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Laghmani K. Protein Quality Control of NKCC2 in Bartter Syndrome and Blood Pressure Regulation. Cells 2024; 13:818. [PMID: 38786040 PMCID: PMC11120568 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in NKCC2 generate antenatal Bartter syndrome type 1 (type 1 BS), a life-threatening salt-losing nephropathy characterized by arterial hypotension, as well as electrolyte abnormalities. In contrast to the genetic inactivation of NKCC2, inappropriate increased NKCC2 activity has been associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. Given the importance of NKCC2 in salt-sensitive hypertension and the pathophysiology of prenatal BS, studying the molecular regulation of this Na-K-2Cl cotransporter has attracted great interest. Therefore, several studies have addressed various aspects of NKCC2 regulation, such as phosphorylation and post-Golgi trafficking. However, the regulation of this cotransporter at the pre-Golgi level remained unknown for years. Similar to several transmembrane proteins, export from the ER appears to be the rate-limiting step in the cotransporter's maturation and trafficking to the plasma membrane. The most compelling evidence comes from patients with type 5 BS, the most severe form of prenatal BS, in whom NKCC2 is not detectable in the apical membrane of thick ascending limb (TAL) cells due to ER retention and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) mechanisms. In addition, type 1 BS is one of the diseases linked to ERAD pathways. In recent years, several molecular determinants of NKCC2 export from the ER and protein quality control have been identified. The aim of this review is therefore to summarize recent data regarding the protein quality control of NKCC2 and to discuss their potential implications in BS and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Laghmani
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
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2
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Coutant K, Magne B, Ferland K, Fuentes-Rodriguez A, Chancy O, Mitchell A, Germain L, Landreville S. Melanocytes in regenerative medicine applications and disease modeling. J Transl Med 2024; 22:336. [PMID: 38589876 PMCID: PMC11003097 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic cells localized in skin, eyes, hair follicles, ears, heart and central nervous system. They are characterized by the presence of melanosomes enriched in melanin which are responsible for skin, eye and hair pigmentation. They also have different functions in photoprotection, immunity and sound perception. Melanocyte dysfunction can cause pigmentary disorders, hearing and vision impairments or increased cancer susceptibility. This review focuses on the role of melanocytes in homeostasis and disease, before discussing their potential in regenerative medicine applications, such as for disease modeling, drug testing or therapy development using stem cell technologies, tissue engineering and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coutant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Brice Magne
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Karel Ferland
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Fuentes-Rodriguez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Chancy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Solange Landreville
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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3
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Rong S, Yu X, Wiggs JL. Genetic Basis of Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma: An Update and Functional Insights. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:142. [PMID: 38397132 PMCID: PMC10887877 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS) and Pigmentary Glaucoma (PG) comprise a spectrum of ocular disorders characterized by iris pigment dispersion and trabecular meshwork changes, resulting in increased intraocular pressure and potential glaucomatous optic neuropathy. This review summarizes recent progress in PDS/PG genetics including rare pathogenic protein coding alterations (PMEL) and susceptibility loci identified from genome-wide association studies (GSAP and GRM5/TYR). Areas for future research are also identified, especially the development of efficient model systems. While substantial strides have been made in understanding the genetics of PDS/PG, our review identifies key gaps and outlines the future directions necessary for further advancing this important field of ocular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisong Rong
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Xinting Yu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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4
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Kawahara R, Usami T, Arakawa S, Kamo H, Suzuki T, Komatsu R, Hara H, Niwa Y, Shimizu E, Dohmae N, Shimizu S, Simizu S. Biogenesis of fibrils requires C-mannosylation of PMEL. FEBS J 2023; 290:5373-5394. [PMID: 37552474 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Premelanosome protein (PMEL), a melanocyte-specific glycoprotein, has an essential role in melanosome maturation, assembling amyloid fibrils for melanin deposition. PMEL undergoes several post-translational modifications, including N- and O-glycosylations, which are associated with proper melanosome development. C-mannosylation is a rare type of protein glycosylation at a tryptophan residue that might regulate the secretion and localization of proteins. PMEL has one putative C-mannosylation site in its core amyloid fragment (CAF); however, there is no report focusing on C-mannosylation of PMEL. To investigate this, we expressed recombinant PMEL in SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells and purified the protein. Mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that human PMEL is C-mannosylated at multiple tryptophan residues in its CAF and N-terminal fragment (NTF). In addition to the W153 or W156 residue (CAF), which lies in the consensus sequence for C-mannosylation, the W104 residue (NTF) was C-mannosylated without the consensus sequence. To determine the effects of the modifications, we deleted the PMEL gene by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and re-expressed wild-type or C-mannosylation-defective mutants of PMEL, in which the C-mannosylated tryptophan was replaced with a phenylalanine residue (WF mutation), in SK-MEL-28 cells. Importantly, fibril-containing melanosomes were significantly decreased in W104F mutant PMEL-re-expressing cells compared with wild-type PMEL, observed using transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, western blot and immunofluorescence analysis suggested that the W104F mutation may cause mild endoplasmic reticulumretention, possibly associated with early misfolding, and lysosomal misaggregation, thus reducing functional fibril formation. Our results demonstrate that C-mannosylation of PMEL is required for proper melanosome development by regulating PMEL-derived fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kawahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Usami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoko Arakawa
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
- Research Core, Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kamo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Komatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hara
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Niwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Erina Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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Guo Y, Wu W, Yang X. Coordinated microRNA/mRNA Expression Profiles Reveal Unique Skin Color Regulatory Mechanisms in Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071181. [PMID: 37048437 PMCID: PMC10093658 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) has been increasingly popular in the aquaculture market in China in recent years. In the breeding process of Andrias davidianus, we found that some albino individuals were extremely rare and could not be inherited stably, which severely limits their commercialization in the aquaculture market. In this study, we performed transcriptome and small RNA (sRNA) sequencing analyses in the skin samples of wild-type (WT) and albino (AL) Andrias davidianus. In total, among 5517 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 2911 DEGs were down-regulated in AL, including almost all the key genes involved in melanin formation. A total of 25 miRNAs were differentially expressed in AL compared to WT, of which 17 were up-regulated. Through the integrated analysis, no intersection was found between the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs and the key genes for melanin formation. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses on DEGs showed that these genes involved multiple processes relevant to melanin synthesis and the key signal pathway MAPK. Interestingly, the transcription factors SOX10 and PAX3 and the Wnt signaling pathway that play a key role in other species were not included, while the other two transcription factors in the SOX family, SOX21 and SOX7, were included. After analyzing the key genes for melanin formation, it was interesting to note an alternative splicing form of the MITF in WT and a critical mutation of the SLC24A5 gene in AL, which might be the main reason for the skin color change of Andrias davidianus. The results contributed to understanding the molecular mechanism of skin pigmentation in Andrias davidianus and accelerating the acquisition process of individuals with specific body colors by genetic means.
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Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
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AlAbdi L, Alshammari M, Helaby R, Khan AO, Alkuraya FS. PMEL is mutated in oculocutaneous albinism. Hum Genet 2023; 142:139-144. [PMID: 36166100 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of Mendelian disorders characterized by hypopigmentation of skin, hair and pigmented ocular structures. While much of the genetic heterogeneity of OCA has been resolved, many patients still lack a molecular diagnosis following exome sequencing. Here, we report a consanguineous family in which the index patient presented with OCA and Hirschsprung disease but tested negative for known genetic causes of OCA. Instead, he was found to have a homozygous presumptive loss of function variant in PMEL. PMEL encodes a scaffolding protein that is essential for the normal maturation of melanosomes and normal deposition of the melanin pigment therein. Numerous PMEL vertebrate ortholog mutants have been reported and all were characterized by conspicuous pigmentary abnormalities. We suggest that the patient we report is the first human equivalent of PMEL loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama AlAbdi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera Alshammari
- Pediatric Department, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Helaby
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif O Khan
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Melanogenesis and the Targeted Therapy of Melanoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121874. [PMID: 36551302 PMCID: PMC9775438 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment production is a unique character of melanocytes. Numerous factors are linked with melanin production, including genetics, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and inflammation. Understanding the mechanism of melanogenesis is crucial to identify new preventive and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of melanoma. Here, we reviewed the current available literatures on the mechanisms of melanogenesis, including the signaling pathways of UVR-induced pigment production, MC1R's central determinant roles and MITF as a master transcriptional regulator in melanogenesis. Moreover, we further highlighted the role of targeting BRAF, NRAS and MC1R in melanoma prevention and treatment. The combination therapeutics of immunotherapy and targeted kinase inhibitors are becoming the newest therapeutic option in advanced melanoma.
