residues is suggested. Lastly, this work allows a better representation of the diversity of plant nsLTPs in terms of sequence, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Gracy
- CBS, CNRS Univ Montpellier INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Pons
- CBS, CNRS Univ Montpellier INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Rojas M, Jimenez-Bremont F, Villicaña C, Carreón-Palau L, Arredondo-Vega BO, Gómez-Anduro G. Involvement of OpsLTP1 from Opuntia streptacantha in abiotic stress adaptation and lipid metabolism. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:816-829. [PMID: 31138396 DOI: 10.1071/fp18280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) exhibit the ability to transfer lipids between membranes in vitro, and have been implicated in diverse physiological processes associated to plant growth, reproduction, development, biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, their mode of action is not yet fully understood. To explore the functions of the OpsLTP1 gene encoding a LTP from cactus pear Opuntia streptacantha Lem., we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants to overexpress OpsLTP1 and contrasted our results with the loss-of-function mutant ltp3 from A. thaliana under abiotic stress conditions. The ltp3 mutant seeds showed impaired germination under salt and osmotic treatments, in contrast to OpsLTP1 overexpressing lines that displayed significant increases in germination rate. Moreover, stress recovery assays showed that ltp3 mutant seedlings were more sensitive to salt and osmotic treatments than wild-type plants suggesting that AtLTP3 is required for stress-induced responses, while the OpsLTP1 overexpressing line showed no significant differences. In addition, OpsLTP1 overexpressing and ltp3 mutant seeds stored lower amount of total lipids compared with wild-type seeds, showing changes primarily on 16C and 18C fatty acids. However, ltp3 mutant also lead changes in lipid profile and no over concrete lipids which may suggest a compensatory activation of other LTPs. Interestingly, linoleic acid (18:2ω6) was consistently increased in neutral, galactoglycerolipids and phosphoglycerolipids of OpsLTP1 overexpressing line indicating a role of OpsLTP1 in the modulation of lipid composition in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rojas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Apdo, Postal 128, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Francisco Jimenez-Bremont
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica. Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4 sección CP. 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Claudia Villicaña
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera a Eldorado Km. 5.5, Apartado Postal 32-A. C. P. 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Laura Carreón-Palau
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Apdo, Postal 128, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Bertha Olivia Arredondo-Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Apdo, Postal 128, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Gracia Gómez-Anduro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Apdo, Postal 128, 23096 La Paz, B.C.S., México; and Corresponding author.
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17
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Schmitt AJ, Sathoff AE, Holl C, Bauer B, Samac DA, Carter CJ. The major nectar protein of Brassica rapa is a non-specific lipid transfer protein, BrLTP2.1, with strong antifungal activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5587-5597. [PMID: 30169819 PMCID: PMC6255697 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nectar is one of the key rewards mediating plant-mutualist interactions. In addition to sugars, nectars often contain many other compounds with important biological functions, including proteins. This study was undertaken to assess the proteinaceous content of Brassica rapa nectar. SDS-PAGE analysis of raw B. rapa nectar revealed the presence of ~10 proteins, with a major band at ~10 kDa. This major band was found to contain a non-specific lipid transfer protein encoded by B. rapa locus Bra028980 and subsequently termed BrLTP2.1. Sequence analysis of BrLTP2.1 predicted the presence of a signal peptide required for secretion from the cell, eight cysteines, and a mature molecular mass of 7.3 kDa. Constitutively expressed BrLTP2.1-GFP in Arabidopsis displayed accumulation patterns consistent with secretion from nectary cells. BrLTP2.1 was also found to have relatively high sequence similarity to non-specific lipid-transfer proteins with known functions in plant defense, including Arabidopsis DIR1. Heterologously expressed and purified BrLTP2.1 was extremely heat stable and bound strongly to saturated free fatty acids, but not methyl jasmonate. Recombinant BrLTP2.1 also had direct antimicrobial activity against an extensive range of plant pathogens, being particularly effective against necrotrophic fungi. Taken together, these results suggest that BrLTP2.1 may function to prevent microbial growth in nectars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Schmitt
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Andrew E Sathoff
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Catherine Holl
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Brittany Bauer
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Deborah A Samac
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Unit, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Clay J Carter
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Scheurer S, Schülke S. Interaction of Non-Specific Lipid-Transfer Proteins With Plant-Derived Lipids and Its Impact on Allergic Sensitization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1389. [PMID: 29973934 PMCID: PMC6019453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) represent a family of ubiquitous plant proteins belonging to the prolamin superfamily. nsLTPs are characterized by a globular α-helical structure stabilized by four disulfide bonds and a hydrophobic cavity which acts as ligand-binding site for a broad spectrum of lipids and hydrophobic molecules. nsLTPs are involved in membrane biogenesis and in the adaption of plants to abiotic and biotic stress. They display antimicrobial activity by the ability to permeabilize the cell membrane of phytopathogens. Moreover, in the presence of lipids, nsLTPs are suggested to activate the plant immune system by a receptor-dependent mechanism. Additionally, nsLTPs from pollen and plant-derived food, in particular type 1 nsLTPs (9 kDa), are described as potent allergens. Within the nsLTP family Pru p 3 from peach is the clinically most relevant allergen which can cause genuine food allergy and frequently elicits severe clinical reactions. So far, the allergenic properties of nsLTPs are attributed to both their low molecular mass and their high thermal and proteolytic stability which allow them to reach the immune system in a biological intact form. Recently, the interaction of nsLTPs with lipids has been suggested to increase their allergenic properties and to promote the allergic sensitization to these proteins. This review will summarize the current knowledge on diversity of lipid ligands of plant LTPs, and illustrate recent studies performed with allergenic nsLTPs to investigate the effect of lipid binding on the structural modification and IgE-binding properties of proteins, and finally the potential effect on the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Xu Y, Zheng X, Song Y, Zhu L, Yu Z, Gan L, Zhou S, Liu H, Wen F, Zhu C. NtLTP4, a lipid transfer protein that enhances salt and drought stresses tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8873. [PMID: 29891874 PMCID: PMC5995848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), a class of small, ubiquitous proteins, play critical roles in various environmental stresses. However, their precise biological functions remain unknown. Here we isolated an extracellular matrix-localised LTP, NtLTP4, from Nicotiana tabacum. The overexpression of NtLTP4 in N. tabacum enhanced resistance to salt and drought stresses. Upon exposure to high salinity, NtLTP4-overexpressing lines (OE lines) accumulated low Na+ levels. Salt-responsive genes, including Na+/H+ exchangers (NHX1) and high-affinity K+ transporter1 (HKT1), were dramatically higher in OE lines than in wild-type lines. NtLTP4 might regulate transcription levels of NHX1 and HKT1 to alleviate the toxicity of Na+. Interestingly, OE lines enhanced the tolerance of N. tabacum to drought stress by reducing the transpiration rate. Moreover, NtLTP4 could increase reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme activity and expression levels to scavenge excess ROS under drought and high salinity conditions. We used a two-hybrid yeast system and screened seven putative proteins that interact with NtLTP4 in tobacco. An MAPK member, wound-induced protein kinase, was confirmed to interact with NtLTP4 via co-immunoprecipitation and a firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay. Taken together, this is the first functional analysis of NtLTP4, and proves that NtLTP4 positively regulates salt and drought stresses in N. tabacum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zipeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Liming Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shumei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fujiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, P. R. China.
