1
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da Silva MI, Ott T. Effects of conceptus proteins on endometrium and blood leukocytes of dairy cattle using transcriptome and meta-analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.591148. [PMID: 38712302 PMCID: PMC11071483 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.591148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the short and long-term effects of IFNT and PAG on the transcriptome of endometrium and blood leukocytes. Holstein heifers received intrauterine infusions of one of the following treatments: 20 mL of a 200 μg/mL bovine serum albumin solution (BSA; vehicle) from day 14 to 16 of the estrous cycle (BSA), vehicle + 10 μg/mL of IFNT from day 14 to 16 (IFNT3), vehicle + 10 μg/mL of IFNT from day 14 to 19 (IFNT6), and vehicle + 10 μg/mL of IFNT from day 14 to 16 followed by vehicle + 10 μg/mL of IFNT + 5 μg/mL of PAG from day 17 to 19 (IFNT+PAG). RNA-seq analysis was performed in endometrial biopsies and blood leukocytes collected after treatments. Acute IFNT signaling in the endometrium (IFNT3 vs BSA), induced differentially expressed genes (DEG) associated with interferon activation, immune response, inflammation, cell death, and inhibited vesicle transport and extracellular matrix remodeling. Prolonged IFNT signaling (IFNT6 vs IFNT3) altered gene expression related to cell invasion, retinoic acid signaling, and embryo implantation. In contrast, PAG induced numerous DEG in blood leukocytes but only 4 DEG in the endometrium. In blood leukocytes, PAG stimulated genes involved in development and TGFB signaling while inhibiting interferon signaling and cell migration. Overall, IFNT is a primary regulator of endometrial gene expression, while PAG predominantly affected the transcriptome of circulating immune cells during early pregnancy. Further research is essential to fully grasp the roles of identified DEG in both the endometrium and blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Troy Ott
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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2
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Hurtado Silva M, van Waardenberg AJ, Mostafa A, Schoch S, Dietrich D, Graham ME. Multiomics of early epileptogenesis in mice reveals phosphorylation and dephosphorylation-directed growth and synaptic weakening. iScience 2024; 27:109534. [PMID: 38600976 PMCID: PMC11005001 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the phosphorylation-based signaling and protein changes occurring early in epileptogenesis, the hippocampi of mice treated with pilocarpine were examined by quantitative mass spectrometry at 4 and 24 h post-status epilepticus at vast depth. Hundreds of posttranscriptional regulatory proteins were the major early targets of increased phosphorylation. At 24 h, many protein level changes were detected and the phosphoproteome continued to be perturbed. The major targets of decreased phosphorylation at 4 and 24 h were a subset of postsynaptic density scaffold proteins, ion channels, and neurotransmitter receptors. Many proteins targeted by dephosphorylation at 4 h also had decreased protein abundance at 24 h, indicating a phosphatase-mediated weakening of synapses. Increased translation was indicated by protein changes at 24 h. These observations, and many additional indicators within this multiomic resource, suggest that early epileptogenesis is characterized by signaling that stimulates both growth and a homeostatic response that weakens excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Hurtado Silva
- Synapse Proteomics, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | - Aya Mostafa
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Synaptic Neuroscience Unit, 53127 Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Synaptic Neuroscience Unit, 53127 Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Dirk Dietrich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Synaptic Neuroscience Unit, 53127 Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Mark E. Graham
- Synapse Proteomics, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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3
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Yoshizumi K, Nishi M, Igeta M, Nakamori M, Inoue K, Matsumura T, Fujimura H, Jinnai K, Kimura T. Analysis of splicing abnormalities in the white matter of myotonic dystrophy type 1 brain using RNA sequencing. Neurosci Res 2024; 200:48-56. [PMID: 37806497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by the genomic expansion of CTG repeats, in which RNA-binding proteins, such as muscleblind-like protein, are sequestered in the nucleus, and abnormal splicing is observed in various genes. Although abnormal splicing occurs in the brains of patients with DM1, its relation to central nervous system symptoms is unknown. Several imaging studies have indicated substantial white matter defects in patients with DM1. Here, we performed RNA sequencing and analysis of CTG repeat lengths in the frontal lobe of patients with DM1, separating the gray matter and white matter, to investigate splicing abnormalities in the DM1 brain, especially in the white matter. Several genes showed similar levels of splicing abnormalities in both gray and white matter, with an observable trend toward an increased number of repeats in the gray matter. These findings suggest that white matter defects in DM1 stem from aberrant RNA splicing in both gray and white matter. Notably, several of the genes displaying abnormal splicing are recognized as being dominantly expressed in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, leading us to hypothesize that splicing defects in the white matter may be attributed to abnormal RNA splicing in glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshizumi
- Department of Neurology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nishi
- Department of Neurology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masataka Igeta
- Department of Biostatistics, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakamori
- Department of Neurology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, 755-8505 Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, 560-8552 Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, 560-8552 Osaka, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Fujimura
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, Toyonaka, 560-8552 Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Jinnai
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Hyogo-Chuo Hospital, Sanda, 669-1515 Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Hyogo, Japan.
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4
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Srivastava Y, Donta M, Mireles LL, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Waxham MN, McCrea PD. Role of a Pdlim5:PalmD complex in directing dendrite morphology. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1315941. [PMID: 38414752 PMCID: PMC10896979 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1315941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal connectivity is regulated during normal brain development with the arrangement of spines and synapses being dependent on the morphology of dendrites. Further, in multiple neurodevelopmental and aging disorders, disruptions of dendrite formation or shaping is associated with atypical neuronal connectivity. We showed previously that Pdlim5 binds delta-catenin and promotes dendrite branching. We report here that Pdlim5 interacts with PalmD, a protein previously suggested by others to interact with the cytoskeleton (e.g., via adducin/spectrin) and to regulate membrane shaping. Functionally, the knockdown of PalmD or Pdlim5 in rat primary hippocampal neurons dramatically reduces branching and conversely, PalmD exogenous expression promotes dendrite branching as does Pdlim5. Further, we show that each proteins' effects are dependent on the presence of the other. In summary, using primary rat hippocampal neurons we reveal the contributions of a novel Pdlim5:PalmD protein complex, composed of functionally inter-dependent components responsible for shaping neuronal dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Srivastava
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maxsam Donta
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health GSBS, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lydia L. Mireles
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - M. Neal Waxham
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, UTHealth, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health GSBS, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pierre D. McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health GSBS, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health GSBS, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Srivastava Y, Donta M, Mireles LL, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Waxham MN, McCrea PD. Role of a Pdlim5:PalmD complex in directing dendrite morphology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.553334. [PMID: 37662414 PMCID: PMC10473622 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.553334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal connectivity is regulated during normal brain development with the arrangement of spines and synapses being dependent on the morphology of dendrites. Further, in multiple neurodevelopmental and aging disorders, disruptions of dendrite formation or shaping is associated with atypical neuronal connectivity. We showed previously that Pdlim5 binds delta-catenin and promotes dendrite branching (Baumert et al., J Cell Biol 2020). We report here that Pdlim5 interacts with PalmD, a protein previously suggested by others to interact with the cytoskeleton (e.g., via adducin/ spectrin) and to regulate membrane shaping. Functionally, the knockdown of PalmD or Pdlim5 in rat primary hippocampal neurons dramatically reduces branching and conversely, PalmD exogenous expression promotes dendrite branching as does Pdlim5. Further, we show that effects of each protein are dependent on the presence of the other. In summary, using primary rat hippocampal neurons we reveal the contributions of a novel Pdlim5:PalmD protein complex, composed of functionally inter-dependent components responsible for shaping neuronal dendrites.