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Bakhos-Douaihy D, Seaayfan E, Frachon N, Demaretz S, Kömhoff M, Laghmani K. Diacidic Motifs in the Carboxyl Terminus Are Required for ER Exit and Translocation to the Plasma Membrane of NKCC2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112761. [PMID: 36361553 PMCID: PMC9656672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the apical Na-K-2Cl co-transporter, NKCC2, cause type I Bartter syndrome (BS1), a life-threatening kidney disease. We have previously demonstrated that the BS1 variant Y998X, which deprives NKCC2 from its highly conserved dileucine-like motifs, compromises co-transporter surface delivery through ER retention mechanisms. However, whether these hydrophobic motifs are sufficient for anterograde trafficking of NKCC2 remains to be determined. Interestingly, sequence analysis of NKCC2 C-terminus revealed the presence of consensus di-acidic (D/E-X-D/E) motifs, 949EEE951 and 1019DAELE1023, located upstream and downstream of BS1 mutation Y998X, respectively. Di-acidic codes are involved in ER export of proteins through interaction with COPII budding machinery. Importantly, whereas mutating 949EEE951 motif to 949AEA951 had no effect on NKCC2 processing, mutating 1019DAE1021 to 1019AAA1021 heavily impaired complex-glycosylation and cell surface expression of the cotransporter in HEK293 and OKP cells. Most importantly, triple mutation of D, E and E residues of 1019DAELE1023 to 1019AAALA1023 almost completely abolished NKCC2 complex-glycosylation, suggesting that this mutant failed to exit the ER. Cycloheximide chase analysis demonstrated that the absence of the terminally glycosylated form of 1019AAALA1023 was caused by defects in NKCC2 maturation. Accordingly, co-immunolocalization experiments revealed that 1019AAALA1023 was trapped in the ER. Finally, overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of Sar1-GTPase abolished NKCC2 maturation and cell surface expression, clearly indicating that NKCC2 export from the ER is COPII-dependent. Hence, our data indicate that in addition to the di-leucine like motifs, NKCC2 uses di-acidic exit codes for export from the ER through the COPII-dependent pathway. We propose that any naturally occurring mutation of NKCC2 interfering with this pathway could form the molecular basis of BS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Bakhos-Douaihy
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Elie Seaayfan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Frachon
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Demaretz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Martin Kömhoff
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, University Children’s Hospital, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kamel Laghmani
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- CNRS-ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Kim HM, Oh S, Choi CH, Yang JY, Kim S, Kang D, Son KH, Byun K. Attenuation Effect of Radiofrequency Irradiation on UV-B-Induced Skin Pigmentation by Decreasing Melanin Synthesis and through Upregulation of Heat Shock Protein 70. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247648. [PMID: 34946730 PMCID: PMC8708156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess melanin deposition in the skin causes cosmetic problems. HSP70 upregulation decreases microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, which eventually decreases tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation upregulates p53, which increases the melanocortin receptor (MC1R) and MITF. Furthermore, HSP70 decreases p53 and radiofrequency irradiation (RF) increases HSP70. We evaluated whether RF increased HSP70 and decreased p53, consequently decreasing the MITF/tyrosinase pathway and melanogenesis in UV-B radiated animal skin. Various RF combinations with 50, 100, and 150 ms and 5, 10, and 15 W were performed on the UV-B radiated mouse skin every 2 d for 28 d. When RF was performed with 100 ms/10 W, melanin deposition, evaluated by Fontana–Masson staining, decreased without skin crust formation in the UV-B radiated skin. Thus, we evaluated the effect of RF on decreasing melanogenesis in the HEMn and UV-B radiated skin at a setting of 100 ms/10 W. HSP70 expression was decreased in the UV-B radiated skin but was increased by RF. The expression of p53, MC1R, and MITF increased in the UV-B radiated skin but was decreased by RF. The expression of p53, MC1R, and MITF increased in the α-MSH treated HEMn but was decreased by RF. The decreasing effects of RF on p53, MC1R, CREB and MITF were higher than those of HSP70-overexpressed HEMn. The decreasing effect of RF on p53, MC1R, CREB, and MITF disappeared in the HSP70-silenced HEMn. MC1R, CREB, and MITF were not significantly decreased by the p53 inhibitor in α-MSH treated HEMn. RF induced a greater decrease in MC1R, CREB, and MITF than the p53 inhibitor. Therefore, RF may have decreased melanin synthesis by increasing HSP70 and decreasing p53, thus decreasing MC1R/CREB/MITF and tyrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Moon Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (J.Y.Y.)
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (J.Y.Y.)
| | - Chang Hu Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Jin Young Yang
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (J.Y.Y.)
| | - Sunggeun Kim
- Jeisys Medical Inc., Seoul 08501, Korea; (S.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Donghwan Kang
- Jeisys Medical Inc., Seoul 08501, Korea; (S.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.H.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea; (S.O.); (J.Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.S.); (K.B.)
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11
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Xie B, Song X. The impaired unfolded protein-premelanosome protein and transient receptor potential channels-autophagy axes in apoptotic melanocytes in vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 35:6-17. [PMID: 34333860 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease, characterized by depigmentation and epidermal melanocytes loss. The specific mechanisms underlying vitiligo have not been fully understood. As a result, treating vitiligo is a dermatological challenge. Recently, much attention has been paid to the dysfunction and interaction of organelles under environmental stress. The impaired organelles could generate misfolded proteins, particularly accumulated toxic premelanosome protein (PMEL) amyloid oligomers, activating the autoimmune system and cause melanocyte damage. Unfolded protein response (UPR) dysfunction accelerates toxic PMEL accumulation. Herein, we presented a narrative review on UPR's role in vitiligo, the misfolded PMEL-induced attack of the autoimmune system under autophagy dysfunction caused by abnormal activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and the background of UPR system defects in melanocytes. All of these mechanisms were integrated to form UPR/PMEL-TRP channels/autophagy axis, providing a new understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Departement of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzu Song
- Departement of Dermatology, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Functional Domains and Evolutionary History of the PMEL and GPNMB Family Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123529. [PMID: 34207849 PMCID: PMC8273697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancient paralogs premelanosome protein (PMEL) and glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMB) have independently emerged as intriguing disease loci in recent years. Both proteins possess common functional domains and variants that cause a shared spectrum of overlapping phenotypes and disease associations: melanin-based pigmentation, cancer, neurodegenerative disease and glaucoma. Surprisingly, these proteins have yet to be shown to physically or genetically interact within the same cellular pathway. This juxtaposition inspired us to compare and contrast this family across a breadth of species to better understand the divergent evolutionary trajectories of two related, but distinct, genes. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary history of PMEL and GPNMB in clade-representative species and identified TMEM130 as the most ancient paralog of the family. By curating the functional domains in each paralog, we identified many commonalities dating back to the emergence of the gene family in basal metazoans. PMEL and GPNMB have gained functional domains since their divergence from TMEM130, including the core amyloid fragment (CAF) that is critical for the amyloid potential of PMEL. Additionally, the PMEL gene has acquired the enigmatic repeat domain (RPT), composed of a variable number of imperfect tandem repeats; this domain acts in an accessory role to control amyloid formation. Our analyses revealed the vast variability in sequence, length and repeat number in homologous RPT domains between craniates, even within the same taxonomic class. We hope that these analyses inspire further investigation into a gene family that is remarkable from the evolutionary, pathological and cell biology perspectives.