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20
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Deciphering the Evolution and Development of the Cuticle by Studying Lipid Transfer Proteins in Mosses and Liverworts. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7010006. [PMID: 29342939 PMCID: PMC5874595 DOI: 10.3390/plants7010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
When plants conquered land, they developed specialized organs, tissues, and cells in order to survive in this new and harsh terrestrial environment. New cell polymers such as the hydrophobic lipid-based polyesters cutin, suberin, and sporopollenin were also developed for protection against water loss, radiation, and other potentially harmful abiotic factors. Cutin and waxes are the main components of the cuticle, which is the waterproof layer covering the epidermis of many aerial organs of land plants. Although the in vivo functions of the group of lipid binding proteins known as lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are still rather unclear, there is accumulating evidence suggesting a role for LTPs in the transfer and deposition of monomers required for cuticle assembly. In this review, we first present an overview of the data connecting LTPs with cuticle synthesis. Furthermore, we propose liverworts and mosses as attractive model systems for revealing the specific function and activity of LTPs in the biosynthesis and evolution of the plant cuticle.
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21
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Shenkarev ZO, Melnikova DN, Finkina EI, Sukhanov SV, Boldyrev IA, Gizatullina AK, Mineev KS, Arseniev AS, Ovchinnikova TV. Ligand Binding Properties of the Lentil Lipid Transfer Protein: Molecular Insight into the Possible Mechanism of Lipid Uptake. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1785-1796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zakhar O. Shenkarev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria N. Melnikova
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I. Finkina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav V. Sukhanov
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Boldyrev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Albina K. Gizatullina
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin S. Mineev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Arseniev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A.
Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya street, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Deeken R, Saupe S, Klinkenberg J, Riedel M, Leide J, Hedrich R, Mueller TD. The Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein AtLtpI-4 Is Involved in Suberin Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Crown Galls. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1911-1927. [PMID: 27688623 PMCID: PMC5100791 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins reversibly bind different types of lipid molecules in a hydrophobic cavity. They facilitate phospholipid transfer between membranes in vitro, play a role in cuticle and possibly in suberin formation, and might be involved in plant pathogen defense signaling. This study focuses on the role of the lipid transfer protein AtLTPI-4 in crown gall development. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) crown gall tumors, which develop upon infection with the virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58, highly expressed AtLTPI-4 Crown galls of the atltpI-4 loss-of-function mutant were much smaller compared with those of wild-type plants. The gene expression pattern and localization of the protein to the plasma membrane pointed to a function of AtLTPI-4 in cell wall suberization. Since Arabidopsis crown galls are covered by a suberin-containing periderm instead of a cuticle, we analyzed the suberin composition of crown galls and found a reduction in the amounts of long-chain fatty acids (C18:0) in the atltpI-4 mutant. To demonstrate the impact of AtLtpI-4 on extracellular lipid composition, we expressed the protein in Arabidopsis epidermis cells. This led to a significant increase in the very-long-chain fatty acids C24 and C26 in the cuticular wax fraction. Homology modeling and lipid-protein-overlay assays showed that AtLtpI-4 protein can bind these very-long-chain fatty acids. Thus, AtLtpI-4 protein may facilitate the transfer of long-chain as well as very-long-chain fatty acids into the apoplast, depending on the cell type in which it is expressed. In crown galls, which endogenously express AtLtpI-4, it is involved in suberin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Deeken
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Stefanie Saupe
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Joern Klinkenberg
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Michael Riedel
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Jana Leide
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
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23
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Salminen TA, Blomqvist K, Edqvist J. Lipid transfer proteins: classification, nomenclature, structure, and function. PLANTA 2016; 244:971-997. [PMID: 27562524 PMCID: PMC5052319 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The non-specific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) constitute a large protein family found in all land plants. They are small proteins characterized by a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, which makes them suitable for binding and transporting various lipids. The LTPs are abundantly expressed in most tissues. In general, they are synthesized with an N-terminal signal peptide that localizes the protein to spaces exterior to the plasma membrane. The in vivo functions of LTPs are still disputed, although evidence has accumulated for a role in the synthesis of lipid barrier polymers, such as cuticular waxes, suberin, and sporopollenin. There are also reports suggesting that LTPs are involved in signaling during pathogen attacks. LTPs are considered as key proteins for the plant's survival and colonization of land. In this review, we aim to present an overview of the current status of LTP research and also to discuss potential future applications of these proteins. We update the knowledge on 3D structures and lipid binding and review the most recent data from functional investigations, such as from knockout or overexpressing experiments. We also propose and argument for a novel system for the classification and naming of the LTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Johan Edqvist
- IFM, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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24
