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Gwathmey K, Heiman-Patterson TD. Multidisciplinary Clinics in Neuromuscular Medicine. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:1585-1594. [PMID: 37851044 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Multidisciplinary care is comprehensive, coordinated clinical care across medical disciplines and allied health professions. Neuromuscular disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and muscular dystrophies, are often associated with disabling weakness and extramuscular symptoms and may benefit from care in a model that consolidates numerous clinic visits into a single more efficient multidisciplinary clinic visit. The goal of the neuromuscular multidisciplinary care model is to improve patient outcomes, patient satisfaction, quality of life, access to medications and equipment, and survival. Although the costs of running a multidisciplinary clinic are high, they are likely associated with cost savings from the patient's perspective. Several barriers to acceptance of multidisciplinary clinics include the distance needed to travel to the clinic and the duration of the clinic visit. Telehealth multidisciplinary clinic visits may address some of these concerns. Further study is needed to understand the value of multidisciplinary clinics and is a necessary step toward creating a sustainable model.
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Alexander GM, Heiman-Patterson TD, Bearoff F, Sher RB, Hennessy L, Terek S, Caccavo N, Cox GA, Philip VM, Blankenhorn EA. Identification of quantitative trait loci for survival in the mutant dynactin p150Glued mouse model of motor neuron disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274615. [PMID: 36107978 PMCID: PMC9477371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common degenerative motor neuron disorder. Although most cases of ALS are sporadic, 5-10% of cases are familial, with mutations associated with over 40 genes. There is variation of ALS symptoms within families carrying the same mutation; the disease may develop in one sibling and not in another despite the presence of the mutation in both. Although the cause of this phenotypic variation is unknown, it is likely related to genetic modifiers of disease expression. The identification of ALS causing genes has led to the development of transgenic mouse models of motor neuron disease. Similar to families with familial ALS, there are background-dependent differences in disease phenotype in transgenic mouse models of ALS suggesting that, as in human ALS, differences in phenotype may be ascribed to genetic modifiers. These genetic modifiers may not cause ALS rather their expression either exacerbates or ameliorates the effect of the mutant ALS causing genes. We have reported that in both the G93A-hSOD1 and G59S-hDCTN1 mouse models, SJL mice demonstrated a more severe phenotype than C57BL6 mice. From reciprocal intercrosses between G93A-hSOD1 transgenic mice on SJL and C57BL6 strains, we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on mouse chromosome 17 that results in a significant shift in lifespan. In this study we generated reciprocal intercrosses between transgenic G59S-hDCTN1 mice on SJL and C57BL6 strains and identified survival QTLs on mouse chromosomes 17 and 18. The chromosome 17 survival QTL on G93A-hSOD1 and G59S-hDCTN1 mice partly overlap, suggesting that the genetic modifiers located in this region may be shared by these two ALS models despite the fact that motor neuron degeneration is caused by mutations in different proteins. The overlapping region contains eighty-seven genes with non-synonymous variations predicted to be deleterious and/or damaging. Two genes in this segment, NOTCH3 and Safb/SAFB1, have been associated with motor neuron disease. The identification of genetic modifiers of motor neuron disease, especially those modifiers that are shared by SOD1 and dynactin-1 transgenic mice, may result in the identification of novel targets for therapies that can alter the course of this devastating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry D. Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frank Bearoff
- Department of Microbiology Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roger B. Sher
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Hennessy
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shannon Terek
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicole Caccavo
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Cox
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Vivek M. Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Paganoni S, Hendrix S, Dickson SP, Knowlton N, Berry JD, Elliott MA, Maiser S, Karam C, Caress JB, Owegi MA, Quick A, Wymer J, Goutman SA, Heitzman D, Heiman-Patterson TD, Jackson C, Quinn C, Rothstein JD, Kasarskis EJ, Katz J, Jenkins L, Ladha SS, Miller TM, Scelsa SN, Vu TH, Fournier C, Johnson KM, Swenson A, Goyal N, Pattee GL, Babu S, Chase M, Dagostino D, Hall M, Kittle G, Eydinov M, Ostrow J, Pothier L, Randall R, Shefner JM, Sherman AV, Tustison E, Vigneswaran P, Yu H, Cohen J, Klee J, Tanzi R, Gilbert W, Yeramian P, Cudkowicz M. Effect of sodium phenylbutyrate/taurursodiol on tracheostomy/ventilation-free survival and hospitalisation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: long-term results from the CENTAUR trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:jnnp-2022-329024. [PMID: 35577511 PMCID: PMC9304116 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coformulated sodium phenylbutyrate/taurursodiol (PB/TURSO) was shown to prolong survival and slow functional decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). OBJECTIVE Determine whether PB/TURSO prolonged tracheostomy/ventilation-free survival and/or reduced first hospitalisation in participants with ALS in the CENTAUR trial. METHODS Adults with El Escorial Definite ALS ≤18 months from symptom onset were randomised to PB/ TURSO or placebo for 6 months. Those completing randomised treatment could enrol in an open-label extension (OLE) phase and receive PB/TURSO for ≤30 months. Times to the following individual or combined key events were compared in the originally randomised treatment groups over a period spanning trial start through July 2020 (longest postrandomisation follow-up, 35 months): death, tracheostomy, permanent assisted ventilation (PAV) and first hospitalisation. RESULTS Risk of any key event was 47% lower in those originally randomised to PB/TURSO (n=87) versus placebo (n=48, 71% of whom received delayed-start PB/TURSO in the OLE phase) (HR=0.53; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.81; p=0.003). Risks of death or tracheostomy/PAV (HR=0.51; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.84; p=0.007) and first hospitalisation (HR=0.56; 95% CI 0.34 to 0.95; p=0.03) were also decreased in those originally randomised to PB/TURSO. CONCLUSIONS Early PB/TURSO prolonged tracheostomy/PAV-free survival and delayed first hospitalisation in ALS. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03127514; NCT03488524.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Paganoni
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of PM & R, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - James D Berry
- Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Samuel Maiser
- Department of Neurology, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chafic Karam
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James B Caress
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret Ayo Owegi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam Quick
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - James Wymer
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Terry D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carlayne Jackson
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Colin Quinn
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Brain Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward J Kasarskis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jonathan Katz
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute and Forbes Norris MDA/ALS Research and Treatment Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Liberty Jenkins
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute and Forbes Norris MDA/ALS Research and Treatment Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shafeeq S Ladha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stephen N Scelsa
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tuan H Vu
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Kristin M Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrea Swenson
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Namita Goyal