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6
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Cai MY, Xu YL, Rong H, Yang H. Low Level of PALMD Contributes to the Metastasis of Uveal Melanoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:802941. [PMID: 35494064 PMCID: PMC9043551 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.802941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a highly aggressive disease. There is an urgent need to develop the metastasis prediction markers of UM. This study aims to detect the key role of PALMD in UM metastasis. Transcriptome sequencing results of 2 sets of UM metastatic samples (GSE22138 and GSE156877) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and 18 overlapping differentially expressed genes were screened out, including PALMD. PALMD was significantly underexpressed in metastatic UM tissue. Low expression of PALMD was associated with poor prognosis in UM patients. The decreased expression of PALMD promoted the invasion and migration of 92-1 and Mel270 cells, while the high expression of PALMD inhibited the invasion and migration of UM cells. Furthermore, the levels of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 2 and MMP9 increased after transfection of siRNAs specifically targeting PALMD, whereas the levels of MMP2 and MMP9 were decreased after PALMD overexpression. However, PALMD did not affect the proliferation of UM cells. In addition, ZNF263 promoted the transcription of PALMD through the putative binding sequence using the JASPAR database, luciferase reporter gene analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In summary, the expression of PALMD regulated by ZNF263 plays an important role in UM metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yun Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Li Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiangong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China
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7
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Mahalakshmi AM, Ray B, Tuladhar S, Hediyal TA, Raj P, Rathipriya AG, Qoronfleh MW, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB. Impact of Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Modulators on Dendritic Spines Structure and Functions in Brain. Cells 2021; 10:3405. [PMID: 34943913 PMCID: PMC8699406 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small, thin, hair-like protrusions found on the dendritic processes of neurons. They serve as independent compartments providing large amplitudes of Ca2+ signals to achieve synaptic plasticity, provide sites for newer synapses, facilitate learning and memory. One of the common and severe complication of neurodegenerative disease is cognitive impairment, which is said to be closely associated with spine pathologies viz., decreased in spine density, spine length, spine volume, spine size etc. Many treatments targeting neurological diseases have shown to improve the spine structure and distribution. However, concise data on the various modulators of dendritic spines are imperative and a need of the hour. Hence, in this review we made an attempt to consolidate the effects of various pharmacological (cholinergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic agents) and non-pharmacological modulators (dietary interventions, enriched environment, yoga and meditation) on dendritic spines structure and functions. These data suggest that both the pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators produced significant improvement in dendritic spine structure and functions and in turn reversing the pathologies underlying neurodegeneration. Intriguingly, the non-pharmacological approaches have shown to improve intellectual performances both in preclinical and clinical platforms, but still more technology-based evidence needs to be studied. Thus, we conclude that a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention may restore cognitive performance synergistically via improving dendritic spine number and functions in various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arehally M. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- SIG-Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Neurosciences Research (BBRC), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Tousif Ahmed Hediyal
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Raj
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
| | | | - M. Walid Qoronfleh
- Q3CG Research Institute (QRI), Research and Policy Division, 7227 Rachel Drive, Ypsilanti, MI 48917, USA;
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
- Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Pacific, Sacramento, CA 95211, USA
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (A.M.M.); (B.R.); (S.T.); (T.A.H.); (P.R.)
- SIG-Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Neurosciences Research (BBRC), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
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8
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De Serres-Bérard T, Pierre M, Chahine M, Puymirat J. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying brain alterations and cognitive impairment in congenital myotonic dystrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 160:105532. [PMID: 34655747 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic and heterogeneous disorder caused by the expansion of CTG repeats in the 3' UTR of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene. There is a congenital form (CDM1) of the disease characterized by severe hypotonia, respiratory insufficiency as well as developmental delays and intellectual disabilities. CDM1 infants manifest important brain structure abnormalities present from birth while, in contrast, older patients with adult-onset DM1 often present neurodegenerative features and milder progressive cognitive deficits. Promising therapies targeting central molecular mechanisms contributing to the symptoms of adult-onset DM1 are currently in development, but their relevance for treating cognitive impairment in CDM1, which seems to be a partially distinct neurodevelopmental disorder, remain to be elucidated. Here, we provide an update on the clinical presentation of CDM1 and review recent in vitro and in vivo models that have provided meaningful insights on its consequences in development, with a particular focus on the brain. We discuss how enhanced toxic gain-of-function of the mutated DMPK transcripts with larger CUG repeats and the resulting dysregulation of RNA-binding proteins may affect the developing cortex in utero. Because the methylation of CpG islets flanking the trinucleotide repeats has emerged as a strong biomarker of CDM1, we highlight the need to investigate the tissue-specific impacts of these chromatin modifications in the brain. Finally, we outline promising potential therapeutic treatments for CDM1 and propose future in vitro and in vivo models with great potential to shed light on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiéry De Serres-Bérard
- LOEX, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marion Pierre
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Mohamed Chahine
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada.
| | - Jack Puymirat
- LOEX, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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9
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Quantitative phosphoproteomics uncovers dysregulated kinase networks in Alzheimer’s disease. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:550-565. [PMID: 37117831 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of dementia characterized by amyloid-β plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles that progressively disrupt neural circuits in the brain. The signaling networks underlying AD pathological changes are poorly characterized at the phosphoproteome level. Using mass spectrometry, we analyzed the proteome and tyrosine, serine and threonine phosphoproteomes of temporal cortex tissue from patients with AD and aged-matched controls. We identified cocorrelated peptide clusters that were linked to varying levels of phospho-tau, oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, microglia and neuron pathologies. We found that neuronal synaptic protein abundances were strongly anti-correlated with markers of microglial reactivity. We also observed that phosphorylation sites on kinases targeting tau and other new signaling factors were correlated with these peptide modules. Finally, we used data-driven statistical modeling to identify individual peptides and peptide clusters that were predictive of AD histopathologies. Together, these results build a map of pathology-associated phosphorylation signaling events occurring in AD.
