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Ehm P, Rietow R, Wegner W, Bußmann L, Kriegs M, Dierck K, Horn S, Streichert T, Horstmann M, Jücker M. SHIP1 Is Present but Strongly Downregulated in T-ALL, and after Restoration Suppresses Leukemia Growth in a T-ALL Xenotransplantation Mouse Model. Cells 2023; 12:1798. [PMID: 37443832 PMCID: PMC10341211 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cause of cancer-related death in children. Despite significantly increased chances of cure, especially for high-risk ALL patients, it still represents a poor prognosis for a substantial fraction of patients. Misregulated proteins in central switching points of the cellular signaling pathways represent potentially important therapeutic targets. Recently, the inositol phosphatase SHIP1 (SH2-containing inositol 5-phosphatase) has been considered as a tumor suppressor in leukemia. SHIP1 serves as an important negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which is frequently constitutively activated in primary T-ALL. In contrast to other reports, we show for the first time that SHIP1 has not been lost in T-ALL cells, but is strongly downregulated. Reduced expression of SHIP1 leads to an increased activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. SHIP1-mRNA expression is frequently reduced in primary T-ALL samples, which is recapitulated by the decrease in SHIP1 expression at the protein level in seven out of eight available T-ALL patient samples. In addition, we investigated the change in the activity profile of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases after the restoration of SHIP1 expression in Jurkat T-ALL cells. The tyrosine kinase receptor subfamilies of NTRK and PDGFR, which are upregulated in T-ALL subgroups with low SHIP1 expression, are significantly disabled after SHIP1 reconstitution. Lentiviral-mediated reconstitution of SHIP1 expression in Jurkat cells points to a decreased cellular proliferation upon transplantation into NSG mice in comparison to the control cohort. Together, our findings will help to elucidate the complex network of cell signaling proteins, further support a functional role for SHIP1 as tumor suppressor in T-ALL and, much more importantly, show that full-length SHIP1 is expressed in T-ALL samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ehm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Rietow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Wegner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lara Bußmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- UCCH Kinomics Core Facility, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Oncology, Clinic for Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Dierck
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Horn
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streichert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Köln, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Horstmann
- Research Institute Children’s Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Pinto-Benito D, Paradela-Leal C, Ganchala D, de Castro-Molina P, Arevalo MA. IGF-1 regulates astrocytic phagocytosis and inflammation through the p110α isoform of PI3K in a sex-specific manner. Glia 2022; 70:1153-1169. [PMID: 35175663 PMCID: PMC9305764 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling plays a key role in neuroinflammation. Here we show that IGF-1 also regulates phagocytosis of reactive astrocytes through p110α isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), differentially in both sexes. Systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treatment increased the expression of GFAP, a reactive astrocyte marker, in the cortex of mice in both sexes and was blocked by IGF-1 only in males. In primary astrocytes, LPS enhanced the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR2,4) and proinflammatory factors: inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), chemokine interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) in male and female. Treatment with IGF-1 counteracted TLR4 but not TLR2, iNOS, and IP10 expression in both sexes and cytokines expression in males. Furthermore, reactive astrocyte phagocytosis was modulated by IGF-1 only in male astrocytes. IGF-1 was also able to increase AKT-phosphorylation only in male astrocytes. PI3K inhibitors, AG66, TGX-221, and CAL-101, with selectivity toward catalytic p110α, p110β, and p110δ isoforms respectively, reduced AKT-phosphorylation in males. All isoforms interact physically with IGF-1-receptor in both sexes. However, the expression of p110α is higher in males while the expression of IGF-1-receptor is similar in male and female. AG66 suppressed the IGF-1 effect on cytokine expression and counteracted the IGF-1-produced phagocytosis decrease in male reactive astrocytes. Results suggest that sex-differences in the effect of IGF-1 on the AKT-phosphorylation could be due to a lower expression of the p110α in female and that IGF-1-effects on the inflammatory response and phagocytosis of male reactive astrocytes are mediated by p110α/PI3K subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinto-Benito
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Paradela-Leal
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Danny Ganchala
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria-Angeles Arevalo
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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3
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The role of PTEN signaling in synaptic function: Implications in autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Lett 2021; 759:136015. [PMID: 34111509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) regulates several cellular processes including survival, proliferation, and metabolism. In the brain, PTEN is a key modulator of synaptic function, and is involved in regulating synaptogenesis, connectivity, and synaptic plasticity. Herein we discuss how alterations in PTEN can disturb these mechanisms, thus compromising normal synaptic function and consequently contributing to behavioral and cognitive phenotypes observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As the role of PTEN in synaptic function is linked to ASD, a deeper understanding of this interaction will shed light on the pathological mechanisms involved in ASD, contributing to the development of new therapies.
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Borgo C, D'Amore C, Cesaro L, Sarno S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M, Salvi M. How can a traffic light properly work if it is always green? The paradox of CK2 signaling. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 56:321-359. [PMID: 33843388 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1908951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CK2 is a constitutively active protein kinase that assuring a constant level of phosphorylation to its numerous substrates supports many of the most important biological functions. Nevertheless, its activity has to be controlled and adjusted in order to cope with the varying needs of a cell, and several examples of a fine-tune regulation of its activity have been described. More importantly, aberrant regulation of this enzyme may have pathological consequences, e.g. in cancer, chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration, and viral infection. Our review aims at summarizing our current knowledge about CK2 regulation. In the first part, we have considered the most important stimuli shown to affect protein kinase CK2 activity/expression. In the second part, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which CK2 can be regulated, discussing controversial aspects and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Cesaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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5
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Skelton PD, Stan RV, Luikart BW. The Role of PTEN in Neurodevelopment. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 5:60-71. [PMID: 32399470 PMCID: PMC7206585 DOI: 10.1159/000504782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is a lipid and protein phosphatase that regulates cell growth and survival. Mutations to PTEN are highly penetrant for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we briefly review the evidence linking PTEN mutations to ASD and the mouse models that have been used to study the role of PTEN in neurodevelopment. We then focus on the cellular phenotypes associated with PTEN loss in neurons, highlighting the role PTEN plays in neuronal proliferation, migration, survival, morphology, and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Skelton
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Radu V. Stan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Bryan W. Luikart
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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6
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D'Amore C, Borgo C, Sarno S, Salvi M. Role of CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 in anti-cancer combination therapy - potential clinical relevance. Cell Oncol 2020; 43:1003-1016. [PMID: 33052585 PMCID: PMC7717057 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00566-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinase CK2 inhibition has long been considered as an attractive anti-cancer strategy based on the following considerations: CK2 is a pro-survival kinase, it is frequently over-expressed in human tumours and its over-expression correlates with a worse prognosis. Preclinical evidence strongly supports the feasibility of this target and, although dozens of CK2 inhibitors have been described in the literature so far, CX-4945 (silmitasertib) was the first that entered into clinical trials for the treatment of both human haematological and solid tumours. However, kinase inhibitor monotherapies turned out to be effective only in a limited number of malignancies, probably due to the multifaceted causes that underlie them, supporting the emerging view that multi-targeted approaches to treat human tumours could be more effective. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we will address combined anti-cancer therapeutic strategies described so far which involve the use of CX-4945. Data from preclinical studies clearly show the ability of CX-4945 to synergistically cooperate with different classes of anti-neoplastic agents, thereby contributing to an orchestrated anti-tumour action against multiple targets. Overall, these promising outcomes support the translation of CX-4945 combined therapies into clinical anti-cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Amore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Salvi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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7
