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Zhuang X, Li R, Jiang L. A century journey of organelles research in the plant endomembrane system. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1312-1333. [PMID: 38226685 PMCID: PMC11062446 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
We are entering an exciting century in the study of the plant organelles in the endomembrane system. Over the past century, especially within the past 50 years, tremendous advancements have been made in the complex plant cell to generate a much clearer and informative picture of plant organelles, including the molecular/morphological features, dynamic/spatial behavior, and physiological functions. Importantly, all these discoveries and achievements in the identification and characterization of organelles in the endomembrane system would not have been possible without: (1) the innovations and timely applications of various state-of-art cell biology tools and technologies for organelle biology research; (2) the continuous efforts in developing and characterizing new organelle markers by the plant biology community; and (3) the landmark studies on the identification and characterization of the elusive organelles. While molecular aspects and results for individual organelles have been extensively reviewed, the development of the techniques for organelle research in plant cell biology is less appreciated. As one of the ASPB Centennial Reviews on "organelle biology," here we aim to take a journey across a century of organelle biology research in plants by highlighting the important tools (or landmark technologies) and key scientists that contributed to visualize organelles. We then highlight the landmark studies leading to the identification and characterization of individual organelles in the plant endomembrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Fougère L, Mongrand S, Boutté Y. The function of sphingolipids in membrane trafficking and cell signaling in plants, in comparison with yeast and animal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159463. [PMID: 38281556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential membrane components involved in a wide range of cellular, developmental and signaling processes. Sphingolipids are so essential that knock-out mutation often leads to lethality. In recent years, conditional or weak allele mutants as well as the broadening of the pharmacological catalog allowed to decipher sphingolipid function more precisely in a less invasive way. This review intends to provide a discussion and point of view on the function of sphingolipids with a main focus on endomembrane trafficking, Golgi-mediated protein sorting, cell polarity, cell-to-cell communication and cell signaling at the plasma membrane. While our main angle is the plant field research, we will constantly refer to and compare with the advances made in the yeast and animal field. In this review, we will emphasize the role of sphingolipids not only as a membrane component, but also as a key player at a center of homeostatic regulatory networks involving direct or indirect interaction with other lipids, proteins and ion fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Fougère
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5200 CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sebastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5200 CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5200 CNRS, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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3
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Tojima T, Suda Y, Jin N, Kurokawa K, Nakano A. Spatiotemporal dissection of the Golgi apparatus and the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment in budding yeast. eLife 2024; 13:e92900. [PMID: 38501165 PMCID: PMC10950332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cargo traffic through the Golgi apparatus is mediated by cisternal maturation, but it remains largely unclear how the cis-cisternae, the earliest Golgi sub-compartment, is generated and how the Golgi matures into the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Here, we use high-speed and high-resolution confocal microscopy to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of a diverse set of proteins that reside in and around the Golgi in budding yeast. We find many mobile punctate structures that harbor yeast counterparts of mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) proteins, which we term 'yeast ERGIC'. It occasionally exhibits approach and contact behavior toward the ER exit sites and gradually matures into the cis-Golgi. Upon treatment with the Golgi-disrupting agent brefeldin A, the ERGIC proteins form larger aggregates corresponding to the Golgi entry core compartment in plants, while cis- and medial-Golgi proteins are absorbed into the ER. We further analyze the dynamics of several late Golgi proteins to better understand the Golgi-TGN transition. Together with our previous studies, we demonstrate a detailed spatiotemporal profile of the entire cisternal maturation process from the ERGIC to the Golgi and further to the TGN.
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Grants
- KAKENHI 19K06669 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 19H04764 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 22K06213 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- CREST JPMJCR21E3 Japan Science and Technology Agency
- KAKENHI 17H06420 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- KAKENHI 23H00382 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Natsuko Jin
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced PhotonicsWakoJapan
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4
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McHugh D, Sun B, Gutierrez-Muñoz C, Hernández-González F, Mellone M, Guiho R, Duran I, Pombo J, Pietrocola F, Birch J, Kallemeijn WW, Khadayate S, Dharmalingam G, Vernia S, Tate EW, Martínez-Barbera JP, Withers DJ, Thomas GJ, Serrano M, Gil J. COPI vesicle formation and N-myristoylation are targetable vulnerabilities of senescent cells. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1804-1820. [PMID: 38012402 PMCID: PMC10709147 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that selectively kill senescent cells (senolytics) improve the outcomes of cancer, fibrosis and age-related diseases. Despite their potential, our knowledge of the molecular pathways that affect the survival of senescent cells is limited. To discover senolytic targets, we performed RNAi screens and identified coatomer complex I (COPI) vesicle formation as a liability of senescent cells. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of COPI results in Golgi dispersal, dysfunctional autophagy, and unfolded protein response-dependent apoptosis of senescent cells, and knockdown of COPI subunits improves the outcomes of cancer and fibrosis in mouse models. Drugs targeting COPI have poor pharmacological properties, but we find that N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors (NMTi) phenocopy COPI inhibition and are potent senolytics. NMTi selectively eliminated senescent cells and improved outcomes in models of cancer and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Our results suggest that senescent cells rely on a hyperactive secretory apparatus and that inhibiting trafficking kills senescent cells with the potential to treat various senescence-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domhnall McHugh
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bin Sun
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carmen Gutierrez-Muñoz
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fernanda Hernández-González
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pulmonology, ICR, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimiliano Mellone
- School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- AstraZeneca, Immuno-Oncology Discovery, Oncology R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Romain Guiho
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Imanol Duran
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joaquim Pombo
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jodie Birch
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Khadayate
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gopuraja Dharmalingam
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Santiago Vernia
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Juan Pedro Martínez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dominic J Withers
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Thomas
- School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science, Granta Park, UK
| | - Jesús Gil
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Li Z, Chen R, Wen Y, Liu H, Chen Y, Wu X, Yang Y, Wu X, Zhou Y, Liu J. Comprehensive analysis of the UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase (UXS) gene family in tobacco and functional characterization of NtUXS16 in Golgi apparatus in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:551. [PMID: 37936064 PMCID: PMC10631120 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase (also named UXS) converts UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) to UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) by decarboxylation of the C6-carboxylic acid of glucuronic acid. UDP-Xyl is an important sugar donor that is required for the synthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides. RESULTS In this study, we first carried out the genome-wide identification of NtUXS genes in tobacco. A total of 17 NtUXS genes were identified, which could be divided into two groups (Group I and II), and the Group II UXSs can be further divided into two subgroups (Group IIa and IIb). Furthermore, the protein structures, intrachromosomal distributions and gene structures were thoroughly analyzed. To experimentally verify the subcellular localization of NtUXS16 protein, we transformed tobacco BY-2 cells with NtUXS16 fused to the monomeric red fluorescence protein (mRFP) at the C terminus under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The fluorescent signals of NtUXS16-mRFP were localized to the medial-Golgi apparatus. Contrary to previous predictions, protease digestion analysis revealed that NtUXS16 is not a type II membrane protein. Overexpression of NtUXS16 in Arabidopsis seedling in darkness led to a significant increase in hypocotyl length and a reduction in root length compared with the wild type. In summary, these results suggest Golgi apparatus localized-NtUXS16 plays an important role in hypocotyl and root growth in the dark. CONCLUSION Our findings facilitate our understanding of the novel functions of NtUXS16 and provide insights for further exploration of the biological roles of NtUXS genes in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Runping Chen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yufang Wen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hanxiang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinru Wu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Jianping Liu
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China.