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10
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Shimell JJ, Globa A, Sepers MD, Wild AR, Matin N, Raymond LA, Bamji SX. Regulation of hippocampal excitatory synapses by the Zdhhc5 palmitoyl acyltransferase. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237816. [PMID: 33758079 PMCID: PMC8182408 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is the most common post-translational lipid modification in the brain; however, the role of palmitoylation and palmitoylating enzymes in the nervous system remains elusive. One of these enzymes, Zdhhc5, has previously been shown to regulate synapse plasticity. Here, we report that Zdhhc5 is also essential for the formation of excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate in vitro that this is dependent on the enzymatic activity of Zdhhc5, its localization at the plasma membrane and its C-terminal domain, which has been shown to be truncated in a patient with schizophrenia. Loss of Zdhhc5 in mice results in a decrease in the density of excitatory hippocampal synapses accompanied by alterations in membrane capacitance and synaptic currents, consistent with an overall decrease in spine number and silent synapses. These findings reveal an important role for Zdhhc5 in the formation and/or maintenance of excitatory synapses. Summary: The plasma membrane-associated Zdhhc5 enzyme enhances excitatory synapse formation in vitro and in vivo through motifs at its C-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Shimell
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrea Globa
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marja D Sepers
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Angela R Wild
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nusrat Matin
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lynn A Raymond
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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11
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González-Barriga A, Lallemant L, Dincã DM, Braz SO, Polvèche H, Magneron P, Pionneau C, Huguet-Lachon A, Claude JB, Chhuon C, Guerrera IC, Bourgeois CF, Auboeuf D, Gourdon G, Gomes-Pereira M. Integrative Cell Type-Specific Multi-Omics Approaches Reveal Impaired Programs of Glial Cell Differentiation in Mouse Culture Models of DM1. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:662035. [PMID: 34025359 PMCID: PMC8136287 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.662035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by a non-coding CTG repeat expansion in the DMPK gene. This mutation generates a toxic CUG RNA that interferes with the RNA processing of target genes in multiple tissues. Despite debilitating neurological impairment, the pathophysiological cascade of molecular and cellular events in the central nervous system (CNS) has been less extensively characterized than the molecular pathogenesis of muscle/cardiac dysfunction. Particularly, the contribution of different cell types to DM1 brain disease is not clearly understood. We first used transcriptomics to compare the impact of expanded CUG RNA on the transcriptome of primary neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes derived from DMSXL mice, a transgenic model of DM1. RNA sequencing revealed more frequent expression and splicing changes in glia than neuronal cells. In particular, primary DMSXL oligodendrocytes showed the highest number of transcripts differentially expressed, while DMSXL astrocytes displayed the most severe splicing dysregulation. Interestingly, the expression and splicing defects of DMSXL glia recreated molecular signatures suggestive of impaired cell differentiation: while DMSXL oligodendrocytes failed to upregulate a subset of genes that are naturally activated during the oligodendroglia differentiation, a significant proportion of missplicing events in DMSXL oligodendrocytes and astrocytes increased the expression of RNA isoforms typical of precursor cell stages. Together these data suggest that expanded CUG RNA in glial cells affects preferentially differentiation-regulated molecular events. This hypothesis was corroborated by gene ontology (GO) analyses, which revealed an enrichment for biological processes and cellular components with critical roles during cell differentiation. Finally, we combined exon ontology with phosphoproteomics and cell imaging to explore the functional impact of CUG-associated spliceopathy on downstream protein metabolism. Changes in phosphorylation, protein isoform expression and intracellular localization in DMSXL astrocytes demonstrate the far-reaching impact of the DM1 repeat expansion on cell metabolism. Our multi-omics approaches provide insight into the mechanisms of CUG RNA toxicity in the CNS with cell type resolution, and support the priority for future research on non-neuronal mechanisms and proteomic changes in DM1 brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchel González-Barriga
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Louison Lallemant
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Diana M Dincã
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Sandra O Braz
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Polvèche
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Inserm U1210, Lyon, France.,Inserm/UEVE UMR 861, Université Paris Saclay I-STEM, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Paul Magneron
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Pionneau
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMS PASS, Plateforme Post-génomique de la Pitié Salpêtrière (P3S), Paris, France
| | - Aline Huguet-Lachon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Claude
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Inserm U1210, Lyon, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université de Paris - Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Proteomics Platform Necker, Université de Paris - Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Inserm US24/CNRS UMS 3633, Paris, France
| | - Cyril F Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Inserm U1210, Lyon, France
| | - Didier Auboeuf
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Inserm U1210, Lyon, France
| | - Geneviève Gourdon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Mário Gomes-Pereira
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
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12
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Otero BA, Poukalov K, Hildebrandt RP, Thornton CA, Jinnai K, Fujimura H, Kimura T, Hagerman KA, Sampson JB, Day JW, Wang ET. Transcriptome alterations in myotonic dystrophy frontal cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108634. [PMID: 33472074 PMCID: PMC9272850 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is caused by expanded CTG/CCTG repeats, causing symptoms in skeletal muscle, heart, and central nervous system (CNS). CNS issues are debilitating and include hypersomnolence, executive dysfunction, white matter atrophy, and neurofibrillary tangles. Here, we generate RNA-seq transcriptomes from DM and unaffected frontal cortex and identify 130 high-confidence splicing changes, most occurring only in cortex, not skeletal muscle or heart. Mis-spliced exons occur in neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and synaptic scaffolds, and GRIP1 mis-splicing modulates kinesin association. Optical mapping of expanded CTG repeats reveals extreme mosaicism, with some alleles showing >1,000 CTGs. Mis-splicing severity correlates with CTG repeat length across individuals. Upregulated genes tend to be microglial and endothelial, suggesting neuroinflammation, and downregulated genes tend to be neuronal. Many gene expression changes strongly correlate with mis-splicing, suggesting candidate biomarkers of disease. These findings provide a framework for mechanistic and therapeutic studies of the DM CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney A Otero
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kiril Poukalov
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryan P Hildebrandt
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Charles A Thornton
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kenji Jinnai
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Hyogo-Chuo Hospital, Sanda, Japan
| | - Harutoshi Fujimura
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nichinomiya, Japan
| | | | | | - John W Day
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Eric T Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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13