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Isaacs M, Carella P, Faubert J, Champigny MJ, Rose JKC, Cameron RK. Orthology Analysis and In Vivo Complementation Studies to Elucidate the Role of DIR1 during Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:566. [PMID: 27200039 PMCID: PMC4854023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
AtDIR1 (Defective in Induced Resistance1) is an acidic lipid transfer protein essential for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon SAR induction, DIR1 moves from locally infected to distant uninfected leaves to activate defense priming; however, a molecular function for DIR1 has not been elucidated. Bioinformatic analysis and in silico homology modeling identified putative AtDIR1 orthologs in crop species, revealing conserved protein motifs within and outside of DIR1's central hydrophobic cavity. In vitro assays to compare the capacity of recombinant AtDIR1 and targeted AtDIR1-variant proteins to bind the lipophilic probe TNS (6,P-toluidinylnaphthalene-2-sulfonate) provided evidence that conserved leucine 43 and aspartic acid 39 contribute to the size of the DIR1 hydrophobic cavity and possibly hydrophobic ligand binding. An Arabidopsis-cucumber SAR model was developed to investigate the conservation of DIR1 function in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and we demonstrated that phloem exudates from SAR-induced cucumber rescued the SAR defect in the Arabidopsis dir1-1 mutant. Additionally, an AtDIR1 antibody detected a protein of the same size as AtDIR1 in SAR-induced cucumber phloem exudates, providing evidence that DIR1 function during SAR is conserved in Arabidopsis and cucumber. In vitro TNS displacement assays demonstrated that recombinant AtDIR1 did not bind the SAR signals azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate or pipecolic acid. However, recombinant CsDIR1 and CsDIR2 interacted weakly with AzA and pipecolic acid. Bioinformatic and functional analyses using the Arabidopsis-cucumber SAR model provide evidence that DIR1 orthologs exist in tobacco, tomato, cucumber, and soybean, and that DIR1-mediated SAR signaling is conserved in Arabidopsis and cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Isaacs
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Carella
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Faubert
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marc J. Champigny
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robin K. Cameron
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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25
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Bogdanov IV, Shenkarev ZO, Finkina EI, Melnikova DN, Rumynskiy EI, Arseniev AS, Ovchinnikova TV. A novel lipid transfer protein from the pea Pisum sativum: isolation, recombinant expression, solution structure, antifungal activity, lipid binding, and allergenic properties. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:107. [PMID: 27137920 PMCID: PMC4852415 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) assemble a family of small (7-9 kDa) ubiquitous cationic proteins with an ability to bind and transport lipids as well as participate in various physiological processes including defense against phytopathogens. They also form one of the most clinically relevant classes of plant allergens. Nothing is known to date about correlation between lipid-binding and IgE-binding properties of LTPs. The garden pea Pisum sativum is widely consumed crop and important allergenic specie of the legume family. This work is aimed at isolation of a novel LTP from pea seeds and characterization of its structural, functional, and allergenic properties. RESULTS Three novel lipid transfer proteins, designated as Ps-LTP1-3, were found in the garden pea Pisum sativum, their cDNA sequences were determined, and mRNA expression levels of all the three proteins were measured at different pea organs. Ps-LTP1 was isolated for the first time from the pea seeds, and its complete amino acid sequence was determined. The protein exhibits antifungal activity and is a membrane-active compound that causes a leakage from artificial liposomes. The protein binds various lipids including bioactive jasmonic acid. Spatial structure of the recombinant uniformly (13)C,(15)N-labelled Ps-LTP1 was solved by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. In solution the unliganded protein represents the mixture of two conformers (relative populations ~ 85:15) which are interconnected by exchange process with characteristic time ~ 100 ms. Hydrophobic residues of major conformer form a relatively large internal tunnel-like lipid-binding cavity (van der Waals volume comes up to ~1000 Å(3)). The minor conformer probably corresponds to the protein with the partially collapsed internal cavity. CONCLUSIONS For the first time conformational heterogeneity in solution was shown for an unliganded plant lipid transfer protein. Heat denaturation profile and simulated gastrointestinal digestion assay showed that Ps-LTP1 displayed a high thermal and digestive proteolytic resistance proper for food allergens. The reported structural and immunological findings seem to describe Ps-LTP1 as potential cross-reactive allergen in LTP-sensitized patients, mostly Pru p 3(+) ones. Similarly to allergenic LTPs the potential IgE-binding epitope of Ps-LTP1 is located near the proposed entrance into internal cavity and could be involved in lipid-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Bogdanov
- M.M.Shemyakin and Yu.A.Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zakhar O Shenkarev
- M.M.Shemyakin and Yu.A.Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Finkina
- M.M.Shemyakin and Yu.A.Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria N Melnikova
- M.M.Shemyakin and Yu.A.Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene I Rumynskiy
- M.M.Shemyakin and Yu.A.Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- M.M.Shemyakin and Yu.A.Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- M.M.Shemyakin and Yu.A.Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