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Le L, Sirés-Campos J, Raposo G, Delevoye C, Marks MS. Melanosome biogenesis in the pigmentation of mammalian skin. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1517-1545. [PMID: 34021746 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins, the main pigments of the skin and hair in mammals, are synthesized within membrane-bound organelles of melanocytes called melanosomes. Melanosome structure and function are determined by a cohort of resident transmembrane proteins, many of which are expressed only in pigment cells, that localize specifically to melanosomes. Defects in the genes that encode melanosome-specific proteins or components of the machinery required for their transport in and out of melanosomes underlie various forms of ocular or oculocutaneous albinism, characterized by hypopigmentation of the hair, skin and eyes and by visual impairment. We review major components of melanosomes, including the enzymes that catalyze steps in melanin synthesis from tyrosine precursors, solute transporters that allow these enzymes to function, and structural proteins that underlie melanosome shape and melanin deposition. We then review the molecular mechanisms by which these components are biosynthetically delivered to newly forming melanosomes-many of which are shared by other cell types that generate cell type-specific lysosome-related organelles. We also highlight unanswered questions that need to be addressed by future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Le
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Julia Sirés-Campos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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14
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Qasim M, Khan K, Kim JH. Biogenesis, Membrane Trafficking, Functions, and Next Generation Nanotherapeutics Medicine of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3357-3383. [PMID: 34040369 PMCID: PMC8140893 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s310357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of membrane-limited vesicles and multi-signal messengers loaded with biomolecules. Exosomes and ectosomes are two different types of EVs generated by all cell types. Their formation depends on local microdomains assembled in endocytic membranes for exosomes and in the plasma membrane for ectosomes. Further, EV release is a fundamental process required for intercellular communication in both normal physiology and pathological conditions to transmit/exchange bioactive molecules to recipient cells and the extracellular environment. The unique structure and composition of EVs enable them to serve as natural nanocarriers, and their physicochemical properties and biological functions can be used to develop next-generation nano and precision medicine. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern EVs biology and membrane trafficking is essential for their clinical applications. However, in this rapidly expanding field, much remains unknown regarding EV origin, biogenesis, cargo sorting, and secretion, as well as EV-based theranostic platform generation. Hence, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in biogenesis, membrane trafficking, and functions of EVs, highlighting the impact of nanoparticles and oxidative stress on EVs biogenesis and release and finally emphasizing the role of EVs as nanotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Center of Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Khalid Khan
- Science and Technology KPK, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
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15
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Identification of critical amino acid residues in the regulatory N-terminal domain of PMEL. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7730. [PMID: 33833328 PMCID: PMC8032716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pigment cell-specific protein PMEL forms a functional amyloid matrix in melanosomes onto which the pigment melanin is deposited. The amyloid core consists of a short proteolytic fragment, which we have termed the core-amyloid fragment (CAF) and perhaps additional parts of the protein, such as the PKD domain. A highly O-glycosylated repeat (RPT) domain also derived from PMEL proteolysis associates with the amyloid and is necessary to establish the sheet-like morphology of the assemblies. Excluded from the aggregate is the regulatory N-terminus, which nevertheless must be linked in cis to the CAF in order to drive amyloid formation. The domain is then likely cleaved away immediately before, during, or immediately after the incorporation of a new CAF subunit into the nascent amyloid. We had previously identified a 21 amino acid long region, which mediates the regulatory activity of the N-terminus towards the CAF. However, many mutations in the respective segment caused misfolding and/or blocked PMEL export from the endoplasmic reticulum, leaving their phenotype hard to interpret. Here, we employ a saturating mutagenesis approach targeting the motif at single amino acid resolution. Our results confirm the critical nature of the PMEL N-terminal region and identify several residues essential for PMEL amyloidogenesis.
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16
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Molecular and Biochemical Basis of Minocycline-Induced Hyperpigmentation-The Study on Normal Human Melanocytes Exposed to UVA and UVB Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073755. [PMID: 33916535 PMCID: PMC8038496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Minocycline is a drug which induces skin hyperpigmentation. Its frequency reaches up to 50% of treated patients. The adverse effect diminishes the great therapeutic potential of minocycline, including antibacterial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer actions. It is supposed that an elevated melanin level and drug accumulation in melanin-containing cells are related to skin hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to evaluate molecular and biochemical mechanism of minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation in human normal melanocytes, as well as the contribution of UV radiation to this side effect. The experiments involved the evaluation of cyto- and phototoxic potential of the drug using cell imaging with light and confocal microscopes as well as biochemical and molecular analysis of melanogenesis. We showed that minocycline induced melanin synthesis in epidermal melanocytes. The action was intensified by UV irradiation, especially with the UVB spectrum. Minocycline stimulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase (TYR) gene. Higher levels of melanin and increased activity of tyrosinase were also observed in treated cells. Moreover, minocycline triggered the supranuclear accumulation of tyrosinase, similar to UV radiation. The decreased level of premelanosome protein PMEL17 observed in all minocycline-treated cultures suggests disorder of the formation, maturation or distribution of melanosomes. The study revealed that minocycline itself was able to enhance melanin synthesis. The action was intensified by irradiation, especially with the UVB spectrum. Demonstrated results confirmed the potential role of melanin and UV radiation minocycline-induced skin hyperpigmentation.
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17
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Tian X, Cui Z, Liu S, Zhou J, Cui R. Melanosome transport and regulation in development and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107707. [PMID: 33075361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanosomes are specialized membrane-bound organelles that synthesize and organize melanin, ultimately providing color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Disorders in melanogenesis and melanosome transport are linked to pigmentary diseases, such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and Griscelli syndrome. Clinical cases of these pigmentary diseases shed light on the molecular mechanisms that control melanosome-related pathways. However, only an improved understanding of melanogenesis and melanosome transport will further the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the current literature surrounding melanosomes with particular emphasis on melanosome membrane transport and cytoskeleton-mediated melanosome transport. We also provide perspectives on melanosome regulatory mechanisms which include hormonal action, inflammation, autophagy, and organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ziyong Cui
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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18
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Benito-Martínez S, Zhu Y, Jani RA, Harper DC, Marks MS, Delevoye C. Research Techniques Made Simple: Cell Biology Methods for the Analysis of Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:257-268.e8. [PMID: 31980058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation of the skin and hair represents the result of melanin biosynthesis within melanosomes of epidermal melanocytes, followed by the transfer of mature melanin granules to adjacent keratinocytes within the basal layer of the epidermis. Natural variation in these processes produces the diversity of skin and hair color among human populations, and defects in these processes lead to diseases such as oculocutaneous albinism. While genetic regulators of pigmentation have been well studied in human and animal models, we are still learning much about the cell biological features that regulate melanogenesis, melanosome maturation, and melanosome motility in melanocytes, and have barely scratched the surface in our understanding of melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Herein, we describe cultured cell model systems and common assays that have been used by investigators to dissect these features and that will hopefully lead to additional advances in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Benito-Martínez
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Yueyao Zhu
- Department of Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riddhi Atul Jani
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Dawn C Harper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.
