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Takeichi M. Cell sorting in vitro and in vivo: How are cadherins involved? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 147:2-11. [PMID: 36376196 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal tissues are composed of heterogenous cells, and their sorting into different compartments of the tissue is a pivotal process for organogenesis. Cells accomplish sorting by themselves-it is well known that singly dispersed cells can self-organize into tissue-like structures in vitro. Cell sorting is regulated by both biochemical and physical mechanisms. Adhesive proteins connect cells together, selecting particular partners through their specific binding properties, while physical forces, such as cell-cortical tension, control the cohesiveness between cells and in turn cell assembly patterns in mechanical ways. These processes cooperate in determining the overall cell sorting behavior. This article focuses on the 'cadherin' family of adhesion molecules as a biochemical component of cell-cell interactions, addressing how they regulate cell sorting by themselves or by cooperating with other factors. New ideas beyond the classical models of cell sorting are also discussed.
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2
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Alexander GM, Heiman-Patterson TD, Bearoff F, Sher RB, Hennessy L, Terek S, Caccavo N, Cox GA, Philip VM, Blankenhorn EA. Identification of quantitative trait loci for survival in the mutant dynactin p150Glued mouse model of motor neuron disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274615. [PMID: 36107978 PMCID: PMC9477371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common degenerative motor neuron disorder. Although most cases of ALS are sporadic, 5-10% of cases are familial, with mutations associated with over 40 genes. There is variation of ALS symptoms within families carrying the same mutation; the disease may develop in one sibling and not in another despite the presence of the mutation in both. Although the cause of this phenotypic variation is unknown, it is likely related to genetic modifiers of disease expression. The identification of ALS causing genes has led to the development of transgenic mouse models of motor neuron disease. Similar to families with familial ALS, there are background-dependent differences in disease phenotype in transgenic mouse models of ALS suggesting that, as in human ALS, differences in phenotype may be ascribed to genetic modifiers. These genetic modifiers may not cause ALS rather their expression either exacerbates or ameliorates the effect of the mutant ALS causing genes. We have reported that in both the G93A-hSOD1 and G59S-hDCTN1 mouse models, SJL mice demonstrated a more severe phenotype than C57BL6 mice. From reciprocal intercrosses between G93A-hSOD1 transgenic mice on SJL and C57BL6 strains, we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on mouse chromosome 17 that results in a significant shift in lifespan. In this study we generated reciprocal intercrosses between transgenic G59S-hDCTN1 mice on SJL and C57BL6 strains and identified survival QTLs on mouse chromosomes 17 and 18. The chromosome 17 survival QTL on G93A-hSOD1 and G59S-hDCTN1 mice partly overlap, suggesting that the genetic modifiers located in this region may be shared by these two ALS models despite the fact that motor neuron degeneration is caused by mutations in different proteins. The overlapping region contains eighty-seven genes with non-synonymous variations predicted to be deleterious and/or damaging. Two genes in this segment, NOTCH3 and Safb/SAFB1, have been associated with motor neuron disease. The identification of genetic modifiers of motor neuron disease, especially those modifiers that are shared by SOD1 and dynactin-1 transgenic mice, may result in the identification of novel targets for therapies that can alter the course of this devastating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry D. Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frank Bearoff
- Department of Microbiology Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roger B. Sher
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Hennessy
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shannon Terek
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicole Caccavo
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Cox
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Vivek M. Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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3
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Borghi R, Magliocca V, Trivisano M, Specchio N, Tartaglia M, Bertini E, Compagnucci C. Modeling PCDH19-CE: From 2D Stem Cell Model to 3D Brain Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073506. [PMID: 35408865 PMCID: PMC8998847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PCDH19 clustering epilepsy (PCDH19-CE) is a genetic disease characterized by a heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum ranging from focal epilepsy with rare seizures and normal cognitive development to severe drug-resistant epilepsy associated with intellectual disability and autism. Unfortunately, little is known about the pathogenic mechanism underlying this disease and an effective treatment is lacking. Studies with zebrafish and murine models have provided insights on the function of PCDH19 during brain development and how its altered function causes the disease, but these models fail to reproduce the human phenotype. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided a complementary experimental approach for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in PCDH19-CE during neurogenesis and studying the pathology in a more physiological three-dimensional (3D) environment through the development of brain organoids. We report on recent progress in the development of human brain organoids with a particular focus on how this 3D model may shed light on the pathomechanisms implicated in PCDH19-CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Borghi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Valentina Magliocca
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Department of Neurosciences, Rare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (R.B.); (V.M.); (M.T.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Hudson JD, Tamilselvan E, Sotomayor M, Cooper SR. A complete Protocadherin-19 ectodomain model for evaluating epilepsy-causing mutations and potential protein interaction sites. Structure 2021; 29:1128-1143.e4. [PMID: 34520737 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin superfamily members play a critical role in differential adhesion during neurodevelopment, and their disruption has been linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in protocadherin-19 (PCDH19), a member of the δ-protocadherin subfamily of cadherins, cause a unique form of epilepsy called PCDH19 clustering epilepsy. While PCDH19 and other non-clustered δ-protocadherins form multimers with other members of the cadherin superfamily to alter adhesiveness, the specific protein surfaces responsible for these interactions are unknown. Only portions of the PCDH19 extracellular domain structure had been solved previously. Here, we present a structure of the missing segment from zebrafish Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) and create a complete ectodomain model. This model shows the structural environment for 97% of disease-causing missense mutations and reveals two potential surfaces for intermolecular interactions that could modify Pcdh19's adhesive strength and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Hudson
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Cedarville University, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, USA
| | - Elakkiya Tamilselvan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 484 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sharon R Cooper
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Cedarville University, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, USA.