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Ouyang L, Chen Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Fu AKY, Fu WY, Ip NY. p39-associated Cdk5 activity regulates dendritic morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18746. [PMID: 33127972 PMCID: PMC7603351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrites, branched structures extending from neuronal cell soma, are specialized for processing information from other neurons. The morphogenesis of dendritic structures is spatiotemporally regulated by well-orchestrated signaling cascades. Dysregulation of these processes impacts the wiring of neuronal circuit and efficacy of neurotransmission, which contribute to the pathogeneses of neurological disorders. While Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) plays a critical role in neuronal dendritic development, its underlying molecular control is not fully understood. In this study, we show that p39, one of the two neuronal Cdk5 activators, is a key regulator of dendritic morphogenesis. Pyramidal neurons deficient in p39 exhibit aberrant dendritic morphology characterized by shorter length and reduced arborization, which is comparable to dendrites in Cdk5-deficient neurons. RNA sequencing analysis shows that the adaptor protein, WDFY1 (WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing 1), acts downstream of Cdk5/p39 to regulate dendritic morphogenesis. While WDFY1 is elevated in p39-deficient neurons, suppressing its expression rescues the impaired dendritic arborization. Further phosphoproteomic analysis suggests that Cdk5/p39 mediates dendritic morphogenesis by modulating various downstream signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt-, cAMP-, or small GTPase-mediated signaling transduction pathways, thereby regulating cytoskeletal organization, protein synthesis, and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ouyang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.,The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.,The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Amy K Y Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Wing-Yu Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China. .,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Kuhlmann N, Milnerwood AJ. A Critical LRRK at the Synapse? The Neurobiological Function and Pathophysiological Dysfunction of LRRK2. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:153. [PMID: 32973447 PMCID: PMC7482583 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of LRRK2 mutations causal to Parkinson's disease (PD) in the early 2000s, the LRRK2 protein has been implicated in a plethora of cellular processes in which pathogenesis could occur, yet its physiological function remains elusive. The development of genetic models of LRRK2 PD has helped identify the etiological and pathophysiological underpinnings of the disease, and may identify early points of intervention. An important role for LRRK2 in synaptic function has emerged in recent years, which links LRRK2 to other genetic forms of PD, most notably those caused by mutations in the synaptic protein α-synuclein. This point of convergence may provide useful clues as to what drives dysfunction in the basal ganglia circuitry and eventual death of substantia nigra (SN) neurons. Here, we discuss the evolution and current state of the literature placing LRRK2 at the synapse, through the lens of knock-out, overexpression, and knock-in animal models. We hope that a deeper understanding of LRRK2 neurobiology, at the synapse and beyond, will aid the eventual development of neuroprotective interventions for PD, and the advancement of useful treatments in the interim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Kuhlmann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Albanesi JP, Barylko B, DeMartino GN, Jameson DM. Palmitoylated Proteins in Dendritic Spine Remodeling. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:22. [PMID: 32655390 PMCID: PMC7325885 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-responsive changes in the actin cytoskeleton are required for the biogenesis, motility, and remodeling of dendritic spines. These changes are governed by proteins that regulate the polymerization, depolymerization, bundling, and branching of actin filaments. Thus, processes that have been extensively characterized in the context of non-neuronal cell shape change and migration are also critical for learning and memory. In this review article, we highlight actin regulatory proteins that associate, at least transiently, with the dendritic plasma membrane. All of these proteins have been shown, either in directed studies or in high-throughput screens, to undergo palmitoylation, a potentially reversible, and stimulus-dependent cysteine modification. Palmitoylation increases the affinity of peripheral proteins for the membrane bilayer and contributes to their subcellular localization and recruitment to cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Barbara Barylko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - George N. DeMartino
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - David M. Jameson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
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16
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Sarropoulou E, Kaitetzidou E, Papandroulakis N, Tsalafouta A, Pavlidis M. Inventory of European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) sncRNAs Vital During Early Teleost Development. Front Genet 2019; 10:657. [PMID: 31404269 PMCID: PMC6670005 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During early animal ontogenesis, a plethora of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are greatly expressed and have been shown to be involved in several regulatory pathways vital to proper development. The rapid advancements in sequencing and computing methodologies in the last decade have paved the way for the production of sequencing data in a broad range of organisms, including teleost species. Consequently, this has led to the discovery of sncRNAs as well as the potentially novel roles of sncRNA in gene regulation. Among the several classes of sncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) have, in particular, been shown to play a key role in development. The present work aims to identify the miRNAs that play important roles during early European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) development. The European sea bass is a species of high commercial impact in European and especially Mediterranean aquaculture. This study reports, for the first time, the identification and characterization of small RNAs that play a part in the 10 developmental stages (from morula to all fins) of the European sea bass. From 10 developmental stages, more than 135 million reads, generated by next-generation sequencing, were retrieved from publicly available databases as well as newly generated. The analysis resulted in about 2,000 sample grouped reads, and their subsequently annotation revealed that the majority of transcripts belonged to the class of miRNAs followed by small nuclear RNAs and small nucleolar RNAs. The analysis of small RNA expression among the developmental stages under study revealed that miRNAs are active throughout development, with the main activity occurring after the earlier stages (morula and 50% epiboly) and at the later stages (first feeding, flexion, and all fins). Furthermore, investigating miRNAs exclusively expressed in one of the stages unraveled five miRNAs with a higher abundance only in the morula stage (miR-155, miR-430a, d1, d2, and miR-458), indicating possible important key roles of those miRNAs in further embryonic development. An additional target search showed putative miRNA-mRNA interactions with possible direct and indirect regulatory functions of the identified miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sarropoulou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elizabet Kaitetzidou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikos Papandroulakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece
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17
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Petrov AM, Mast N, Li Y, Pikuleva IA. The key genes, phosphoproteins, processes, and pathways affected by efavirenz-activated CYP46A1 in the amyloid-decreasing paradigm of efavirenz treatment. FASEB J 2019; 33:8782-8798. [PMID: 31063705 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900092r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV) is an anti-HIV drug, and cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) is the major brain cholesterol hydroxylase. Previously, we discovered that EFV activates CYP46A1 and improves behavioral performance in 5XFAD mice, an Alzheimer's disease model. Herein, the unbiased omics and other approaches were used to study 5XFAD mice in the amyloid-decreasing paradigm of CYP46A1 activation by EFV. These approaches revealed increases in the brain levels of postsynaptic density protein 95, gephyrin, synaptophysin, synapsin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and CYP46A1 and documented altered expression and phosphorylation of 66 genes and 77 proteins, respectively. The data obtained pointed to EFV effects at the synaptic level, plasmin-depended amyloid clearance, inflammation and microglia phenotype, oxidative stress and cellular hypoxia, autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome systems as well as apoptosis. These effects could be realized in part via changes in the Ca2+-, small GTPase, and catenin signaling. A model is proposed, in which CYP46A1-dependent lipid raft rearrangement and subsequent decrease of protein phosphorylation are central in EFV effects and explain behavioral improvements in EFV-treated 5XFAD mice.-Petrov, A. M., Mast, N., Li, Y., Pikuleva, I. A. The key genes, phosphoproteins, processes, and pathways affected by efavirenz-activated CYP46A1 in the amyloid-decreasing paradigm of efavirenz treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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18