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Ishii T, Warabi E. Mechanism of Rapid Nuclear Factor-E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Activation via Membrane-Associated Estrogen Receptors: Roles of NADPH Oxidase 1, Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030069. [PMID: 30889865 PMCID: PMC6466580 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated estrogen receptors (ER)-α36 and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) play important roles in the estrogen’s rapid non-genomic actions including stimulation of cell proliferation. Estrogen via these receptors induces rapid activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of detoxification and antioxidant systems, playing a key role in the metabolic reprogramming to support cell proliferation. This review highlights the possible mechanism underlying rapid Nrf2 activation via membrane-associated estrogen receptors by estrogen and phytoestrogens. Stimulation of ER-α36-GPER signaling complex rapidly induces Src-mediated transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) leading to a kinase-mediated signaling cascade. We propose a novel hypothesis that ER-α36-GPER signaling initially induces rapid and temporal activation of NADPH oxidase 1 to generate superoxide, which subsequently activates redox-sensitive neutral sphingomyelinase 2 generating the lipid signaling mediator ceramide. Generation of ceramide is required for Ras activation and ceramide-protein kinase C ζ-casein kinase 2 (CK2) signaling. Notably, CK2 enhances chaperone activity of the Cdc37-Hsp90 complex supporting activation of various signaling kinases including Src, Raf and Akt (protein kinase B). Activation of Nrf2 may be induced by cooperation of two signaling pathways, (i) Nrf2 stabilization by direct phosphorylation by CK2 and (ii) EGFR-Ras-PI 3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt axis which inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β leading to enhanced nuclear transport and stability of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Eiji Warabi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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8
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Cen LP, Liu YF, Ng TK, Luo JM, van Rooijen N, Zhang M, Pang CP, Cui Q. Casein kinase-II inhibition promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:153-159. [PMID: 30118655 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuron survival is critical for the maintenance of central nervous system physiology upon diseases or injury. We previously demonstrated that the blockage of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and Janus kinase/STAT3 pathways promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal regeneration via macrophage activation; yet, the complexity of the inflammatory regulation for neural repair indicates the involvement of additional unresolved signaling pathways. Here we report the effects and underlying mechanism of casein kinase-II (CK2) inhibition on RGC survival and axonal regeneration in rats after optic nerve (ON) injury. Adult rats received intravitreal injection of CK2 inhibitors, TBB (4,5,6,7-Tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole) and DMAT (2-Dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole), after ON transection and peripheral nerve (PN) grafting. Intravitreal application of TBB and DAMT effectively suppressed the CK2 phosphorylation activity in the retina, and enhanced RGC survival and axonal regeneration in vivo. Meanwhile, the numbers of infiltrating macrophages were increased. Removal of macrophages by clodronate liposomes significantly abolished the CK2 inhibition-induced RGC survival and axonal regeneration. Clodronate liposomes also weakened the RGC protective effects by TBB and DMAT in vitro. In summary, this study revealed that inhibition of CK2 enhances RGC survival and axonal regeneration via macrophage activation in rats. CK2 could be a therapeutic target for RGC protection after ON injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ping Cen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Yu-Fen Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Min Luo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qi Cui
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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9
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Duda P, Wiśniewski J, Wójtowicz T, Wójcicka O, Jaśkiewicz M, Drulis-Fajdasz D, Rakus D, McCubrey JA, Gizak A. Targeting GSK3 signaling as a potential therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:833-848. [PMID: 30244615 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1526925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is at the center of cellular signaling and controls various aspects of brain functions, including development of the nervous system, neuronal plasticity and onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Areas covered: In this review, recent efforts in elucidating the roles of GSK3 in neuronal plasticity and development of brain pathologies; Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and age-related neurodegeneration are described. The effect of microglia and astrocytes on development of the pathological states is also discussed. Expert opinion: GSK3β and its signaling pathway partners hold great promise as therapeutic target(s) for a multitude of neurological disorders. Activity of the kinase is often elevated in brain disorders. However, due to the wide range of GSK3 cellular targets, global inhibition of the kinase leads to severe side-effects and GSK3 inhibitors rarely reach Phase-2 clinical trials. Thus, a selective modulation of a specific cellular pool of GSK3 or specific down- or upstream partners of the kinase might provide more efficient anti-neurodegenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Duda
- a Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Janusz Wiśniewski
- a Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- a Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Olga Wójcicka
- a Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Michał Jaśkiewicz
- a Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Dominika Drulis-Fajdasz
- a Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- a Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - James A McCubrey
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- a Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology , University of Wroclaw , Wroclaw , Poland
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10
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Drulis-Fajdasz D, Rakus D, Wiśniewski JR, McCubrey JA, Gizak A. Systematic analysis of GSK-3 signaling pathways in aging of cerebral tissue. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 69:35-42. [PMID: 29958836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a constitutively active kinase, involved in regulation of multiple physiological processes. In brain, changes in GSK-3 signaling are related to neurodegenerative issues, including Alzheimer's disease. Due to the wide range of GSK-3 cellular targets, a therapeutic use of the enzyme inhibitors entails significant risk of side effects. Thus, altering the ratio of specific pool of GSK-3 or specific substrates instead of changing the global activity of GSK-3 in brains might be a more appropriate strategy. This paper provides a comprehensive data on abundances of proteins involved in GSK-3 signaling in three regions of young and old mouse brains. It might help to identify novel protein targets with the highest therapeutic potential for treatment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Drulis-Fajdasz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D Rakus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J R Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - J A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - A Gizak
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Mann GE. Circadian control of p75 neurotrophin receptor leads to alternate activation of Nrf2 and c-Rel to reset energy metabolism in astrocytes via brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 119:34-44. [PMID: 29374533 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clock genes regulate energy metabolism partly through neurotrophins in the body. The low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR is a clock component directly regulated by the transcriptional factor Clock:Bmal1 complex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed in the brain and plays a key role in coordinating metabolic interactions between neurons and astrocytes. BDNF transduces signals through TrkB and p75NTR receptors. This review highlights a novel molecular mechanism by which BDNF via circadian control of p75NTR leads to daily resetting of glucose and glycogen metabolism in brain astrocytes to accommodate their functional interaction with neurons. Astrocytes store glycogen as an energy reservoir to provide active neurons with the glycolytic metabolite lactate. Astrocytes predominantly express the truncated receptor TrkB.T1 which lacks an intracellular receptor tyrosine kinase domain. TrkB.T1 retains the capacity to regulate cell morphology through regulation of Rho GTPases. In contrast, p75NTR mediates generation of the bioactive lipid ceramide upon stimulation with BDNF and inhibits PKA activation. As ceramide directly activates PKCζ, we discuss the importance of the TrkB.T1-p75NTR-ceramide-PKCζ signaling axis in the stimulation of glycogen and lipid synthesis and activation of RhoA. Ceramide-PKCζ-casein kinase 2 signaling activates Nrf2 to support oxidative phosphorylation via upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. In the absence of p75NTR, TrkB.T1 functionally interacts with adenosine A2AR and dopamine D1R receptors to enhance cAMP-PKA signaling and activate Rac1 and NF-κB c-Rel, favoring glycogen hydrolysis, gluconeogenesis and aerobic glycolysis. Thus, diurnal changes in p75NTR levels in astrocytes resets energy metabolism via BDNF to accommodate their metabolic interaction with neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0863, Japan.