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Cellular and Behavioral Characterization of Pcdh19 Mutant Mice: subtle Molecular Changes, Increased Exploratory Behavior and an Impact of Social Environment. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0510-20.2021. [PMID: 34272258 PMCID: PMC8362684 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0510-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked cell adhesion protein PCDH19 lead to seizures, cognitive impairment, and other behavioral comorbidities when present in a mosaic pattern. Neither the molecular mechanisms underpinning this disorder nor the function of PCDH19 itself are well understood. By combining RNA in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry and analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing datasets, we reveal Pcdh19 expression in cortical interneurons and provide a first account of the subtypes of neurons expressing Pcdh19/PCDH19, both in the mouse and the human cortex. Our quantitative analysis of the Pcdh19 mutant mouse exposes subtle changes in cortical layer composition, with no major alterations of the main axonal tracts. In addition, Pcdh19 mutant animals, particularly females, display preweaning behavioral changes, including reduced anxiety and increased exploratory behavior. Importantly, our experiments also reveal an effect of the social environment on the behavior of wild-type littermates of Pcdh19 mutant mice, which show alterations when compared with wild-type animals not housed with mutants.
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δ-Protocadherins regulate neural progenitor cell division by antagonizing Ryk and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. iScience 2021; 24:102932. [PMID: 34430817 PMCID: PMC8374482 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The division of neural progenitor cells provides the cellular substrate from which the nervous system is sculpted during development. The δ-protocadherin family of homophilic cell adhesion molecules is essential for the development of the vertebrate nervous system and is implicated in an array of neurodevelopmental disorders. We show that lesions in any of six, individual δ-protocadherins increases cell divisions of neural progenitors in the hindbrain. This increase is due to mis-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as this pathway is upregulated in δ-protocadherin mutants and inhibition of this pathway blocks the increase in cell division. Furthermore, the δ-protocadherins can be present in complex with the Wnt receptor Ryk, and Ryk is required for the increased proliferation in protocadherin mutants. Thus, δ-protocadherins are novel regulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that may control the development of neural circuits by defining a molecular code for the identity of neural progenitor cells and differentially regulating their proliferation.
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Right Place at the Right Time: How Changes in Protocadherins Affect Synaptic Connections Contributing to the Etiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122711. [PMID: 33352832 PMCID: PMC7766791 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, neurons need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to a functional neuronal circuitry. Mistakes during this process, leading to the formation of improper neuronal connectivity, can result in a number of brain abnormalities and impairments collectively referred to as neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), present on the cell surface, take part in the neurodevelopmental process regulating migration and recognition of specific cells to form functional neuronal assemblies. Among CAMs, the members of the protocadherin (PCDH) group stand out because they are involved in cell adhesion, neurite initiation and outgrowth, axon pathfinding and fasciculation, and synapse formation and stabilization. Given the critical role of these macromolecules in the major neurodevelopmental processes, it is not surprising that clinical and basic research in the past two decades has identified several PCDH genes as responsible for a large fraction of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the present article, we review these findings with a focus on the non-clustered PCDH sub-group, discussing the proteins implicated in the main neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Emond MR, Biswas S, Morrow ML, Jontes JD. Proximity-dependent Proteomics Reveals Extensive Interactions of Protocadherin-19 with Regulators of Rho GTPases and the Microtubule Cytoskeleton. Neuroscience 2020; 452:26-36. [PMID: 33010346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherin-19 belongs to the cadherin family of cell surface receptors and has been shown to play essential roles in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Mutations in human Protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) lead to PCDH19 Female-limited epilepsy (PCDH19 FLE) in humans, characterized by the early onset of epileptic seizures in children and a range of cognitive and behavioral problems in adults. Despite being considered the second most prevalent gene in epilepsy, very little is known about the intercellular pathways in which it participates. In order to characterize the protein complexes within which Pcdh19 functions, we generated Pcdh19-BioID fusion proteins and utilized proximity-dependent biotinylation to identify neighboring proteins. Proteomic identification and analysis revealed that the Pcdh19 interactome is enriched in proteins that regulate Rho family GTPases, microtubule binding proteins and proteins that regulate cell divisions. We cloned the centrosomal protein Nedd1 and the RacGEF Dock7 and verified their interactions with Pcdh19 in vitro. Our findings provide the first comprehensive insights into the interactome of Pcdh19, and provide a platform for future investigations into the cellular and molecular biology of this protein critical to the proper development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Emond
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, United States
| | | | - Matthew L Morrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, United States
| | - James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, United States.
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9
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Cognitive Stimulation Induces Differential Gene Expression in Octopus vulgaris: The Key Role of Protocadherins. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080196. [PMID: 32751499 PMCID: PMC7465212 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Octopuses are unique invertebrates, with sophisticated and flexible behaviors controlled by a high degree of brain plasticity, learning, and memory. Moreover, in Octopus vulgaris, it has been demonstrated that animals housed in an enriched environment show adult neurogenesis in specific brain areas. Firstly, we evaluated the optimal acclimatization period needed for an O. vulgaris before starting a cognitive stimulation experiment. Subsequently, we analyzed differential gene expression in specific brain areas in adult animals kept in tested (enriched environment), wild (naturally enriched environment), and control conditions (unenriched environment). We selected and sequenced three protocadherin genes (PCDHs) involved in the development and maintenance of the nervous system; three Pax genes that control cell specification and tissue differentiation; the Elav gene, an earliest marker for neural cells; and the Zic1 gene, involved in early neural formation in the brain. In this paper, we evaluated gene expression levels in O. vulgaris under different cognitive stimulations. Our data shows that Oct-PCDHs genes are upregulated in the learning and lower motor centers in the brain of both tested and wild animals (higher in the latter). Combining these results with our previous studies on O. vulgaris neurogenesis, we proposed that PCDH genes may be involved in adult neurogenesis processes, and related with their cognitive abilities.