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Ito Y, Uemura T. Super resolution live imaging: The key for unveiling the true dynamics of membrane traffic around the Golgi apparatus in plant cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1100757. [PMID: 36618665 PMCID: PMC9818705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the relatively static image of the plants, the world inside each cell is surprisingly dynamic. Membrane-bounded organelles move actively on the cytoskeletons and exchange materials by vesicles, tubules, or direct contact between each other. In order to understand what is happening during those events, it is essential to visualize the working components in vivo. After the breakthrough made by the application of fluorescent proteins, the development of light microscopy enabled many discoveries in cell biology, including those about the membrane traffic in plant cells. Especially, super-resolution microscopy, which is becoming more and more accessible, is now one of the most powerful techniques. However, although the spatial resolution has improved a lot, there are still some difficulties in terms of the temporal resolution, which is also a crucial parameter for the visualization of the living nature of the intracellular structures. In this review, we will introduce the super resolution microscopy developed especially for live-cell imaging with high temporal resolution, and show some examples that were made by this tool in plant membrane research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Institute for Human Life Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Tojima T, Miyashiro D, Kosugi Y, Nakano A. Super-Resolution Live Imaging of Cargo Traffic Through the Golgi Apparatus in Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2557:127-140. [PMID: 36512214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2639-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution confocal live imaging microscopy (SCLIM) we developed provides high-speed, high-resolution, three- and four-dimensional, and multicolor simultaneous imaging. Using this technology, we are now able to observe the fine details of various dynamic events going on in living cells, such as membrane traffic and organelle dynamics. The retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system is a powerful tool to control synchronous release of natural cargo proteins of interest from the endoplasmic reticulum in mammalian cells. In this chapter, we describe a method for visualizing secretory cargo traffic within and around the Golgi apparatus in HeLa cells using SCLIM in combination with the RUSH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Miyashiro
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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8
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McGinness AJ, Schoberer J, Pain C, Brandizzi F, Kriechbaumer V. On the nature of the plant ER exit sites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1010569. [PMID: 36275575 PMCID: PMC9585722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi bodies are not only in close proximity, but are also physically linked. This unique organization raises questions about the nature of the transport vectors carrying cargo between the two organelles. Same as in metazoan and yeast cells, it was suggested that cargo is transported from the ER to Golgi cisternae via COPII-coated vesicles produced at ribosome-free ER exit sites (ERES). Recent developments in mammalian cell research suggest, though, that COPII helps to select secretory cargo, but does not coat the carriers leaving the ER. Furthermore, it was shown that mammalian ERES expand into a tubular network containing secretory cargo, but no COPII components. Because of the close association of the ER and Golgi bodies in plant cells, it was previously proposed that ERES and the Golgi comprise a secretory unit that travels over or with a motile ER membrane. In this study, we aimed to explore the nature of ERES in plant cells and took advantage of high-resolution confocal microscopy and imaged ERES labelled with canonical markers (Sar1a, Sec16, Sec24). We found that ERES are dynamically connected to Golgi bodies and most likely represent pre-cis-Golgi cisternae. Furthermore, we showed fine tubular connections from the ER to Golgi compartments (ERGo tubules) as well as fine protrusions from ERES/Golgi cisternae connecting with the ER. We suggest that these tubules observed between the ER and Golgi as well as between the ER and ERES are involved in stabilizing the physical connection between ER and ERES/Golgi cisternae, but may also be involved in cargo transport from the ER to Golgi bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J. McGinness
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Schoberer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Pain
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Han J, Ma K, Li H, Su J, Zhou L, Tang J, Zhang S, Hou Y, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhu Q. All-in-one: a robust fluorescent fusion protein vector toolbox for protein localization and BiFC analyses in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1098-1109. [PMID: 35179286 PMCID: PMC9129086 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent tagging protein localization (FTPL) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) are popular tools for in vivo analyses of the subcellular localizations of proteins and protein-protein interactions in plant cells. The efficiency of fluorescent fusion protein (FFP) expression analyses is typically impaired when the FFP genes are co-transformed on separate plasmids compared to when all are cloned and transformed in a single vector. Functional genomics applications using FFPs such as a gene family studies also often require the generation of multiple plasmids. Here, to address these needs, we developed an efficient, modular all-in-one (Aio) FFP (AioFFP) vector toolbox, including a set of fluorescently labelled organelle markers, FTPL and BiFC plasmids and associated binary vectors. This toolbox uses Gibson assembly (GA) and incorporates multiple unique nucleotide sequences (UNSs) to facilitate efficient gene cloning. In brief, this system enables convenient cloning of a target gene into various FFP vectors or the insertion of two or more target genes into the same FFP vector in a single-tube GA reaction. This system also enables integration of organelle marker genes or fluorescently fused target gene expression units into a single transient expression plasmid or binary vector. We validated the AioFFP system by testing genes encoding proteins known to be functional in FTPL and BiFC assays. In addition, we performed a high-throughput assessment of the accurate subcellular localizations of an uncharacterized rice CBSX protein subfamily. This modular UNS-guided GA-mediated AioFFP vector toolkit is cost-effective, easy to use and will promote functional genomics research in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingluan Han
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Kun Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huali Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant ProtectionPlant Protection Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Lian Zhou
- Rice Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jintao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of Life ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of Life ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuke Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of Life ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yao‐Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qinlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐BioresourcesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
- College of Life ScienceSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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10
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Nakano A. The Golgi Apparatus and its Next-Door Neighbors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:884360. [PMID: 35573670 PMCID: PMC9096111 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.884360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus represents a central compartment of membrane traffic. Its apparent architecture, however, differs considerably among species, from unstacked and scattered cisternae in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to beautiful ministacks in plants and further to gigantic ribbon structures typically seen in mammals. Considering the well-conserved functions of the Golgi, its fundamental structure must have been optimized despite seemingly different architectures. In addition to the core layers of cisternae, the Golgi is usually accompanied by next-door compartments on its cis and trans sides. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) can be now considered as a compartment independent from the Golgi stack. On the cis side, the intermediate compartment between the ER and the Golgi (ERGIC) has been known in mammalian cells, and its functional equivalent is now suggested for yeast and plant cells. High-resolution live imaging is extremely powerful for elucidating the dynamics of these compartments and has revealed amazing similarities in their behaviors, indicating common mechanisms conserved along the long course of evolution. From these new findings, I would like to propose reconsideration of compartments and suggest a new concept to describe their roles comprehensively around the Golgi and in the post-Golgi trafficking.
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Abstract
We often think about regeneration in terms of replacing missing structures, such as organs or tissues, with new structures generated via cell proliferation and differentiation. But at a smaller scale, single cells, themselves, are capable of regenerating when part of the cell has been removed. A classic model organism that facilitates the study of cellular regeneration in the giant ciliate Stentor coeruleus. These cells, which can grow to more than a millimeter in size, have the ability to survive after extensive wounding of their surface, and are able to regenerate missing structures. Even a small piece of a cell can regenerate a whole cell with normal geometry, in a matter of hours. Such regeneration requires cells to be able to trigger organelle biogenesis in response to loss of structures. But subcellular regeneration also relies on intracellular mechanisms to create and maintain global patterning within the cell. These mechanisms are not understood, but at a conceptual level they involve processes that resemble those seen in animal development and regeneration. Here we discuss single-celled regeneration in Stentor from the viewpoint of standard regeneration paradigms in animals. For example, there is evidence that regeneration of the oral apparatus in Stentor follows a sender-receiver model similar to crustacean eyestalk regeneration. By drawing these analogies, we find that many of the concepts already known from the study of animal-scale regeneration and development can be applied to the study of regeneration at the cellular level, such as the concepts of determination, induction, mosaic vs. regulative development, and epimorphosis vs. morphallaxis. We propose that the similarities may go beyond analogy, and that some aspects of animal development and regeneration may have evolved by exploiting pre-existing subcellular developmental strategies from unicellular ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace F. Marshall
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
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12
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Unconventional p97/VCP-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Endosome Trafficking of a Retroviral Protein. J Virol 2021; 95:e0053121. [PMID: 33952644 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00531-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) encodes a Rem precursor protein that specifies both regulatory and accessory functions. Rem is cleaved at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane into a functional N-terminal signal peptide (SP) and the C terminus (Rem-CT). Rem-CT lacks a membrane-spanning domain and a known ER retention signal, and yet it was not detectably secreted into cell supernatants. Inhibition of intracellular trafficking by the drug brefeldin A (BFA), which interferes with the ER-to-Golgi secretory pathway, resulted in dramatically reduced intracellular Rem-CT levels that were not rescued by proteasomal or lysosomal inhibitors. A Rem mutant lacking glycosylation was cleaved into SP and Rem-CT but was insensitive to BFA, suggesting that unglycosylated Rem-CT does not reach this BFA-dependent compartment. Treatment with endoglycosidase H indicated that Rem-CT does not traffic through the Golgi apparatus. Analysis of wild-type Rem-CT and its glycosylation mutant by confocal microscopy revealed that both were primarily localized to the ER lumen. A small fraction of wild-type Rem-CT, but not the unglycosylated mutant, was colocalized with Rab5-positive (Rab5+) early endosomes. The expression of a dominant-negative (DN) form of ADP ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) (containing a mutation of threonine to asparagine at position 31 [T31N]) mimicked the effects of BFA by reducing Rem-CT levels and increased Rem-CT association with early and late endosomes. Inhibition of the AAA ATPase p97/VCP rescued Rem-CT in the presence of BFA or DN Arf1 and prevented localization to Rab5+ endosomes. Thus, Rem-CT uses an unconventional p97-mediated scheme for trafficking to early endosomes. IMPORTANCE Mouse mammary tumor virus is a complex retrovirus that encodes a regulatory/accessory protein, Rem. Rem is a precursor protein that is processed at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane by signal peptidase. The N-terminal SP uses the p97/VCP ATPase to elude ER-associated degradation to traffic to the nucleus and serve a human immunodeficiency virus Rev-like function. In contrast, the function of the C-terminal glycosylated cleavage product (Rem-CT) is unknown. Since localization is critical for protein function, we used mutants, inhibitors, and confocal microscopy to localize Rem-CT. Surprisingly, Rem-CT, which lacks a transmembrane domain or an ER retention signal, was detected primarily within the ER and required glycosylation and the p97 ATPase for early endosome trafficking without passage through the Golgi apparatus. Thus, Rem-CT uses a novel intracellular trafficking pathway, potentially impacting host antiviral immunity.