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Gao S, Guo W, Feng W, Liu L, Song X, Chen J, Hou W, Zhu H, Tang S, Hu J. LTP3 contributes to disease susceptibility in Arabidopsis by enhancing abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:412-426. [PMID: 26123657 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) act positively in plant disease resistance. Here, we show that LTP3 (At5g59320), a pathogen and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced gene, negatively regulates plant immunity in Arabidopsis. The overexpression of LTP3 (LTP3-OX) led to an enhanced susceptibility to virulent bacteria and compromised resistance to avirulent bacteria. On infection of LTP3-OX plants with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, NCED3 and AAO3, were highly induced, whereas salicylic acid (SA)-related genes, ICS1 and PR1, were down-regulated. Accordingly, in LTP3-OX plants, we observed increased ABA levels and decreased SA levels relative to the wild-type. We also showed that the LTP3 overexpression-mediated enhanced susceptibility was partially dependent on AAO3. Interestingly, loss of function of LTP3 (ltp3-1) did not affect ABA pathways, but resulted in PR1 gene induction and elevated SA levels, suggesting that LTP3 can negatively regulate SA in an ABA-independent manner. However, a double mutant consisting of ltp3-1 and silent LTP4 (ltp3/ltp4) showed reduced susceptibility to Pseudomonas and down-regulation of ABA biosynthesis genes, suggesting that LTP3 acts in a redundant manner with its closest homologue LTP4 by modulating the ABA pathway. Taken together, our data show that LTP3 is a novel negative regulator of plant immunity which acts through the manipulation of the ABA-SA balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security P.R.C., Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Wenya Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Wen Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Saijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
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27
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Finkina EI, Melnikova DN, Bogdanov IV, Ovchinnikova TV. Lipid Transfer Proteins As Components of the Plant Innate Immune System: Structure, Functions, and Applications. Acta Naturae 2016; 8:47-61. [PMID: 27437139 PMCID: PMC4947988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Among a variety of molecular factors of the plant innate immune system, small proteins that transfer lipids and exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities are of particular interest. These are lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). LTPs are interesting to researchers for three main features. The first feature is the ability of plant LTPs to bind and transfer lipids, whereby these proteins got their name and were combined into one class. The second feature is that LTPs are defense proteins that are components of plant innate immunity. The third feature is that LTPs constitute one of the most clinically important classes of plant allergens. In this review, we summarize the available data on the plant LTP structure, biological properties, diversity of functions, mechanisms of action, and practical applications, emphasizing their role in plant physiology and their significance in human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Finkina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 , Moscow, Russia
| | - D. N. Melnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 , Moscow, Russia
| | - I. V. Bogdanov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 , Moscow, Russia
| | - T. V. Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16/10, 117997 , Moscow, Russia
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28
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Gao S, Guo W, Feng W, Liu L, Song X, Chen J, Hou W, Zhu H, Tang S, Hu J. LTP3 contributes to disease susceptibility in Arabidopsis by enhancing abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:412-26. [PMID: 26123657 PMCID: PMC6638396 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) act positively in plant disease resistance. Here, we show that LTP3 (At5g59320), a pathogen and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced gene, negatively regulates plant immunity in Arabidopsis. The overexpression of LTP3 (LTP3-OX) led to an enhanced susceptibility to virulent bacteria and compromised resistance to avirulent bacteria. On infection of LTP3-OX plants with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, genes involved in ABA biosynthesis, NCED3 and AAO3, were highly induced, whereas salicylic acid (SA)-related genes, ICS1 and PR1, were down-regulated. Accordingly, in LTP3-OX plants, we observed increased ABA levels and decreased SA levels relative to the wild-type. We also showed that the LTP3 overexpression-mediated enhanced susceptibility was partially dependent on AAO3. Interestingly, loss of function of LTP3 (ltp3-1) did not affect ABA pathways, but resulted in PR1 gene induction and elevated SA levels, suggesting that LTP3 can negatively regulate SA in an ABA-independent manner. However, a double mutant consisting of ltp3-1 and silent LTP4 (ltp3/ltp4) showed reduced susceptibility to Pseudomonas and down-regulation of ABA biosynthesis genes, suggesting that LTP3 acts in a redundant manner with its closest homologue LTP4 by modulating the ABA pathway. Taken together, our data show that LTP3 is a novel negative regulator of plant immunity which acts through the manipulation of the ABA-SA balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security P.R.C., Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Wenya Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Wen Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Saijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
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Jülke S, Ludwig-Müller J. Response of Arabidopsis thaliana Roots with Altered Lipid Transfer Protein (LTP) Gene Expression to the Clubroot Disease and Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:E2. [PMID: 27135222 PMCID: PMC4844412 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The clubroot disease of Brassicaceae is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. The disease is characterized by abnormal tumorous swellings of infected roots that result in reduced drought resistance and insufficient distribution of nutrients, leading to reduced crop yield. It is one of the most damaging diseases among cruciferous crops worldwide. The acquisition of nutrients by the protist is not well understood. Gene expression profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana clubroots indicate that lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) could be involved in disease development or at least in adaptation to the disease symptoms. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the role of some, of the still enigmatic LTPs during clubroot development. For a functional approach, we have generated transgenic plants that overexpress LTP genes in a root specific manner or show reduced LTP gene expression. Our results showed that overexpression of some of the LTP genes resulted in reduced disease severity whereas the lipid content in clubs of LTP mutants seems to be unaffected. Additional studies indicate a role for some LTPs during salt stress conditions in roots of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jülke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany.
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany.