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19
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Hida T, Kamiya T, Kawakami A, Ogino J, Sohma H, Uhara H, Jimbow K. Elucidation of Melanogenesis Cascade for Identifying Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approach of Pigmentary Disorders and Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176129. [PMID: 32854423 PMCID: PMC7503925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the biological and biochemical process of melanin and melanosome biosynthesis. Melanin is formed by enzymic reactions of tyrosinase family proteins that convert tyrosine to form brown-black eumelanin and yellow-red pheomelanin within melanosomal compartments in melanocytes, following the cascades of events interacting with a series of autocrine and paracrine signals. Fully melanized melanosomes are delivered to keratinocytes of the skin and hair. The symbiotic relation of a melanocyte and an associated pool of keratinocytes is called epidermal melanin unit (EMU). Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) plays a vital role in melanocyte development and differentiation. MITF regulates expression of numerous pigmentation genes for promoting melanocyte differentiation, as well as fundamental genes for maintaining cell homeostasis. Diseases involving alterations of EMU show various forms of pigmentation phenotypes. This review introduces four major topics of melanogenesis cascade that include (1) melanocyte development and differentiation, (2) melanogenesis and intracellular trafficking for melanosome biosynthesis, (3) melanin pigmentation and pigment-type switching, and (4) development of a novel therapeutic approach for malignant melanoma by elucidation of melanogenesis cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokimasa Hida
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Takafumi Kamiya
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Akinori Kawakami
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA;
| | - Jiro Ogino
- Department of Pathology, JR Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo 060-0033, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hitoshi Sohma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Uhara
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Hokkaido, Japan; (T.H.); (T.K.); (H.U.)
| | - Kowichi Jimbow
- Institute of Dermatology & Cutaneous Sciences, Sapporo 060-0042, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-887-8266
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20
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Functional Mammalian Amyloids and Amyloid-Like Proteins. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090156. [PMID: 32825636 PMCID: PMC7555005 DOI: 10.3390/life10090156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are highly ordered fibrous cross-β protein aggregates that are notorious primarily because of association with a variety of incurable human and animal diseases (termed amyloidoses), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and prion diseases. Some amyloid-associated diseases, in particular T2D and AD, are widespread and affect hundreds of millions of people all over the world. However, recently it has become evident that many amyloids, termed “functional amyloids,” are involved in various activities that are beneficial to organisms. Functional amyloids were discovered in diverse taxa, ranging from bacteria to mammals. These amyloids are involved in vital biological functions such as long-term memory, storage of peptide hormones and scaffolding melanin polymerization in animals, substrate attachment, and biofilm formation in bacteria and fungi, etc. Thus, amyloids undoubtedly are playing important roles in biological and pathological processes. This review is focused on functional amyloids in mammals and summarizes approaches used for identifying new potentially amyloidogenic proteins and domains.
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Abstract
Horses perform in a variety of disciplines that are visually demanding, and any disease impacting the eye has the potential to threaten vision and thus the utility of the horse. Advances in equine genetics have enabled the understanding of some inherited ocular disorders and ocular manifestations and are enabling cross-species comparisons. Genetic testing for multiple congenital ocular anomalies, congenital stationary night blindness, equine recurrent uveitis, and squamous cell carcinoma can identify horses with or at risk for disease and thus can assist in clinical management and breeding decisions. This article describes the current knowledge of inherited ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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22
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Gowda R, Robertson BM, Iyer S, Barry J, Dinavahi SS, Robertson GP. The role of exosomes in metastasis and progression of melanoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 85:101975. [PMID: 32050108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of melanoma metastasis have been the subject of extensive research for decades. Improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are of increasing importance for the treatment of melanoma due to its high burden of mortality in the advanced stages of the disease. Intercellular communication is a critical event for the progression of cancer. Collective evidence suggests that exosomes, small extracellular membrane vesicles released by the cells, are important facilitators of intercellular communication between the cells and the surrounding environment. Although the emerging field of exosomes is rapidly gaining traction in the scientific community, there is limited knowledge regarding the role of exosomes in melanoma. This review discusses the multifaceted role of melanoma-derived exosomes in promoting the process of metastasis by modulating the invasive and angiogenic capacity of malignant cells. The future implications of exosome research and the therapeutic potential of exosomes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Gowda
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Bailey M Robertson
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Soumya Iyer
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - John Barry
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Saketh S Dinavahi
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Departments of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Departments of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Departments of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Departments of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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23
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Lahola-Chomiak AA, Footz T, Nguyen-Phuoc K, Neil GJ, Fan B, Allen KF, Greenfield DS, Parrish RK, Linkroum K, Pasquale LR, Leonhardt RM, Ritch R, Javadiyan S, Craig JE, Allison WT, Lehmann OJ, Walter MA, Wiggs JL. Non-Synonymous variants in premelanosome protein (PMEL) cause ocular pigment dispersion and pigmentary glaucoma. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1298-1311. [PMID: 30561643 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigmentary glaucoma (PG) is a common glaucoma subtype that results from release of pigment from the iris, called pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS), and its deposition throughout the anterior chamber of the eye. Although PG has a substantial heritable component, no causative genes have yet been identified. We used whole exome sequencing of two independent pedigrees to identify two premelanosome protein (PMEL) variants associated with heritable PDS/PG. PMEL encodes a key component of the melanosome, the organelle essential for melanin synthesis, storage and transport. Targeted screening of PMEL in three independent cohorts (n = 394) identified seven additional PDS/PG-associated non-synonymous variants. Five of the nine variants exhibited defective processing of the PMEL protein. In addition, analysis of PDS/PG-associated PMEL variants expressed in HeLa cells revealed structural changes to pseudomelanosomes indicating altered amyloid fibril formation in five of the nine variants. Introduction of 11-base pair deletions to the homologous pmela in zebrafish by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 method caused profound pigmentation defects and enlarged anterior segments in the eye, further supporting PMEL's role in ocular pigmentation and function. Taken together, these data support a model in which missense PMEL variants represent dominant negative mutations that impair the ability of PMEL to form functional amyloid fibrils. While PMEL mutations have previously been shown to cause pigmentation and ocular defects in animals, this research is the first report of mutations in PMEL causing human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Footz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Kim Nguyen-Phuoc
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Gavin J Neil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Baojian Fan
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keri F Allen
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David S Greenfield
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA
| | - Richard K Parrish
- Anne Bates Leach Eye Hospital, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Linkroum
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralf M Leonhardt
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shari Javadiyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - W T Allison
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Ordan J Lehmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Michael A Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Ocular Genomics Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Graham M, Tzika AC, Mitchell SM, Liu X, Leonhardt RM. Repeat domain-associated O-glycans govern PMEL fibrillar sheet architecture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6101. [PMID: 30988362 PMCID: PMC6465243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PMEL is a pigment cell-specific protein that forms a functional amyloid matrix in melanosomes. The matrix consists of well-separated fibrillar sheets on which the pigment melanin is deposited. Using electron tomography, we demonstrate that this sheet architecture is governed by the PMEL repeat (RPT) domain, which associates with the amyloid as an accessory proteolytic fragment. Thus, the RPT domain is dispensable for amyloid formation as such but shapes the morphology of the matrix, probably in order to maximize the surface area available for pigment adsorption. Although the primary amino acid sequence of the RPT domain differs vastly among various vertebrates, we show that it is a functionally conserved, interchangeable module. RPT domains of all species are predicted to be very highly O-glycosylated, which is likely the common defining feature of this domain. O-glycosylation is indeed essential for RPT domain function and the establishment of the PMEL sheet architecture. Thus, O-glycosylation, not amino acid sequence, appears to be the major factor governing the characteristic PMEL amyloid morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morven Graham