| | - Eiji Warabi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0863, Japan
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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12
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Neuroprotection by aripiprazole against β-amyloid-induced toxicity by P-CK2α activation via inhibition of GSK-3β. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110380-110391. [PMID: 29299155 PMCID: PMC5746390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosis is reported over 30% of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinics. Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug with partial agonist activity at the D2 dopamine and 5-HT1A receptors with low side-effect profile. We identified aripiprazole is able to overcome the amyloid-β (Aβ)-evoked neurotoxicity and then increase the cell viability. This study elucidated the mechanism(s) by which aripiprazole ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced decreased neurite outgrowth and viability in neuronal cells. Pretreatment with aripiprazole increased Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein expressions in N2a cells. Additionally, phosphorylated casein kinase 2α at Y 255 (P-CK2α) was increased in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Furthermore, Aβ1-42-induced decreased BDNF and P-CK2α expression were increased over control level by aripiprazole. Subsequently, Aβ1-42-induced decreased levels of phosphorylated glycogen synthase-3β at Ser9 (P-GSK-3β) and nuclear P-β-catenin (Ser675) were elevated by aripiprazole, which were inhibited by K252A (inhibitor of BDNF receptor) and tetrabromocinnamic acid (TBCA, CK2 inhibitor), indicating that BDNF and P-CK2α activation are implicated in the aripiprazole effects. Expressions of cyclin D1 and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA were increased by aripiprazole; even in the presence of Aβ1-42, which was blocked by K252A and TBCA. In CK2α gene-silenced N2a cells, aripiprazole failed to increase P-GSK-3β and P-β-catenin expressions. Consequently, aripiprazole ameliorated Aβ1-42-induced attenuation of neurite elongation in HT22 cells, and this effect was blocked by both TBCA and imatinib. Decreased viability induced by Aβ1-42 was recovered by aripiprazole. These findings provide evidence supporting that aripiprazole can provide an effective therapeutic strategy against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in AD-associated psychosis.
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Leo L, Weissmann C, Burns M, Kang M, Song Y, Qiang L, Brady ST, Baas PW, Morfini G. Mutant spastin proteins promote deficits in axonal transport through an isoform-specific mechanism involving casein kinase 2 activation. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2321-2334. [PMID: 28398512 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of various genes cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a neurological disease involving dying-back degeneration of upper motor neurons. From these, mutations in the SPAST gene encoding the microtubule-severing protein spastin account for most HSP cases. Cumulative genetic and experimental evidence suggests that alterations in various intracellular trafficking events, including fast axonal transport (FAT), may contribute to HSP pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms linking SPAST mutations to such deficits remain largely unknown. Experiments presented here using isolated squid axoplasm reveal inhibition of FAT as a common toxic effect elicited by spastin proteins with different HSP mutations, independent of microtubule-binding or severing activity. Mutant spastin proteins produce this toxic effect only when presented as the tissue-specific M1 isoform, not when presented as the ubiquitously-expressed shorter M87 isoform. Biochemical and pharmacological experiments further indicate that the toxic effects of mutant M1 spastins on FAT involve casein kinase 2 (CK2) activation. In mammalian cells, expression of mutant M1 spastins, but not their mutant M87 counterparts, promotes abnormalities in the distribution of intracellular organelles that are correctable by pharmacological CK2 inhibition. Collectively, these results demonstrate isoform-specific toxic effects of mutant M1 spastin on FAT, and identify CK2 as a critical mediator of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco Leo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carina Weissmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Burns
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Minsu Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Yuyu Song
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liang Qiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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LNGFR targets the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promotes the osteogenic differentiation in rat ectomesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11021. [PMID: 28887537 PMCID: PMC5591262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence has shown that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is involved in osteogenic differentiation in various stem cells. However, the role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in regulating the osteogenic differentiation of rat ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), which are considered to be the progenitors of dental mesenchymal stem cells, remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that nuclear β-catenin was upregulated during EMSC osteogenic differentiation. The Wnt signalling inhibitor IWR-1-endo inhibited EMSC osteogenic differentiation, while the Wnt signalling agonist SKL2001 promoted it. Moreover, nuclear β-catenin was further upregulated by the overexpression of low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) during EMSC osteogenic differentiation. Further experiments demonstrated that LNGFR overexpression enhanced EMSC osteogenic differentiation, while LNGFR silencing decreased it. Additionally, IWR-1-endo attenuated LNGFR-enhanced EMSC osteogenic differentiation. Collectively, our data reveal that LNGFR targets the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and positively regulates EMSC osteogenic differentiation, suggesting that Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be involved in the development of teeth and that the targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway may have great potential for applications in dental tissue engineering regeneration.
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15
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Kunze A, Murray CT, Godzich C, Lin J, Owsley K, Tay A, Di Carlo D. Modulating motility of intracellular vesicles in cortical neurons with nanomagnetic forces on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:842-854. [PMID: 28164203 PMCID: PMC5400667 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle transport is a major underlying mechanism of cell communication. Inhibiting vesicle transport in brain cells results in blockage of neuronal signals, even in intact neuronal networks. Modulating intracellular vesicle transport can have a huge impact on the development of new neurotherapeutic concepts, but only if we can specifically interfere with intracellular transport patterns. Here, we propose to modulate motion of intracellular lipid vesicles in rat cortical neurons based on exogenously bioconjugated and cell internalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) within microengineered magnetic gradients on-chip. Upon application of 6-126 pN on intracellular vesicles in neuronal cells, we explored how the magnetic force stimulus impacts the motion pattern of vesicles at various intracellular locations without modulating the entire cell morphology. Altering vesicle dynamics was quantified using, mean square displacement, a caging diameter and the total traveled distance. We observed a de-acceleration of intercellular vesicle motility, while applying nanomagnetic forces to cultured neurons with SPIONs, which can be explained by a decrease in motility due to opposing magnetic force direction. Ultimately, using nanomagnetic forces inside neurons may permit us to stop the mis-sorting of intracellular organelles, proteins and cell signals, which have been associated with cellular dysfunction. Furthermore, nanomagnetic force applications will allow us to wirelessly guide axons and dendrites by exogenously using permanent magnetic field gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kunze
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
| | - Coleman Tylor Murray
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Chanya Godzich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Keegan Owsley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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16
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Berry M, Ahmed Z, Morgan-Warren P, Fulton D, Logan A. Prospects for mTOR-mediated functional repair after central nervous system trauma. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:99-110. [PMID: 26459109 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that the growth of central nervous system (CNS) axons during development is mediated through the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) intracellular signalling axis and that suppression of activity in this pathway occurs during maturity as levels of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) rise and inhibit PI3K activation of mTOR, accounting for the failure of axon regeneration in the injured adult CNS. This hypothesis is supported by findings confirming that suppression of PTEN in experimental adult animals promotes impressive axon regeneration in the injured visual and corticospinal motor systems. This review focuses on these recent developments, discussing the therapeutic potential of a mTOR-based treatment aimed at promoting functional recovery in CNS trauma patients, recognising that to fulfil this ambition, the new therapy should aim to promote not only axon regeneration but also remyelination of regenerated axons, neuronal survival and re-innervation of denervated targets through accurate axonal guidance and synaptogenesis, all with minimal adverse effects. The translational challenges presented by the implementation of this new axogenic therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Peter Morgan-Warren
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel Fulton