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Melnikova DN, Mineev KS, Finkina EI, Arseniev AS, Ovchinnikova TV. A novel lipid transfer protein from the dill Anethum graveolens L.: isolation, structure, heterologous expression, and functional characteristics. J Pept Sci 2015; 22:59-66. [PMID: 26680443 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel lipid transfer protein, designated as Ag-LTP, was isolated from aerial parts of the dill Anethum graveolens L. Structural, antimicrobial, and lipid binding properties of the protein were studied. Complete amino acid sequence of Ag-LTP was determined. The protein has molecular mass of 9524.4 Da, consists of 93 amino acid residues including eight cysteines forming four disulfide bonds. The recombinant Ag-LTP was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. NMR investigation shows that the Ag-LTP spatial structure contains four α-helices, forming the internal hydrophobic cavity, and a long C-terminal tail. The measured volume of the Ag-LTP hydrophobic cavity is equal to ~800 A(3), which is much larger than those of other plant LTP1s. Ag-LTP has weak antifungal activity and unpronounced lipid binding specificity but effectively binds plant hormone jasmonic acid. Our results afford further molecular insight into biological functions of LTP in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria N Melnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin S Mineev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Finkina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Arseniev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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Liu F, Zhang X, Lu C, Zeng X, Li Y, Fu D, Wu G. Non-specific lipid transfer proteins in plants: presenting new advances and an integrated functional analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5663-81. [PMID: 26139823 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small, basic proteins present in abundance in higher plants. They are involved in key processes of plant cytology, such as the stablization of membranes, cell wall organization, and signal transduction. nsLTPs are also known to play important roles in resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and in plant growth and development, such as sexual reproduction, seed development and germination. The structures of plant nsLTPs contain an eight-cysteine residue conserved motif, linked by four disulfide bonds, and an internal hydrophobic cavity, which comprises the lipid-binding site. This structure endows stability and increases the ability to bind and/or carry hydrophobic molecules. There is growing interest in nsLTPs, due to their critical roles, resulting in the need for a comprehensive review of their form and function. Relevant topics include: nsLTP structure and biochemical features, their classification, identification, and characterization across species, sub-cellular localization, lipid binding and transfer ability, expression profiling, functionality, and evolution. We present advances, as well as limitations and trends, relating to the different topics of the nsLTP gene family. This review collates a large body of research pertaining to the role of nsLTPs across the plant kingdom, which has been integrated as an in depth functional analysis of this group of proteins as a whole, and their activities across multiple biochemical pathways, based on a large number of reports. This review will enhance our understanding of nsLTP activity in planta, prompting further work and insights into the roles of this multifaceted protein family in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Life Science and Technology Center, China National Seed Group Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430206, China
| | - Changming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinhua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Agronomy College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Bogdanov IV, Finkina EI, Balandin SV, Melnikova DN, Stukacheva EA, Ovchinnikova TV. Structural and Functional Characterization of Recombinant Isoforms of the Lentil Lipid Transfer Protein. Acta Naturae 2015; 7:65-73. [PMID: 26483961 PMCID: PMC4610166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recombinant isoforms Lc-LTP1 and Lc-LTP3 of the lentil lipid transfer protein were overexpressed in E. coli cells. It was confirmed that both proteins are stabilized by four disulfide bonds and characterized by a high proportion of the α-helical structure. It was found that Lc-LTP1 and Lc-LTP3 possess antimicrobial activity and can bind fatty acids. Both isoforms have the ability to bind specific IgE from sera of patients with food allergies, which recognize similar epitopes of the major peach allergen Pru p 3. Both isoforms were shown to have immunological properties similar to those of other plant allergenic LTPs, but Lc-LTP3 displayed a less pronounced immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Bogdanov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. I. Finkina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. V. Balandin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - D. N. Melnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. A. Stukacheva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - T. V. Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Safi H, Saibi W, Alaoui MM, Hmyene A, Masmoudi K, Hanin M, Brini F. A wheat lipid transfer protein (TdLTP4) promotes tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 89:64-75. [PMID: 25703105 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are members of the family of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-14) that are believed to be involved in plant defense responses. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel gene TdLTP4 encoding an LTP protein from durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. Durum Desf.]. Molecular Phylogeny analyses of wheat TdLTP4 gene showed a high identity to other plant LTPs. Predicted three-dimensional structural model revealed the presence of six helices and nine loop turns. Expression analysis in two local durum wheat varieties with marked differences in salt and drought tolerance, revealed a higher transcript accumulation of TdLTP4 under different stress conditions in the tolerant variety, compared to the sensitive one. The overexpression of TdLTP4 in Arabidopsis resulted in a promoted plant growth under various stress conditions including NaCl, ABA, JA and H2O2 treatments. Moreover, the LTP-overexpressing lines exhibit less sensitivity to jasmonate than wild-type plants. Furthermore, detached leaves from transgenic Arabidopsis expressing TdLTP4 gene showed enhanced fungal resistance against Alternaria solani and Botrytis cinerea. Together, these data provide the evidence for the involvement of TdLTP4 gene in the tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses in crop plants.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid/metabolism
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Antigens, Plant/genetics
- Antigens, Plant/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cyclopentanes/metabolism
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Droughts
- Fungi
- Genes, Plant
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Structure
- Oxylipins/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Diseases/microbiology
- Plant Leaves/microbiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Salt Tolerance
- Sodium Chloride/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Triticum/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Safi
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax/ University of Sfax, BP "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Saibi
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax/ University of Sfax, BP "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Meryem Mrani Alaoui
- Laboratoire de biochimie, environnement et agroalimentaire, Université Hassan II-Mohammedia, Faculté des Sciences et techniques, BP 146, Mohammedia 20650, Maroc
| | - Abdelaziz Hmyene
- Laboratoire de biochimie, environnement et agroalimentaire, Université Hassan II-Mohammedia, Faculté des Sciences et techniques, BP 146, Mohammedia 20650, Maroc
| | - Khaled Masmoudi
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax/ University of Sfax, BP "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Moez Hanin
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax/ University of Sfax, BP "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faïçal Brini