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Athanasia C Tzika
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Sciences III Building, 1211, Geneva, 4, Switzerland
| | - Susan M Mitchell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Ralf M Leonhardt
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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25
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Bissig C, Croisé P, Heiligenstein X, Hurbain I, Lenk GM, Kaufman E, Sannerud R, Annaert W, Meisler MH, Weisman LS, Raposo G, van Niel G. The PIKfyve complex regulates the early melanosome homeostasis required for physiological amyloid formation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.229500. [PMID: 30709920 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.229500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of PI(3,5)P2 is regulated by the PIKfyve, VAC14 and FIG4 complex, mutations in which are associated with hypopigmentation in mice. These pigmentation defects indicate a key, but as yet unexplored, physiological relevance of this complex in the biogenesis of melanosomes. Here, we show that PIKfyve activity regulates formation of amyloid matrix composed of PMEL protein within the early endosomes in melanocytes, called stage I melanosomes. PIKfyve activity controls the membrane remodeling of stage I melanosomes, which regulates PMEL abundance, sorting and processing. PIKfyve activity also affects stage I melanosome kiss-and-run interactions with lysosomes, which are required for PMEL amyloidogenesis and the establishment of melanosome identity. Mechanistically, PIKfyve activity promotes both the formation of membrane tubules from stage I melanosomes and their release by modulating endosomal actin branching. Taken together, our data indicate that PIKfyve activity is a key regulator of the melanosomal import-export machinery that fine tunes the formation of functional amyloid fibrils in melanosomes and the maintenance of melanosome identity.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bissig
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pauline Croisé
- IPNP, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U894, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Heiligenstein
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guy M Lenk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - Emily Kaufman
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
| | - Ragna Sannerud
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Miriam H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA
| | - Lois S Weisman
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216, USA
| | - Graça Raposo
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Structure and Membrane Compartments, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France .,IPNP, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Hopital Saint-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U894, 75014 Paris, France.,Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences & Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, 75005 Paris, France
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26
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Serre C, Busuttil V, Botto JM. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of human skin melanogenesis and pigmentation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:328-347. [PMID: 29752874 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In human skin, melanogenesis is a tightly regulated process. Indeed, several extracellular signals are transduced via dedicated signalling pathways and mostly converge to MITF, a transcription factor integrating upstream signalling and regulating downstream genes involved in the various inherent mechanisms modulating melanogenesis. The synthesis of melanin pigments occurs in melanocytes inside melanosomes where melanogenic enzymes (tyrosinase and related proteins) are addressed with the help of specific protein complexes. The melanosomes loaded with melanin are then transferred to keratinocytes. A more elaborate level of melanogenesis regulation comes into play via the action of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs, lncRNAs). Besides this canonical regulation, melanogenesis can also be modulated by other non-specific intrinsic pathways (hormonal environment, inflammation) and by extrinsic factors (solar irradiation such as ultraviolet irradiation, environmental pollution). We developed a bioinformatic interaction network gathering the multiple aspects of melanogenesis and skin pigmentation as a resource to better understand and study skin pigmentation biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Serre
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
| | - V Busuttil
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
| | - J-M Botto
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
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27
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Molecular Genetics of Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma: New Insights into Mechanisms. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:5926906. [PMID: 29780638 PMCID: PMC5892222 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5926906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the ideas and advances surrounding the genetic basis of pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG). As PG is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in young adults and current tailored interventions have proven ineffective, a better understanding of the underlying causes of PDS, PG, and their relationship is essential. Despite PDS being a subclinical disease, a large proportion of patients progress to PG with associated vision loss. Decades of research have supported a genetic component both for PDS and conversion to PG. We review the body of evidence supporting a genetic basis in humans and animal models and reevaluate classical mechanisms of PDS/PG considering this new evidence.
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28
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Genetic Testing as a Tool to Identify Horses with or at Risk for Ocular Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:627-645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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29
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Ocular Albinism Type 1 Regulates Melanogenesis in Mouse Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101596. [PMID: 27690000 PMCID: PMC5085629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) is differentially expressed in the skin of mice with different coat colors and to determine its correlation with coat color establishment in mouse, the expression patterns and tissue distribution characterization of OA1 in the skin of mice with different coat colors were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that OA1 mRNA was expressed in all mice skin samples tested, with the highest expression level in brown skin, a moderate expression level in black skin and the lowest expression level in gray skin. Positive OA1 protein bands were also detected in all skin samples by Western blot analysis. The relative expression levels of OA1 protein in both black and brown skin were significantly higher than that in gray skin, but there was no significant difference between black and brown mice. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that OA1 was mainly expressed in the hair follicle matrix, the inner and outer root sheath in the skin tissues with different coat colors. To get further insight into the important role of OA1 in the melanocytes’ pigmentation, we transfected the OA1 into mouse melanocytes and then detected the relative expression levels of pigmentation-related gene. Simultaneously, we tested the melanin content of melanocytes. As a result, the overexpression of OA1 significantly increased the expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1) and premelanosome protein (PMEL). However, the tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) level was attenuated. By contrast, the level of glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein b (GPNMB) was unaffected by OA1 overexpression. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in melanin content in mouse melanocyte transfected OA1. Therefore, we propose that OA1 may participate in the formation of coat color by regulating the level of MITF and the number, size, motility and maturation of melanosome.
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30
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Bissig C, Rochin L, van Niel G. PMEL Amyloid Fibril Formation: The Bright Steps of Pigmentation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091438. [PMID: 27589732 PMCID: PMC5037717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In pigment cells, melanin synthesis takes place in specialized organelles, called melanosomes. The biogenesis and maturation of melanosomes is initiated by an unpigmented step that takes place prior to the initiation of melanin synthesis and leads to the formation of luminal fibrils deriving from the pigment cell-specific pre-melanosomal protein (PMEL). In the lumen of melanosomes, PMEL fibrils optimize sequestration and condensation of the pigment melanin. Interestingly, PMEL fibrils have been described to adopt a typical amyloid-like structure. In contrast to pathological amyloids often associated with neurodegenerative diseases, PMEL fibrils represent an emergent category of physiological amyloids due to their beneficial cellular functions. The formation of PMEL fibrils within melanosomes is tightly regulated by diverse mechanisms, such as PMEL traffic, cleavage and sorting. These mechanisms revealed increasing analogies between the formation of physiological PMEL fibrils and pathological amyloid fibrils. In this review we summarize the known mechanisms of PMEL fibrillation and discuss how the recent understanding of physiological PMEL amyloid formation may help to shed light on processes involved in pathological amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bissig
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, UMR144, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'ULM, Paris F-75231, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France.
| | - Leila Rochin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, UMR144, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'ULM, Paris F-75231, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, Paris F-75248, France.