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Suma Babu
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marianne Chase
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derek Dagostino
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meghan Hall
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Gale Kittle
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Mathew Eydinov
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Ostrow
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsay Pothier
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Randall
- Worldwide Clinical Trials, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Formerly With Gregory W. Fulton ALS Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeremy M Shefner
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander V Sherman
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Tustison
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prasha Vigneswaran
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Cohen
- Amylyx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin Klee
- Amylyx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rudolph Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Walter Gilbert
- Carl M. Loeb University Professor Emeritus and Chair of the Society of Fellows at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Merit Cudkowicz
- Harvard Medical School, Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Jackson CE, Heiman-Patterson TD, Sherman M, Daohai YU, Kasarskis EJ. Factors associated with Noninvasive ventilation compliance in patients with ALS/MND. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 22:40-47. [PMID: 34348541 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2021.1917617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although noninvasive ventilation (NIV) improves survival and quality of life (QOL) in ALS, use of NIV is suboptimal. Objective: To determine compliance with "early" NIV initiation, requisite for the feasibility of a large study of early NIV initiation, and examine factors impacting compliance. Methods: Seventy-three ALS participants with forced vital capacities (FVC) >50% were enrolled. Participants with FVC over 80% (Group 1) were initiated on NIV early (FVC between 80 and 85%). Participants with FVC between 50 and 80% (Group 2) started NIV at FVC between 50 and 55%. Symptom surveys, QOL scores, and NIV compliance (machine download documenting use ≥4 hours/night >60% of time) were collected following NIV initiation. Results: 53.6% of Group 1 and 50% of Group 2 were compliant 28 days following NIV initiation, with increased compliance over time. Participants who were unmarried, had lower income, lower educational attainment, or limited caregiver availability were less likely to be compliant. Bothersome symptoms in non-compliant participants included facial air pressure, frequent arousals with difficulty returning to sleep, and claustrophobia. Both compliant and noncompliant participants felt improved QOL with NIV; improvement was significantly greater in compliant participants. Conclusions: These data suggest ALS patients can comply with NIV early in their disease, and potentially benefit as evidenced by improved QOL scores, supporting both feasibility and need for a study comparing early versus late NIV initiation. Moreover, modifiable symptoms were identified that could be optimized to improve compliance. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of "early" intervention on survival and QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Jackson
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - M Sherman
- MCG-Hearst Health, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Y U Daohai
- Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Heiman-Patterson TD, Khazaal O, Yu D, Sherman ME, Kasarskis EJ, Jackson CE. Pulmonary function decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 22:54-61. [PMID: 34348540 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2021.1910713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: There has been no comprehensive longitudinal study of pulmonary functions (PFTS) in ALS determining which measure is most sensitive to declines in respiratory muscle strength. Objective: To determine the longitudinal decline of PFTS in ALS and which measure supports Medicare criteria for NIV initiation first. Methods: Serial PFTs (maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), maximum inspiratory pressure measured by mouth (MIP) or nasal sniff pressure (SNIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)) were performed over 12 months on 73 ALS subjects to determine which measure showed the sentinel decline in pulmonary function. The rate of decline for each measure was determined as the median slope of the decrease over time. Medicare-based NIV initiation criteria were met if %FVC was ≤ 50% predicted or MIP was ≤ 60 cMH2O. Results: 65 subjects with at least 3 visits were included for analyses. All median slopes were significantly different than zero. MEP and sitting FVC demonstrated the largest rate of decline. Seventy subjects were analyzed for NIV initiation criteria, 69 met MIP criteria first; 11 FVC and MIP criteria simultaneously and none FVC criteria first. Conclusions: MEP demonstrated a steeper decline compared to other measures suggesting expiratory muscle strength declines earliest and faster and the use of airway clearance interventions should be initiated early. When Medicare criteria for NIV initiation are considered, MIP criteria are met earliest. These results suggest that pressure-based measurements are important in assessing the timing of NIV and the use of pulmonary clearance interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ossama Khazaal
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael E Sherman
- Department of Medicine, MCG-Hearst Health, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward J Kasarskis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, and
| | - Carlayne E Jackson
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Heiman-Patterson TD, Sherman MS, Yu D, Jackson CE, George A, Kasarskis EJ. Use of a new ALS specific respiratory questionnaire: the ARES score. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 22:48-53. [PMID: 34348538 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2021.1910307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To develop an ALS respiratory symptom scale (ARES) and evaluate how ARES compares to Medical Research Council Modified Dyspnea Scale (MRC), Borg dyspnea scale, and respiratory subscores from ALSFRS-R (ALSFRS-Resp) in detecting respiratory symptoms, correlation with pulmonary function and ALSFRS-R, and deterioration of pulmonary function and ALSFRS-R over time.Methods: The ARES scale consists of 9 questions addressing dyspnea during activities and 3 questions addressing symptoms of worsening pulmonary function. 153 subjects with ALS completed MRC, Borg, ALSFRS-R, and ARES questionnaires at baseline, 16, 32, and 48 weeks, and spirometry at baseline. 73 of these subjects had spirometry, maximum inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressures (MEP), nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) measured at each visit. Sensitivity of each scale and correlations between symptom scores, pulmonary function, and ALSFRS-R were evaluated at baseline and over the study duration.Results and conclusions: ARES was more sensitive than MRC, Borg and ALSFRS-Resp scales at baseline and for detecting changes at 16 and 32 weeks. ARES and ALSFRS-Resp correlated significantly with vital capacity at baseline, but Borg and MRC did not. Only ALSFRS-Resp correlated with respiratory pressures. Changes in ALSFRS-Resp and ARES both correlated with vital capacity decline; however, changes in ARES had superior correlation with respiratory pressure decline. Comparisons between telephone and in-person administration of ARES met criteria for satisfactory test-retest correlation in different settings one week apart. These findings suggest that the ARES may be more useful in monitoring symptom progression in ALS than other available scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael S Sherman
- MCG-Hearst Health and Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlayne E Jackson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Asha George
- Innovative Research Associates, Sharon Hill, Pa., USA
| | - Edward J Kasarskis