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Filhol O, Giacosa S, Wallez Y, Cochet C. Protein kinase CK2 in breast cancer: the CK2β regulatory subunit takes center stage in epithelial plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3305-22. [PMID: 25990538 PMCID: PMC11113558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally, protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β), which play a critical role in targeting specific CK2 substrates. Compelling evidence shows the complexity of the CK2 cellular signaling network and supports the view that this enzyme is a key component of regulatory protein kinase networks that are involved in several aspects of cancer. CK2 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and its expression and activity are upregulated in blood tumors and virtually all solid tumors. The prognostic significance of CK2α expression in association with various clinicopathological parameters highlighted this kinase as an adverse prognostic marker in breast cancer. In addition, several recent studies reported its implication in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early step in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we briefly overview the contribution of CK2 to several aspects of cancer and discuss how in mammary epithelial cells, the expression of its CK2β regulatory subunit plays a critical role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype through CK2-mediated control of key EMT-related transcription factors. Importantly, decreased CK2β expression in breast tumors is correlated with inefficient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail1 and Foxc2, ultimately leading to EMT induction. This review highlights the pivotal role played by CK2β in the mammary epithelial phenotype and discusses how a modest alteration in its expression may be sufficient to induce dramatic effects facilitating the early steps in tumor cell dissemination through the coordinated regulation of two key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Wallez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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18
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Krishnan A, Duraikannu A, Zochodne DW. Releasing 'brakes' to nerve regeneration: intrinsic molecular targets. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:297-308. [PMID: 26174154 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Restoring critical neuronal architecture after peripheral nerve injury is challenging. Although immediate regenerative responses to peripheral axon injury involve the synthesis of regeneration-associated proteins in neurons and Schwann cells, an unfavorable balance between growth facilitatory and growth inhibitory signaling impairs the growth continuum of injured peripheral nerves. Molecules involved with the signaling network of tumor suppressors play crucial roles in shifting the balance between growth and restraint during axon regeneration. An understanding of the molecular framework of tumor suppressor molecules in injured neurons and its impact on stage-specific regeneration events may expose therapeutic intervention points. In this review we discuss how signaling networks of the specific tumor suppressors PTEN, Rb1, p53, p27 and p21 are altered in injured peripheral nerves and how this impacts peripheral nerve regeneration. Insights into the roles and importance of these pathways may open new avenues for improving the neurological deficits associated with nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-123A Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Arul Duraikannu
- Division of Neurology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-123A Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 7-123A Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
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19
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Wang Y, Schachner M. The intracellular domain of L1CAM binds to casein kinase 2α and is neuroprotective via inhibition of the tumor suppressors PTEN and p53. J Neurochem 2015; 133:828-43. [PMID: 25727698 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule L1 promotes neuritogenesis and neuronal survival through triggering MAPK pathways. Based on the findings that L1 is associated with casein kinase 2 (CK2), and that deficiency in PTEN promotes neuritogenesis in vitro and regeneration after trauma, we examined the functional relationship between L1 and PTEN. In parallel, we investigated the tumor suppressor p53, which also regulates neuritogenesis. Here, we report that the intracellular domain of L1 binds to the subunit CK2α, and that knockdown of L1 leads to CK2 dephosphorylation and an increase in PTEN and p53 levels. Overexpression of L1, but not the L1 mutants L1 (S1181N, E1184V), which reduced binding between L1 and CK2, reduced expression levels of PTEN and p53 proteins, and enhanced levels of phosphorylated CK2α and mammalian target of rapamycin, which is a downstream effector of PTEN and p53. Treatment of neurons with a CK2 inhibitor or transfection with CK2α siRNA increased levels of PTEN and p53, and inhibited neuritogenesis. The combined observations indicate that L1 downregulates expression of PTEN and p53 via direct binding to CK2α. We suggest that L1 stimulates neuritogenesis by activating CK2α leading to decreased levels of PTEN and p53 via a novel, L1-triggered and CK2α-mediated signal transduction pathway. L1CAM (L1 cell adhesion molecule) is implicated in neural functions through the cognate src/MAP kinase signaling pathway. We now describe a novel signaling platform operating via the alpha subunit of casein kinase 2 which binds to the intracellular domain of L1. Knockdown of L1CAM leads to increased levels of tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) and p53, known to inhibit neuritogenesis in vitro and recovery from trauma in vivo. By activating this enzyme, L1CAM adds to its beneficial functions by decreasing the levels of PTEN and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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20
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Fragoso R, Barata JT. Kinases, tails and more: regulation of PTEN function by phosphorylation. Methods 2015; 77-78:75-81. [PMID: 25448482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation regulates the conformation, stability, homo- and heterotypic protein interactions, localization, and activity of the tumor suppressor PTEN. From a simple picture, at the beginning of this millennium, recognizing that CK2 phosphorylated PTEN at the C-terminus and thereby impacted on PTEN stability and activity, research has led to a significantly more complex scenario today, where for instance GSK3, Plk3, ATM, ROCK or Src-family kinases are also gaining the spotlight in this evolving play. Here, we review the current knowledge on the kinases that phosphorylate PTEN, and on the impact that specific phosphorylation events have on PTEN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Fragoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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21
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Goc A, Al-Husein B, Katsanevas K, Steinbach A, Lou U, Sabbineni H, DeRemer DL, Somanath PR. Targeting Src-mediated Tyr216 phosphorylation and activation of GSK-3 in prostate cancer cells inhibit prostate cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2015; 5:775-87. [PMID: 24519956 PMCID: PMC3996673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest a positive correlation between glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activation and tumor growth. Currently, it is unclear how both Akt that inhibits GSK-3 and active GSK-3 are maintained concurrently in tumor cells. We investigated the role of GSK-3 and the existence of an Akt-resistant pathway for GSK-3 activation in prostate cancer cells. Our data show that Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for Y216GSK-3 phosphorylation leading to its activation even when Akt is active. Experiments involving mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking cSrc, Yes and Fyn, as well as Src activity modulation in prostate cancer cells with constitutively active (CA-Src) and dominant negative Src (DN-Src) plasmids demonstrated the integral role of Src in Y216GSK-3 phosphorylation and activity modulation. Inhibition of GSK-3 with SB415286 in PC3 cells resulted in impaired motility, proliferation and colony formation. Treatment of PC3 cells with the Src inhibitor dasatinib reduced Y216GSK-3 phosphorylation and inhibited proliferation, invasion and micrometastasis in vitro. Dasatinib treatment of athymic nude mice resulted in impaired growth of PC3 cell tumor xenograft. Together, we provide novel insight into the Src-mediated Y216GSK-3 phosphorylation and activation in prostate cancer cells and reveal the potential benefits of targeting Src-GSK-3 axis using drugs such as dasatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goc
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA
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22
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Lu A, Huang Z, Zhang C, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Wu S, Yi X. Differential expression of microRNAs in dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1031-40. [PMID: 25206756 PMCID: PMC4146302 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the possible involvement of microRNAs in the regulation of genes that participate in peripheral neural regeneration. A microRNA microarray analysis was conducted and 23 microRNAs were identified whose expression was significantly changed in rat dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve transection. The expression of one of the downregulated microRNAs, microRNA-214, was validated using quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. MicroRNA-214 was predicted to target the 3'-untranslated region of Slit-Robo GTPase-activating protein 3. In situ hybridization verified that microRNA-214 was located in the cytoplasm of dorsal root ganglia primary neurons and was downregulated following sciatic nerve transection. Moreover, a combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that microRNA-214 and Slit-Robo GTPase-activating protein 3 were co-localized in dorsal root ganglion primary neurons. Western blot analysis suggested that Slit-Robo GTPase-activating protein 3 was upregulated in dorsal root ganglion neurons after sciatic nerve transection. These data demonstrate that microRNA-214 is located and differentially expressed in dorsal root ganglion primary neurons and may participate in regulating the gene expression of Slit-Robo GTPase-activating protein 3 after sciatic nerve transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zufa Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chaoyue Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xianfang Zhang
- Neurosciences Research Department, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jiuhong Zhao
- Neurosciences Research Department, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Neurosciences Research Department, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Quanpeng Zhang
- Neurosciences Research Department, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xinan Yi
- Neurosciences Research Department, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
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23
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Girardi C, James P, Zanin S, Pinna LA, Ruzzene M. Differential phosphorylation of Akt1 and Akt2 by protein kinase CK2 may account for isoform specific functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1865-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Kraemer BR, Yoon SO, Carter BD. The biological functions and signaling mechanisms of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014; 220:121-164. [PMID: 24668472 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45106-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) regulates a wide range of cellular functions, including programmed cell death, axonal growth and degeneration, cell proliferation, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. The multiplicity of cellular functions governed by the receptor arises from the variety of ligands and co-receptors which associate with p75(NTR) and regulate its signaling. P75(NTR) promotes survival through interactions with Trk receptors, inhibits axonal regeneration via partnerships with Nogo receptor (Nogo-R) and Lingo-1, and promotes apoptosis through association with Sortilin. Signals downstream of these interactions are further modulated through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of p75(NTR) and by interactions with numerous cytosolic partners. In this chapter, we discuss the intricate signaling mechanisms of p75(NTR), emphasizing how these signals are differentially regulated to mediate these diverse cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Kraemer