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31
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Kook S, Wang P, Young LR, Schwake M, Saftig P, Weng X, Meng Y, Neculai D, Marks MS, Gonzales L, Beers MF, Guttentag S. Impaired Lysosomal Integral Membrane Protein 2-dependent Peroxiredoxin 6 Delivery to Lamellar Bodies Accounts for Altered Alveolar Phospholipid Content in Adaptor Protein-3-deficient pearl Mice. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8414-27. [PMID: 26907692 PMCID: PMC4861416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hermansky Pudlak syndromes (HPS) constitute a family of disorders characterized by oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding diathesis, often associated with lethal lung fibrosis. HPS results from mutations in genes of membrane trafficking complexes that facilitate delivery of cargo to lysosome-related organelles. Among the affected lysosome-related organelles are lamellar bodies (LB) within alveolar type 2 cells (AT2) in which surfactant components are assembled, modified, and stored. AT2 from HPS patients and mouse models of HPS exhibit enlarged LB with increased phospholipid content, but the mechanism underlying these defects is unknown. We now show that AT2 in the pearl mouse model of HPS type 2 lacking the adaptor protein 3 complex (AP-3) fails to accumulate the soluble enzyme peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) in LB. This defect reflects impaired AP-3-dependent trafficking of PRDX6 to LB, because pearl mouse AT2 cells harbor a normal total PRDX6 content. AP-3-dependent targeting of PRDX6 to LB requires the transmembrane protein LIMP-2/SCARB2, a known AP-3-dependent cargo protein that functions as a carrier for lysosomal proteins in other cell types. Depletion of LB PRDX6 in AP-3- or LIMP-2/SCARB2-deficient mice correlates with phospholipid accumulation in lamellar bodies and with defective intraluminal degradation of LB disaturated phosphatidylcholine. Furthermore, AP-3-dependent LB targeting is facilitated by protein/protein interaction between LIMP-2/SCARB2 and PRDX6 in vitro and in vivo Our data provide the first evidence for an AP-3-dependent cargo protein required for the maturation of LB in AT2 and suggest that the loss of PRDX6 activity contributes to the pathogenic changes in LB phospholipid homeostasis found HPS2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Wang
- From the Division of Neonatology and
| | - Lisa R Young
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Michael Schwake
- the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry III, University of Bielefeld, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Xialian Weng
- the Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Meng
- the Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dante Neculai
- the Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Michael S Marks
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and of Physiology, and
| | - Linda Gonzales
- Division of Adult Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Michael F Beers
- Division of Adult Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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32
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van Niel G. Study of Exosomes Shed New Light on Physiology of Amyloidogenesis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:327-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Ho T, Watt B, Spruce LA, Seeholzer SH, Marks MS. The Kringle-like Domain Facilitates Post-endoplasmic Reticulum Changes to Premelanosome Protein (PMEL) Oligomerization and Disulfide Bond Configuration and Promotes Amyloid Formation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3595-612. [PMID: 26694611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.692442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of functional amyloid must be carefully regulated to prevent the accumulation of potentially toxic products. Premelanosome protein (PMEL) forms non-toxic functional amyloid fibrils that assemble into sheets upon which melanins ultimately are deposited within the melanosomes of pigment cells. PMEL is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum but forms amyloid only within post-Golgi melanosome precursors; thus, PMEL must traverse the secretory pathway in a non-amyloid form. Here, we identified two pre-amyloid PMEL intermediates that likely regulate the timing of fibril formation. Analyses by non-reducing SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, and sedimentation velocity revealed two native high Mr disulfide-bonded species that contain Golgi-modified forms of PMEL. These species correspond to disulfide bond-containing dimeric and monomeric PMEL isoforms that contain no other proteins as judged by two-dimensional PAGE of metabolically labeled/immunoprecipitated PMEL and by mass spectrometry of affinity-purified complexes. Metabolic pulse-chase analyses, small molecule inhibitor treatments, and evaluation of site-directed mutants suggest that the PMEL dimer forms around the time of endoplasmic reticulum exit and is resolved by disulfide bond rearrangement into a monomeric form within the late Golgi or a post-Golgi compartment. Mutagenesis of individual cysteine residues within the non-amyloid cysteine-rich Kringle-like domain stabilizes the disulfide-bonded dimer and impairs fibril formation as determined by electron microscopy. Our data show that the Kringle-like domain facilitates the resolution of disulfide-bonded PMEL dimers and promotes PMEL functional amyloid formation, thereby suggesting that PMEL dimers must be resolved to monomers to generate functional amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ho
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Brenda Watt
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Lynn A Spruce
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Steven H Seeholzer
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and
| | - Michael S Marks
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and the Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and the Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Dennis MK, Mantegazza AR, Snir OL, Tenza D, Acosta-Ruiz A, Delevoye C, Zorger R, Sitaram A, de Jesus-Rojas W, Ravichandran K, Rux J, Sviderskaya EV, Bennett DC, Raposo G, Marks MS, Setty SRG. BLOC-2 targets recycling endosomal tubules to melanosomes for cargo delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:563-77. [PMID: 26008744 PMCID: PMC4442807 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201410026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analyses of melanosome cargo localization and trafficking and of endosomal membrane dynamics in immortalized melanocytes from mouse Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome models show that BLOC-2 functions to specify the delivery of recycling endosomal cargo transport intermediates to maturing melanosomes. Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a group of disorders characterized by the malformation of lysosome-related organelles, such as pigment cell melanosomes. Three of nine characterized HPS subtypes result from mutations in subunits of BLOC-2, a protein complex with no known molecular function. In this paper, we exploit melanocytes from mouse HPS models to place BLOC-2 within a cargo transport pathway from recycling endosomal domains to maturing melanosomes. In BLOC-2–deficient melanocytes, the melanosomal protein TYRP1 was largely depleted from pigment granules and underwent accelerated recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane and to the Golgi. By live-cell imaging, recycling endosomal tubules of wild-type melanocytes made frequent and prolonged contacts with maturing melanosomes; in contrast, tubules from BLOC-2–deficient cells were shorter in length and made fewer, more transient contacts with melanosomes. These results support a model in which BLOC-2 functions to direct recycling endosomal tubular transport intermediates to maturing melanosomes and thereby promote cargo delivery and optimal pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Dennis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Olivia L Snir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Danièle Tenza
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Amanda Acosta-Ruiz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Richard Zorger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anand Sitaram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wilfredo de Jesus-Rojas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Keerthana Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
| | - John Rux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 In Silico Molecular, LLC, Blue Bell, PA 19422
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, England, UK
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, England, UK
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; Structure and Membrane Compartments, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 144; and Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR144, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Penn Vision Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India 560 012
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35
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Shi F, Xu Z, Chen H, Wang X, Cui J, Zhang P, Zhang P, Xie X. A Monoclonal Antibody Against PMEL. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:354-60. [PMID: 25118787 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenjie Xu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongdong Chen
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of the School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jihong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The General Hospital of the Air Force, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Integrated Medical Information, Xi'an, China
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36
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Wolkow N, Li Y, Maminishkis A, Song Y, Alekseev O, Iacovelli J, Song D, Lee JC, Dunaief JL. Iron upregulates melanogenesis in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:92-101. [PMID: 25277027 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our studies was to examine the relationship between iron and melanogenesis in retinal pigment epithelial cells, as prior observations had suggested that iron may promote melanogenesis. This relationship has potential clinical importance, as both iron overload and hyperpigmentation are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells and ARPE-19 cells were treated with iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate, after which quantitative RT-PCR and electron microscopy were performed. Melanogenesis genes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 3, premelanosome protein and dopachrome tautomerase were upregulated, as was the melanogenesis-controlling transcription factor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Iron-treated cells had increased pigmentation and melanosome number. Multiple transcription factors upstream of MITF were upregulated by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wolkow
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yafeng Li
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10B04, MSC 1861, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oleg Alekseev
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jared Iacovelli