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Paganoni S, Hendrix S, Dickson SP, Knowlton N, Macklin EA, Berry JD, Elliott MA, Maiser S, Karam C, Caress JB, Owegi MA, Quick A, Wymer J, Goutman SA, Heitzman D, Heiman-Patterson TD, Jackson CE, Quinn C, Rothstein JD, Kasarskis EJ, Katz J, Jenkins L, Ladha S, Miller TM, Scelsa SN, Vu TH, Fournier CN, Glass JD, Johnson KM, Swenson A, Goyal NA, Pattee GL, Andres PL, Babu S, Chase M, Dagostino D, Hall M, Kittle G, Eydinov M, McGovern M, Ostrow J, Pothier L, Randall R, Shefner JM, Sherman AV, St Pierre ME, Tustison E, Vigneswaran P, Walker J, Yu H, Chan J, Wittes J, Yu ZF, Cohen J, Klee J, Leslie K, Tanzi RE, Gilbert W, Yeramian PD, Schoenfeld D, Cudkowicz ME. Long-term survival of participants in the CENTAUR trial of sodium phenylbutyrate-taurursodiol in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2020; 63:31-39. [PMID: 33063909 PMCID: PMC7820979 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An orally administered, fixed‐dose coformulation of sodium phenylbutyrate‐taurursodiol (PB‐TURSO) significantly slowed functional decline in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase 2 trial in ALS (CENTAUR). Herein we report results of a long‐term survival analysis of participants in CENTAUR. In CENTAUR, adults with ALS were randomized 2:1 to PB‐TURSO or placebo. Participants completing the 6‐month (24‐week) randomized phase were eligible to receive PB‐TURSO in the open‐label extension. An all‐cause mortality analysis (35‐month maximum follow‐up post‐randomization) incorporated all randomized participants. Participants and site investigators were blinded to treatment assignments through the duration of follow‐up of this analysis. Vital status was obtained for 135 of 137 participants originally randomized in CENTAUR. Median overall survival was 25.0 months among participants originally randomized to PB‐TURSO and 18.5 months among those originally randomized to placebo (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.34‐0.92; P = .023). Initiation of PB‐TURSO treatment at baseline resulted in a 6.5‐month longer median survival as compared with placebo. Combined with results from CENTAUR, these results suggest that PB‐TURSO has both functional and survival benefits in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Paganoni
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Eric A Macklin
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James D Berry
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Samuel Maiser
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chafic Karam
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James B Caress
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Margaret Ayo Owegi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Quick
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James Wymer
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Terry D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlayne E Jackson
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Colin Quinn
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edward J Kasarskis
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jonathan Katz
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute and Forbes Norris MDA/ALS Research and Treatment Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Liberty Jenkins
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute and Forbes Norris MDA/ALS Research and Treatment Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Shafeeq Ladha
- Department of Neurology, Gregory W. Fulton ALS Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephen N Scelsa
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tuan H Vu
- Department of Neurology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christina N Fournier
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kristin M Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Andrea Swenson
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Namita A Goyal
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | | | | | - Suma Babu
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marianne Chase
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Derek Dagostino
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan Hall
- Department of Neurology, Gregory W. Fulton ALS Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Gale Kittle
- Department of Neurology, Gregory W. Fulton ALS Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Matthew Eydinov
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle McGovern
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Ostrow
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lindsay Pothier
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Randall
- Department of Neurology, Gregory W. Fulton ALS Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jeremy M Shefner
- Department of Neurology, Gregory W. Fulton ALS Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Alexander V Sherman
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria E St Pierre
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Tustison
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prasha Vigneswaran
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason Walker
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Yu
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Chan
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Janet Wittes
- Statistics Collaborative, Inc., Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Zi-Fan Yu
- Statistics Collaborative, Inc., Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joshua Cohen
- Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Justin Klee
- Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kent Leslie
- Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - David Schoenfeld
- Department of Medicine, Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Merit E Cudkowicz
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS & the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Andrews JA, Jackson CE, Heiman-Patterson TD, Bettica P, Brooks BR, Pioro EP. Real-world evidence of riluzole effectiveness in treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2020; 21:509-518. [PMID: 32573277 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1771734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of riluzole on median survival in population studies of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with that observed in clinical trials. Methods: Two independent PubMed searches were conducted, to identify population studies that reported median survival for ALS patients who were either treated with riluzole or remained riluzole-free. Results: We identified 14 studies that met the inclusion criteria of reporting median survival and an additional study that reported mean survival of both riluzole and riluzole-free patients. Analysis of the 15 studies found that a majority reported increased survival of riluzole vs. riluzole-free patients. In 8 studies, the median survival for patients treated with riluzole was 6-19 months longer compared with patients not treated with riluzole (p < 0.05). Three additional studies reported a clinically meaningful treatment effect (range 3-5.9 months) but did not meet statistical significance. The remaining 4 studies did not show a meaningful treatment effect between riluzole and riluzole-free groups (<3 months), and differences among the groups were not significant. Also, 5 of the studies used multivariate regression analysis to investigate the level of association between treatment with riluzole and survival; these analyses supported the positive effect of riluzole on survival. Conclusions: A majority of population studies that compared riluzole vs. riluzole-free ALS patients found significant differences in median survival between the two groups, ranging from 6 to 19 months. This is substantially longer than the 2- to 3-month survival benefit observed in the pivotal clinical trials of riluzole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsy A Andrews
- Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin Rix Brooks
- Atrium Health Neurosciences Institute, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Charlotte, NC, USA, and
| | - Erik P Pioro
- Neuromuscular Centre, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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9