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Koster KP, Francesconi W, Berton F, Alahmadi S, Srinivas R, Yoshii A. Developmental NMDA receptor dysregulation in the infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis mouse model. eLife 2019; 8:40316. [PMID: 30946007 PMCID: PMC6464704 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation and depalmitoylation alter protein function. This post-translational modification is critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity. Mutation of the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) causes infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN1), a pediatric neurodegenerative disease. However, the role of protein depalmitoylation in synaptic maturation is unknown. Therefore, we studied synapse development in Ppt1-/- mouse visual cortex. We demonstrate that the developmental N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit switch from GluN2B to GluN2A is stagnated in Ppt1-/- mice. Correspondingly, Ppt1-/- neurons exhibit immature evoked NMDAR currents and dendritic spine morphology in vivo. Further, dissociated Ppt1-/- cultured neurons show extrasynaptic, diffuse calcium influxes and enhanced vulnerability to NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, reflecting the predominance of GluN2B-containing receptors. Remarkably, Ppt1-/- neurons demonstrate hyperpalmitoylation of GluN2B as well as Fyn kinase, which regulates surface retention of GluN2B. Thus, PPT1 plays a critical role in postsynapse maturation by facilitating the GluN2 subunit switch and proteostasis of palmitoylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Walter Francesconi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Fulvia Berton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Sami Alahmadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Roshan Srinivas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Akira Yoshii
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
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19
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Kalebic N, Gilardi C, Stepien B, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Long KR, Namba T, Florio M, Langen B, Lombardot B, Shevchenko A, Kilimann MW, Kawasaki H, Wimberger P, Huttner WB. Neocortical Expansion Due to Increased Proliferation of Basal Progenitors Is Linked to Changes in Their Morphology. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:535-550.e9. [PMID: 30905618 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the mammalian neocortex (Ncx) is thought to be linked to increased proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs) and their neurogenic capacity. Here, by quantifying BP morphology in the developing Ncx of mouse, ferret, and human, we show that increased BP proliferative capacity is linked to an increase in BP process number. We identify human membrane-bound PALMDELPHIN (PALMD-Caax) as an underlying factor, and we show that it drives BP process growth and proliferation when expressed in developing mouse and ferret Ncx. Conversely, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of PALMD or its binding partner ADDUCIN-γ in fetal human Ncx reduces BP process numbers and proliferation. We further show that PALMD-induced processes enable BPs to receive pro-proliferative integrin-dependent signals. These findings provide a link between BP morphology and proliferation, suggesting that changes in BP morphology may have contributed to the evolutionary expansion of the Ncx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereo Kalebic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlotta Gilardi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Stepien
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Katherine R Long
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Florio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Langen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benoit Lombardot
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Technische Universität Dresden, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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20
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Matthews AM, Blydt-Hansen I, Al-Jabri B, Andersen J, Tarailo-Graovac M, Price M, Selby K, Demos M, Connolly M, Drögemoller B, Shyr C, Mwenifumbo J, Elliott AM, Lee J, Ghani A, Stöckler S, Salvarinova R, Vallance H, Sinclair G, Ross CJ, Wasserman WW, McKinnon ML, Horvath GA, Goez H, van Karnebeek CD. Atypical cerebral palsy: genomics analysis enables precision medicine. Genet Med 2018; 21:1621-1628. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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21
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Protein S-palmitoylation in cellular differentiation. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:275-285. [PMID: 28202682 PMCID: PMC5310721 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein S-palmitoylation confers spatiotemporal control of protein function by modulating protein stability, trafficking and activity, as well as protein-protein and membrane-protein associations. Enabled by technological advances, global studies revealed S-palmitoylation to be an important and pervasive posttranslational modification in eukaryotes with the potential to coordinate diverse biological processes as cells transition from one state to another. Here, we review the strategies and tools to analyze in vivo protein palmitoylation and interrogate the functions of the enzymes that put on and take off palmitate from proteins. We also highlight palmitoyl proteins and palmitoylation-related enzymes that are associated with cellular differentiation and/or tissue development in yeasts, protozoa, mammals, plants and other model eukaryotes.
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22
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Liao P, Wang W, Li Y, Wang R, Jin J, Pang W, Chen Y, Shen M, Wang X, Jiang D, Pang J, Liu M, Lin X, Feng XH, Wang P, Ge X. Palmitoylated SCP1 is targeted to the plasma membrane and negatively regulates angiogenesis. eLife 2017; 6:e22058. [PMID: 28440748 PMCID: PMC5404917 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SCP1 as a nuclear transcriptional regulator acts globally to silence neuronal genes and to affect the dephosphorylation of RNA Pol ll. However, we report the first finding and description of SCP1 as a plasma membrane-localized protein in various cancer cells using EGFP- or other epitope-fused SCP1. Membrane-located SCP1 dephosphorylates AKT at serine 473, leading to the abolishment of serine 473 phosphorylation that results in suppressed angiogenesis and a decreased risk of tumorigenesis. Consistently, we observed increased AKT phosphorylation and angiogenesis followed by enhanced tumorigenesis in Ctdsp1 (which encodes SCP1) gene - knockout mice. Importantly, we discovered that the membrane localization of SCP1 is crucial for impeding angiogenesis and tumor growth, and this localization depends on palmitoylation of a conserved cysteine motif within its NH2 terminus. Thus, our study discovers a novel mechanism underlying SCP1 shuttling between the plasma membrane and nucleus, which constitutes a unique pathway in transducing AKT signaling that is closely linked to angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichao Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Jin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Pang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinbo Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjiang Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lamin A/C Is Required for ChAT-Dependent Neuroblastoma Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3729-3744. [PMID: 27221609 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mouse neuroblastoma N18TG2 clone is unable to differentiate and is defective for the enzymes of the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters. The forced expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in these cells results in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine (Ach) and hence in the expression of neurospecific features and markers. To understand how the expression of ChAT triggered neuronal differentiation, we studied the differences in genome-wide transcription profiles between the N18TG2 parental cells and its ChAT-expressing 2/4 derived clone. The engagement of the 2/4 cells in the neuronal developmental program was confirmed by the increase of the expression level of several differentiation-related genes and by the reduction of the amount of transcripts of cell cycle genes. At the same time, we observed a massive reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins in terms of gene expression, with the accumulation of the nucleoskeletal lamina component Lamin A/C in differentiating cells. The increase of the Lmna transcripts induced by ChAT expression in 2/4 cells was mimicked treating the parental N18TG2 cells with the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol, thus demonstrating the direct role played by this receptor in neuron nuclei maturation. Conversely, a treatment of 2/4 cells with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine resulted in the reduction of the amount of Lmna RNA. Finally, the hypothesis that Lmna gene product might play a crucial role in the ChAT-dependent molecular differentiation cascade was strongly supported by Lmna knockdown in 2/4 cells leading to the downregulation of genes involved in differentiation and cytoskeleton formation and to the upregulation of genes known to regulate self-renewal and stemness.