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delu Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Vassar R, Kuhn PH, Haass C, Kennedy ME, Rajendran L, Wong PC, Lichtenthaler SF. Function, therapeutic potential and cell biology of BACE proteases: current status and future prospects. J Neurochem 2014; 130:4-28. [PMID: 24646365 PMCID: PMC4086641 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The β-site APP cleaving enzymes 1 and 2 (BACE1 and BACE2) were initially identified as transmembrane aspartyl proteases cleaving the amyloid precursor protein (APP). BACE1 is a major drug target for Alzheimer's disease because BACE1-mediated cleavage of APP is the first step in the generation of the pathogenic amyloid-β peptides. BACE1, which is highly expressed in the nervous system, is also required for myelination by cleaving neuregulin 1. Several recent proteomic and in vivo studies using BACE1- and BACE2-deficient mice demonstrate a much wider range of physiological substrates and functions for both proteases within and outside of the nervous system. For BACE1 this includes axon guidance, neurogenesis, muscle spindle formation, and neuronal network functions, whereas BACE2 was shown to be involved in pigmentation and pancreatic β-cell function. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding cell biology, substrates, and functions of BACE proteases and discusses the therapeutic options and potential mechanism-based liabilities, in particular for BACE inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. The protease BACE1 is a major drug target in Alzheimer disease. Together with its homolog BACE2, both proteases have an increasing number of functions within and outside of the nervous system. This review highlights recent progress in understanding cell biology, substrates, and functions of BACE proteases and discusses the therapeutic options and potential mechanism-based liabilities, in particular for BACE inhibitors in Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg University School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peer-Hendrik Kuhn
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Neurosciences, Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Graduate programs of the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology and Zurich Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Wong
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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38
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Wei AH, He X, Li W. Hypopigmentation in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. J Dermatol 2014; 40:325-9. [PMID: 23668540 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding tendency, and ceroid deposition which often leads to death in midlife. Currently, nine genes have been identified as causative for HPS in humans. Hypopigmentation is the prominent feature of HPS, attributable to the disrupted biogenesis of melanosome, a member of the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family. Current understanding of the cargo transporting mechanisms into the melanosomes expands our knowledge of the pathogenesis of hypopigmentation in HPS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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39
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Falletta P, Bagnato P, Bono M, Monticone M, Schiaffino MV, Bennett DC, Goding CR, Tacchetti C, Valetti C. Melanosome-autonomous regulation of size and number: the OA1 receptor sustains PMEL expression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:565-79. [PMID: 24650003 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known as to how cells ensure that organelle size and number are coordinated to correctly couple organelle biogenesis to the demands of proliferation or differentiation. OA1 is a melanosome-associated G-protein-coupled receptor involved in melanosome biogenesis during melanocyte differentiation. Cells lacking OA1 contain fewer, but larger, mature melanosomes. Here, we show that OA1 loss of function reduces both the basal expression and the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/cAMP-dependent induction of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), the master regulator of melanocyte differentiation. In turn, this leads to a significant reduction in expression of PMEL, a major melanosomal structural protein, but does not affect tyrosinase and melanin levels. In line with its pivotal role in sensing melanosome maturation, OA1 expression rescues melanosome biogenesis, activates MITF expression and thereby coordinates melanosome size and number, providing a quality control mechanism for the organelle in which resides. Thus, resident sensor receptors can activate a transcriptional cascade to specifically promote organelle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Falletta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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40
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Ritz AM, Trautwein M, Grassinger F, Spang A. The prion-like domain in the exomer-dependent cargo Pin2 serves as a trans-Golgi retention motif. Cell Rep 2014; 7:249-60. [PMID: 24656818 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion and prion-like domains (PLDs) are found in many proteins throughout the animal kingdom. We found that the PLD in the S. cerevisiae exomer-dependent cargo protein Pin2 is involved in the regulation of protein transport and localization. The domain serves as a Pin2 retention signal in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Pin2 is localized in a polarized fashion at the plasma membrane of the bud early in the cell cycle and the bud neck at cytokinesis. This polarized localization is dependent on both exo- and endocytosis. Upon environmental stress, Pin2 is rapidly endocytosed, and the PLD aggregates and causes sequestration of Pin2. The aggregation of Pin2 is reversible upon stress removal and Pin2 is rapidly re-exported to the plasma membrane. Altogether, these data uncover a role for PLDs as protein localization elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja M Ritz
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Trautwein
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Grassinger
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Spang
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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41
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Lin YC, Chen BM, Lu WC, Su CI, Prijovich ZM, Chung WC, Wu PY, Chen KC, Lee IC, Juan TY, Roffler SR. The B7-1 cytoplasmic tail enhances intracellular transport and mammalian cell surface display of chimeric proteins in the absence of a linear ER export motif. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75084. [PMID: 24073236 PMCID: PMC3779271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-tethered proteins (mammalian surface display) are increasingly being used for novel therapeutic and biotechnology applications. Maximizing surface expression of chimeric proteins on mammalian cells is important for these applications. We show that the cytoplasmic domain from the B7-1 antigen, a commonly used element for mammalian surface display, can enhance the intracellular transport and surface display of chimeric proteins in a Sar1 and Rab1 dependent fashion. However, mutational, alanine scanning and deletion analysis demonstrate the absence of linear ER export motifs in the B7 cytoplasmic domain. Rather, efficient intracellular transport correlated with the presence of predicted secondary structure in the cytoplasmic tail. Examination of the cytoplasmic domains of 984 human and 782 mouse type I transmembrane proteins revealed that many previously identified ER export motifs are rarely found in the cytoplasmic tail of type I transmembrane proteins. Our results suggest that efficient intracellular transport of B7 chimeric proteins is associated with the structure rather than to the presence of a linear ER export motif in the cytoplasmic tail, and indicate that short (less than ~ 10-20 amino acids) and unstructured cytoplasmic tails should be avoided to express high levels of chimeric proteins on mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-I Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Chuan Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chiao Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Juan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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42
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BACE2 processes PMEL to form the melanosome amyloid matrix in pigment cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10658-63. [PMID: 23754390 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220748110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are often associated with pathologic processes such as in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but can also underlie physiological processes such as pigmentation. Formation of pathological and functional amyloidogenic substrates can require precursor processing by proteases, as exemplified by the generation of Aβ peptide from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE)1 and γ-secretase. Proteolytic processing of the pigment cell-specific Melanocyte Protein (PMEL) is also required to form functional amyloid fibrils during melanogenesis, but the enzymes involved are incompletely characterized. Here we show that the BACE1 homologue BACE2 processes PMEL to generate functional amyloids. BACE2 is highly expressed in pigment cells and Bace2(-/-) but not Bace1(-/-) mice display coat color defects, implying a specific role for BACE2 during melanogenesis. By using biochemical and morphological analyses, combined with RNA silencing, pharmacologic inhibition, and BACE2 overexpression in a human melanocytic cell line, we show that BACE2 cleaves the integral membrane form of PMEL within the juxtamembrane domain, releasing the PMEL luminal domain into endosomal precursors for the formation of amyloid fibrils and downstream melanosome morphogenesis. These studies identify an amyloidogenic substrate of BACE2, reveal an important physiological role for BACE2 in pigmentation, and highlight analogies in the generation of PMEL-derived functional amyloids and APP-derived pathological amyloids.
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43
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Theos AC, Watt B, Harper DC, Janczura KJ, Theos SC, Herman KE, Marks MS. The PKD domain distinguishes the trafficking and amyloidogenic properties of the pigment cell protein PMEL and its homologue GPNMB. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:470-86. [PMID: 23452376 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic fragments of the pigment cell-specific glycoprotein, PMEL, form the amyloid fibrillar matrix underlying melanins in melanosomes. The fibrils form within multivesicular endosomes to which PMEL is selectively sorted and that serve as melanosome precursors. GPNMB is a tissue-restricted glycoprotein with substantial sequence homology to PMEL, but no known function, and was proposed to localize to non-fibrillar domains of distinct melanosome subcompartments in melanocytes. Here we confirm that GPNMB localizes to compartments distinct from the PMEL-containing multivesicular premelanosomes or late endosomes in melanocytes and HeLa cells, respectively, and is largely absent from fibrils. Using domain swapping, the unique PMEL localization is ascribed to its polycystic kidney disease (PKD) domain, whereas the homologous PKD domain of GPNMB lacks apparent sorting function. The difference likely reflects extensive modification of the GPNMB PKD domain by N-glycosylation, nullifying its sorting function. These results reveal the molecular basis for the distinct trafficking and morphogenetic properties of PMEL and GPNMB and support a deterministic function of the PMEL PKD domain in both protein sorting and amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Theos
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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44