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Qiang L, Piermarini E, Muralidharan H, Yu W, Leo L, Hennessy LE, Fernandes S, Connors T, Yates PL, Swift M, Zholudeva LV, Lane MA, Morfini G, Alexander GM, Heiman-Patterson TD, Baas PW. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: gain-of-function mechanisms revealed by new transgenic mouse. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1136-1152. [PMID: 30520996 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the SPAST gene, which encodes the microtubule-severing protein spastin, are the most common cause of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Haploinsufficiency is the prevalent opinion as to the mechanism of the disease, but gain-of-function toxicity of the mutant proteins is another possibility. Here, we report a new transgenic mouse (termed SPASTC448Y mouse) that is not haploinsufficient but expresses human spastin bearing the HSP pathogenic C448Y mutation. Expression of the mutant spastin was documented from fetus to adult, but gait defects reminiscent of HSP (not observed in spastin knockout mice) were adult onset, as is typical of human patients. Results of histological and tracer studies on the mouse are consistent with progressive dying back of corticospinal axons, which is characteristic of the disease. The C448Y-mutated spastin alters microtubule stability in a manner that is opposite to the expectations of haploinsufficiency. Neurons cultured from the mouse display deficits in organelle transport typical of axonal degenerative diseases, and these deficits were worsened by depletion of endogenous mouse spastin. These results on the SPASTC448Y mouse are consistent with a gain-of-function mechanism underlying HSP, with spastin haploinsufficiency exacerbating the toxicity of the mutant spastin proteins. These findings reveal the need for a different therapeutic approach than indicated by haploinsufficiency alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Laura E Hennessy
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo M Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terry D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Heiman-Patterson TD, Cudkowicz ME, De Carvalho M, Genge A, Hardiman O, Jackson CE, Lechtzin N, Mitsumoto H, Silani V, Andrews JA, Chen D, Kulke S, Rudnicki SA, van den Berg LH. Understanding the use of NIV in ALS: results of an international ALS specialist survey. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2018; 19:331-341. [DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1457058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mamede De Carvalho
- Faculty of Medicine, IMM, University of Lisbon, Department of Neurosciences-CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal,
| | - Angela Genge
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada,
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland,
| | | | - Noah Lechtzin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,
| | - Hiroshi Mitsumoto
- Eleanor and Lou Gehrig ALS Center, The Neurological Institute Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology-Stroke Unit and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, “Dino Ferrari” Center, Università degli Studi di Milano - IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy,
| | | | - Dafeng Chen
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA,
| | - Sarah Kulke
- Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA,
| | | | - Leonard H. van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Nicolas A, Kenna KP, Renton AE, Ticozzi N, Faghri F, Chia R, Dominov JA, Kenna BJ, Nalls MA, Keagle P, Rivera AM, van Rheenen W, Murphy NA, van Vugt JJFA, Geiger JT, Van der Spek RA, Pliner HA, Shankaracharya, Smith BN, Marangi G, Topp SD, Abramzon Y, Gkazi AS, Eicher JD, Kenna A, Mora G, Calvo A, Mazzini L, Riva N, Mandrioli J, Caponnetto C, Battistini S, Volanti P, La Bella V, Conforti FL, Borghero G, Messina S, Simone IL, Trojsi F, Salvi F, Logullo FO, D'Alfonso S, Corrado L, Capasso M, Ferrucci L, Moreno CDAM, Kamalakaran S, Goldstein DB, Gitler AD, Harris T, Myers RM, Phatnani H, Musunuri RL, Evani US, Abhyankar A, Zody MC, Kaye J, Finkbeiner S, Wyman SK, LeNail A, Lima L, Fraenkel E, Svendsen CN, Thompson LM, Van Eyk JE, Berry JD, Miller TM, Kolb SJ, Cudkowicz M, Baxi E, Benatar M, Taylor JP, Rampersaud E, Wu G, Wuu J, Lauria G, Verde F, Fogh I, Tiloca C, Comi GP, Sorarù G, Cereda C, Corcia P, Laaksovirta H, Myllykangas L, Jansson L, Valori M, Ealing J, Hamdalla H, Rollinson S, Pickering-Brown S, Orrell RW, Sidle KC, Malaspina A, Hardy J, Singleton AB, Johnson JO, Arepalli S, Sapp PC, McKenna-Yasek D, Polak M, Asress S, Al-Sarraj S, King A, Troakes C, Vance C, de Belleroche J, Baas F, Ten Asbroek ALMA, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Hernandez DG, Ding J, Gibbs JR, Scholz SW, Floeter MK, Campbell RH, Landi F, Bowser R, Pulst SM, Ravits JM, MacGowan DJL, Kirby J, Pioro EP, Pamphlett R, Broach J, Gerhard G, Dunckley TL, Brady CB, Kowall NW, Troncoso JC, Le Ber I, Mouzat K, Lumbroso S, Heiman-Patterson TD, Kamel F, Van Den Bosch L, Baloh RH, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Shatunov A, Van Eijk KR, de Carvalho M, Kooyman M, Middelkoop B, Moisse M, McLaughlin RL, Van Es MA, Weber M, Boylan KB, Van Blitterswijk M, Rademakers R, Morrison KE, Basak AN, Mora JS, Drory VE, Shaw PJ, Turner MR, Talbot K, Hardiman O, Williams KL, Fifita JA, Nicholson GA, Blair IP, Rouleau GA, Esteban-Pérez J, García-Redondo A, Al-Chalabi A, Rogaeva E, Zinman L, Ostrow LW, Maragakis NJ, Rothstein JD, Simmons Z, Cooper-Knock J, Brice A, Goutman SA, Feldman EL, Gibson SB, Taroni F, Ratti A, Gellera C, Van Damme P, Robberecht W, Fratta P, Sabatelli M, Lunetta C, Ludolph AC, Andersen PM, Weishaupt JH, Camu W, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM, Brown RH, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Harms MB, Glass JD, Stone DJ, Tienari P, Silani V, Chiò A, Shaw CE, Traynor BJ, Landers JE. Genome-wide Analyses Identify KIF5A as a Novel ALS Gene. Neuron 2018; 97:1267-1288. [PMID: 29566793 PMCID: PMC5867896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel genes associated with ALS, we undertook two lines of investigation. We carried out a genome-wide association study comparing 20,806 ALS cases and 59,804 controls. Independently, we performed a rare variant burden analysis comparing 1,138 index familial ALS cases and 19,494 controls. Through both approaches, we identified kinesin family member 5A (KIF5A) as a novel gene associated with ALS. Interestingly, mutations predominantly in the N-terminal motor domain of KIF5A are causative for two neurodegenerative diseases: hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG10) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2). In contrast, ALS-associated mutations are primarily located at the C-terminal cargo-binding tail domain and patients harboring loss-of-function mutations displayed an extended survival relative to typical ALS cases. Taken together, these results broaden the phenotype spectrum resulting from mutations in KIF5A and strengthen the role of cytoskeletal defects in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Nicolas
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin P Kenna
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Alan E Renton
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ruth Chia
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janice A Dominov
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Brendan J Kenna
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Keagle
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Alberto M Rivera
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie A Murphy
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joke J F A van Vugt
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua T Geiger
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rick A Van der Spek
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah A Pliner
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Bradley N Smith
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, Roma, Italy
| | - Simon D Topp
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Yevgeniya Abramzon
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Athina Soragia Gkazi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - John D Eicher
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aoife Kenna
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gabriele Mora
- ALS Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Mistretta, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Nilo Riva
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, St. Agostino Estense Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudia Caponnetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, Maternal and Child Health, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Battistini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Volanti
- ALS Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Mistretta, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Francesca L Conforti
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Mangone, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borghero
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Universitario Ospedaliera di Cagliari and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sonia Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina and Nemo Sud Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Aurora Foundation, Messina, Italy