- Plant Protection and Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax/ University of Sfax, BP "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Wang F, Ning D, Chen Y, Dang C, Han NS, Liu Y, Ye GY. Comparing Gene Expression Profiles Between Bt and non-Bt Rice in Response to Brown Planthopper Infestation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1181. [PMID: 26734057 PMCID: PMC4689863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Bt proteins are the most widely used insecticidal proteins in transgenic crops for improving insect resistance. We previously observed longer nymphal developmental duration and lower fecundity in brown planthopper (BPH) fed on Bt rice line KMD2, although Bt insecticidal protein Cry1Ab could rarely concentrate in this non-target rice pest. In the present study, we performed microarray analysis in an effort to detect Bt-independent variation, which might render Bt rice more defensive and/or less nutritious to BPH. We detected 3834 and 3273 differentially expressed probe-sets in response to BPH infestation in non-Bt parent Xiushui 11 and Bt rice KMD2, respectively, only 439 of which showed significant differences in expression between rice lines. Our analysis revealed a shift from growth to defense responses in response to BPH infestation, which was also detected in many other studies of plants suffering biotic and abiotic stresses. Chlorophyll biosynthesis and basic metabolism pathways were inhibited in response to infestation. IAA and GA levels decreased as a result of the repression of biosynthesis-related genes or the induction of inactivation-related genes. In accordance with these observations, a number of IAA-, GA-, BR-signaling genes were downregulated in response to BPH. Thus, the growth of rice plants under BPH attack was reduced and defense related hormone signaling like JA, SA and ET were activated. In addition, growth-related hormone signaling pathways, such as GA, BR, and auxin signaling pathways, as well as ABA, were also found to be involved in BPH-induced defense. On the other side, 51 probe-sets (represented 50 genes) that most likely contribute to the impact of Bt rice on BPH were identified, including three early nodulin genes, four lipid metabolic genes, 14 stress response genes, three TF genes and genes with other functions. Two transcription factor genes, bHLH and MYB, together with lipid transfer protein genes LTPL65 and early nodulin gene ENOD93, are the most likely candidates for improving herbivore resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Duo Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Nai-Shun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Yu'e Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Gong-Yin Ye
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Wei K, Zhong X. Non-specific lipid transfer proteins in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:281. [PMID: 25348423 PMCID: PMC4226865 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plant, non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small, basic proteins that have been reported to be involved in numerous biological processes such as transfer of phospholipids, reproductive development, pathogen defence and abiotic stress response. To date, only a tiny fraction of plant nsLTPs have been functionally identified, and even fewer have been identified in maize [Zea mays (Zm)]. RESULTS In this study, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of nsLTP gene family in maize and identified 63 nsLTP genes, which can be divided into five types (1, 2, C, D and G). Similar intron/exon structural patterns were observed in the same type, strongly supporting their close evolutionary relationship. Gene duplication analysis indicated that both tandem and segmental duplication contribute to the diversification of this gene family. Additionally, the three-dimensional structures of representative nsLTPs were studied with homology modeling to understand their molecular functions. Gene ontology analysis was performed to obtain clues about biological function of the maize nsLTPs (ZmLTPs). The analyses of putative upstream regulatory elements showed both shared and distinct transcriptional regulation motifs of ZmLTPs, further indicating that ZmLTPs may play roles in diverse biological processes. The dynamic expression patterns of ZmLTPs family across the different developmental stages showed that several of them exhibit tissue-specific expression, indicative of their important roles in maize life cycle. Furthermore, we focused on the roles of maize nsLTPs in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Our analyses demonstrated that some ZmLTPs exhibited a delayed expression pattern after the infection of Ustilago maydis and differentially expressed under drought, salt and cold stresses, and these may be a great help for further studies to improve the stress resistance and tolerance in maize breeding. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insights into the phylogenetic relationships and characteristic functions of maize nsLTPs and will be useful in studies aimed at revealing the global regulatory network in maize development and stress responses, thereby contributing to the maize molecular breeding with enhanced quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifa Wei
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000 China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000 China
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Sanabria NM, Huang JC, Dubery IA. Self/nonself perception in plants in innate immunity and defense. SELF NONSELF 2014; 1:40-54. [PMID: 21559176 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.1.10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish 'self' from 'nonself' is the most fundamental aspect of any immune system. The evolutionary solution in plants to the problems of perceiving and responding to pathogens involves surveillance of nonself, damaged-self and altered-self as danger signals. This is reflected in basal resistance or non-host resistance, which is the innate immune response that protects plants against the majority of pathogens. In the case of surveillance of nonself, plants utilize receptor-like proteins or -kinases (RLP/Ks) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which can detect conserved pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern (P/MAMP) molecules. P/MAMP detection serves as an early warning system for the presence of a wide range of potential pathogens and the timely activation of plant defense mechanisms. However, adapted microbes express a suite of effector proteins that often interfere or act as suppressors of these defenses. In response, plants have evolved a second line of defense that includes intracellular nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR)-containing resistance proteins, which recognize isolate-specific pathogen effectors once the cell wall has been compromised. This host-immunity acts within the species level and is controlled by polymorphic host genes, where resistance protein-mediated activation of defense is based on an 'altered-self' recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Sanabria
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Johannesburg; Auckland Park, South Africa
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Zhu F, Xi DH, Yuan S, Xu F, Zhang DW, Lin HH. Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid are essential for systemic resistance against tobacco mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:567-77. [PMID: 24450774 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-13-0349-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic resistance is induced by pathogens and confers protection against a broad range of pathogens. Recent studies have indicated that salicylic acid (SA) derivative methyl salicylate (MeSA) serves as a long-distance phloem-mobile systemic resistance signal in tobacco, Arabidopsis, and potato. However, other experiments indicate that jasmonic acid (JA) is a critical mobile signal. Here, we present evidence suggesting both MeSA and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are essential for systemic resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), possibly acting as the initiating signals for systemic resistance. Foliar application of JA followed by SA triggered the strongest systemic resistance against TMV. Furthermore, we use a virus-induced gene-silencing-based genetics approach to investigate the function of JA and SA biosynthesis or signaling genes in systemic response against TMV infection. Silencing of SA or JA biosynthetic and signaling genes in Nicotiana benthamiana plants increased susceptibility to TMV. Genetic experiments also proved the irreplaceable roles of MeSA and MeJA in systemic resistance response. Systemic resistance was compromised when SA methyl transferase or JA carboxyl methyltransferase, which are required for MeSA and MeJA formation, respectively, were silenced. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that JA and MeJA accumulated in phloem exudates of leaves at early stages and SA and MeSA accumulated at later stages, after TMV infection. Our data also indicated that JA and MeJA could regulate MeSA and SA production. Taken together, our results demonstrate that (Me)JA and (Me)SA are required for systemic resistance response against TMV.