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13
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Rui Q, Tan X, Liu F, Li Y, Liu X, Li B, Wang J, Yang H, Qiao L, Li T, Fang S, Gao R, Wang W, Bednarek SY, Bao Y. Syntaxin of plants31 (SYP31) and SYP32 is essential for Golgi morphology maintenance and pollen development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:330-343. [PMID: 33576796 PMCID: PMC8154079 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pollen development is a key process for the sexual reproduction of angiosperms. The Golgi plays a critical role in pollen development via the synthesis and transport of cell wall materials. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of Golgi integrity in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, syntaxin of plants (SYP) 3 family proteins SYP31 and SYP32 are the only two Golgi-localized Qa-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) with unknown endogenous functions. Here, we demonstrate the roles of SYP31 and SYP32 in modulating Golgi morphology and pollen development. Two independent lines of syp31/+ syp32/+ double mutants were male gametophytic lethal; the zero transmission rate of syp31 syp32 mutations was restored to largely normal levels by pSYP32:SYP32 but not pSYP32:SYP31 transgenes, indicating their functional differences in pollen development. The initial arrest of syp31 syp32 pollen occurred during the transition from the microspore to the bicellular stage, where cell plate formation in pollen mitosis I (PMI) and deposition of intine were abnormal. In syp31 syp32 pollen, the number and length of Golgi cisterna were significantly reduced, accompanied by many surrounding vesicles, which could be largely attributed to defects in anterograde and retrograde trafficking routes. SYP31 and SYP32 directly interacted with COG3, a subunit of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex and were responsible for its Golgi localization, providing an underlying mechanism for SYP31/32 function in intra-Golgi trafficking. We propose that SYP31 and SYP32 play partially redundant roles in pollen development by modulating protein trafficking and Golgi structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Rui
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Bingxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Junxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Huiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Y Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yiqun Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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14
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Speckner K, Stadler L, Weiss M. Unscrambling exit site patterns on the endoplasmic reticulum as a quenched demixing process. Biophys J 2021; 120:2532-2542. [PMID: 33932435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital organelle in mammalian cells with a complex morphology. Consisting of sheet-like cisternae in the cell center, the peripheral ER forms a vast tubular network on which a dispersed pattern of a few hundred specialized domains (ER exit sites (ERESs)) is maintained. Molecular details of cargo sorting and vesicle formation at individual ERESs, fueling the early secretory pathway, have been studied in some detail. The emergence of spatially extended ERES patterns, however, has remained poorly understood. Here, we show that these patterns are determined by the underlying ER morphology, suggesting ERESs to emerge from a demixing process that is quenched by the ER network topology. In particular, we observed fewer but larger ERESs when transforming the ER network to more sheet-like morphologies. In contrast, little to no changes with respect to native ERES patterns were observed when fragmenting the ER, indicating that hampering the diffusion-mediated coarse graining of domains is key for native ERES patterns. Model simulations support the notion of effective diffusion barriers impeding the coarse graining and maturation of ERES patterns. We speculate that tuning a simple demixing mechanism by the ER topology allows for a robust but flexible adaption of ERES patterns, ensuring a properly working early secretory pathway in a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenz Stadler
- Experimental Physics I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiss
- Experimental Physics I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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15
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De Caroli M, Barozzi F, Renna L, Piro G, Di Sansebastiano GP. Actin and Microtubules Differently Contribute to Vacuolar Targeting Specificity during the Export from the ER. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040299. [PMID: 33924184 PMCID: PMC8074374 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants rely on both actin and microtubule cytoskeletons to fine-tune sorting and spatial targeting of membranes during cell growth and stress adaptation. Considerable advances have been made in recent years in the comprehension of the relationship between the trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE) and cytoskeletons, but studies have mainly focused on the transport to and from the plasma membrane. We address here the relationship of the cytoskeleton with different endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export mechanisms toward vacuoles. These emergent features of the plant endomembrane traffic are explored with an in vivo approach, providing clues on the traffic regulation at different levels beyond known proteins’ functions and interactions. We show how traffic of vacuolar markers, characterized by different vacuolar sorting determinants, diverges at the export from the ER, clearly involving different components of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- DISTEBA (Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.C.); (F.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Barozzi
- DISTEBA (Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.C.); (F.B.); (G.P.)
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Luciana Renna
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Piro
- DISTEBA (Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.C.); (F.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Gian-Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- DISTEBA (Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (M.D.C.); (F.B.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0832-298-714
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16
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Abstract
The functions of coat protein complex II (COPII) coats in cargo packaging and the creation of vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum are conserved in eukaryotic protein secretion. Standard COPII vesicles, however, cannot handle the secretion of metazoan-specific cargoes such as procollagens, apolipoproteins, and mucins. Metazoans have thus evolved modules centered on proteins like TANGO1 (transport and Golgi organization 1) to engage COPII coats and early secretory pathway membranes to engineer a novel mode of cargo export at the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Raote
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain; ,
| | - V Malhotra
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain; , .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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17
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Fujii S, Kurokawa K, Tago T, Inaba R, Takiguchi A, Nakano A, Satoh T, Satoh AK. Sec71 separates Golgi stacks in Drosophila S2 cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245571. [PMID: 33262309 PMCID: PMC10668125 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi stacks are the basic structural units of the Golgi. Golgi stacks are separated from each other and scattered in the cytoplasm of Drosophila cells. Here, we report that the ARF-GEF inhibitor Brefeldin A (BFA) induces the formation of BFA bodies, which are aggregates of Golgi stacks, trans-Golgi networks and recycling endosomes. Recycling endosomes are located in the centers of BFA bodies, while Golgi stacks surround them on their trans sides. Live imaging of S2 cells revealed that Golgi stacks repeatedly merged and separated on their trans sides, and BFA caused successive merger by inhibiting separation, forming BFA bodies. S2 cells carrying genome-edited BFA-resistant mutant Sec71M717L did not form BFA bodies at high concentrations of BFA; S2 cells carrying genome-edited BFA-hypersensitive mutant Sec71F713Y produced BFA bodies at low concentrations of BFA. These results indicate that Sec71 is the sole BFA target for BFA body formation and controls Golgi stack separation. Finally, we showed that impairment of Sec71 in fly photoreceptors induces BFA body formation, with accumulation of both apical and basolateral cargoes, resulting in inhibition of polarized transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syara Fujii
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tago
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Ryota Inaba
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Arata Takiguchi
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akiko K Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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18
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Kurokawa K, Nakano A. Live-cell Imaging by Super-resolution Confocal Live Imaging Microscopy (SCLIM): Simultaneous Three-color and Four-dimensional Live Cell Imaging with High Space and Time Resolution. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3732. [PMID: 33659393 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many questions in cell biology can be solved by state-of-the-art technology of live cell imaging. One good example is the mechanism of membrane traffic, in which small membrane carriers are rapidly moving around in the cytoplasm to deliver cargo proteins between organelles. For directly visualizing the events in membrane trafficking system, researchers have long awaited the technology that enables simultaneous multi-color and four-dimensional observation at high space and time resolution. Super-resolution microscopy methods, for example STED, PALM/STORM, and SIM, provide greater spatial resolution, however, these methods are not enough in temporal resolution. The super-resolution confocal live imaging microscopy (SCLIM) that we developed has now achieved the performance required. By using SCLIM, we have conducted high spatiotemporal visualization of secretory cargo together with early and late Golgi resident proteins tagged with three different fluorescence proteins. We have demonstrated that secretory cargo is indeed delivered within the Golgi by cisternal maturation. In addition, we have visualized details of secretory cargo trafficking in the Golgi, including formation of zones within a maturing cisterna, in which Golgi resident proteins are segregated, and movement of cargo between these zones. This protocol can be used for simultaneous three-color and four-dimensional observation of various phenomena in living cells, from yeast to higher plants and animals, at high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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19