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Bitsika V, Duveau V, Simon-Areces J, Mullen W, Roucard C, Makridakis M, Mermelekas G, Savvopoulos P, Depaulis A, Vlahou A. High-Throughput LC–MS/MS Proteomic Analysis of a Mouse Model of Mesiotemporal Lobe Epilepsy Predicts Microglial Activation Underlying Disease Development. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1546-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Bitsika
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Julia Simon-Areces
- Inserm,
U1216, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - William Mullen
- BHF
Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Manousos Makridakis
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Mermelekas
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Savvopoulos
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antoine Depaulis
- Inserm,
U1216, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
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25
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McClatchy DB, Savas JN, Martínez-Bartolomé S, Park SK, Maher P, Powell SB, Yates JR. Global quantitative analysis of phosphorylation underlying phencyclidine signaling and sensorimotor gating in the prefrontal cortex. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:205-15. [PMID: 25869802 PMCID: PMC4605830 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is an example of sensorimotor gating and deficits in PPI have been demonstrated in schizophrenia patients. Phencyclidine (PCP) suppression of PPI in animals has been studied to elucidate the pathological elements of schizophrenia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PCP treatment or PPI in the brain are still poorly understood. In this study, quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was performed on the prefrontal cortex from rats that were subjected to PPI after being systemically injected with PCP or saline. PCP downregulated phosphorylation events were significantly enriched in proteins associated with long-term potentiation (LTP). Importantly, this data set identifies functionally novel phosphorylation sites on known LTP-associated signaling molecules. In addition, mutagenesis of a significantly altered phosphorylation site on xCT (SLC7A11), the light chain of system xc-, the cystine/glutamate antiporter, suggests that PCP also regulates the activity of this protein. Finally, new insights were also derived on PPI signaling independent of PCP treatment. This is the first quantitative phosphorylation proteomic analysis providing new molecular insights into sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey N. Savas
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Sung Kyu Park
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute
| | | | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute
- Corresponding Author:
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Proteomic analysis of proteins surrounding occludin and claudin-4 reveals their proximity to signaling and trafficking networks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117074. [PMID: 25789658 PMCID: PMC4366163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are complex membrane structures that regulate paracellular movement of material across epithelia and play a role in cell polarity, signaling and cytoskeletal organization. In order to expand knowledge of the tight junction proteome, we used biotin ligase (BioID) fused to occludin and claudin-4 to biotinylate their proximal proteins in cultured MDCK II epithelial cells. We then purified the biotinylated proteins on streptavidin resin and identified them by mass spectrometry. Proteins were ranked by relative abundance of recovery by mass spectrometry, placed in functional categories, and compared not only among the N- and C- termini of occludin and the N-terminus of claudin-4, but also with our published inventory of proteins proximal to the adherens junction protein E-cadherin and the tight junction protein ZO-1. When proteomic results were analyzed, the relative distribution among functional categories was similar between occludin and claudin-4 proximal proteins. Apart from already known tight junction- proteins, occludin and claudin-4 proximal proteins were enriched in signaling and trafficking proteins, especially endocytic trafficking proteins. However there were significant differences in the specific proteins comprising the functional categories near each of the tagging proteins, revealing spatial compartmentalization within the junction complex. Taken together, these results expand the inventory of known and unknown proteins at the tight junction to inform future studies of the organization and physiology of this complex structure.
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Hornemann T. Palmitoylation and depalmitoylation defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:179-86. [PMID: 25091425 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylation describes the enzymatic attachment of a 16-carbon atom fatty acid to a target protein. Such lipidation events occur in all eukaryotes and can be of reversible (S-palmitoylation) or irreversible (N-palmitoylation) nature. In particular S-palmitoylation is dynamically regulated by two opposing types of enzymes which add (palmitoyl acyltransferases - PAT) or remove (acyl protein thioesterases) palmitate from proteins. Protein palmitoylation is an important process that dynamically regulates the assembly and compartmentalization of many neuronal proteins at specific subcellular sites. Enzymes that regulate protein palmitoylation are critical for several biological processes. To date, eight palmitoylation related genes have been reported to be associated with human disease. This review intends to give an overview on the pathological changes which are associated with defects in the palmitoylation/depalmitoylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland,
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28
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Coiro P, Stoenica L, Strauss U, Bräuer AU. Plasticity-related gene 5 promotes spine formation in murine hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24956-70. [PMID: 25074937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.597880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein plasticity-related genes 3 and 5 (PRG3 and PRG5) increase filopodial formation in various cell lines, independently of Cdc42. However, information on the effects of PRG5 during neuronal development is sparse. Here, we present several lines of evidence for the involvement of PRG5 in the genesis and stabilization of dendritic spines. First, PRG5 was strongly expressed during mouse brain development from embryonic day 14 (E14), peaked around the time of birth, and remained stable at least until early adult stages (i.e. P30). Second, on a subcellular level, PRG5 expression shifted from an equal distribution along all neurites toward accumulation only along dendrites during hippocampal development in vitro. Third, overexpression of PRG5 in immature hippocampal neurons induced formation of spine-like structures ahead of time. Proper amino acid sequences in the extracellular domains (D1 to D3) of PRG5 were a prerequisite for trafficking and induction of spine-like structures, as shown by mutation analysis. Fourth, at stages when spines are present, knockdown of PRG5 reduced the number but not the length of protrusions. This was accompanied by a decrease in the number of excitatory synapses and, consequently, by a reduction of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequencies, although miniature excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes remained similar. In turn, overexpressing PRG5 in mature neurons not only increased Homer-positive spine numbers but also augmented spine head diameters. Mechanistically, PRG5 interacts with phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, phospholipids involved in dendritic spine formation by different lipid-protein assays. Taken together, our data propose that PRG5 promotes spine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluca Coiro
- From the Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luminita Stoenica
- From the Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Strauss
- From the Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Ursula Bräuer
- From the Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Albrecht I, Bieri R, Leu A, Granacher P, Hagmann J, Kilimann MW, Christofori G. Paralemmin-1 is expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells and modulates cell migration, cell maturation and tumor lymphangiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:795-807. [PMID: 23709172 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system, the network of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs, maintains the body fluid balance and ensures the immunological surveillance of the body. In the adult organism, the de novo formation of lymphatic vessels is mainly observed in pathological conditions. In contrast to the molecular mechanisms governing the generation of the lymphatic vasculature during embryogenesis, the processes underlying pathological lymphangiogenesis are less well understood. A genome-wide screen comparing the transcriptome of tumor-derived lymphatic endothelial cells with that of blood vessel endothelial cells identified paralemmin-1 as a protein prominently expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells. Paralemmin-1 is a lipid-anchored membrane protein that in fibroblasts and neurons plays a role in the regulation of cell shape, plasma membrane dynamics and cell motility. Here, we show that paralemmin-1 is expressed in tumor-derived lymphatic endothelial cells as well as in lymphatic endothelial cells of normal, non-tumorigenic tissue. Paralemmin-1 represses cell migration and delays the formation of tube-like structures of lymphatic endothelial cells in vitro by modulating cell-substrate adhesion, filopodia formation and plasma membrane blebbing. While constitutive genetic ablation of paralemmin-1 expression in mice has no effect on the development and physiological function of the lymphatic system, the loss of paralemmin-1 impaired tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. Together, these results newly identify paralemmin-1 as a protein highly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells. Similar to its function in neurons, it may link the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane and thereby modulate lymphatic endothelial cell adhesion, migration and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Albrecht