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10
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Pancho A, Aerts T, Mitsogiannis MD, Seuntjens E. Protocadherins at the Crossroad of Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:117. [PMID: 32694982 PMCID: PMC7339444 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion molecules that belong to the cadherin superfamily, and are subdivided into clustered (cPcdhs) and non-clustered Pcdhs (ncPcdhs) in vertebrates. In this review, we summarize their discovery, expression mechanisms, and roles in neuronal development and cancer, thereby highlighting the context-dependent nature of their actions. We furthermore provide an extensive overview of current structural knowledge, and its implications concerning extracellular interactions between cPcdhs, ncPcdhs, and classical cadherins. Next, we survey the known molecular action mechanisms of Pcdhs, emphasizing the regulatory functions of proteolytic processing and domain shedding. In addition, we outline the importance of Pcdh intracellular domains in the regulation of downstream signaling cascades, and we describe putative Pcdh interactions with intracellular molecules including components of the WAVE complex, the Wnt pathway, and apoptotic cascades. Our overview combines molecular interaction data from different contexts, such as neural development and cancer. This comprehensive approach reveals potential common Pcdh signaling hubs, and points out future directions for research. Functional studies of such key factors within the context of neural development might yield innovative insights into the molecular etiology of Pcdh-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pancho
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Bosze B, Ono Y, Mattes B, Sinner C, Gourain V, Thumberger T, Tlili S, Wittbrodt J, Saunders TE, Strähle U, Schug A, Scholpp S. Pcdh18a regulates endocytosis of E-cadherin during axial mesoderm development in zebrafish. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:463-480. [PMID: 32488346 PMCID: PMC7609436 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The notochord defines the axial structure of all vertebrates during development. Notogenesis is a result of major cell reorganization in the mesoderm, the convergence and the extension of the axial cells. However, it is currently not fully understood how these processes act together in a coordinated way during notochord formation. The prechordal plate is an actively migrating cell population in the central mesoderm anterior to the trailing notochordal plate cells. We show that prechordal plate cells express Protocadherin 18a (Pcdh18a), a member of the cadherin superfamily. We find that Pcdh18a-mediated recycling of E-cadherin adhesion complexes transforms prechordal plate cells into a cohesive and fast migrating cell group. In turn, the prechordal plate cells subsequently instruct the trailing mesoderm. We simulated cell migration during early mesoderm formation using a lattice-based mathematical framework and predicted that the requirement for an anterior, local motile cell cluster could guide the intercalation and extension of the posterior, axial cells. Indeed, a grafting experiment validated the prediction and local Pcdh18a expression induced an ectopic prechordal plate-like cell group migrating towards the animal pole. Our findings indicate that the Pcdh18a is important for prechordal plate formation, which influences the trailing mesodermal cell sheet by orchestrating the morphogenesis of the notochord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Bosze
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yosuke Ono
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Benjamin Mattes
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Claude Sinner
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany.,Department of Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Victor Gourain
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Thumberger
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sham Tlili
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alexander Schug
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Living Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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12
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Kong X, Bai Q, Liu F, Teng L, Li X, Kong D. Effects of general anesthesia with combined propofol and sevoflurane on descendant neurobehavioral, learning and memory functions in SD rats in their third trimester of pregnancy. Minerva Med 2019; 112:530-531. [PMID: 31359739 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.19.06250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Qinglin Bai
- Operating Room, the People's Hospital of Zhangqiu Area, Jinan, China
| | - Faqin Liu
- Operating Room, the People's Hospital of Zhangqiu Area, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Teng
- Outpatient Department, The People's Hospital of Zhangqiu Area, Jinan, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- Department of ICU, The People's Hospital of Zhangqiu Area, Jinan, China
| | - Dehua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China -
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13
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Multiplane Calcium Imaging Reveals Disrupted Development of Network Topology in Zebrafish pcdh19 Mutants. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0420-18.2019. [PMID: 31061071 PMCID: PMC6525332 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0420-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional brain networks self-assemble during development, although the molecular basis of network assembly is poorly understood. Protocadherin-19 (pcdh19) is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule that is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, and influences multiple cellular and developmental events in zebrafish. Although loss of PCDH19 in humans and model organisms leads to functional deficits, the underlying network defects remain unknown. Here, we employ multiplane, resonant-scanning in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of developing zebrafish, and use graph theory to characterize the development of resting state functional networks in both wild-type and pcdh19 mutant larvae. We find that the brain networks of pcdh19 mutants display enhanced clustering and an altered developmental trajectory of network assembly. Our results show that functional imaging and network analysis in zebrafish larvae is an effective approach for characterizing the developmental impact of lesions in genes of clinical interest.