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MARTINIÈRE A, MOREAU P. Complex roles of Rabs and SNAREs in the secretory pathway and plant development: a never‐ending story. J Microsc 2020; 280:140-157. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. MARTINIÈRE
- Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro BPMP Montpellier France
| | - P. MOREAU
- UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory CNRS and University of Bordeaux, INRAE Bordeaux Villenave d'Ornon France
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20
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Vieira V, Pain C, Wojcik S, Spatola Rossi T, Denecke J, Osterrieder A, Hawes C, Kriechbaumer V. Living on the edge: the role of Atgolgin-84A at the plant ER-Golgi interface. J Microsc 2020; 280:158-173. [PMID: 32700322 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The plant Golgi apparatus is responsible for the processing of proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their distribution to multiple destinations within the cell. Golgi matrix components, such as golgins, have been identified and suggested to function as putative tethering factors to mediate the physical connections between Golgi bodies and the ER network. Golgins are proteins anchored to the Golgi membrane by the C-terminus either through transmembrane domains or interaction with small regulatory GTPases. The golgin N-terminus contains long coiled-coil domains, which consist of a number of α-helices wrapped around each other to form a structure similar to a rope being made from several strands, reaching into the cytoplasm. In animal cells, golgins are also implicated in specific recognition of cargo at the Golgi.Here, we investigate the plant golgin Atgolgin-84A for its subcellular localization and potential role as a tethering factor at the ER-Golgi interface. For this, fluorescent fusions of Atgolgin-84A and an Atgolgin-84A truncation lacking the coiled-coil domains (Atgolgin-84AΔ1-557) were transiently expressed in tobacco leaf epidermal cells and imaged using high-resolution confocal microscopy. We show that Atgolgin-84A localizes to a pre-cis-Golgi compartment that is also labelled by one of the COPII proteins as well as by the tether protein AtCASP. Upon overexpression of Atgolgin-84A or its deletion mutant, transport between the ER and Golgi bodies is impaired and cargo proteins are redirected to the vacuole. LAY DESCRIPTION: The Golgi apparatus is a specialised compartment found in mammalian and plant cells. It is the post office of the cell and packages proteins into small membrane boxes for transport to their destination in the cell. The plant Golgi apparatus consist of many separate Golgi bodies and is responsible for the processing of proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their distribution to multiple destinations within the cell. Specialised proteins called golgins have been suggested to tether Golgi bodies and the ER. Here we investigate the plant golgin Atgolgin-84A for its exact within the Golgi body and its potential role as a tethering factor at the ER-Golgi interface. For this, we have fused Atgolgin-84A with a fluorescent protein from jellyfish and we are producing this combination in tobacco leaf cells. This allows us to see the protein using laser microscopy. We show that Atgolgin-84A localises to a compartment between the ER and Golgi that is also labelled by the tether protein AtCASP. When Atgolgin-84A is produced in high amounts in the cell, transport between the ER and Golgi bodies is inhibited and proteins are redirected to the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vieira
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, U.K
| | - C Pain
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K
| | - S Wojcik
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K
| | - T Spatola Rossi
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K
| | - J Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
| | - A Osterrieder
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K.,Bioethics and Engagement, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - C Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K
| | - V Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, U.K
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21
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Takagi J, Kimori Y, Shimada T, Hara-Nishimura I. Dynamic Capture and Release of Endoplasmic Reticulum Exit Sites by Golgi Stacks in Arabidopsis. iScience 2020; 23:101265. [PMID: 32585594 PMCID: PMC7322076 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi stacks is mediated by the coat protein complex COPII, which is assembled at an ER subdomain called ER exit site (ERES). However, the dynamic relationship between ERESs and Golgi stacks is unknown. Here, we propose a dynamic capture-and-release model of ERESs by Golgi stacks in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy with high-temporal-resolution imaging, COPII-component-bound ERESs were detected as punctate structures with sizes of 300–500 nm. Some punctate ERESs are distributed on ER tubules and sheet rims, whereas others gather around a Golgi stack in an ER-network cavity to form a beaded-ring structure. Free ERESs that wander into an ER cavity are captured by a Golgi stack in a cytoskeleton-independent manner. Then, they are released by the Golgi stack for recycling. The dynamic ERES cycling might contribute to efficient transfer of de novo synthesized cargo proteins from the ER to Golgi stacks. VAEM images show dynamic behavior of minimal punctate ERESs Most of punctate ERESs are distributed on the ER network tubes Several punctate ERESs contact with a Golgi stack in an ER network cavity ERESs are dynamically captured and released by Golgi stacks
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Takagi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kimori
- Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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22
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Ito Y, Boutté Y. Differentiation of Trafficking Pathways at Golgi Entry Core Compartments and Post-Golgi Subdomains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609516. [PMID: 33363561 PMCID: PMC7752856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed specialized membrane structures called organelles, which compartmentalize cellular functions and chemical reactions. Recent improvements in microscopy and membrane compartment isolation techniques are now sophisticating our view. Emerging evidences support that there are distinct sub-populations or subdomains, which are spatially and/or temporally segregated within one type of organelle, contributing to specify differential sorting of various cargos to distinct destinations of the cell. In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus represents a main trafficking hub in which entry occurs through a Golgi Entry Core Compartment (GECCO), that remains to be further characterized, and sorting of cargos is mediated through multiple transport pathways with different sets of regulator proteins at the post-Golgi compartment trans-Golgi network (TGN). Both GECCO and TGN are differentiated sub-populations as compared to the rest of Golgi, and moreover, further subdomain formation within TGN is suggested to play a key role for cargo sorting. In this review, we will summarize recent findings obtained on organelle subdomains, and their relationship with cargo entry at and exit from the Golgi apparatus.
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23
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Diallinas G, Martzoukou O. Transporter membrane traffic and function: lessons from a mould. FEBS J 2019; 286:4861-4875. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Diallinas
- Department of Biology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Greece
| | - Olga Martzoukou
- Department of Biology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Greece
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24
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A signal motif retains Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I in the cis-Golgi and prevents enhanced glycoprotein ERAD. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3701. [PMID: 31420549 PMCID: PMC6697737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I (MNS3) generates an oligomannosidic N-glycan structure that is characteristically found on ER-resident glycoproteins. The enzyme itself has so far not been detected in the ER. Here, we provide evidence that in plants MNS3 exclusively resides in the Golgi apparatus at steady-state. Notably, MNS3 remains on dispersed punctate structures when subjected to different approaches that commonly result in the relocation of Golgi enzymes to the ER. Responsible for this rare behavior is an amino acid signal motif (LPYS) within the cytoplasmic tail of MNS3 that acts as a specific Golgi retention signal. This retention is a means to spatially separate MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming steps that generate the glycan signal required for flagging terminally misfolded glycoproteins for ERAD. The physiological importance of the very specific MNS3 localization is demonstrated here by means of a structurally impaired variant of the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1. The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I MNS3 generates N-glycan structures typical of ER-resident glycoproteins. Here Schoberer et al. identify a novel motif that anchors MNS3 to the cis-Golgi, spatially separating MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming associated with the ER-associated degradation pathway.