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Bórquez DA, Olmos C, Álvarez S, Di Genova A, Maass A, González-Billault C. Bioinformatic survey for new physiological substrates of Cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Genomics 2013; 101:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Konzer A, Ruhs A, Braun H, Jungblut B, Braun T, Krüger M. Stable isotope labeling in zebrafish allows in vivo monitoring of cardiac morphogenesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1502-12. [PMID: 23412571 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative proteomics is an important tool to study biological processes, but so far it has been challenging to apply to zebrafish. Here, we describe a large scale quantitative analysis of the zebrafish proteome using a combination of stable isotope labeling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Proteins derived from the fully labeled fish were used as a standard to quantify changes during embryonic heart development. LC-MS-assisted analysis of the proteome of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule zebrafish morphants revealed a down-regulation of components of the network required for cell adhesion and maintenance of cell shape as well as secondary changes due to arrest of cellular differentiation. Quantitative proteomics in zebrafish using the stable isotope-labeling technique provides an unprecedented resource to study developmental processes in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Konzer
- §Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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32
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Hultqvist G, Ocampo Daza D, Larhammar D, Kilimann MW. Evolution of the vertebrate paralemmin gene family: ancient origin of gene duplicates suggests distinct functions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41850. [PMID: 22855693 PMCID: PMC3405040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralemmin-1 is a protein implicated in plasma membrane dynamics, the development of filopodia, neurites and dendritic spines, as well as the invasiveness and metastatic potential of cancer cells. However, little is known about its mode of action, or about the biological functions of the other paralemmin isoforms: paralemmin-2, paralemmin-3 and palmdelphin. We describe here evolutionary analyses of the paralemmin gene family in a broad range of vertebrate species. Our results suggest that the four paralemmin isoform genes (PALM1, PALM2, PALM3 and PALMD) arose by quadruplication of an ancestral gene in the two early vertebrate genome duplications. Paralemmin-1 and palmdelphin were further duplicated in the teleost fish specific genome duplication. We identified a unique sequence motif common to all paralemmins, consisting of 11 highly conserved residues of which four are invariant. A single full-length paralemmin homolog with this motif was identified in the genome of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus and an isolated putative paralemmin motif could be detected in the genome of the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae. This allows us to conclude that the paralemmin gene family arose early and has been maintained throughout vertebrate evolution, suggesting functional diversification and specific biological roles of the paralemmin isoforms. The paralemmin genes have also maintained specific features of gene organisation and sequence. This includes the occurrence of closely linked downstream genes, initially identified as a readthrough fusion protein with mammalian paralemmin-2 (Palm2-AKAP2). We have found evidence for such an arrangement for paralemmin-1 and -2 in several vertebrate genomes, as well as for palmdelphin and paralemmin-3 in teleost fish genomes, and suggest the name paralemmin downstream genes (PDG) for this new gene family. Thus, our findings point to ancient roles for paralemmins and distinct biological functions of the gene duplicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Hultqvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Molecular Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Turk CM, Fagan-Solis KD, Williams KE, Gozgit JM, Smith-Schneider S, Marconi SA, Otis CN, Crisi GM, Anderton DL, Kilimann MW, Arcaro KF. Paralemmin-1 is over-expressed in estrogen-receptor positive breast cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:17. [PMID: 22574838 PMCID: PMC3503693 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paralemmin-1 is a phosphoprotein lipid-anchored to the cytoplasmic face of membranes where it functions in membrane dynamics, maintenance of cell shape, and process formation. Expression of paralemmin-1 and its major splice variant (Δ exon 8) as well as the extent of posttranslational modifications are tissue- and development-specific. Paralemmin-1 expression in normal breast and breast cancer tissue has not been described previously. Results Paralemmin-1 mRNA and protein expression was evaluated in ten breast cell lines, 26 primary tumors, and 10 reduction mammoplasty (RM) tissues using real time RT-PCR. Paralemmin-1 splice variants were assessed in tumor and RM tissues using a series of primers and RT-PCR. Paralemmin-1 protein expression was examined in cell lines using Western Blots and in 31 ductal carcinomas in situ, 65 infiltrating ductal carcinomas, and 40 RM tissues using immunohistochemistry. Paralemmin-1 mRNA levels were higher in breast cancers than in RM tissue and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors had higher transcript levels than ER-negative tumors. The Δ exon 8 splice variant was detected more frequently in tumor than in RM tissues. Protein expression was consistent with mRNA results showing higher paralemmin-1 expression in ER-positive tumors. Conclusions The differential expression of paralemmin-1 in a subset of breast cancers suggests the existence of variation in membrane dynamics that may be exploited to improve diagnosis or provide a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Turk
- University of Massachusetts, 637 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003-9298, USA.
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Young FB, Butland SL, Sanders SS, Sutton LM, Hayden MR. Putting proteins in their place: Palmitoylation in Huntington disease and other neuropsychiatric diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:220-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Korycka J, Łach A, Heger E, Bogusławska DM, Wolny M, Toporkiewicz M, Augoff K, Korzeniewski J, Sikorski AF. Human DHHC proteins: a spotlight on the hidden player of palmitoylation. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:107-17. [PMID: 22178113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is one of the most common posttranslational lipid modifications of proteins and we now know quite a lot about it. However, the state of knowledge about the enzymes that catalyze this process is clearly insufficient. This review is focused on 23 human DHHC genes and their products - protein palmitoyltransferases. Here we describe mainly the structure and function of these proteins, but also, to a lesser degree, what the substrates of the enzymes are and whether they are related to various diseases. The main aim of this review was to catalogue existing information concerning the human DHHC family of genes/proteins, making them and their functions easier to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Korycka
- University of Wrocław, Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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Arstikaitis P, Gauthier-Campbell C, Huang K, El-Husseini A, Murphy TH. Proteins that promote filopodia stability, but not number, lead to more axonal-dendritic contacts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16998. [PMID: 21408225 PMCID: PMC3049770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic filopodia are dynamic protrusions that are thought to play an active role in synaptogenesis and serve as precursors to spine synapses. However, this hypothesis is largely based on a temporal correlation between filopodia formation and synaptogenesis. We investigated the role of filopodia in synapse formation by contrasting the roles of molecules that affect filopodia elaboration and motility, versus those that impact synapse induction and maturation. We used a filopodia inducing motif that is found in GAP-43, as a molecular tool, and found this palmitoylated motif enhanced filopodia number and motility, but reduced the probability of forming a stable axon-dendrite contact. Conversely, expression of neuroligin-1 (NLG-1), a synapse inducing cell adhesion molecule, resulted in a decrease in filopodia motility, but an increase in the number of stable axonal contacts. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of NLG-1 reduced the number of presynaptic contacts formed. Postsynaptic scaffolding proteins such as Shank1b, a protein that induces the maturation of spine synapses, increased the rate at which filopodia transformed into spines by stabilization of the initial contact with axons. Taken together, these results suggest that increased filopodia stability and not density, may be the rate-limiting step for synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Arstikaitis