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 625 Light Hall, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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25
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Ceni C, Unsain N, Zeinieh MP, Barker PA. Neurotrophins in the regulation of cellular survival and death. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014; 220:193-221. [PMID: 24668474 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45106-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins play crucial roles regulating survival and apoptosis in the developing and injured nervous system. The four neurotrophins exert profound and crucial survival effects on developing peripheral neurons, and their expression and action is intimately tied to successful innervation of peripheral targets. In the central nervous system, they are dispensable for neuronal survival during development but support neuronal survival after lesion or other forms of injury. Neurotrophins also regulate apoptosis of both peripheral and central neurons, and we now recognize that there are regulatory advantages to having the same molecules regulate life and death decisions. This chapter examines the biological contexts in which these events take place and highlights the specific ligands, receptors, and signaling mechanisms that allow them to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Ceni
- Centre for Neuronal Survival, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B4
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Seira O, Del Río JA. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) at the tip of neuronal development and regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:931-44. [PMID: 24158777 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gaining a basic understanding of the inhibitory molecules and the intracellular signaling involved in axon development and repulsion after neural lesions is of clear biomedical interest. In recent years, numerous studies have described new molecules and intracellular mechanisms that impair axonal outgrowth after injury. In this scenario, the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) in the axonal responses that occur after central nervous system (CNS) lesions began to be elucidated. GSK3β function in the nervous tissue is associated with neural development, neuron polarization, and, more recently, neurodegeneration. In fact, GSK3β has been considered as a putative therapeutic target for promoting functional recovery in injured or degenerative CNS. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the role of GSK3β during neuronal development and regeneration. In particular, we discuss GSK3β activity levels and their possible impact on cytoskeleton dynamics during both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Seira
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
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Christie K, Zochodne D. Peripheral axon regrowth: New molecular approaches. Neuroscience 2013; 240:310-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lam NT, Currie PD, Lieschke GJ, Rosenthal NA, Kaye DM. Nerve growth factor stimulates cardiac regeneration via cardiomyocyte proliferation in experimental heart failure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53210. [PMID: 23300892 PMCID: PMC3534029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the adult heart likely retains some regenerative capacity, heart failure (HF) typically remains a progressive disorder. We hypothesise that alterations in the local environment contribute to the failure of regeneration in HF. Previously we showed that nerve growth factor (NGF) is deficient in the failing heart and here we hypothesise that diminished NGF limits the cardiac regenerative response in HF. The capacity of NGF to augment cardiac regeneration was tested in a zebrafish model of HF. Cardiac injury with a HF phenotype was induced in zebrafish larvae at 72 hours post fertilization (hpf) by exposure to aristolochic acid (AA, 2.5 µM, 72–75 hpf). By 168 hpf, AA induced HF and death in 37.5% and 20.8% of larvae respectively (p<0.001). NGF mRNA expression was reduced by 42% (p<0.05). The addition of NGF (50 ng/ml) after exposure to AA reduced the incidence of HF by 50% (p<0.01) and death by 65% (p<0.01). Mechanistically, AA mediated HF was characterised by reduced cardiomyocyte proliferation as reflected by a 6.4 fold decrease in BrdU+ cardiomyocytes (p<0.01) together with features of apoptosis and loss of cardiomyocytes. Following AA exposure, NGF increased the abundance of BrdU+ cardiomyocytes in the heart by 4.8 fold (p<0.05), and this was accompanied by a concomitant significant increase in cardiomyocyte numbers. The proliferative effect of NGF on cardiomyocytes was not associated with an anti-apoptotic effect. Taken together the study suggests that NGF stimulates a regenerative response in the failing zebrafish heart, mediated by stimulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. Lam
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter D. Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham J. Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nadia A. Rosenthal
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M. Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Lee HR, Park SY, Kim HY, Shin HK, Lee WS, Rhim BY, Hong KW, Kim CD. Protection by cilostazol against amyloid-β1-40-induced suppression of viability and neurite elongation through activation of CK2α in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:1566-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractPTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted in chromosome 10) was first identified as a candidate tumour suppressor gene located on chromosome 10q23. It is considered as one of the most frequently mutated genes in human malignancies. Emerging evidence shows that the biological function of PTEN extends beyond its tumour suppressor activity. In the central nervous system PTEN is a crucial regulator of neuronal development, neuronal survival, axonal regeneration and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, PTEN has been linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recently increased attention has been focused on PTEN as a potential target for the treatment of brain injury and neurodegeneration. In this review we discuss the essential functions of PTEN in the central nervous system and its involvement in neurodegeneration.
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Biarc J, Chalkley RJ, Burlingame AL, Bradshaw RA. The induction of serine/threonine protein phosphorylations by a PDGFR/TrkA chimera in stably transfected PC12 cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:15-30. [PMID: 22027198 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.013375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stably transfected PC12 cells expressing a chimeric receptor composed of the extracellular domain of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor BB and the transmembrane and intracellular domains of TrkA, the nerve growth factor receptor, were stimulated for 20 min with platelet-derived growth factor and the resulting phosphoproteome was determined from affinity purified tryptic peptides identified by tandem MS (MS/MS) analyses. The changes in the levels of individual phosphorylation sites in stimulated cells versus control were ascertained by the stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture technique. A total of 2035 peptides (806 proteins) were indentified and quantified in both data sets. Of these, 424 phosphopeptides on 259 proteins were found to be up-regulated and 392 sites on 206 proteins were down-regulated (1.8-fold or more). Protein kinases and phosphatases, as well as sites in many proteins involved in G-protein signaling, were prominently represented in the up-regulated group and more than half of the kinase up-regulated phosphosites could be clustered into three sequence motifs; a similar distribution was also found for the down-regulated sites. A comparison of the up-regulated motif profile observed to that calculated from a previous study of the EGFR-induced phosphoproteome in human HeLa cells at the same time point showed a considerable amount of similarity, supporting the view that RTK signal transduction pathways and downstream modifications are likely to be extensively overlapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordane Biarc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
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Abstract
After central nervous system (CNS) injury axons fail to regenerate often leading to persistent neurologic deficit although injured peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons mount a robust regenerative response that may lead to functional recovery. Some of the failures of CNS regeneration arise from the many glial-based inhibitory molecules found in the injured CNS, whereas the intrinsic regenerative potential of some CNS neurons is actively curtailed during CNS maturation and limited after injury. In this review, the molecular basis for extrinsic and intrinsic modulation of axon regeneration within the nervous system is evaluated. A more complete understanding of the factors limiting axonal regeneration will provide a rational basis, which is used to develop improved treatments for nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Ferguson
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Lin KY, Tai C, Hsu JC, Li CF, Fang CL, Lai HC, Hseu YC, Lin YF, Uen YH. Overexpression of nuclear protein kinase CK2 α catalytic subunit (CK2α) as a poor prognosticator in human colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17193. [PMID: 21359197 PMCID: PMC3040762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies but the
current therapeutic approaches for advanced CRC are less efficient. Thus,
novel therapeutic approaches are badly needed. The purpose of this study is
to investigate the involvement of nuclear protein kinase CK2 α subunit
(CK2α) in tumor progression, and in the prognosis of human CRC. Methodology/Principal Findings Expression levels of nuclear CK2α were analyzed in 245 colorectal tissues
from patients with CRC by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR
and Western blot. We correlated the expression levels with clinicopathologic
parameters and prognosis in human CRC patients. Overexpression of nuclear
CK2α was significantly correlated with depth of invasion, nodal status,
American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging, degree of
differentiation, and perineural invasion. Patients with high expression
levels of nuclear CK2α had a significantly poorer overall survival rate
compared with patients with low expression levels of nuclear CK2α. In
multi-variate Cox regression analysis, overexpression of nuclear CK2α
was proven to be an independent prognostic marker for CRC. In addition,