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25
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Kurokawa K, Nakano A. The ER exit sites are specialized ER zones for the transport of cargo proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. J Biochem 2019; 165:109-114. [PMID: 30304445 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle, including secretory protein biogenesis, lipid synthesis, drug metabolism, Ca2+ signalling and so on. Since the ER is a single continuous membrane structure, it includes distinct zones responsible for its different functions. The export of newly synthesized proteins from the ER is facilitated via coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles, which form in specialized zones within the ER, called the ER exit sites (ERES) or transitional ER. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the structural organization of ERES, the correlation between the ERES and Golgi organization, and the faithful cargo transport mechanism from the ERES to the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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26
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Liu L, Li J. Communications Between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Other Organelles During Abiotic Stress Response in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:749. [PMID: 31249578 PMCID: PMC6582665 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions, plants have evolved sophisticated tolerance mechanisms to integrate various stress signals and to coordinate plant growth and development. It is well known that inter-organellar communications play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to environmental stresses. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), extending throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, is a central organelle involved in lipid metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, and synthesis and folding of secretory and transmembrane proteins crucial to perceive and transduce environmental signals. The ER communicates with the nucleus via the highly conserved unfolded protein response pathway to mitigate ER stress. Importantly, recent studies have revealed that the dynamic ER network physically interacts with other intracellular organelles and endomembrane compartments, such as the Golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome, vacuole, and the plasma membrane, through multiple membrane contact sites between closely apposed organelles. In this review, we will discuss the signaling and metabolite exchanges between the ER and other organelles during abiotic stress responses in plants as well as the ER-organelle membrane contact sites and their associated tethering complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jianming Li, ;
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27
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Gergely ZR, Martinez DE, Donohoe BS, Mogelsvang S, Herder R, Staehelin LA. 3D electron tomographic and biochemical analysis of ER, Golgi and trans Golgi network membrane systems in stimulated Venus flytrap ( Dionaea muscipula) glandular cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2018; 25:15. [PMID: 30116723 PMCID: PMC6083566 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-018-0086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect-trapping leaves of Dionaea muscipula provide a model for studying the secretory pathway of an inducible plant secretory system. The leaf glands were induced with bovine serum albumin to secrete proteases that were characterized via zymogram activity gels over a 6-day period. The accompanying morphological changes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi were analyzed using 3D electron tomography of glands preserved by high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution methods. RESULTS Secretion of multiple cysteine and aspartic proteases occurred biphasically. The majority of the Golgi was organized in clusters consisting of 3-6 stacks surrounded by a cage-like system of ER cisternae. In these clusters, all Golgi stacks were oriented with their cis-most C1 cisterna facing an ER export site. The C1 Golgi cisternae varied in size and shape consistent with the hypothesis that they form de novo. Following induction, the number of ER-bound polysomes doubled, but no increase in COPII vesicles was observed. Golgi changes included a reduction in the number of cisternae per stack and a doubling of cisternal volume without increased surface area. Polysaccharide molecules that form the sticky slime cause swelling of the trans and trans Golgi network (TGN) cisternae. Peeling of the trans-most cisternae gives rise to free TGN cisternae. One day after gland stimulation, the free TGNs were frequently associated with loose groups of oriented actin-like filaments which were not seen in any other samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the secretory apparatus of resting gland cells is "overbuilt" to enable the cells to rapidly up-regulate lytic enzyme production and secretion in response to prey trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Gergely
- MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Dana E. Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata–CONICET CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Soren Mogelsvang
- Exxel Pharma, Inc, 12635 E Montview Blvd, Suite 100, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rachel Herder
- Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, One Market Plaza, Spear Tower, Ste 3300, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
| | - L. Andrew Staehelin
- MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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28
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Silva-Alvim FAL, An J, Alvim JC, Foresti O, Grippa A, Pelgrom A, Adams TL, Hawes C, Denecke J. Predominant Golgi Residency of the Plant K/HDEL Receptor Is Essential for Its Function in Mediating ER Retention. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2174-2196. [PMID: 30072420 PMCID: PMC6181015 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of soluble proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of plants is mediated by a receptor termed ER RETENTION DEFECTIVE2 (ERD2) or K/HDEL receptor. Using two gain-of-function assays and by complementing loss of function in Nicotiana benthamiana, we discovered that compromising the lumenal N terminus or the cytosolic C terminus with fluorescent fusions abolishes its biological function and profoundly affects its subcellular localization. Based on the confirmed asymmetrical topology of ERD2, we engineered a new fluorescent ERD2 fusion protein that retains biological activity. Using this fusion, we show that ERD2 is exclusively detected at the Golgi apparatus, unlike nonfunctional C-terminal fusions, which also label the ER. Moreover, ERD2 is confined to early Golgi compartments and does not show ligand-induced redistribution to the ER. We show that the cytosolic C terminus of ERD2 plays a crucial role in its function. Two conserved leucine residues that do not correspond to any known targeting motifs for ER-Golgi trafficking were shown to be essential for both ERD2 Golgi residency and its ability to mediate ER retention of soluble ligands. The results suggest that anterograde ER to Golgi transport of ERD2 is either extremely fast, well in excess of the bulk flow rate, or that ERD2 does not recycle in the way originally proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A L Silva-Alvim
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jing An
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas C Alvim
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ombretta Foresti
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Grippa
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Pelgrom
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas L Adams
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 0AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jurgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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29
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Abstract
Plant vacuoles are multifunctional organelles. On the one hand, most vegetative tissues develop lytic vacuoles that have a role in degradation. On the other hand, seed cells have two types of storage vacuoles: protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in endosperm and embryonic cells and metabolite storage vacuoles in seed coats. Vacuolar proteins and metabolites are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuoles via Golgi-dependent and Golgi-independent pathways. Proprotein precursors delivered to the vacuoles are converted into their respective mature forms by vacuolar processing enzyme, which also regulates various kinds of programmed cell death in plants. We summarize two types of vacuolar membrane dynamics that occur during defense responses: vacuolar membrane collapse to attack viral pathogens and fusion of vacuolar and plasma membranes to attack bacterial pathogens. We also describe the chemical defense against herbivores brought about by the presence of PSVs in the idioblast myrosin cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
| | - Junpei Takagi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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30
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Han T, Tian K, Pan H, Liu Y, Xu F, Li Z, Uchita T, Gao M, Hua H, Li D. Novel hybrids of brefeldin A and nitrogen mustards with improved antiproliferative selectivity: Design, synthesis and antitumor biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Bian B, Kageshima S, Yano K, Fujiwara T, Kamiya T. Screening Arabidopsis thaliana mutants for low sensitivity to manganese identifies novel alleles of NRAMP1 and PGSIP6. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1795-1803. [PMID: 29365153 PMCID: PMC5888932 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient; however, few genes required for growth under low-Mn conditions have been identified. In this study, we isolated Arabidopsis thaliana mutants sensitive to low-Mn conditions from ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized seeds. Among them, we identified the causal genes of two mutants. One mutant (35-34) exhibited a short root phenotype and low Mn concentration in the shoots. The other mutant (30-11) exhibited a small shoot phenotype with Mn concentrations similar to the control. Genetic mapping, allelism tests, and gene complementation tests identified the causal genes as At1g80830 (NRAMP1) for 35-34 and At5g18480 (PGSIP6) for 30-11. NRAMP1 was previously reported to be essential for Mn uptake under low-Mn conditions, thus validating our screening method. PGSIP6 encodes inositol phosphorylceramide glucuronosyltransferase, which is involved in glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramide sphingolipid glycosylation. PGSIP6-green fluorescent protein was localized to the Golgi apparatus, which is consistent with its function in the glycosylation of sphingolipids. Our screening identified a novel gene required for low-Mn tolerance, and we also provide new insights towards understanding the physiological function of PGSIP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Bian