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Guemez-Gamboa A, Çağlayan AO, Stanley V, Gregor A, Zaki MS, Saleem SN, Musaev D, McEvoy-Venneri J, Belandres D, Akizu N, Silhavy JL, Schroth J, Rosti RO, Copeland B, Lewis SM, Fang R, Issa MY, Per H, Gumus H, Bayram AK, Kumandas S, Akgumus GT, Erson-Omay EZ, Yasuno K, Bilguvar K, Heimer G, Pillar N, Shomron N, Weissglas-Volkov D, Porat Y, Einhorn Y, Gabriel S, Ben-Zeev B, Gunel M, Gleeson JG. Loss of Protocadherin-12 Leads to Diencephalic-Mesencephalic Junction Dysplasia Syndrome. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:638-647. [PMID: 30178464 PMCID: PMC6510237 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify causes of the autosomal-recessive malformation, diencephalic-mesencephalic junction dysplasia (DMJD) syndrome. METHODS Eight families with DMJD were studied by whole-exome or targeted sequencing, with detailed clinical and radiological characterization. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells were derived into neural precursor and endothelial cells to study gene expression. RESULTS All patients showed biallelic mutations in the nonclustered protocadherin-12 (PCDH12) gene. The characteristic clinical presentation included progressive microcephaly, craniofacial dysmorphism, psychomotor disability, epilepsy, and axial hypotonia with variable appendicular spasticity. Brain imaging showed brainstem malformations and with frequent thinned corpus callosum with punctate brain calcifications, reflecting expression of PCDH12 in neural and endothelial cells. These cells showed lack of PCDH12 expression and impaired neurite outgrowth. INTERPRETATION DMJD patients have biallelic mutations in PCDH12 and lack of protein expression. These patients present with characteristic microcephaly and abnormalities of white matter tracts. Such pathogenic variants predict a poor outcome as a result of brainstem malformation and evidence of white matter tract defects, and should be added to the phenotypic spectrum associated with PCDH12-related conditions. Ann Neurol 2018;84:646-655.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Guemez-Gamboa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anne Gregor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar N Saleem
- Radiology Department-Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Damir Musaev
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Denice Belandres
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Naiara Akizu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jennifer L Silhavy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jana Schroth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rasim Ozgur Rosti
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Brett Copeland
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Steven M Lewis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Rebecca Fang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Huseyin Per
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gumus
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayse Kacar Bayram
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sefer Kumandas
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gozde Tugce Akgumus
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Emine Z Erson-Omay
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Katsuhito Yasuno
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gali Heimer
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Pillar
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Shomron
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Stacey Gabriel
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bruria Ben-Zeev
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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15
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The histone chaperone NAP1L3 is required for haematopoietic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11202. [PMID: 30046127 PMCID: PMC6060140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleosome assembly proteins (NAPs) are histone chaperones with an important role in chromatin structure and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. We find that high gene expression levels of mouse Nap1l3 are restricted to haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mice. Importantly, with shRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 mediated loss of function of mouse Nap1l3 and with overexpression of the gene, the number of colony-forming cells and myeloid progenitor cells in vitro are reduced. This manifests as a striking decrease in the number of HSCs, which reduces their reconstituting activities in vivo. Downregulation of human NAP1L3 in umbilical cord blood (UCB) HSCs impairs the maintenance and proliferation of HSCs both in vitro and in vivo. NAP1L3 downregulation in UCB HSCs causes an arrest in the G0 phase of cell cycle progression and induces gene expression signatures that significantly correlate with downregulation of gene sets involved in cell cycle regulation, including E2F and MYC target genes. Moreover, we demonstrate that HOXA3 and HOXA5 genes are markedly upregulated when NAP1L3 is suppressed in UCB HSCs. Taken together, our findings establish an important role for NAP1L3 in HSC homeostasis and haematopoietic differentiation.
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Abstract
The cadherin superfamily comprises a large, diverse collection of cell surface receptors that are expressed in the nervous system throughout development and have been shown to be essential for the proper assembly of the vertebrate nervous system. As our knowledge of each family member has grown, it has become increasingly clear that the functions of various cadherin subfamilies are intertwined: they can be present in the same protein complexes, impinge on the same developmental processes, and influence the same signaling pathways. This interconnectedness may illustrate a central way in which core developmental events are controlled to bring about the robust and precise assembly of neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Ohio 43210
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17
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Williams JS, Hsu JY, Rossi CC, Artinger KB. Requirement of zebrafish pcdh10a and pcdh10b in melanocyte precursor migration. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S274-S286. [PMID: 29604249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Melanocytes derive from neural crest cells, which are a highly migratory population of cells that play an important role in pigmentation of the skin and epidermal appendages. In most vertebrates, melanocyte precursor cells migrate solely along the dorsolateral pathway to populate the skin. However, zebrafish melanocyte precursors also migrate along the ventromedial pathway, in route to the yolk, where they interact with other neural crest derivative populations. Here, we demonstrate the requirement for zebrafish paralogs pcdh10a and pcdh10b in zebrafish melanocyte precursor migration. pcdh10a and pcdh10b are expressed in a subset of melanocyte precursor and somatic cells respectively, and knockdown and TALEN mediated gene disruption of pcdh10a results in aberrant migration of melanocyte precursors resulting in fully melanized melanocytes that differentiate precociously in the ventromedial pathway. Live cell imaging analysis demonstrates that loss of pchd10a results in a reduction of directed cell migration of melanocyte precursors, caused by both increased adhesion and a loss of cell-cell contact with other migratory neural crest cells. Also, we determined that the paralog pcdh10b is upregulated and can compensate for the genetic loss of pcdh10a. Disruption of pcdh10b alone by CRISPR mutagenesis results in somite defects, while the loss of both paralogs results in enhanced migratory melanocyte precursor phenotype and embryonic lethality. These results reveal a novel role for pcdh10a and pcdh10b in zebrafish melanocyte precursor migration and suggest that pcdh10 paralogs potentially interact for proper transient migration along the ventromedial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells, and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Kristin Bruk Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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18