DLD-1 human colon cancer cells were employed as a cellular model to study
the role of CK2α on cell growth, and the expression of CK2α in DLD-1
cells was inhibited by using siRNA technology. The data indicated that
CK2α-specific siRNA treatment resulted in growth inhibition. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, overexpression of nuclear CK2α can be a useful marker for
predicting the outcome of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei
Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan
University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chein Tai
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan
University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chin Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei
Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical
Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical
University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Municipal Wan
Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chin Lai
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan
University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical
University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Feng Lin
- Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center,
Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Huei Uen
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei
Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center,
Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern
Taiwan University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Gil C, Falqués A, Sarró E, Cubi R, Blasi J, Aguilera J, Itarte E. Protein kinase CK2 associates to lipid rafts and its pharmacological inhibition enhances neurotransmitter release. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:414-20. [PMID: 21187092 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we report the presence of protein kinase CK2 in lipid raft preparations from rat brain synaptosomes, obtained after detergent extraction and subsequent isolation of detergent-resistant membranes using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Moreover, the phosphorylation of syntaxin-1 at Ser14, a specific CK2 target, has been detected in lipid rafts, as assessed by a phospho-specific antibody. Treatment with DMAT, a specific CK2 inhibitor, results in a decrease of syntaxin-1 Ser14 phosphorylation in lipid rafts, while the glutamate release from synaptosomes is enhanced. In conclusion, CK2 might control neurotransmitter release by acting on SNARE proteins attached to cholesterol-enriched microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Barata JT. The impact of PTEN regulation by CK2 on PI3K-dependent signaling and leukemia cell survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:37-49. [PMID: 21035501 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene alterations affecting elements of PI3K signaling pathway do not appear to be sufficient to explain the extremely high frequency of PI3K signaling hyperactivation in leukemia. It has been known for long that PTEN phosphorylation at the C-terminal tail, in particular by CK2, contributes to the stabilization and simultaneous inhibition of this critical tumor suppressor. However, direct evidence of the involvement of this mechanism in cancer has been gathered only recently. It is now known that CK2-mediated posttranslational, non-deleting, inactivation of PTEN occurs in T-ALL, CLL and probably other leukemias and solid tumors. To explore this knowledge for therapeutic purposes remains one of the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Unversidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Perdigoto AL, Chaudhry N, Barnes GN, Filbin MT, Carter BD. A novel role for PTEN in the inhibition of neurite outgrowth by myelin-associated glycoprotein in cortical neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:235-44. [PMID: 20869442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system is prevented, in part, by inhibitory proteins expressed by myelin, including myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). Although injury to the corticospinal tract can result in permanent disability, little is known regarding the mechanisms by which MAG affects cortical neurons. Here, we demonstrate that cortical neurons plated on MAG expressing CHO cells, exhibit a striking reduction in process outgrowth. Interestingly, none of the receptors previously implicated in MAG signaling, including the p75 neurotrophin receptor or gangliosides, contributed significantly to MAG-mediated inhibition. However, blocking the small GTPase Rho or its downstream effector kinase, ROCK, partially reversed the effects of MAG on the neurons. In addition, we identified the lipid phosphatase PTEN as a mediator of MAG's inhibitory effects on neurite outgrowth. Knockdown or gene deletion of PTEN or overexpression of activated AKT in cortical neurons resulted in significant, although partial, rescue of neurite outgrowth on MAG-CHO cells. Moreover, MAG decreased the levels of phospho-Akt, suggesting that it activates PTEN in the neurons. Taken together, these results suggest a novel pathway activated by MAG in cortical neurons involving the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Department of Biochemistry and the Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Oinuma I, Ito Y, Katoh H, Negishi M. Semaphorin 4D/Plexin-B1 stimulates PTEN activity through R-Ras GTPase-activating protein activity, inducing growth cone collapse in hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28200-9. [PMID: 20610402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexins are receptors for axonal guidance molecules semaphorins. We recently reported that the semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) receptor, Plexin-B1, suppresses PI3K signaling through the R-Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity, inducing growth cone collapse. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate level is critically regulated by PI3K and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted chromosome ten). Here we examined the involvement of PTEN in the Plexin-B1-induced repulsive response. Phosphorylation of PTEN at Ser-380 is known to suppress its phosphatase activity. Sema4D induced the dephosphorylation of PTEN at Ser-380 and stimulated PTEN phosphatase activity in hippocampal neurons. Knockdown of endogenous PTEN suppressed the Sema4D-induced growth cone collapse. Phosphorylation mimic PTEN mutant suppressed the Sema4D-induced growth cone collapse, whereas phosphorylation-resistant PTEN mutant by itself induced growth cone collapse. Plexin-B1-induced PTEN dephosphorylation through R-Ras GAP activity and R-Ras GAP activity was by itself sufficient for PTEN dephosphorylation and activation. We also suggested that the Sema4D-induced PTEN dephosphorylation and growth cone collapse were mediated by the inhibition of casein kinase 2 alpha activity. Thus, we propose that Sema4D/Plexin-B1 promotes the dephosphorylation and activation of PTEN through the R-Ras GAP activity, inducing growth cone collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Oinuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Zhang H, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Pandey GN. Modulation in activation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten, Akt1, and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1: further evidence demonstrating altered phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:1017-25. [PMID: 20163786 PMCID: PMC2868089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K) signaling plays a crucial role in neuronal growth and plasticity. Recently, we demonstrated that suicide brain is associated with decreased activation and expression of selective catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3-K. The present investigation examined the regulation and functional significance of compromised PI3-K in suicide brain at the level of upstream phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome ten (PTEN) and downstream substrates 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt. METHODS Messenger RNA expression of Akt1, Akt3, PTEN, and PDK1 by competitive reverse transcription polymerase polymerase chain reaction; protein expression of Akt1, Akt3, PTEN, PDK1, phosphorylated Akt1 (Ser473 and Thr308), phosphorylated PDK1, and phosphorylated PTEN by Western blot; and catalytic activities of Akt1, Akt3, and PDK1 by enzymatic assays were determined in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus obtained from suicide subjects and nonpsychiatric control subjects. RESULTS No significant changes in the expression of Akt1 or Akt3 were observed; however, catalytic activity of Akt1, but not of Akt3, was decreased in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of suicide subjects, which was associated with decreased phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473 and Thr308. The catalytic activity of PDK1 and the level of phosphorylated PDK1 were also decreased in both brain areas without any change in expression levels of PDK1. On the other hand, messenger RNA and protein expression of PTEN was increased, whereas the level of phosphorylated PTEN was decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates abnormalities in PI3-K signaling at several levels in brain of suicide subjects and suggests the possible involvement of aberrant PI3-K/Akt signaling in the pathogenic mechanisms of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hooriyah S. Rizavi
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rosalinda C. Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Ave, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Ghanshyam N. Pandey
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago IL, 60612, USA
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Abstract
The hormone leptin can cross the blood-brain barrier and influences numerous brain functions (Harvey, 2007). Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that leptin regulates activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus (Shanley et al., 2001; Li et al., 2002; Durakoglugil et al., 2005; Moult et al., 2009). It is well documented that trafficking of AMPA receptors is pivotal for hippocampal synaptic plasticity (Collingridge et al., 2004), but there is limited knowledge of how hormonal systems like leptin influence this process. In this study we have examined how leptin influences AMPA receptor trafficking and in turn how this impacts on excitatory synaptic function. Here we show that leptin preferentially increases the cell surface expression of GluR1 and the synaptic density of GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors in adult hippocampal slices. The leptin-induced increase in surface GluR1 required NMDA receptor activation and was associated with an increase in cytoplasmic PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) levels. In addition, leptin enhanced phosphorylation of the lipid phosphatase PTEN which inhibits PTEN function and elevates PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) levels. Moreover, inhibition of PTEN mimicked and occluded the effects of leptin on GluR1 trafficking and excitatory synaptic strength. These data indicate that leptin, via a novel pathway involving PTEN inhibition, promotes GluR1 trafficking to hippocampal synapses. This process has important implications for the role of leptin in hippocampal synaptic function in health and disease.