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sae Kageshima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yano
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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32
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Tanabashi S, Shoda K, Saito C, Sakamoto T, Kurata T, Uemura T, Nakano A. A Missense Mutation in the NSF Gene Causes Abnormal Golgi Morphology in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell Struct Funct 2018; 43:41-51. [PMID: 29398689 DOI: 10.1247/csf.17026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a key station of glycosylation and membrane traffic. It consists of stacked cisternae in most eukaryotes. However, the mechanisms how the Golgi stacks are formed and maintained are still obscure. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana provides a nice system to observe Golgi structures by light microscopy, because the Golgi in A. thaliana is in the form of mini-stacks that are distributed throughout the cytoplasm. To obtain a clue to understand the molecular basis of Golgi morphology, we took a forward-genetic approach to isolate A. thaliana mutants that show abnormal structures of the Golgi under a confocal microscope. In the present report, we describe characterization of one of such mutants, named #46-3. The #46-3 mutant showed pleiotropic Golgi phenotypes. The Golgi size was in majority smaller than the wild type, but varied from very small ones, sometimes without clear association of cis and trans cisternae, to abnormally large ones under a confocal microscope. At the ultrastructual level by electron microscopy, queer-shaped large Golgi stacks were occasionally observed. By positional mapping, genome sequencing, and complementation and allelism tests, we linked the mutant phenotype to the missense mutation D374N in the NSF gene, encoding the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), a key component of membrane fusion. This residue is near the ATP-binding site of NSF, which is very well conserved in eukaryotes, suggesting that the biochemical function of NSF is important for maintaining the normal morphology of the Golgi.Key words: Golgi morphology, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Tanabashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Keiko Shoda
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute
| | - Chieko Saito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo.,Live Cell Super-Resolution Live Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics
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33
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Ito Y, Uemura T, Nakano A. The Golgi entry core compartment functions as a COPII-independent scaffold for ER-to-Golgi transport in plant cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.203893. [PMID: 28839076 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many questions remain about how the stacked structure of the Golgi is formed and maintained. In our previous study, we challenged this question using tobacco BY-2 cells and revealed that, upon Brefeldin A (BFA) treatment, previously undescribed small punctate structures containing a particular subset of cis-Golgi proteins are formed adjacent to the ER-exit sites and act as scaffolds for Golgi regeneration after BFA removal. In this study, we analyzed these structures further. The proteins that localize to these punctate structures originate from the cis-most cisternae. 3D time-lapse observations show that the trans-Golgi marker is transported through these structures during Golgi regeneration. These data indicate that the cis-most cisternae have a specialized region that receives cargo from the ER, which becomes obvious upon BFA treatment. Expression of a dominant mutant form of SAR1 does not affect the formation of the punctate structures. We propose to call these punctate structures the 'Golgi entry core compartment' (GECCO). They act as receivers for the rest of the Golgi materials and are formed independently of the COPII machinery.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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34
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Takagi J, Uemura T. Use of Brefeldin A and Wortmannin to Dissect Post-Golgi Organelles Related to Vacuolar Transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1789:155-165. [PMID: 29916078 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7856-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells comprise various organelles surrounded by the membrane. Each organelle is characterized by unique proteins and lipids and has its own specific functions. Single membrane-bounded organelles, including the Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and vacuoles are connected by membrane trafficking. Identifying the organelle localization of a protein of interest is essential for determining the proteins physiological functions. Here, we describe methods for determining protein subcellular localization using the inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Takagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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35
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Wang X, Chung KP, Lin W, Jiang L. Protein secretion in plants: conventional and unconventional pathways and new techniques. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:21-37. [PMID: 28992209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion is an essential process in all eukaryotic cells and its mechanisms have been extensively studied. Proteins with an N-terminal leading sequence or transmembrane domain are delivered through the conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. This feature is conserved in yeast, animals, and plants. In contrast, the transport of leaderless secretory proteins (LSPs) from the cytosol to the cell exterior is accomplished via the unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathway. So far, the CPS pathway has been well characterized in plants, with several recent studies providing new information about the regulatory mechanisms involved. On the other hand, studies on UPS pathways in plants remain descriptive, although a connection between UPS and the plant defense response is becoming more and more apparent. In this review, we present an update on CPS and UPS. With the emergence of new techniques, a more comprehensive understanding of protein secretion in plants can be expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Kin Pan Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Weili Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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36
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Brandizzi F. Transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi in plants: Where are we now? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:94-105. [PMID: 28688928 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The biogenesis of about one third of the cellular proteome is initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which exports proteins to the Golgi apparatus for sorting to their final destination. Notwithstanding the close proximity of the ER with other secretory membranes (e.g., endosomes, plasma membrane), the ER is also important for the homeostasis of non-secretory organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and chloroplasts. While how the plant ER interacts with most of the non-secretory membranes is largely unknown, the knowledge on the mechanisms for ER-to-Golgi transport is relatively more advanced. Indeed, over the last fifteen years or so, a large number of exciting results have contributed to draw parallels with non-plant species but also to highlight the complexity of the plant ER-Golgi interface, which bears unique features. This review reports and discusses results on plant ER-to-Golgi traffic, focusing mainly on research on COPII-mediated transport in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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37
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Osterrieder A, Sparkes IA, Botchway SW, Ward A, Ketelaar T, de Ruijter N, Hawes C. Stacks off tracks: a role for the golgin AtCASP in plant endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus tethering. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3339-3350. [PMID: 28605454 PMCID: PMC5853478 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts incoming proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and synthesizes cell wall matrix material. Plant cells possess numerous motile Golgi bodies, which are connected to the ER by yet to be identified tethering factors. Previous studies indicated a role for cis-Golgi plant golgins, which are long coiled-coil domain proteins anchored to Golgi membranes, in Golgi biogenesis. Here we show a tethering role for the golgin AtCASP at the ER-Golgi interface. Using live-cell imaging, Golgi body dynamics were compared in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf epidermal cells expressing fluorescently tagged AtCASP, a truncated AtCASP-ΔCC lacking the coiled-coil domains, and the Golgi marker STtmd. Golgi body speed and displacement were significantly reduced in AtCASP-ΔCC lines. Using a dual-colour optical trapping system and a TIRF-tweezer system, individual Golgi bodies were captured in planta. Golgi bodies in AtCASP-ΔCC lines were easier to trap and the ER-Golgi connection was more easily disrupted. Occasionally, the ER tubule followed a trapped Golgi body with a gap, indicating the presence of other tethering factors. Our work confirms that the intimate ER-Golgi association can be disrupted or weakened by expression of truncated AtCASP-ΔCC and suggests that this connection is most likely maintained by a golgin-mediated tethering complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Osterrieder
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Imogen A Sparkes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Stan W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Andy Ward
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert de Ruijter