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Lu WC, Zhou YX, Qiao P, Zheng J, Wu Q, Shen Q. The protocadherin alpha cluster is required for axon extension and myelination in the developing central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:427-433. [PMID: 29623926 PMCID: PMC5900504 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.228724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult mammals, axon regeneration after central nervous system injury is very poor, resulting in persistent functional loss. Enhancing the ability of axonal outgrowth may be a potential treatment strategy because mature neurons of the adult central nervous system may retain the intrinsic ability to regrow axons after injury. The protocadherin (Pcdh) clusters are thought to function in neuronal morphogenesis and in the assembly of neural circuitry in the brain. We cultured primary hippocampal neurons from E17.5 Pcdhα deletion (del-α) mouse embryos. After culture for 1 day, axon length was obviously shorter in del-α neurons compared with wild-type neurons. RNA sequencing of hippocampal E17.5 RNA showed that expression levels of BDNF, Fmod, Nrp2, OGN, and Sema3d, which are associated with axon extension, were significantly down-regulated in the absence of the Pcdhα gene cluster. Using transmission electron microscopy, the ratio of myelinated nerve fibers in the axons of del-α hippocampal neurons was significantly decreased; myelin sheaths of P21 Pcdhα-del mice showed lamellar disorder, discrete appearance, and vacuoles. These results indicate that the Pcdhα cluster can promote the growth and myelination of axons in the neurodevelopmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cheng Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zhou
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu, Zhangqiu, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Peek SL, Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of neural circuit formation by protocadherins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4133-4157. [PMID: 28631008 PMCID: PMC5643215 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protocadherins (Pcdhs), which make up the most diverse group within the cadherin superfamily, were first discovered in the early 1990s. Data implicating the Pcdhs, including ~60 proteins encoded by the tandem Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg gene clusters and another ~10 non-clustered Pcdhs, in the regulation of neural development have continually accumulated, with a significant expansion of the field over the past decade. Here, we review the many roles played by clustered and non-clustered Pcdhs in multiple steps important for the formation and function of neural circuits, including dendrite arborization, axon outgrowth and targeting, synaptogenesis, and synapse elimination. We further discuss studies implicating mutation or epigenetic dysregulation of Pcdh genes in a variety of human neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. With recent structural modeling of Pcdh proteins, the prospects for uncovering molecular mechanisms of Pcdh extracellular and intracellular interactions, and their role in normal and disrupted neural circuit formation, are bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Peek
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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20
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HuD and the Survival Motor Neuron Protein Interact in Motoneurons and Are Essential for Motoneuron Development, Function, and mRNA Regulation. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11559-11571. [PMID: 29061699 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1528-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Motoneurons establish a critical link between the CNS and muscles. If motoneurons do not develop correctly, they cannot form the required connections, resulting in movement defects or paralysis. Compromised development can also lead to degeneration because the motoneuron is not set up to function properly. Little is known, however, regarding the mechanisms that control vertebrate motoneuron development, particularly the later stages of axon branch and dendrite formation. The motoneuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by low levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein leading to defects in vertebrate motoneuron development and synapse formation. Here we show using zebrafish as a model system that SMN interacts with the RNA binding protein (RBP) HuD in motoneurons in vivo during formation of axonal branches and dendrites. To determine the function of HuD in motoneurons, we generated zebrafish HuD mutants and found that they exhibited decreased motor axon branches, dramatically fewer dendrites, and movement defects. These same phenotypes are present in animals expressing low levels of SMN, indicating that both proteins function in motoneuron development. HuD binds and transports mRNAs and one of its target mRNAs, Gap43, is involved in axonal outgrowth. We found that Gap43 was decreased in both HuD and SMN mutants. Importantly, transgenic expression of HuD in motoneurons of SMN mutants rescued the motoneuron defects, the movement defects, and Gap43 mRNA levels. These data support that the interaction between SMN and HuD is critical for motoneuron development and point to a role for RBPs in SMA.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In zebrafish models of the motoneuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), motor axons fail to form the normal extent of axonal branches and dendrites leading to decreased motor function. SMA is caused by low levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. We show in motoneurons in vivo that SMN interacts with the RNA binding protein, HuD. Novel mutants reveal that HuD is also necessary for motor axonal branch and dendrite formation. Data also revealed that both SMN and HuD affect levels of an mRNA involved in axonal growth. Moreover, expressing HuD in SMN-deficient motoneurons can rescue the motoneuron development and motor defects caused by low levels of SMN. These data support that SMN:HuD complexes are essential for normal motoneuron development and indicate that mRNA handling is a critical component of SMA.