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Watt B, van Niel G, Raposo G, Marks MS. PMEL: a pigment cell-specific model for functional amyloid formation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:300-15. [PMID: 23350640 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PMEL is a pigment cell-specific protein responsible for the formation of fibrillar sheets within the pigment organelle, the melanosome. The fibrillar sheets serve as a template upon which melanins polymerize as they are synthesized. The PMEL fibrils are required for optimal pigment cell function, as animals that either lack PMEL expression or express mutant PMEL variants show varying degrees of hypopigmentation and pigment cell inviability. The PMEL fibrils have biophysical properties of amyloid, a protein fold that is frequently associated with neurodegenerative and other diseases. However, PMEL is one of a growing number of non-pathogenic amyloid proteins that contribute to the function of the cell and/or organism that produces them. Understanding how PMEL generates amyloid in a non-pathogenic manner might provide insights into how to avoid toxicity due to pathological amyloid formation. In this review, we summarize and reconcile data concerning the fate of PMEL from its site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to newly formed melanosomes and the role of distinct PMEL subdomains in trafficking and amyloid fibril formation. We then discuss how its progression through the secretory pathway into the endosomal system might allow for the regulated and non-toxic conversion of PMEL into an ordered amyloid polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Watt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physiology, and Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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45
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Wei AH, Li W. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: pigmentary and non-pigmentary defects and their pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 26:176-92. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology; Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
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46
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Bultema JJ, Di Pietro SM. Cell type-specific Rab32 and Rab38 cooperate with the ubiquitous lysosome biogenesis machinery to synthesize specialized lysosome-related organelles. Small GTPases 2012; 4:16-21. [PMID: 23247405 PMCID: PMC3620096 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.22349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) exist in specialized cells to serve specific functions and typically co-exist with conventional lysosomes. The biogenesis of LROs is known to utilize much of the common protein machinery used in the transport of integral membrane proteins to lysosomes. Consequently, an outstanding question in the field has been how specific cargoes are trafficked to LROs instead of lysosomes, particularly in cells that simultaneously produce both organelles. One LRO, the melanosome, is responsible for the production of the pigment melanin and has long been used as a model system to study the formation of specialized LROs. Importantly, melanocytes, where melanosomes are synthesized, are a cell type that also produces lysosomes and must therefore segregate traffic to each organelle. Two small GTPases, Rab32 and Rab38, are key proteins in the biogenesis of melanosomes and were recently shown to redirect the ubiquitous machinery—BLOC-2, AP-1 and AP-3—to traffic specialized cargoes to melanosomes in melanocytes. In addition, the study revealed Rab32 and Rab38 have both redundant and unique roles in the trafficking of melanin-producing enzymes and overall melanosome biogenesis. Here we review these findings, integrate them with previous knowledge on melanosome biogenesis and discuss their implications for biogenesis of other LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred J Bultema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA
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47
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Zaarour N, Demaretz S, Defontaine N, Zhu Y, Laghmani K. Multiple evolutionarily conserved Di-leucine like motifs in the carboxyl terminus control the anterograde trafficking of NKCC2. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23105100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399162.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the apical Na-K-2Cl co-transporter, NKCC2, cause type I Bartter syndrome, a life-threatening kidney disease. Yet the mechanisms underlying the regulation of NKCC2 trafficking in renal cells are scarcely known. We previously showed that naturally occurring mutations depriving NKCC2 of its distal COOH-terminal tail and interfering with the (1081)LLV(1083) motif result in defects in the ER exit of the co-transporter. Here we show that this motif is necessary but not sufficient for anterograde trafficking of NKCC2. Indeed, we have identified two additional hydrophobic motifs, (1038)LL(1039) and (1048)LI(1049), that are required for ER exit and surface expression of the co-transporter. Double mutations of (1038)LL(1039) or (1048)LI(1049) to di-alanines disrupted glycosylation and cell surface expression of NKCC2, independently of the expression system. Pulse-chase analysis demonstrated that the absence of the terminally glycosylated form of NKCC2 was not due to reduced synthesis or increased rates of degradation of mutant co-transporters, but was instead caused by defects in maturation. Co-immunolocalization experiments revealed that (1038)AA(1039) and (1048)AA(1049) were trapped mainly in the ER as indicated by extensive co-localization with the ER marker calnexin. Remarkably, among several analyzed motifs present in the NKCC2 COOH terminus, only those required for ER exit and surface expression of NKCC2 are evolutionarily conserved in all members of the SLC12A family, a group of cation-chloride co-transporters that are targets of therapeutic drugs and mutated in several human diseases. Based upon these data, we propose abnormal anterograde trafficking as a common mechanism associated with mutations depriving NKCC2, and also all other members of the SLC12A family, of their COOH terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Zaarour
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS872, Paris, France
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48
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Zaarour N, Demaretz S, Defontaine N, Zhu Y, Laghmani K. Multiple evolutionarily conserved Di-leucine like motifs in the carboxyl terminus control the anterograde trafficking of NKCC2. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42642-53. [PMID: 23105100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.399162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the apical Na-K-2Cl co-transporter, NKCC2, cause type I Bartter syndrome, a life-threatening kidney disease. Yet the mechanisms underlying the regulation of NKCC2 trafficking in renal cells are scarcely known. We previously showed that naturally occurring mutations depriving NKCC2 of its distal COOH-terminal tail and interfering with the (1081)LLV(1083) motif result in defects in the ER exit of the co-transporter. Here we show that this motif is necessary but not sufficient for anterograde trafficking of NKCC2. Indeed, we have identified two additional hydrophobic motifs, (1038)LL(1039) and (1048)LI(1049), that are required for ER exit and surface expression of the co-transporter. Double mutations of (1038)LL(1039) or (1048)LI(1049) to di-alanines disrupted glycosylation and cell surface expression of NKCC2, independently of the expression system. Pulse-chase analysis demonstrated that the absence of the terminally glycosylated form of NKCC2 was not due to reduced synthesis or increased rates of degradation of mutant co-transporters, but was instead caused by defects in maturation. Co-immunolocalization experiments revealed that (1038)AA(1039) and (1048)AA(1049) were trapped mainly in the ER as indicated by extensive co-localization with the ER marker calnexin. Remarkably, among several analyzed motifs present in the NKCC2 COOH terminus, only those required for ER exit and surface expression of NKCC2 are evolutionarily conserved in all members of the SLC12A family, a group of cation-chloride co-transporters that are targets of therapeutic drugs and mutated in several human diseases. Based upon these data, we propose abnormal anterograde trafficking as a common mechanism associated with mutations depriving NKCC2, and also all other members of the SLC12A family, of their COOH terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Zaarour
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS872, Paris, France
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49
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Sitaram A, Marks MS. Mechanisms of protein delivery to melanosomes in pigment cells. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:85-99. [PMID: 22505665 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00043.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate pigment cells in the eye and skin are useful models for cell types that use specialized endosomal trafficking pathways to partition cargo proteins to unique lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes. This review describes current models of protein trafficking required for melanosome biogenesis in mammalian melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sitaram
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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50
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Sitaram A, Dennis MK, Chaudhuri R, De Jesus-Rojas W, Tenza D, Setty SRG, Wood CS, Sviderskaya EV, Bennett DC, Raposo G, Bonifacino JS, Marks MS. Differential recognition of a dileucine-based sorting signal by AP-1 and AP-3 reveals a requirement for both BLOC-1 and AP-3 in delivery of OCA2 to melanosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3178-92. [PMID: 22718909 PMCID: PMC3418312 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-06-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OCA2 is used as a model melanosome cargo protein to define primary sequence elements required for acidic dileucine–motif binding to adaptors AP-1 and AP-3. OCA2 must bind to AP-3 for melanosome localization. BLOC-1 is also required and thus can cooperate with either adaptor for cargo delivery to lysosome-related organelles. Cell types that generate unique lysosome-related organelles (LROs), such as melanosomes in melanocytes, populate nascent LROs with cargoes that are diverted from endosomes. Cargo sorting toward melanosomes correlates with binding via cytoplasmically exposed sorting signals to either heterotetrameric adaptor AP-1 or AP-3. Some cargoes bind both adaptors, but the relative contribution of each adaptor to cargo recognition and their functional interactions with other effectors during transport to melanosomes are not clear. Here we exploit targeted mutagenesis of the acidic dileucine–based sorting signal in the pigment cell–specific protein OCA2 to dissect the relative roles of AP-1 and AP-3 in transport to melanosomes. We show that binding to AP-1 or AP-3 depends on the primary sequence of the signal and not its position within the cytoplasmic domain. Mutants that preferentially bound either AP-1 or AP-3 each trafficked toward melanosomes and functionally complemented OCA2 deficiency, but AP-3 binding was necessary for steady-state melanosome localization. Unlike tyrosinase, which also engages AP-3 for optimal melanosomal delivery, both AP-1– and AP-3–favoring OCA2 variants required BLOC-1 for melanosomal transport. These data provide evidence for distinct roles of AP-1 and AP-3 in OCA2 transport to melanosomes and indicate that BLOC-1 can cooperate with either adaptor during cargo sorting to LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sitaram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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