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Chacón PJ, Arévalo MA, Tébar AR. NGF-activated protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B mediates the phosphorylation and degradation of I-kappa-Balpha coupled to NF-kappa-B activation, thereby controlling dendrite morphology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 43:384-93. [PMID: 20123020 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NGF diminishes dendrite complexity in cultured hippocampal neurons by decreasing the number of primary and secondary dendrites, while increasing the length of those that remain. The transduction pathway used by NGF to provoke dendrite elongation involves the activation of NF-kappa-B and the expression of the homologues of Enhancer-of-split 1 gene. Here, we define important steps that link NGF with NF-kappa-B activation, through the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Binding of NGF to p75(NTR) stimulates PTP1B activity, which can be blocked by either pharmacological inhibition of the phosphatase or by transfecting neurons with a dn PTP1B isoform, whereby NGF is no longer able to stimulate dendrite growth. Indeed, overexpressing PTP1B alone provoked dendrite growth and further studies revealed a role for the src kinase downstream of PTP1B. Again, loss of src activity largely cancelled out the capacity of NGF to promote dendrite growth, whereas overexpression of v-src in neurons was sufficient to promote dendrite growth. Finally, the NGF/p75(NTR)/PTP1B/src kinase pathway led to the tyrosine phosphorylation of I-kappa-Balpha prior to its degradation, an event that is necessary for NF-kappa-B activation. Indeed, the dendrite growth response to NGF was lost when neurons were transfected with a mutant form of I-kappa-Balpha that lacks tyr42. Thus, our data suggest that PTP1B fulfils a central role in the NGF signalling that controls dendrite patterning in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Chacón
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER/CSIC), Av. Americo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Seville, Spain
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Abstract
Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of the complex arrangement of neurons and their interconnections within the brain has made significant progress in recent years. Current research has uncovered a network of intracellular signaling events that provide precise coordination of a diverse array of cellular responses, including trafficking events, cytoskeletal remodeling, gene transcription, and protein ubiquitination and translation. This chapter considers the specific cellular responses controlled by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, which is instructive with regard to a number of important steps involved in the development of the brain. These range from the mediation of extrinsic signals - such as growth factors, axon guidance cues, and extracellular matrix components - to intrinsic effectors, such as downstream signaling components that act, for example, at the translation level. PI3K signaling is, consequently, at the heart of controlling neuronal migration and neuronal morphogenesis, as well as dendrite and synapse development. Many neurobehavioral disorders arise as a consequence of subtle developmental abnormalities. Unsurprisingly, therefore, aberrant PI3K signaling has been indicated by many studies to be a contributing factor to the pathophysiology of disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. In this chapter, we will focus on the specific, yet divergent, cellular processes that are achieved through PI3K signaling in neurons and are key to brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Waite
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, London, UK
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42
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Altering PI3K-Akt signalling in zebrafish embryos affects PTEN phosphorylation and gastrulation. Biol Cell 2009; 101:661-78, 4 p following 678. [PMID: 19515017 DOI: 10.1042/bc20090034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) is a negative regulator of the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)-Akt (also called protein kinase B) signalling pathway and is essential for embryogenesis, but its function in early vertebrate embryos is unclear. RESULTS To address how PTEN functions in early embryos, we overexpressed one of the four zebrafish PTEN isoforms at the 1-2-cell stage. Overexpression of Ptena454 alters phospho-Akt levels and impairs cell movements associated with gastrulation. Heat shocking embryos increases phospho-Akt levels and lowers phospho-Ptena454 levels. Inhibiting CK2 (protein kinase CK2) activity reduces phospho-Pten levels and augments the effects due to Ptena454 overexpression. Low phospho-Akt and corresponding low phospho-GSK-3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) and high phospho-Pten levels accompany wortmannin or LY294002 treatment, which inhibit PI3K activity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ptena454 regulation is correlated to changes in phospho-Akt levels. We propose a model in which homoeostasis in rapidly dividing and migrating embryonic cells depends on a counterbalance between pro-survival signalling employing CK2 and GSK-3 and the pro-apoptotic activity of Ptena454.
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Ruzzene M, Pinna LA. Addiction to protein kinase CK2: a common denominator of diverse cancer cells? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:499-504. [PMID: 19665589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
At variance with most oncogenic protein kinases whose malignancy is generally due to genetic alterations conferring constitutive activity, CK2 is a highly pleiotropic Ser/Thr protein kinase naturally endowed with constitutive activity and lacking gain-of-function mutants. Nonetheless CK2 is abnormally elevated in a wide variety of tumors and there is strong evidence that it operates as a cancer driver by creating a cellular environment favorable to neoplasia: notably, CK2 plays a global role as an anti-apoptotic and pro-survival agent, it enhances the multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype, it assists the chaperone machinery which protects the "onco-kinome" and it promotes neo-angiogenesis. Based on this scenario we propose that the implication of CK2 in neoplasia is an example of "non oncogene addiction", i.e. over reliance of the perturbed cellular signaling network on high CK2 level for its own maintenance. Consistent with this, an ample spectrum of diverse types of cancer cells have been already shown to rely on high CK2 level for their survival, as judged from their response to specific CK2 inhibitors and silencing of endogenous CK2 catalytic subunits. Remarkably, among these are cells whose cancer phenotype arises from the genetic alteration of onco-kinases (e.g. Abl and Alk) different from CK2 and insensitive to the CK2 inhibitors used in those experiments. Based on these premises, CK2 could represent a "multi-purpose" target for the treatment of different kinds of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biological Chemistry and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
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Chaverneff F, Barrett J. Casein kinase II contributes to the synergistic effects of BMP7 and BDNF on Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation in septal neurons under hypoglycemic stress. J Neurochem 2009; 109:733-43. [PMID: 19222702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The combination of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) and neurotrophins (e.g. brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) protects septal neurons during hypoglycemic stress. We investigated the signaling mechanisms underlying this synergistic protection. BMP7 (5 nM) increased phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of BMP-responsive Smads 1/5/8 within 30 min in cultures of rat embryonic septal neurons. BDNF (100 ng/mL) enhanced the BMP7-induced increase in phospho-Smad levels in both nucleus and cytoplasm; this effect was more pronounced after a hypoglycemic stress. BDNF increased both Akt and Erk phosphorylation, but pharmacological blockade of these kinase pathways (with wortmannin and U0126, respectively) did not reduce the Smad phosphorylation produced by the BMP7 + BDNF combination. Inhibitors of casein kinase II (CK2) activity reduced the (BMP7 + BDNF)-induced Smad phosphorylation, and this trophic factor combination increased CK2 activity in hypoglycemic cultures. These findings suggest that BDNF can increase BMP-dependent Smad phosphorylation via a mechanism requiring CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Chaverneff