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21
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Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of Wnt signaling by protocadherins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:158-171. [PMID: 28774578 PMCID: PMC5586504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ∼70 protocadherins comprise the largest group within the cadherin superfamily. Their diversity, the complexity of the mechanisms through which their genes are regulated, and their many critical functions in nervous system development have engendered a growing interest in elucidating the intracellular signaling pathways through which they act. Recently, multiple protocadherins across several subfamilies have been implicated as modulators of Wnt signaling pathways, and through this as potential tumor suppressors. Here, we review the extant data on the regulation by protocadherins of Wnt signaling pathways and components, and highlight some key unanswered questions that could shape future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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22
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Light SEW, Jontes JD. δ-Protocadherins: Organizers of neural circuit assembly. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:83-90. [PMID: 28751249 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The δ-protocadherins comprise a small family of homophilic cell adhesion molecules within the larger cadherin superfamily. They are essential for neural development as mutations in these molecules give rise to human neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and epilepsy, and result in behavioral defects in animal models. Despite their importance to neural development, a detailed understanding of their mechanisms and the ways in which their loss leads to changes in neural function is lacking. However, recent results have begun to reveal roles for the δ-protocadherins in both regulation of neurogenesis and lineage-dependent circuit assembly, as well as in contact-dependent motility and selective axon fasciculation. These evolutionarily conserved mechanisms could have a profound impact on the robust assembly of the vertebrate nervous system. Future work should be focused on unraveling the molecular mechanisms of the δ-protocadherins and understanding how this family functions broadly to regulate neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E W Light
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Rd., 113 Rightmire Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Rd., 113 Rightmire Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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23
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Cooper SR, Jontes JD, Sotomayor M. Structural determinants of adhesion by Protocadherin-19 and implications for its role in epilepsy. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27787195 PMCID: PMC5115871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered δ-protocadherins are homophilic cell adhesion molecules essential for the development of the vertebrate nervous system, as several are closely linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) result in a female-limited, infant-onset form of epilepsy (PCDH19-FE). Over 100 mutations in PCDH19 have been identified in patients with PCDH19-FE, about half of which are missense mutations in the adhesive extracellular domain. Neither the mechanism of homophilic adhesion by PCDH19, nor the biochemical effects of missense mutations are understood. Here we present a crystallographic structure of the minimal adhesive fragment of the zebrafish Pcdh19 extracellular domain. This structure reveals the adhesive interface for Pcdh19, which is broadly relevant to both non-clustered δ and clustered protocadherin subfamilies. In addition, we show that several PCDH19-FE missense mutations localize to the adhesive interface and abolish Pcdh19 adhesion in in vitro assays, thus revealing the biochemical basis of their pathogenic effects during brain development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18529.001 As the brain develops, its basic building blocks – cells called neurons – need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to neural circuits. A mistake that leads to the formation of incorrect connections can result in a number of disorders or brain abnormalities. Proteins called cadherins that are present on the surface of neurons enable them to stick to their correct partners like Velcro. One of these proteins is called Protocadherin-19. However, it was not fully understood how this protein forms an adhesive bond with other Protocadherin-19 molecules, or how some of the proteins within the cadherin family are able to distinguish between one another. Cooper et al. used X-ray crystallography to visualize the molecular structure of Protocadherin-19 taken from zebrafish in order to better understand the adhesive bond that these proteins form with each other. In addition, the new structure showed the sites of the mutations that cause a form of epilepsy in infant females. From this, Cooper et al. could predict how the mutations would disrupt Protocadherin-19’s shape and function. The structures revealed that Protocadherin-19 molecules from adjacent cells engage in a “forearm handshake” to form the bond that connects neurons. Some of the mutations that cause epilepsy occur in the region responsible for this Protocadherin-19 forearm handshake. Laboratory experiments confirmed that these mutations impair the formation of the adhesive bond, revealing the molecular basis for some of the mutations that underlie Protocadherin-19-female-limited epilepsy. Other cadherin molecules may interact via a similar forearm handshake; this could be investigated in future experiments. It also remains to be discovered how brain wiring depends on Protocadherin-19 adhesion in animal development, and how altering these proteins can rewire developing brain circuits. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18529.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
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Raju HB, Tsinoremas NF, Capobianco E. Emerging Putative Associations between Non-Coding RNAs and Protein-Coding Genes in Neuropathic Pain: Added Value from Reusing Microarray Data. Front Neurol 2016; 7:168. [PMID: 27803687 PMCID: PMC5067702 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of injured nerves is likely occurring in the peripheral nervous system, but not in the central nervous system. Although protein-coding gene expression has been assessed during nerve regeneration, little is currently known about the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This leaves open questions about the potential effects of ncRNAs at transcriptome level. Due to the limited availability of human neuropathic pain (NP) data, we have identified the most comprehensive time-course gene expression profile referred to sciatic nerve (SN) injury and studied in a rat model using two neuronal tissues, namely dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and SN. We have developed a methodology to identify differentially expressed bioentities starting from microarray probes and repurposing them to annotate ncRNAs, while analyzing the expression profiles of protein-coding genes. The approach is designed to reuse microarray data and perform first profiling and then meta-analysis through three main steps. First, we used contextual analysis to identify what we considered putative or potential protein-coding targets for selected ncRNAs. Relevance was therefore assigned to differential expression of neighbor protein-coding genes, with neighborhood defined by a fixed genomic distance from long or antisense ncRNA loci, and of parental genes associated with pseudogenes. Second, connectivity among putative targets was used to build networks, in turn useful to conduct inference at interactomic scale. Last, network paths were annotated to assess relevance to NP. We found significant differential expression in long-intergenic ncRNAs (32 lincRNAs in SN and 8 in DRG), antisense RNA (31 asRNA in SN and 12 in DRG), and pseudogenes (456 in SN and 56 in DRG). In particular, contextual analysis centered on pseudogenes revealed some targets with known association to neurodegeneration and/or neurogenesis processes. While modules of the olfactory receptors were clearly identified in protein-protein interaction networks, other connectivity paths were identified between proteins already investigated in studies on disorders, such as Parkinson, Down syndrome, Huntington disease, and Alzheimer. Our findings suggest the importance of reusing gene expression data by meta-analysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalatha B Raju
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Human Genetics and Genomic Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas F Tsinoremas
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Human Genetics and Genomic Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Enrico Capobianco
- Center for Computational Science, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
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25
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Shan M, Su Y, Kang W, Gao R, Li X, Zhang G. Aberrant expression and functions of protocadherins in human malignant tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12969-12981. [PMID: 27449047 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (PCDHs) are a group of transmembrane proteins belonging to the cadherin superfamily and are subdivided into "clustered" and "non-clustered" groups. PCDHs vary in both structure and interaction partners and thus regulate multiple biological responses in complex and versatile patterns. Previous researches showed that PCDHs regulated the development of brain and were involved in some neuronal diseases. Recently, studies have revealed aberrant expression of PCDHs in various human malignant tumors. The down-regulation or absence of PCDHs in malignant cells has been associated with cancer progression. Further researches suggest that PCDHs may play major functions as tumor suppressor by inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the altered expression of PCDHs and their roles in the development of cancer progression. We also discuss the potential mechanisms, by which PCDHs are aberrantly expressed, and its implications in regulating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shan