| | - Isabella L Simone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Trojsi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Salvi
- "Il Bene" Center for Immunological and Rare Neurological Diseases at Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Lucia Corrado
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Harris
- Bioverativ, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02145, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- Center for Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CGND), New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael C Zody
- Computational Biology, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Kaye
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stacia K Wyman
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex LeNail
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leandro Lima
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James D Berry
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (NCRI), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Merit Cudkowicz
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (NCRI), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Baxi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- 3rd Neurology Unit, Motor Neuron Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco," University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Fogh
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Cinzia Tiloca
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Hannu Laaksovirta
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-02900, Finland
| | - Liisa Myllykangas
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lilja Jansson
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-02900, Finland
| | - Miko Valori
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-02900, Finland
| | - John Ealing
- Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| | - Hisham Hamdalla
- Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| | - Sara Rollinson
- Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Richard W Orrell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PG, UK
| | - Katie C Sidle
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, NorthEast London and Essex Regional Motor Neuron Disease Care Centre, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janel O Johnson
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Genomics Technology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter C Sapp
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Diane McKenna-Yasek
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Meraida Polak
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seneshaw Asress
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Andrew King
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Caroline Vance
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | | | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - José Luis Muñoz-Blanco
- ALS-Neuromuscular Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Genomics Technology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mary Kay Floeter
- Motor Neuron Disorders Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roy H Campbell
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Francesco Landi
- Center for Geriatric Medicine, Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Robert Bowser
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M Ravits
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J L MacGowan
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Erik P Pioro
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Roger Pamphlett
- Discipline of Pathology, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - James Broach
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Glenn Gerhard
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Travis L Dunckley
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher B Brady
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Neurology Service, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Mouzat
- INM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Biochemistry, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- INM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Biochemistry, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Terry D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Freya Kamel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert H Baloh
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Kristel R Van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Institute of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Bas Middelkoop
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Russell L McLaughlin
- Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Michael A Van Es
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Weber
- Neuromuscular Diseases Center/ALS Clinic, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Kevin B Boylan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - A Nazli Basak
- Suna and Inan Kırac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jesús S Mora
- ALS Unit/Neurology, Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian E Drory
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kelly L Williams
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Fifita
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Ian P Blair
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jesús Esteban-Pérez
- Unidad de ELA, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U-723), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Redondo
- Unidad de ELA, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U-723), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Lyle W Ostrow
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | - Zachary Simmons
- Department of Neurology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Summer B Gibson
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Philip Van Damme
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Robberecht
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Centro Clinico NeMO, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Lunetta
- NEuroMuscular Omnicenter (NEMO), Serena Onlus Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Neurology Department, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90185, Sweden
| | - Jochen H Weishaupt
- Neurology Department, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - William Camu
- ALS Center, CHU Gui de Chauliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David J Stone
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Pentti Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-02900, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Torino, Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Heiman-Patterson TD, Blankenhorn EP, Sher RB, Jiang J, Welsh P, Dixon MC, Jeffrey JI, Wong P, Cox GA, Alexander GM. Genetic background effects on disease onset and lifespan of the mutant dynactin p150Glued mouse model of motor neuron disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117848. [PMID: 25763819 PMCID: PMC4357475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting motor neurons in the central nervous system. Although most cases of ALS are sporadic, about 5–10% of cases are familial (FALS) with approximately 20% of FALS caused by mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. We have reported that hSOD1-G93A transgenic mice modeling this disease show a more severe phenotype when the transgene is bred on a pure SJL background and a milder phenotype when bred on a pure B6 background and that these phenotype differences link to a region on mouse Chromosome 17.To examine whether other models of motor neuron degeneration are affected by genetic background, we bred the mutant human dynactin p150Glued (G59S-hDCTN1) transgene onto inbred SJL and B6 congenic lines. This model is based on an autosomal dominant lower motor neuron disease in humans linked to a mutation in the p150Glued subunit of the dynactin complex. As seen in hSOD1-G93A mice, we observed a more severe phenotype with earlier disease onset (p<0.001) and decreased survival (p<0.00001) when the G59S-hDCTN1 transgene was bred onto the SJL background and delayed onset (p<0.0001) with increased survival (p<0.00001) when bred onto the B6 background. Furthermore, B6 mice with an SJL derived chromosome 17 interval previously shown to delay disease onset in hSOD1-G93A mice also showed delays onset in G59S-hDCTN1 mice suggesting that at least some genetic modifiers are shared. We have shown that genetic background influences phenotype in G59S-hDCTN1 mice, in part through a region of chromosome 17 similar to the G93-hSOD1 ALS mouse model. These results support the presence of genetic modifiers in both these models some of which may be shared. Identification of these modifiers will highlight intracellular pathways involved in motor neuron disease and provide new therapeutic targets that may be applicable to motor neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roger B Sher