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38
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Edstam MM, Laurila M, Höglund A, Raman A, Dahlström KM, Salminen TA, Edqvist J, Blomqvist K. Characterization of the GPI-anchored lipid transfer proteins in the moss Physcomitrella patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 75:55-69. [PMID: 24374350 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are characterized by a compact structure with a central hydrophobic cavity very suitable for binding hydrophobic ligands, such as lipids. The nsLTPs are encoded by large gene families in all land plant lineages, but seem to be absent from green algae. The nsLTPs are classified to different types based on molecular weight, sequence similarity, intron position or spacing between the cysteine residues. The Type G nsLTPs (LTPGs) have a GPI-anchor in the C-terminal region which may attach the protein to the exterior side of the plasma membrane. Here, we present the first characterization of nsLTPs from an early diverged plant, the moss Physcomitrella patens. Moss LTPGs were heterologously produced and purified from Pichia pastoris. The purified moss LTPGs were found to be extremely heat stable and showed a binding preference for unsaturated fatty acids. Structural modeling implied that high alanine content could be important for the heat stability. Lipid profiling revealed that cutin monomers, such as C16 and C18 mono- and di-hydroxylated fatty acids, could be identified in P. patens. Expression of a moss LTPG-YFP fusion revealed localization to the plasma membrane. The expressions of many of the moss LTPGs were found to be upregulated during drought and cold treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maiju Laurila
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Amitha Raman
- IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Käthe M Dahlström
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johan Edqvist
- IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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Lei L, Chen L, Shi X, Li Y, Wang J, Chen D, Xie F, Li Y. A nodule-specific lipid transfer protein AsE246 participates in transport of plant-synthesized lipids to symbiosome membrane and is essential for nodule organogenesis in Chinese milk vetch. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1045-58. [PMID: 24367021 PMCID: PMC3912078 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia in legume root nodules fix nitrogen in symbiosomes, organelle-like structures in which a membrane from the host plant surrounds the symbiotic bacteria. However, the components that transport plant-synthesized lipids to the symbiosome membrane remain unknown. This study identified and functionally characterized the Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) lipid transfer protein AsE246, which is specifically expressed in nodules. It was found that AsE246 can bind lipids in vitro. More importantly, AsE246 can bind the plant-synthesized membrane lipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol in vivo. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy showed that AsE246 and digalactosyldiacylglycerol localize in the symbiosome membrane and are present in infection threads. Overexpression of AsE246 resulted in increased nodule numbers; knockdown of AsE246 resulted in reduced nodule numbers, decreased lipids contents in nodules, diminished nitrogen fixation activity, and abnormal development of symbiosomes. AsE246 knockdown also resulted in fewer infection threads, nodule primordia, and nodules, while AsE246 overexpression resulted in more infection threads and nodule primordia, suggesting that AsE246 affects nodule organogenesis associated with infection thread formation. Taken together, these results indicate that AsE246 contributes to lipids transport to the symbiosome membrane, and this transport is required for effective legume-rhizobium symbiosis.
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40
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Chen Y, Shen H, Wang M, Li Q, He Z. Salicyloyl-aspartate synthesized by the acetyl-amido synthetase GH3.5 is a potential activator of plant immunity in Arabidopsis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:827-36. [PMID: 23842113 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in plant immunity responses against pathogen infection, especially in the establishment of systemic acquired resistance. Whether other forms of salicylates also function in plant immunity has not been explored. Our previous study has revealed that salicyloyl-aspartate (SA-Asp), the only reported endogenous SA-amino acid conjugate in plants, was highly accumulated in the Arabidopsis activation-tagged mutant gh3.5-1D after pathogen infection. In this study, we dissected SA-Asp production in Arabidopsis. In vitro biochemical experiments showed that the GH3.5 protein could catalyze the conjugation of SA with aspartic acid to form SA-Asp. SA-Asp is not converted into free SA and likely acts as a mobile molecule in plants. SA-Asp could induce pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression and increase disease resistance to pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae. Our current study also supports the notion that GH3.5 is a multifunction enzyme in plant hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Hoeberichts FA, Davoine C, Vandorpe M, Morsa S, Ksas B, Stassen C, Triantaphylidès C, Van Breusegem F. Cryptogein-induced transcriptional reprogramming in tobacco is light dependent. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:263-75. [PMID: 23878079 PMCID: PMC3762647 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The fungal elicitor cryptogein triggers a light-dependent hypersensitive response in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). To assess the effect of light on this nonhost resistance in more detail, we studied various aspects of the response under dark and light conditions using the tobacco-cryptogein experimental system. Here, we show that light drastically alters the plant's transcriptional response to cryptogein, notably by dampening the induction of genes involved in multiple processes, such as ethylene biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and glutathione turnover. Furthermore, chlorophyll fluorescence measurements demonstrated that quantum yield and functioning of the light-harvesting antennae decreased simultaneously, indicating that photoinhibition underlies the observed decreased photosynthesis and that photooxidative damage might be involved in the establishment of the altered response. Analysis of the isomer distribution of hydroxy fatty acids illustrated that, in the light, lipid peroxidation was predominantly due to the production of singlet oxygen. Differences in (reduced) glutathione concentrations and the rapid development of symptoms in the light when cryptogein was coinfiltrated with glutathione biosynthesis inhibitors suggest that glutathione might become a limiting factor during the cryptogein-induced hypersensitive response in the dark and that this response might be modified by an increased antioxidant availability in the light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michaël Vandorpe
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.); and
- Université d’Aix Marseille, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
| | | | - Brigitte Ksas
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.); and
- Université d’Aix Marseille, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
| | | | - Christian Triantaphylidès
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (F.A.H., M.V., S.M., C.S., F.V.B.)
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.); and
- Université d’Aix Marseille, F–13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France (C.D., B.K., C.T.)