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yonghui Su
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Kang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Hei Longjiang Province Land Reclamation Headquarter, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixin Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer City, Qiqihaer, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Aran A, Rosenfeld N, Jaron R, Renbaum P, Zuckerman S, Fridman H, Zeligson S, Segel R, Kohn Y, Kamal L, Kanaan M, Segev Y, Mazaki E, Rabinowitz R, Shen O, Lee M, Walsh T, King MC, Gulsuner S, Levy-Lahad E. Loss of function of PCDH12 underlies recessive microcephaly mimicking intrauterine infection. Neurology 2016; 86:2016-24. [PMID: 27164683 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the genetic basis of a recessive syndrome characterized by prenatal hyperechogenic brain foci, congenital microcephaly, hypothalamic midbrain dysplasia, epilepsy, and profound global developmental disability. METHODS Identification of the responsible gene by whole exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping. RESULTS Ten patients from 4 consanguineous Palestinian families manifested in utero with hyperechogenic brain foci, microcephaly, and intrauterine growth retardation. Postnatally, patients had progressive severe microcephaly, neonatal seizures, and virtually no developmental milestones. Brain imaging revealed dysplastic elongated masses in the midbrain-hypothalamus-optic tract area. Whole exome sequencing of one affected child revealed only PCDH12 c.2515C>T, p.R839X, to be homozygous in the proband and to cosegregate with the condition in her family. The allele frequency of PCDH12 p.R839X is <0.00001 worldwide. Genotyping PCDH12 p.R839X in 3 other families with affected children yielded perfect cosegregation with the phenotype (probability by chance is 2.0 × 10(-12)). Homozygosity mapping revealed that PCDH12 p.R839X lies in the largest homozygous region (11.7 MB) shared by all affected patients. The mutation reduces transcript expression by 84% (p < 2.4 × 10(-13)). PCDH12 is a vascular endothelial protocadherin that promotes cellular adhesion. Endothelial adhesion disruptions due to mutations in OCLN or JAM3 also cause congenital microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, and profound psychomotor disability. CONCLUSIONS Loss of function of PCDH12 leads to recessive congenital microcephaly with profound developmental disability. The phenotype resembles Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and in utero infections. In cases with similar manifestations but no evidence of infection, our results suggest consideration of an additional, albeit rare, cause of congenital microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Aran
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Nuphar Rosenfeld
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ranit Jaron
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Paul Renbaum
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Shachar Zuckerman
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Hila Fridman
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sharon Zeligson
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Reeval Segel
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yoav Kohn
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lara Kamal
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Moien Kanaan
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yoram Segev
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Eyal Mazaki
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ron Rabinowitz
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ori Shen
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ming Lee
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Tom Walsh
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mary Claire King
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Suleyman Gulsuner
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- From the Neuropediatric Unit (A.A.), Medical Genetics (N.R., R.J., P.R., S. Zuckerman, H.F., S. Zeligson, R.S., E.L.-L.), MRI Unit (Y.S.), and Obstetrics and Gynecology Department (E.M., R.R., O.S.), Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine (A.A., N.R., H.F., R.S., Y.K., R.R., E.L.-L.), Jerusalem; Jerusalem Mental Health Center (Y.K.), Eitanim Psychiatric Hospital, Israel; Hereditary Research Laboratory (L.K., M.K.), Bethlehem University, Palestinian Authority; and Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences (M.L., T.W., M.C.K., S.G.), University of Washington, Seattle.
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Cooper SR, Emond MR, Duy PQ, Liebau BG, Wolman MA, Jontes JD. Protocadherins control the modular assembly of neuronal columns in the zebrafish optic tectum. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:807-14. [PMID: 26598617 PMCID: PMC4657173 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201507108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
δ-Protocadherins partition the zebrafish optic tectum into radial columns of neurons, and the neurons within a column are siblings derived from common neuronal progenitors. Cell–cell recognition guides the assembly of the vertebrate brain during development. δ-Protocadherins comprise a family of neural adhesion molecules that are differentially expressed and have been implicated in a range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we show that the expression of δ-protocadherins partitions the zebrafish optic tectum into radial columns of neurons. Using in vivo two-photon imaging of bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic zebrafish, we show that pcdh19 is expressed in discrete columns of neurons, and that these columnar modules are derived from proliferative pcdh19+ neuroepithelial precursors. Elimination of pcdh19 results in both a disruption of columnar organization and defects in visually guided behaviors. These results reveal a fundamental mechanism for organizing the developing nervous system: subdivision of the early neuroepithelium into precursors with distinct molecular identities guides the autonomous development of parallel neuronal units, organizing neural circuit formation and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Cooper
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michelle R Emond
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Brandon G Liebau
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Marc A Wolman
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210 Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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28
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Laufer BI, Kapalanga J, Castellani CA, Diehl EJ, Yan L, Singh SM. Associative DNA methylation changes in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1259-74. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Previously, we assessed PAE in brain tissue from mouse models, however whether these changes are present in humans remains unknown. Materials & methods: In this report, we show some identical changes in DNA methylation in the buccal swabs of six children with FASD using the 450K array. Results: The changes occur in genes related to protocadherins, glutamatergic synapses, and hippo signaling. The results were found to be similar in another heterogeneous replication group of six FASD children. Conclusion: The replicated results suggest that children born with FASD have unique DNA methylation defects that can be influenced by sex and medication exposure. Ultimately, with future clinical development, assessment of DNA methylation from buccal swabs can provide a novel strategy for the diagnosis of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin I Laufer
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Joachim Kapalanga
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christina A Castellani
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Eric J Diehl
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | - Shiva M Singh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Keeler AB, Molumby MJ, Weiner JA. Protocadherins branch out: Multiple roles in dendrite development. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 9:214-26. [PMID: 25869446 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2014.1000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper formation of dendritic arbors is a critical step in neural circuit formation, and as such defects in arborization are associated with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Among the best gene candidates are those encoding cell adhesion molecules, including members of the diverse cadherin superfamily characterized by distinctive, repeated adhesive domains in their extracellular regions. Protocadherins (Pcdhs) make up the largest group within this superfamily, encompassing over 80 genes, including the ∼60 genes of the α-, β-, and γ-Pcdh gene clusters and the non-clustered δ-Pcdh genes. An additional group includes the atypical cadherin genes encoding the giant Fat and Dachsous proteins and the 7-transmembrane cadherins. In this review we highlight the many roles that Pcdhs and atypical cadherins have been demonstrated to play in dendritogenesis, dendrite arborization, and dendritic spine regulation. Together, the published studies we discuss implicate these members of the cadherin superfamily as key regulators of dendrite development and function, and as potential therapeutic targets for future interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Key Words
- CNR, Cadherin related neuronal receptor
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.