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Juliann Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Priscilla Welsh
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meredith C Dixon
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeremy I Jeffrey
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip Wong
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Cox
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbour, Maine, United States of America
| | - Guillermo M Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Ajroud-Driss S, Fecto F, Ajroud K, Lalani I, Calvo SE, Mootha VK, Deng HX, Siddique N, Tahmoush AJ, Heiman-Patterson TD, Siddique T. Mutation in the novel nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein CHCHD10 in a family with autosomal dominant mitochondrial myopathy. Neurogenetics 2014; 16:1-9. [PMID: 25193783 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial myopathies belong to a larger group of systemic diseases caused by morphological or biochemical abnormalities of mitochondria. Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in either the mitochondrial or nuclear genome. Only 5% of all mitochondrial disorders are autosomal dominant. We analyzed DNA from members of the previously reported Puerto Rican kindred with an autosomal dominant mitochondrial myopathy (Heimann-Patterson et al. 1997). Linkage analysis suggested a putative locus on the pericentric region of the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q11). Using the tools of integrative genomics, we established chromosome 22 open reading frame 16 (C22orf16) (later designated as CHCHD10) as the only high-scoring mitochondrial candidate gene in our minimal candidate region. Sequence analysis revealed a double-missense mutation (R15S and G58R) in cis in CHCHD10 which encodes a coiled coil-helix-coiled coil-helix protein of unknown function. These two mutations completely co-segregated with the disease phenotype and were absent in 1,481 Caucasian and 80 Hispanic (including 32 Puerto Rican) controls. Expression profiling showed that CHCHD10 is enriched in skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial localization of the CHCHD10 protein was confirmed using immunofluorescence in cells expressing either wild-type or mutant CHCHD10. We found that the expression of the G58R, but not the R15S, mutation induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Our findings identify a novel gene causing mitochondrial myopathy, thereby expanding the spectrum of mitochondrial myopathies caused by nuclear genes. Our findings also suggest a role for CHCHD10 in the morphologic remodeling of the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senda Ajroud-Driss
- Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA,
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14
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Sher RB, Heiman-Patterson TD, Blankenhorn EA, Jiang J, Alexander G, Deitch JS, Cox GA. A major QTL on mouse chromosome 17 resulting in lifespan variability in SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2014; 15:588-600. [PMID: 25008789 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2014.932381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a late-onset degenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex. There is great variation in the expression of ALS symptoms even between siblings who both carry the same Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) mutations. One important use of transgenic mouse models of SOD1-ALS is the study of genetic influences on ALS severity. We utilized multiple inbred mouse strains containing the SOD1-G93A transgene to demonstrate a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on mouse chromosome 17 resulting in a significant shift in lifespan. Reciprocal crosses between long- and short-lived strains identified critical regions, and we have narrowed the area for potential genetic modifier(s) to < 2Mb of the genome. Results showed that resequencing of this region resulted in 28 candidate genes with potentially functional differences between strains. In conclusion, these studies provide the first major modifier locus affecting lifespan in this model of FALS and, once identified, these candidate modifier genes may provide insight into modifiers of human disease and, most importantly, define new targets for the development of therapies.
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Deitch JS, Alexander GM, Bensinger A, Yang S, Jiang JT, Heiman-Patterson TD. Phenotype of transgenic mice carrying a very low copy number of the mutant human G93A superoxide dismutase-1 gene associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99879. [PMID: 24945277 PMCID: PMC4063781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the motor neuron. While most cases of ALS are sporadic, 10% are familial (FALS) with 20% of FALS caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). There is variability in sporadic ALS as well as FALS where even within the same family some siblings with the same mutation do not manifest disease. A transgenic (Tg) mouse model of FALS containing 25 copies of the mutant human SOD1 gene demonstrates motor neuron pathology and progressive weakness similar to ALS patients, leading to death at approximately 130 days. The onset of symptoms and survival of these transgenic mice are directly related to the number of copies of the mutant gene. We report the phenotype of a very low expressing (VLE) G93A SOD1 Tg carrying only 4 copies of the mutant G93ASOD1 gene. While weakness can start at 9 months, only 74% of mice 18 months or older demonstrate disease. The VLE mice show decreased motor neurons compared to wild-type mice as well as increased cytoplasmic translocation of TDP-43. In contrast to the standard G93A SOD1 Tg mouse which always develops motor weakness leading to death, not all VLE animals manifested clinical disease or shortened life span. In fact, approximately 20% of mice older than 24 months had no motor symptoms and only 18% of VLE mice older than 22 months reached end stage. Given the variable penetrance of clinical phenotype, prolonged survival, and protracted loss of motor neurons the VLE mouse provides a new tool that closely mimics human ALS. This tool will allow the study of pathologic events over time as well as the study of genetic and environmental modifiers that may not be causative, but can exacerbate or accelerate motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Deitch
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guillermo M. Alexander
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Bensinger
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Steven Yang
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juliann T. Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Terry D. Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Heiman-Patterson TD, Sher RB, Blankenhorn EA, Alexander G, Deitch JS, Kunst CB, Maragakis N, Cox G. Effect of genetic background on phenotype variability in transgenic mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a window of opportunity in the search for genetic modifiers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 12:79-86. [PMID: 21241159 DOI: 10.3109/17482968.2010.550626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mouse models of FALS containing mutant human SOD1 genes (G37R, G85R, D90A, or G93A missense mutations or truncated SOD1) exhibit progressive neurodegeneration of the motor system that bears a striking resemblance to ALS, both clinically and pathologically. The most utilized and best characterized Tg mice are the G93A mutant hSOD1 (Tg(hSOD1-G93A)1GUR mice), abbreviated G93A. In this review we highlight what is known about background-dependent differences in disease phenotype in transgenic mice that carry mutated human or mouse SOD1. Expression of G93A-hSOD1Tg in congenic lines with ALR, NOD.Rag1KO, SJL or C3H backgrounds show a more severe phenotype than in the mixed (B6xSJL) hSOD1Tg mice, whereas a milder phenotype is observed in B6, B10, BALB/c and DBA inbred lines. We hypothesize that the background differences are due to disease-modifying genes. Identification of modifier genes can highlight intracellular pathways already suspected to be involved in motor neuron degeneration; it may also point to new pathways and processes that have not yet been considered. Most importantly, identified modifier genes provide new targets for the development of therapies.