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Zheng X, Zhang C, Guo Q, Wan X, Shao X, Liu Q, Zhang Q. Dual-functional nanoparticles for precise drug delivery to Alzheimer’s disease lesions: Targeting mechanisms, pharmacodynamics and safety. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:237-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yuen CYL, Wang P, Kang BH, Matsumoto K, Christopher DA. A Non-Classical Member of the Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family, PDI7 of Arabidopsis thaliana, Localizes to the cis-Golgi and Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1103-1117. [PMID: 28444333 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)-C subfamily are chimeric proteins containing the thioredoxin (Trx) domain of PDIs, and the conserved N- and C-terminal Pfam domains of Erv41p/Erv46p-type cargo receptors. They are unique to plants and chromalveolates. The Arabidopsis genome encodes three PDI-C isoforms: PDI7, PDI12 and PDI13. Here we demonstrate that PDI7 is a 65 kDa integral membrane glycoprotein expressed throughout many Arabidopsis tissues. Using a PDI7-specific antibody, we show through immunoelectron microscopy that PDI7 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi membranes in wild-type root tip cells, and was also detected in vesicles. Tomographic modeling of the Golgi revealed that PDI7 was confined to the cis-Golgi, and accumulated primarily at the cis-most cisterna. Shoot apical meristem cells from transgenic plants overexpressing PDI7 exhibited a dramatic increase in anti-PDI7 labeling at the cis-Golgi. When N- or C-terminal fusions between PDI7 and the green fluorescent protein variant, GFP(S65T), were expressed in mesophyll protoplasts, the fusions co-localized with the ER marker, ER-mCherry. However, when GFP(S65T) was positioned internally within PDI7 (PDI7-GFPint), the fusion strongly co-localized with the cis-Golgi marker, mCherry-SYP31, and faintly labeled the ER. In contrast to the Golgi-resident fusion protein (Man49-mCherry), PDI7-GFPint did not redistribute to the ER after brefeldin A treatment. Protease protection experiments indicated that the Trx domain of PDI7 is located within the ER/Golgi lumen. We propose a model where PDI-C isoforms function as cargo receptors for proteins containing exposed cysteine residues, cycling them from the Golgi back to the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen Y L Yuen
- University of Hawaii, Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kristie Matsumoto
- University of Hawaii, Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - David A Christopher
- University of Hawaii, Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Ito Y, Toyooka K, Fujimoto M, Ueda T, Uemura T, Nakano A. The trans-Golgi Network and the Golgi Stacks Behave Independently During Regeneration After Brefeldin A Treatment in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:811-821. [PMID: 28339924 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) plays an essential role in intracellular membrane trafficking. In plant cells, recent live-cell imaging studies have revealed the dynamic behavior of the TGN independent from the Golgi apparatus. In order to better understand the relationships between the two organelles, we examined their dynamic responses to the reagent brefeldin A (BFA) and their recovery after BFA removal. Golgi markers responded to BFA similarly over a range of concentrations, whereas the behavior of the TGN was BFA concentration dependent. The TGN formed aggregates at high concentrations of BFA; however, TGN proteins relocalized to numerous small vesicular structures dispersed throughout the cytoplasm at lower BFA concentrations. During recovery from weak BFA treatment, the TGN started to regenerate earlier than the completion of the Golgi. The regeneration of the two organelles proceeded independently of each other for a while, and eventually was completed by their association. Our data suggest that there is some degree of autonomy for the regeneration of the TGN and the Golgi in tobacco BY-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, Technology Platform Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
The delivery of proteins to the apoplast or protein secretion is an essential process in plant cells. Proteins are secreted to perform various biological functions such as cell wall modification and defense response. Conserved from yeast to mammals, both conventional and unconventional protein secretion pathways have been demonstrated in plants. In the conventional protein secretion pathway, secretory proteins with an N-terminal signal peptide are transported to the extracellular region via the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi apparatus and the subsequent endomembrane system. By contrast, multiple unconventional protein secretion pathways are proposed to mediate the secretion of the leaderless secretory proteins. In this review, we summarize the recent findings and provide a comprehensive overview of protein secretion pathways in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Pan Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yonglun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Akita K, Kobayashi M, Sato M, Kutsuna N, Ueda T, Toyooka K, Nagata N, Hasezawa S, Higaki T. Cell wall accumulation of fluorescent proteins derived from a trans-Golgi cisternal membrane marker and paramural bodies in interdigitated Arabidopsis leaf epidermal cells. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:367-377. [PMID: 26960821 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In most dicotyledonous plants, leaf epidermal pavement cells develop jigsaw puzzle-like shapes during cell expansion. The rapid growth and complicated cell shape of pavement cells is suggested to be achieved by targeted exocytosis that is coordinated with cytoskeletal rearrangement to provide plasma membrane and/or cell wall materials for lobe development during their morphogenesis. Therefore, visualization of membrane trafficking in leaf pavement cells should contribute an understanding of the mechanism of plant cell morphogenesis. To reveal membrane trafficking in pavement cells, we observed monomeric red fluorescent protein-tagged rat sialyl transferases, which are markers of trans-Golgi cisternal membranes, in the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Quantitative fluorescence imaging techniques and immunoelectron microscopic observations revealed that accumulation of the red fluorescent protein occurred mostly in the curved regions of pavement cell borders and guard cell ends during leaf expansion. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that apoplastic vesicular membrane structures called paramural bodies were more frequent beneath the curved cell wall regions of interdigitated pavement cells and guard cell ends in young leaf epidermis. In addition, pharmacological studies showed that perturbations in membrane trafficking resulted in simple cell shapes. These results suggested possible heterogeneity of the curved regions of plasma membranes, implying a relationship with pavement cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Akita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Megumi Kobayashi
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
- Research and Development Division, LPixel Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 150-0002, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
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Dlugosz EM, Lenaghan SC, Stewart CN. A Robotic Platform for High-throughput Protoplast Isolation and Transformation. J Vis Exp 2016:54300. [PMID: 27768035 PMCID: PMC5092064 DOI: 10.3791/54300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been a resurgence in the use of plant protoplasts that range from model species to crop species, for analysis of signal transduction pathways, transcriptional regulatory networks, gene expression, genome-editing, and gene-silencing. Furthermore, significant progress has been made in the regeneration of plants from protoplasts, which has generated even more interest in the use of these systems for plant genomics. In this work, a protocol has been developed for automation of protoplast isolation and transformation from a 'Bright Yellow' 2 (BY-2) tobacco suspension culture using a robotic platform. The transformation procedures were validated using an orange fluorescent protein (OFP) reporter gene (pporRFP) under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S). OFP expression in protoplasts was confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy. Analyses also included protoplast production efficiency methods using propidium iodide. Finally, low-cost food-grade enzymes were used for the protoplast isolation procedure, circumventing the need for lab-grade enzymes that are cost-prohibitive in high-throughput automated protoplast isolation and analysis. Based on the protocol developed in this work, the complete procedure from protoplast isolation to transformation can be conducted in under 4 hr, without any input from the operator. While the protocol developed in this work was validated with the BY-2 cell culture, the procedures and methods should be translatable to any plant suspension culture/protoplast system, which should enable acceleration of crop genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville;
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
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44
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Live-cell visualization of excitation energy dynamics in chloroplast thylakoid structures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29940. [PMID: 27416900 PMCID: PMC4945916 DOI: 10.1038/srep29940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate molecular processes underlying photosynthesis have long been studied using various analytic approaches. However, the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of such photosynthetic processes remain unexplored due to technological limitations related to investigating intraorganellar mechanisms in vivo. By developing a system for high-speed 3D laser scanning confocal microscopy combined with high-sensitivity multiple-channel detection, we visualized excitation energy dynamics in thylakoid structures within chloroplasts of live Physcomitrella patens cells. Two distinct thylakoid structures in the chloroplast, namely the grana and stroma lamellae, were visualized three-dimensionally in live cells. The simultaneous detection of the shorter (than ~670 nm) and longer (than ~680 nm) wavelength regions of chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence reveals different spatial characteristics-irregular and vertical structures, respectively. Spectroscopic analyses showed that the shorter and longer wavelength regions of Chl fluorescence are affected more by free light-harvesting antenna proteins and photosystem II supercomplexes, respectively. The high-speed 3D time-lapse imaging of the shorter and longer wavelength regions also reveals different structural dynamics-rapid and slow movements within 1.5 seconds, respectively. Such structural dynamics of the two wavelength regions of Chl fluorescence would indicate excitation energy dynamics between light-harvesting antenna proteins and photosystems, reflecting the energetically active nature of photosynthetic proteins in thylakoid membranes.