- Celsr, Cadherin EGF LAG 7-pass G-type receptor 1
- DSCAM, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule
- Dnmt3b, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 β
- Ds, Dachsous
- EC, extracellular cadherin
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FMRP, Fragile X mental retardation protein
- Fj, Four jointed
- Fjx1, Four jointed box 1
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- Gogo, Golden Goal
- LIM domain, Lin11, Isl-1 & Mec-3 domain
- MARCKS, Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate
- MEF2, Myocyte enhancer factor 2
- MEK3, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3
- PCP, planar cell polarity
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PSD, Post-synaptic density
- PYK2, Protein tyrosine kinase 2
- Pcdh
- Pcdh, Protocadherin
- RGC, Retinal ganglion cell
- RNAi, RNA interference
- Rac1, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- S2 cells, Schneider 2 cells
- SAC, starburst amacrine cell
- TAF1, Template-activating factor 1
- TAO2β, Thousand and one amino acid protein kinase 2 β
- TM, transmembrane
- arborization
- atypical cadherin
- branching
- cadherin superfamily
- cell adhesion
- da neuron, dendritic arborization neuron
- dendritic
- dendritic spine
- dendritogenesis
- fmi, Flamingo
- md neuron, multiple dendrite neuron
- neural circuit formation
- p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
- self avoidance
- synaptogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin B Keeler
- a Department of Biology ; Neuroscience Graduate Program; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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Fagotto F. Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Cell Sorting at Embryonic Boundaries. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:19-64. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Regulation of the protocadherin Celsr3 gene and its role in globus pallidus development and connectivity. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3895-910. [PMID: 25113559 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00760-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The globus pallidus (GP) is a central component of basal ganglia whose malfunctions cause a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders as well as cognitive impairments in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Here we report that the protocadherin gene Celsr3 is regulated by the insulator CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and the repressor neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF, also known as REST) and is required for the development and connectivity of GP. Specifically, CTCF/cohesin and NRSF inhibit the expression of Celsr3 through specific binding to its promoter. In addition, we found that the Celsr3 promoter interacts with CTCF/cohesin-occupied neighboring promoters. In Celsr3 knockout mice, we found that the ventral GP is occupied by aberrant calbindin-positive cholinergic neurons ectopic from the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Furthermore, the guidepost cells for thalamocortical axonal development are missing in the caudal GP. Finally, axonal connections of GP with striatum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and raphe are compromised. These data reveal the essential role of Celsr3 in GP development in the basal forebrain and shed light on the mechanisms of the axonal defects caused by the Celsr3 deletion.
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Babin PJ, Goizet C, Raldúa D. Zebrafish models of human motor neuron diseases: advantages and limitations. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 118:36-58. [PMID: 24705136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are an etiologically heterogeneous group of disorders of neurodegenerative origin, which result in degeneration of lower (LMNs) and/or upper motor neurons (UMNs). Neurodegenerative MNDs include pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), which involves specific degeneration of UMNs, leading to progressive spasticity of the lower limbs. In contrast, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) involves the specific degeneration of LMNs, with symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult-onset MND, is characterized by the degeneration of both UMNs and LMNs, leading to progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity. A review of the comparative neuroanatomy of the human and zebrafish motor systems showed that, while the zebrafish was a homologous model for LMN disorders, such as SMA, it was only partially relevant in the case of UMN disorders, due to the absence of corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts in its central nervous system. Even considering the limitation of this model to fully reproduce the human UMN disorders, zebrafish offer an excellent alternative vertebrate model for the molecular and genetic dissection of MND mechanisms. Its advantages include the conservation of genome and physiological processes and applicable in vivo tools, including easy imaging, loss or gain of function methods, behavioral tests to examine changes in motor activity, and the ease of simultaneous chemical/drug testing on large numbers of animals. This facilitates the assessment of the environmental origin of MNDs, alone or in combination with genetic traits and putative modifier genes. Positive hits obtained by phenotype-based small-molecule screening using zebrafish may potentially be effective drugs for treatment of human MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Babin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576, Talence, France.
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576, Talence, France; CHU Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
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