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17
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Simmons Z, Felgoise SH, Bremer BA, Walsh SM, Hufford DJ, Bromberg MB, David W, Forshew DA, Heiman-Patterson TD, Lai EC, McCluskey L. The ALSSQOL: balancing physical and nonphysical factors in assessing quality of life in ALS. Neurology 2006; 67:1659-64. [PMID: 17101900 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000242887.79115.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no generally accepted instrument for measuring quality of life (QOL) in patients with ALS. Current instruments are either too heavily weighted toward strength and physical function or useful for the evaluation of individuals but of less utility in assessing large samples. OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an ALS-specific QOL instrument (the ALSSQOL) that would reflect overall QOL as assessed by the patient and would be valid and reliable across large samples. METHODS The ALSSQOL is based on the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (MQOL), modified by changes in format and by adding questions on religiousness and spirituality, items derived from interviews with ALS patients, and items identified from open-ended questions administered during the MQOL. The psychometric properties of the ALSSQOL were assessed by a prospective multicenter study in which participants completed the ALSSQOL, other instruments measuring overall QOL, and instruments assessing religiousness, spirituality, and psychological distress. RESULTS A 59-item ALSSQOL was developed; 342 patients evaluated its psychometric properties. Completion time averaged 15 minutes. Forty-six items loaded on six factors. The ALSSQOL demonstrated concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity for the overall instrument and convergent validity for its subscales. Analysis of individual items permitted insight into variables of clinical importance. CONCLUSIONS This new ALS-specific quality of life instrument is a practical tool for the assessment of overall quality of life in individuals with ALS and appears to be valid and useful across large samples. Validation studies of a shortened version are now under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Simmons
- Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Heiman-Patterson TD, Deitch JS, Blankenhorn EP, Erwin KL, Perreault MJ, Alexander BK, Byers N, Toman I, Alexander GM. Background and gender effects on survival in the TgN(SOD1-G93A)1Gur mouse model of ALS. J Neurol Sci 2005; 236:1-7. [PMID: 16024047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder. While most cases of ALS are sporadic, 10-15% are familial, and of these 15-20% possess a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In families of ALS patients with specific SOD1 mutations, affected members demonstrate significant heterogeneity of disease and a large variation in age of onset and severity, suggesting that there are genetic modifiers of disease expression. Transgenic mice expressing mutant forms of SOD1 demonstrate symptoms similar to those seen in patients with ALS. We have observed in our colony of G93A SOD1 transgenic mice a milder phenotype in mice in a C57BL/6J background than the C57BL/6JxSJL/J hybrid background used by Jackson Laboratories to maintain their colony. To investigate the effect of genetic background on phenotype, we have constructed congenic lines on two genetic backgrounds, C57BL/6J (B6) and SJL/J (SJL). We report the influence of background and gender on the survival of these congenic lines compared to the hybrid C57BL/6JxSJL/J background. The mean survival of G93A SOD1 mice in the hybrid B6/SJL background was 130 days, with females surviving significantly longer than males. When compared to the hybrid B6/SJL background, the survival of mice in the SJL background significantly decreased, and the gender difference in survival was maintained. On the other hand, mean survival in the B6 background significantly increased, and in contrast to the B6/SJL and SJL backgrounds, there was no difference in survival between males and females. Transgene copy numbers were verified in all animals to ensure that any phenotypic differences observed were not due to alterations in copy number. This is the first report of a shortened lifespan when the G93A SOD1 transgene is placed on the SJL/J background and an increased survival with the loss of gender influences when the transgene is placed on the C57BL/6J background.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Mail Stop 423, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Alexander GM, Erwin KL, Byers N, Deitch JS, Augelli BJ, Blankenhorn EP, Heiman-Patterson TD. Effect of transgene copy number on survival in the G93A SOD1 transgenic mouse model of ALS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 130:7-15. [PMID: 15519671 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing multiple copies of the G93A mutant form of SOD1 develop motor neuron pathology and clinical symptoms similar to those seen in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The phenotype of these mice is dependent on the number of transgene copies in their genome. Changes in transgene copy number, although rare, can sometimes occur while mating due to intra locus recombination events during meiosis. The objective of this study was to develop a real time quantitative PCR method to determine changes in transgene copy number in these mice and to evaluate the effect of transgene copy number on the phenotype of the G93A SOD1 mouse model of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M Alexander
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Mail stop 423, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Cudkowicz ME, Shefner JM, Schoenfeld DA, Brown RH, Johnson H, Qureshi M, Jacobs M, Rothstein JD, Appel SH, Pascuzzi RM, Heiman-Patterson TD, Donofrio PD, David WS, Russell JA, Tandan R, Pioro EP, Felice KJ, Rosenfeld J, Mandler RN, Sachs GM, Bradley WG, Raynor EM, Baquis GD, Belsh JM, Novella S, Goldstein J, Hulihan J. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 2003; 61:456-64. [PMID: 12939417 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.61.4.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if long-term topiramate therapy is safe and slows disease progression in patients with ALS. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter randomized clinical trial was conducted. Participants with ALS (n = 296) were randomized (2:1) to receive topiramate (maximum tolerated dose up to 800 mg/day) or placebo for 12 months. The primary outcome measure was the rate of change in upper extremity motor function as measured by the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength of eight arm muscle groups. Secondary endpoints included safety and the rate of decline of forced vital capacity (FVC), grip strength, ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS), and survival. RESULTS Patients treated with topiramate showed a faster decrease in arm strength (33.3%) during 12 months (0.0997 vs 0.0748 unit decline/month, p = 0.012). Topiramate did not significantly alter the decline in FVC and ALSFRS or affect survival. Topiramate was associated with an increased frequency of anorexia, depression, diarrhea, ecchymosis, nausea, kidney calculus, paresthesia, taste perversion, thinking abnormalities, weight loss, and abnormal blood clotting (pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis). CONCLUSIONS At the dose studied, topiramate did not have a beneficial effect for patients with ALS. High-dose topiramate treatment was associated with a faster rate of decline in muscle strength as measured by MVIC and with an increased risk for several adverse events in patients with ALS. Given the lack of efficacy and large number of adverse effects, further studies of topiramate at a dose of 800 mg or maximum tolerated dose up to 800 mg/day are not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Cudkowicz