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Guo L, Yang H, Zhang X, Yang S. Lipid transfer protein 3 as a target of MYB96 mediates freezing and drought stress in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1755-67. [PMID: 23404903 PMCID: PMC3617838 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several lipid-transfer proteins were reported to modulate the plant response to biotic stress; however, whether lipid-transfer proteins are also involved in abiotic stress remains unknown. This study characterized the function of a lipid-transfer protein, LTP3, during freezing and drought stress. LTP3 was expressed ubiquitously and the LTP3 protein was localized to the cytoplasm. A biochemical study showed that LTP3 was able to bind to lipids. Overexpression of LTP3 resulted in constitutively enhanced freezing tolerance without affecting the expression of CBFs and their target COR genes. Further analyses showed that LTP3 was positively regulated by MYB96 via the direct binding to the LTP3 promoter; consistently, transgenic plants overexpressing MYB96 exhibited enhanced freezing tolerance. This study also found that the loss-of-function mutant ltp3 was sensitive to drought stress, whereas overexpressing plants were drought tolerant, phenotypes reminiscent of myb96 mutant plants and MYB96-overexpressing plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LTP3 acts as a target of MYB96 to be involved in plant tolerance to freezing and drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuhua Yang
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Maghsoudi S, Ashrafi-Kooshk MR, Shahlaei M, Ghadami SA, Ghobadi S, Mostafaie A, Khodarahmi R. Comparative evaluation of amphotericin B binding to the native and modified forms of rice lipid-transfer protein: a possible perspective on improving the drug-binding affinity and specificity. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-013-0231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Marchive C, Léon C, Kappel C, Coutos-Thévenot P, Corio-Costet MF, Delrot S, Lauvergeat V. Over-expression of VvWRKY1 in grapevines induces expression of jasmonic acid pathway-related genes and confers higher tolerance to the downy mildew. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54185. [PMID: 23342101 PMCID: PMC3544825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most WRKY transcription factors activate expression of defence genes in a salicylic acid- and/or jasmonic acid-dependent signalling pathway. We previously identified a WRKY gene, VvWRKY1, which is able to enhance tolerance to fungal pathogens when it is overexpressed in tobacco. The present work analyzes the effects of VvWRKY1 overexpression in grapevine. Microarray analysis showed that genes encoding defence-related proteins were up-regulated in the leaves of transgenic 35S::VvWRKY1 grapevines. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis confirmed that three genes putatively involved in jasmonic acid signalling pathway were overexpressed in the transgenic grapes. The ability of VvWRKY1 to trans-activate the promoters of these genes was demonstrated by transient expression in grape protoplasts. The resistance to the causal agent of downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola, was enhanced in the transgenic plants. These results show that VvWRKY1 can increase resistance of grapevine against the downy mildew through transcriptional reprogramming leading to activation of the jasmonic acid signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Marchive
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Céline Léon
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Christian Kappel
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Coutos-Thévenot
- Univ. Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Physiologie Moléculaire du Transport de Sucres, Bat. B31, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Serge Delrot
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Virginie Lauvergeat
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- INRA, ISVV, EGFV, UMR 1287, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- * E-mail:
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Expression of recombinant EARLI1, a hybrid proline-rich protein of Arabidopsis, in Escherichia coli and its inhibition effect to the growth of fungal pathogens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 2012; 506:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dempsey DA, Klessig DF. SOS - too many signals for systemic acquired resistance? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:538-45. [PMID: 22749315 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Following pathogen infection, activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in uninfected tissues requires transmission of a signal(s) from the infected tissue via the vasculature. Several candidates for this long-distance signal have been identified, including methyl salicylate (MeSA), an SFD1/GLY1-derived glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P)-dependent signal, the lipid-transfer protein DIR1, the dicarboxylic acid azelaic acid (AzA), the abietane diterpenoid dehydroabietinal (DA), jasmonic acid (JA), and the amino acid-derivative pipecolic acid (Pip). Some of these signals work cooperatively to activate SAR and/or regulate MeSA metabolism. However, Pip appears to activate SAR via an independent pathway that may impinge on these other signaling pathway(s) during de novo salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis in the systemic tissue. Thus, a complex web of cross-interacting signals appears to activate SAR.
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Gorjanović S. A Review: Biological and Technological Functions of Barley Seed Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs). JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Stanislava G. Barley Grain Non-specific Lipid-Transfer Proteins (ns-LTPs) in Beer Production and Quality. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2007.tb00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Choi YE, Lim S, Kim HJ, Han JY, Lee MH, Yang Y, Kim JA, Kim YS. Tobacco NtLTP1, a glandular-specific lipid transfer protein, is required for lipid secretion from glandular trichomes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:480-91. [PMID: 22171964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are the phytochemical factories of plants, and they secrete a wide range of commercially important natural products such as lipids, terpenes and flavonoids. Herein, we report that the Nicotiana tabacum LTP1 (NtLTP1) gene, which is specifically expressed in long glandular trichomes, plays a role in lipid secretion from trichome heads. NtLTP1 mRNA is abundantly transcribed in trichomes, but NtLTP3, NtLTP4 and NtLTP5 are not. In situ hybridization revealed that NtLTP1 mRNAs accumulate specifically in long trichomes and not in short trichomes or epidermal cells. X-gluc staining of leaves from a transgenic plant expressing the NtLTP1 promoter fused to a GUS gene revealed that NtLTP1 protein accumulated preferentially on the tops of long glandular trichomes. GFP fluorescence from transgenic tobacco plants expressing an NtLTP1-GFP fusion protein was localized at the periphery of cells and in the excreted liquid droplets from the glandular trichome heads. In vitro assays using a fluorescent 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonate probe indicated that recombinant NtLTP1 had lipid-binding activity. The overexpression of NtLTP1 in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in the increased secretion of trichome exudates, including epicuticular wax. In transgenic NtLTP1-RNAi lines, liquid secretion from trichomes was strongly reduced, but epicuticular wax secretion was not altered. Moreover, transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing NtLTP1 showed increased protection against aphids. Taken together, these data suggest that NtLTP1 is abundantly expressed in long glandular trichomes, and may play a role in lipid secretion from long glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, Korea.
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Dubery IA, Sanabria NM, Huang JC. Nonself Perception in Plant Innate Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 738:79-107. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1680-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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