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Yang T, Knowles JK, Lu Q, Zhang H, Arancio O, Moore LA, Chang T, Wang Q, Andreasson K, Rajadas J, Fuller GG, Xie Y, Massa SM, Longo FM. Small molecule, non-peptide p75 ligands inhibit Abeta-induced neurodegeneration and synaptic impairment. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3604. [PMID: 18978948 PMCID: PMC2575383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) is expressed by neurons particularly vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We tested the hypothesis that non-peptide, small molecule p75(NTR) ligands found to promote survival signaling might prevent Abeta-induced degeneration and synaptic dysfunction. These ligands inhibited Abeta-induced neuritic dystrophy, death of cultured neurons and Abeta-induced death of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. Moreover, ligands inhibited Abeta-induced activation of molecules involved in AD pathology including calpain/cdk5, GSK3beta and c-Jun, and tau phosphorylation, and prevented Abeta-induced inactivation of AKT and CREB. Finally, a p75(NTR) ligand blocked Abeta-induced hippocampal LTP impairment. These studies support an extensive intersection between p75(NTR) signaling and Abeta pathogenic mechanisms, and introduce a class of specific small molecule ligands with the unique ability to block multiple fundamental AD-related signaling pathways, reverse synaptic impairment and inhibit Abeta-induced neuronal dystrophy and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juliet K. Knowles
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Moore
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy Chang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Katrin Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald G. Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Youmei Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Massa
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory for Computational Neurochemistry and Drug Discovery, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Leslie NR, Batty IH, Maccario H, Davidson L, Downes CP. Understanding PTEN regulation: PIP2, polarity and protein stability. Oncogene 2008; 27:5464-76. [PMID: 18794881 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PTEN tumour suppressor is a lipid and protein phosphatase that inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signalling by dephosphorylating phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdInsP(3)). Here, we discuss the concept of PTEN as an 'interfacial enzyme', which exists in a high activity state when bound transiently at membrane surfaces containing its substrate and other acidic lipids, such as PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). This mechanism ensures that PTEN functions in a spatially restricted manner, and may explain its involvement in forming the gradients of PtdInsP(3), which are necessary for generating and/or sustaining cell polarity during motility, in developing neurons and in epithelial tissues. Coordinating PTEN activity with alternative mechanisms of PtdInsP(3) metabolism, by the tightly regulated SHIP 5-phoshatases, synthesizing the independent second messenger PtdIns(3,4)P(2), may also be important for cellular polarization in some cell types. Superimposed on this interfacial mechanism are additional post-translational regulatory processes, which generally act to reduce PTEN activity. Oxidation of the active site cysteine residue by reactive oxygen species and phosphorylation of serine/threonine residues at sites in the C-terminus of the protein inhibit PTEN. These phosphorylation sites also appear to play a role in regulating both stability and localization of PTEN, as does ubiquitination of PTEN. Because genetic studies in mice show that the level of expression of PTEN in an organism profoundly influences tumour susceptibility, factors that regulate PTEN, localization, activity and turnover should be important in understanding its biological functions as a tumour suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Leslie
- Division of Molecular Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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Ristorcelli E, Beraud E, Verrando P, Villard C, Lafitte D, Sbarra V, Lombardo D, Verine A. Human tumor nanoparticles induce apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. FASEB J 2008; 22:3358-69. [PMID: 18511551 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles secreted by most hematopoietic cells on fusion of multivesicular endosomes with the plasma membrane. Many studies have reported that exosomes may also be released by tumor cells. Exosomes are believed to play an antitumor role through immune cells. We asked whether tumor exosomes have biological activities on tumor cells. We report that human pancreatic tumor nanoparticles, exosome-like as characterized by proteomic analyses and rich in lipid rafts, decreased tumor cell proliferation. Nanoparticles increased Bax and decreased Bcl-2 expressions. Caspase-3 and -9 but not caspase-8 inhibitors impaired apoptosis, which implicates the mitochondria apoptotic pathway. The ceramide-sphingomyelin apoptotic pathway was inoperative. Moreover, nanoparticles induced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) -3beta activation and decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. In nanoparticle-treated cells, PTEN formed complexes with actin, beta-catenin, and GSK-3beta. Thus, beta-catenin may no longer be available to activate the survival pathway. Nanoparticles triggered the down-regulation of cyclin D1 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Hence, nanoparticles counteracted the constitutively activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt survival pathway to drive tumor cells toward apoptosis. Our study provides the first evidence of an apoptotic function of tumor-derived nanoparticles on tumor cells. We propose a new role for nanoparticles, i.e., as signal carriers for interaction between cells, which may have implications in physiopathological situations.
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van Diepen MT, Eickholt BJ. Function of PTEN during the formation and maintenance of neuronal circuits in the brain. Dev Neurosci 2008; 30:59-64. [PMID: 18075255 DOI: 10.1159/000109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) is a tumor suppressor that can inhibit proliferation and migration and controls apoptosis in a number of cell types, mainly through inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. Patients carrying inactivating mutations of PTEN show a prevalence to develop tumors that can coincide with neurological defects such as mental retardation, ataxia and seizures. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies were instrumental in uncovering a direct correlation between deregulated PI3K/PTEN signaling and changes in neuronal morphogenesis, which is likely to have profound bearings upon the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms. This review outlines recent work on the function of PTEN during vertebrate brain development and the current understanding of the signaling pathways downstream of PTEN that control neuronal connectivity in the brain.
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Phosphatase PTEN in neuronal injury and brain disorders. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30:581-6. [PMID: 17959258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homologue PTEN was originally identified as a tumor suppressor. In the CNS, mutation or inactivation of PTEN is best known for playing a tumorigenic role in the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma. However, recent studies show that PTEN is associated with several brain diseases other than cancer, suggesting a broader role of PTEN in CNS pathophysiology. Here, we review the evidence for the crucial involvement of PTEN in neuronal injury as well as in neurological and psychiatric disorders, and discuss the potential of PTEN as a molecular target for the development of a novel CNS therapeutic strategy.
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Nakata A, Kamiguchi H. Serine phosphorylation by casein kinase II controls endocytic L1 trafficking and axon growth. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:723-34. [PMID: 17253643 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule L1 plays crucial roles in axon tract development. In vitro, L1 presented as a culture substrate stimulates axon elongation by binding to L1 expressed on the growth cone. In migrating growth cones, L1 is endocytosed via the AP-2/clathrin-mediated pathway at the central domain, followed by anterograde vesicular transport and recycling to the plasma membrane of the leading front. It has previously been shown that this endocytic trafficking of L1 is critical for axon elongation (Kamiguchi and Yoshihara [2001] J. Neurosci. 21:9194-9203). Adjacent to the AP-2 recognition site, the L1 cytoplasmic domain has a cluster of acidic amino acids containing Ser1181 that can be phosphorylated by casein kinase II (CKII; Wong et al. [1996a] J. Neurochem. 66:779-786). In this paper, we demonstrate that Ser1181 phosphorylation by CKII is implicated in both normal endocytic trafficking of L1 and L1-stimulated axon growth. Whereas L1 is sorted into transferrin-positive endosomes after endocytosis, pharmacological inhibition of CKII caused some population of L1 to be internalized into transferrin-negative compartments. Single-amino-acid mutations at Ser1181, which either prevent or mimic phosphorylation by CKII, caused similar missorting of internalized L1. Furthermore, dorsal root ganglion neurons that had been treated with a CKII inhibitor or transfected with the L1 mutants showed impaired ability to extend axons on an L1 substrate but not on other control substrates. These results demonstrate the novel role of CKII in L1-mediated axon elongation and stress the importance of functional linkage between L1 phosphorylation and L1 trafficking in migrating growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nakata
- Laboratory for Neuronal Growth Mechanisms, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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