- Department of Psychiatry and The Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine Gauthier-Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and The Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and The Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alaa El-Husseini
- Department of Psychiatry and The Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Timothy H. Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and The Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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37
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Fukata Y, Fukata M. Protein palmitoylation in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11:161-75. [PMID: 20168314 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation, a classical and common lipid modification, regulates diverse aspects of neuronal protein trafficking and function. The reversible nature of palmitoylation provides a potential general mechanism for protein shuttling between intracellular compartments. The recent discovery of palmitoylating enzymes--a large DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) protein family--and the development of new proteomic and imaging methods have accelerated palmitoylation analysis. It is becoming clear that individual DHHC enzymes generate and maintain the specialized compartmentalization of substrates in polarized neurons. Here, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms for dynamic protein palmitoylation and the emerging roles of protein palmitoylation in various aspects of pathophysiology, including neuronal development and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
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Han J, Chang H, Giricz O, Lee GY, Baehner FL, Gray JW, Bissell MJ, Kenny PA, Parvin B. Molecular predictors of 3D morphogenesis by breast cancer cell lines in 3D culture. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000684. [PMID: 20195492 PMCID: PMC2829039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlative analysis of molecular markers with phenotypic signatures is the simplest model for hypothesis generation. In this paper, a panel of 24 breast cell lines was grown in 3D culture, their morphology was imaged through phase contrast microscopy, and computational methods were developed to segment and represent each colony at multiple dimensions. Subsequently, subpopulations from these morphological responses were identified through consensus clustering to reveal three clusters of round, grape-like, and stellate phenotypes. In some cases, cell lines with particular pathobiological phenotypes clustered together (e.g., ERBB2 amplified cell lines sharing the same morphometric properties as the grape-like phenotype). Next, associations with molecular features were realized through (i) differential analysis within each morphological cluster, and (ii) regression analysis across the entire panel of cell lines. In both cases, the dominant genes that are predictive of the morphological signatures were identified. Specifically, PPARγ has been associated with the invasive stellate morphological phenotype, which corresponds to triple-negative pathobiology. PPARγ has been validated through two supporting biological assays. Cell culture models are an important vehicle for understanding biological processes and evaluation of therapeutic reagents. More importantly, the literature suggests that tumor cells grown in 3D exhibit pronounced drug and radiation resistances that are remarkably similar to that of tumors in vivo. Therefore, the needs for quantifying 3D assays continue to grow. In this paper, we develop robust computational methods to integrate morphometric and molecular information for a panel of breast cancer cell lines that are grown in 3D. Specifically, morphometric traits are imaged through microscopy, and then quantified computationally. We then show that these morphometric traits can identify subtypes within this panel of breast cancer cell lines, and that the subtypes are clinically relevant in terms of being ERBB2 positive or triple negative. These subtypes and their representations are then associated with their molecular data to reveal PPARG as an important marker for triple-negative breast cancer. Finally, we design two independent experiments to show the validity of this marker in both 3D cell culture models and human breast cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Han
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hang Chang
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Orsi Giricz
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Genee Y. Lee
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick L. Baehner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joe W. Gray
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mina J. Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Paraic A. Kenny
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Bahram Parvin
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lisé MF, Srivastava DP, Arstikaitis P, Lett RL, Sheta R, Viswanathan V, Penzes P, O'Connor TP, El-Husseini A. Myosin-Va-interacting protein, RILPL2, controls cell shape and neuronal morphogenesis via Rac signaling. J Cell Sci 2010; 122:3810-21. [PMID: 19812310 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.050344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal morphology plays an essential role in neuronal function. The establishment and maintenance of neuronal morphology is intimately linked to the actin cytoskeleton; however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate changes in neuronal morphology are poorly understood. Here we identify a novel myosin-Va (MyoVa)-interacting protein, RILPL2, which regulates cellular morphology. Overexpression of this protein in young or mature hippocampal neurons results in an increase in the number of spine-like protrusions. By contrast, knockdown of endogenous RILPL2 in neurons by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference results in reduced spine-like protrusions, a phenotype rescued by overexpression of an shRNA-insensitive RILPL2 mutant, suggesting a role for RILPL2 in both the establishment and maintenance of dendritic spines. Interestingly, we demonstrate that RILPL2 and the Rho GTPase Rac1 form a complex, and that RILPL2 is able to induce activation of Rac1 and its target, p21-activated kinase (Pak). Notably, both RILPL2-mediated morphological changes and activation of Rac1-Pak signaling were blocked by expression of a truncated tail form of MyoVa or MyoVa shRNA, demonstrating that MyoVa is crucial for proper RILPL2 function. This might represent a novel mechanism linking RILPL2, the motor protein MyoVa and Rac1 with neuronal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Lisé
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Yoshihara Y, De Roo M, Muller D. Dendritic spine formation and stabilization. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009; 19:146-53. [PMID: 19523814 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Formation, elimination and remodeling of excitatory synapses on dendritic spines represent a continuous process that shapes the organization of synaptic networks during development. The molecular mechanisms controlling dendritic spine formation and stabilization therefore critically determine the rules of network selectivity. Recent studies have identified new molecules, such as Ephrins and Telencephalin that regulate filopodia motility and their transformation into dendritic spines. Trans-synaptic signaling involving nitric oxide, protease, adhesion molecules and Rho GTPases further controls contact formation or the structural remodeling of spines and their stability. Evidence also suggests that activity and induction of plasticity participate to the selection of persistent spines. Together these new data provide a better understanding of the mechanisms, speed and steps leading to the establishment of a stable excitatory synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Neurobiology of Synapse, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Huang K, Sanders S, Singaraja R, Orban P, Cijsouw T, Arstikaitis P, Yanai A, Hayden MR, El-Husseini A. Neuronal palmitoyl acyl transferases exhibit distinct substrate specificity. FASEB J 2009; 23:2605-15. [PMID: 19299482 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-127399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylation, a post-translational modification of cysteine residues with the lipid palmitate, has recently emerged as an important mechanism for regulating protein trafficking and function. With the identification of 23 DHHC mammalian palmitoyl acyl transferases (PATs), a key question was the nature of substrate-enzyme specificity for these PATs. Using the acyl-biotin exchange palmitoylation assay, we compared the substrate specificity of four neuronal PATs, namely DHHC-3, DHHC-8, HIP14L (DHHC-13), and HIP14 (DHHC-17). Exogenous expression of enzymes and substrates in COS cells reveals that HIP14L and HIP14 modulate huntingtin palmitoylation, DHHC-8 modulates paralemmin-1 palmitoylation, and DHHC-3 shows the least substrate specificity. These in vitro data were validated by lentiviral siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous HIP14 and DHHC-3 in cultured rat cortical neurons. PATs require the presence of palmitoylated cysteines in order to interact with their substrates. To understand the elements that influence enzyme/substrate specificity further, we fused the HIP14 ankryin repeat domain to the N terminus of DHHC-3, which is not a PAT for huntingtin. This modification enabled DHHC-3 to behave similarly to HIP14 by modulating palmitoylation and trafficking of huntingtin. Taken together, this study indicates that individual PATs have specific substrate preference, determined by regulatory domains outside the DHHC domain of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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