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45
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Saraste J. Spatial and Functional Aspects of ER-Golgi Rabs and Tethers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:28. [PMID: 27148530 PMCID: PMC4834429 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two conserved Rab GTPases, Rab1 and Rab2, play important roles in biosynthetic-secretory trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus in mammalian cells. Both are expressed as two isoforms that regulate anterograde transport via the intermediate compartment (IC) to the Golgi, but are also required for transport in the retrograde direction. Moreover, Rab1 has been implicated in the formation of autophagosomes. Rab1 and Rab2 have numerous effectors or partners that function in membrane tethering, but also have other roles. These include the coiled-coil proteins p115, GM130, giantin, golgin-84, and GMAP-210, as well as the multisubunit COG (conserved oligomeric Golgi) and TRAPP (transport protein particle) tethering complexes. TRAPP also acts as the GTP exchange factor (GEF) in the activation of Rab1. According to the traditional view of the IC elements as motile, transient structures, the functions of the Rabs could take place at the two ends of the ER-Golgi itinerary, i.e., at ER exit sites (ERES) and/or cis-Golgi. However, there is considerable evidence for their specific association with the IC, including its recently identified pericentrosomal domain (pcIC), where many of the effectors turn out to be present, thus being able to exert their functions at the pre-Golgi level. The IC localization of these proteins is of particular interest based on the imaging of Rab1 dynamics, indicating that the IC is a stable organelle that bidirectionally communicates with the ER and Golgi, and is functionally linked to the endosomal system via the pcIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
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46
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Kanazawa T, Era A, Minamino N, Shikano Y, Fujimoto M, Uemura T, Nishihama R, Yamato KT, Ishizaki K, Nishiyama T, Kohchi T, Nakano A, Ueda T. SNARE Molecules in Marchantia polymorpha: Unique and Conserved Features of the Membrane Fusion Machinery. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:307-24. [PMID: 26019268 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The membrane trafficking pathway has been diversified in a specific way for each eukaryotic lineage, probably to fulfill specific functions in the organisms. In green plants, comparative genomics has supported the possibility that terrestrialization and/or multicellularization could be associated with the elaboration and diversification of membrane trafficking pathways, which have been accomplished by an expansion of the numbers of genes required for machinery components of membrane trafficking, including soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. However, information regarding membrane trafficking pathways in basal land plant lineages remains limited. In the present study, we conducted extensive analyses of SNARE molecules, which mediate membrane fusion between target membranes and transport vesicles or donor organelles, in the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. The M. polymorpha genome contained at least 34 genes for 36 SNARE proteins, comprising fundamental sets of SNARE proteins that are shared among land plant lineages with low degrees of redundancy. We examined the subcellular distribution of a major portion of these SNARE proteins by expressing Citrine-tagged SNARE proteins in M. polymorpha, and the results showed that some of the SNARE proteins were targeted to different compartments from their orthologous products in Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, MpSYP12B was localized to the surface of the oil body, which is a unique organelle in liverworts. Furthermore, we identified three VAMP72 members with distinctive structural characteristics, whose N-terminal extensions contain consensus sequences for N-myristoylation. These results suggest that M. polymorpha has acquired unique membrane trafficking pathways associated with newly acquired machinery components during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Kanazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Department of Cell Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Naoki Minamino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yu Shikano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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Lütz-Meindl U, Luckner M, Andosch A, Wanner G. Structural stress responses and degradation of dictyosomes in algae analysed by TEM and FIB-SEM tomography. J Microsc 2015; 263:129-41. [PMID: 26708415 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced physiological deficiencies in cells are reflected in structural, morphological and functional reactions of organelles. Although numerous investigations have focused on chloroplasts and mitochondria as main targets of different stressors in plant cells, there is insufficient information on the plant Golgi apparatus as stress sensor. By using the advantages of field emission scanning electron microscopy tomography in combination with classical ultrathin sectioning and transmission electron microscopic analyses, we provide structural evidence for common stress responses of the large and highly stable dictyosomes in the algal model system Micrasterias. Stress is induced by different metals such as manganese and lead, by starvation in 9 weeks of darkness or by inhibiting photosynthesis or glycolysis and by disturbing ionic homeostasis via KCl. For the first time a stress-induced degradation pathway of dictyosomes is described that does not follow "classical" autophagy but occurs by disintegration of cisternae into single membrane balls that seem to be finally absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Comparison of the morphological features that accompany dictyosomal degradation in Micrasterias to similar reactions observed during the same stress application in Nitella indicates an ubiquitous degradation process at least in algae. As the algae investigated belong to the closest relatives of higher land plants these results may also be relevant for understanding dictyosomal stress and degradation responses in the latter phylogenetic group. In addition, this study shows that two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy is insufficient for elucidating complex processes such as organelle degradation, and that information from three-dimensional reconstructions as provided by field emission scanning electron microscopy tomography is absolutely required for a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lütz-Meindl
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Luckner
- Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - A Andosch
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - G Wanner
- Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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48
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Unique COPII component AtSar1a/AtSec23a pair is required for the distinct function of protein ER export in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14360-5. [PMID: 26578783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519333112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory proteins traffic from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi via the coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicle, which consists of five cytosolic components (Sar1, Sec23-24, and Sec13-31). In eukaryotes, COPII transport has diversified due to gene duplication, creating multiple COPII paralogs. Evidence has accumulated, revealing the functional heterogeneity of COPII paralogs in protein ER export. Sar1B, the small GTPase of COPII machinery, seems to be specialized for large cargo secretion in mammals. Arabidopsis contains five Sar1 and seven Sec23 homologs, and AtSar1a was previously shown to exhibit different effects on α-amylase secretion. However, mechanisms underlying the functional diversity of Sar1 paralogs remain unclear in higher organisms. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis Sar1 homolog AtSar1a exhibits distinct localization in plant cells. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing dominant-negative AtSar1a exhibit distinct effects on ER cargo export. Mutagenesis analysis identified a single amino acid, Cys84, as being responsible for the functional diversity of AtSar1a. Structure homology modeling and interaction studies revealed that Cys84 is crucial for the specific interaction of AtSar1a with AtSec23a, a distinct Arabidopsis Sec23 homolog. Structure modeling and coimmunoprecipitation further identified a corresponding amino acid, Cys484, on AtSec23a as being essential for the specific pair formation. At the cellular level, the Cys484 mutation affects the distinct function of AtSec23a on vacuolar cargo trafficking. Additionally, dominant-negative AtSar1a affects the ER export of the transcription factor bZIP28 under ER stress. We have demonstrated a unique plant pair of COPII machinery function in ER export and the mechanism underlying the functional diversity of COPII paralogs in eukaryotes.
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49
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Takano S, Matsuda S, Funabiki A, Furukawa JI, Yamauchi T, Tokuji Y, Nakazono M, Shinohara Y, Takamure I, Kato K. The rice RCN11 gene encodes β1,2-xylosyltransferase and is required for plant responses to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:75-88. [PMID: 26025522 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination rates and plant development and growth under abiotic stress are important aspects of crop productivity. Here, our characterization of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant reduced culm number11 (rcn11) showed that RCN11 controls growth of plants exposed to abnormal temperature, salinity and drought conditions. RCN11 also mediates root aerenchyma formation under oxygen-deficient conditions and ABA sensitivity during seed germination. Molecular studies showed that the rcn11 mutation resulted from a 966-bp deletion that caused loss of function of β1,2-xylosyltransferase (OsXylT). This enzyme is located in the Golgi apparatus where it catalyzes the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose to the core β-linked mannose of N-glycans. RCN11/OsXylT promoter activity was observed in the basal part of the shoot containing the shoot and axillary meristems and in the base of crown roots. The level of RCN11/OsXylT expression was regulated by multiple phytohormones and various abiotic stresses suggesting that plant specific N-glycosylation is regulated by multiple signals in rice plants. The present study is the first to demonstrate that rice β1,2-linked xylose residues on N-glycans are critical for seed germination and plant development and growth under conditions of abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Takano
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Funabiki
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Furukawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tokuji
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Itsuro Takamure
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Kato
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Robinson DG, Brandizzi F, Hawes C, Nakano A. Vesicles versus Tubes: Is Endoplasmic Reticulum-Golgi Transport in Plants Fundamentally Different from Other Eukaryotes? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:393-406. [PMID: 25883241 PMCID: PMC4453782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the gateway to the secretory pathway in all eukaryotic cells. Its products subsequently pass through the Golgi apparatus on the way to the cell surface (true secretion) or to the lytic compartment of the cell (vacuolar protein transport). In animal cells, the Golgi apparatus is present as a stationary larger order complex near the nucleus, and transport between the cortical ER and the Golgi complex occurs via an intermediate compartment which is transported on microtubules. By contrast, higher plant cells have discrete mobile Golgi stacks that move along the cortical ER, and the intermediate compartment is absent. Although many of the major molecular players involved in ER-Golgi trafficking in mammalian and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells have homologs in higher plants, the narrow interface (less than 500 nm) between the Golgi and the ER, together with the motility factor, makes the identification of the transport vectors responsible for bidirectional traffic between these two organelles much more difficult. Over the years, a controversy has arisen over the two major possibilities by which transfer can occur: through vesicles or direct tubular connections. In this article, four leading plant cell biologists attempted to resolve this issue. Unfortunately, their opinions are so divergent and often opposing that it was not possible to reach a consensus. Thus, we decided to let each tell his or her version individually. The review begins with an article by Federica Brandizzi that provides the necessary molecular background on coat protein complexes in relation to the so-called secretory units model for ER-Golgi transport in highly vacuolated plant cells. The second article, written by Chris Hawes, presents the evidence in favor of tubules. It is followed by an article from David Robinson defending the classical notion that transport occurs via vesicles. The last article, by Akihiko Nakano, introduces the reader to possible alternatives to vesicles or tubules, which are now emerging as a result of exciting new developments in high-resolution light microscopy in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.G.R.);Department of Plant Biology and Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (F.B.);Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (C.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (A.N.); andLive Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.G.R.);Department of Plant Biology and Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (F.B.);Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (C.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (A.N.); andLive Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Chris Hawes
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.G.R.);Department of Plant Biology and Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (F.B.);Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (C.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (A.N.); andLive Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.G.R.);Department of Plant Biology and Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (F.B.);Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (C.H.); Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan (A.N.); andLive Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan (A.N.)
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