- Neurology Clinical Trials Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
A decrease in expression of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 is thought to be responsible for the increase in extracellular glutamate observed in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in a transgenic mouse model of ALS. We examined protein levels of the glutamate transporters GLT-1, GLAST and EAAC1 in the G93A (SOD1) transgenic mouse model of ALS. GLT-1 was detected in two bands (72 and 150 kD). Semi-quantitative analysis of Western blots showed that GLT-1 levels in sensorimotor cortex, brain stem, and cervical and lumbar spinal cord of G93A mice did not differ significantly from controls, either at end stage or at 60- or 90-days old. Nevertheless, other differences were found in GLT-1 at end stage. The percentage of total GLT-1 in the 150 kD band increased significantly (p<0.05) in the spinal cord and was elevated in the brain stem and cortex. Furthermore, brain stem and spinal cord GLT-1 from G93A mice showed retarded mobility on gels compared to controls (M(r) approximately equal to 77.3+/-2.3 and 164.3+/-3.1 vs. 72.2+/-2.4 and 153.6+/-4.7, respectively). GLAST and EAAC1 were unchanged in both amount and mobility. These results show that a loss of GLT-1 protein is not necessary for ALS-like neurodegeneration in G93A mice. However, the changes in GLT-1 mobility and distribution indicate that GLT-1 is altered in mice with the SOD1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Deitch
- Department of Neurology, MCP Hahnemann University, MS 423, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
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Abstract
Paramyotonia congenita (PC) is an autosomal-dominant disorder due to a point mutation in the adult skeletal muscle Na channel gene. Muscle fibers from PC patients have normal membrane properties at 32 degrees C. At 27 degrees C, they are inexcitable, have increased Na conductance, and have a reduced resting membrane potential of -40 mV. To define the biophysical basis for the muscle membrane abnormalities, we performed patch clamp whole-cell and outside-out single Na channel studies at 22 degrees C on cultured human muscle cells from 4 control patients and 2 sisters with PC and the thr1313met mutant Na channel. The whole-cell studies showed no difference in window currents. Unlike cells transfected with the thr1313met mutant Na channel, the inactivation time constant, tau(h), for PC cells was similar to control cells. For PC recordings containing long-duration single Na channel openings, mean open time was prolonged at -60, -40, and -20 mV. The long-duration Na channel openings occurred randomly with no evidence of modal gating. The number of channel openings, occurrence of late openings, and the prolonged mean open time resulted in a sustained inward Na current at -40 mV. We suggest that the biophysical marker of the thr1313met mutant Na channel is a voltage- and temperature-dependent abnormality in mutant single Na channel behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Boulos
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Alexander GM, Deitch JS, Seeburger JL, Del Valle L, Heiman-Patterson TD. Elevated cortical extracellular fluid glutamate in transgenic mice expressing human mutant (G93A) Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. J Neurochem 2000; 74:1666-73. [PMID: 10737625 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0741666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing a mutated (G93A) human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) develop motor neuron pathology and clinical symptoms similar to those seen in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Loss of motor neurons is most prominent in lumbar, followed by cervical cord and then brainstem. No significant cell death has been reported in motor cortex. The integrity of the cortical glutamate reuptake systems was evaluated using intracerebral microdialysis and western immunoblot assays for the glutamate transporters GLT-1, GLAST, and EAAC1. The basal extracellular fluid levels of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid were evaluated by HPLC. The extraction fraction of L-3H]glutamate, corrected with [14C]mannitol, was also evaluated. GLT-1, EAAC1, and GLAST protein levels were determined by semiquantitative chemiluminescence immunoblot of proteins from membrane-enriched fractions. The relative optical density of film was translated into relative protein level by comparison with a standard control mouse. The SOD1 mutant mice demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in basal levels of extracellular aspartate and glutamate. In addition, when the glutamate extraction fraction was challenged with exogenous unlabeled glutamate (500 microM) by reversed microdialysis, the glutamate extraction fraction in the mutant SOD1 mice was decreased significantly from control levels. The SOD1 mutant mice demonstrated no difference in the cortical protein levels of the glutamate transporter subtypes. This study demonstrates that in areas of no visible pathology and no loss of glutamate transporter proteins, SOD1 mutant mice have elevated extracellular fluid aspartate and glutamate levels and a decreased capacity to clear glutamate from the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Alexander
- Department of Neurology, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102-1192, USA.
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Abstract
We present a family with severe exercise intolerance, progressive proximal weakness, and lactic acidemia. Fifteen of 24 family members in five generations were affected. Since the affected males do not have offspring at this time, the family pedigree is consistent with either maternal or autosomal dominant inheritance. Muscle histochemistry showed ragged-red fibers and electron microscopy showed globular mitochondrial inclusions. Biochemical analysis showed reduced muscle activities of mitochondrial NADH-cytochrome c reductase (1 of 2 patients), succinate-cytochrome c reductase (2 patients), and cytochrome c oxidase (2 patients). For 1 patient, sequence analysis of 44% of the muscle mitochondrial DNA including all 22 transfer RNA regions showed no point mutation with pathogenic significance. Southern blot analysis showed no deletion. Six affected members of the family were treated with methylprednisolone (0.25 mg/kg) for 3 months. Muscle strength, serum lactate, and energy metabolism at rest (measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy) significantly improved with treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Abstract
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia share two cardinal clinical features: hypothermia and rigidity. Both syndromes can result in rhabdomyolysis and have high mortality rates if left untreated. This article reviews each syndrome and its pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Fletcher JE, Wieland SJ, Beech J, Heiman-Patterson TD, Rosenberg H. Modulation of Ca2+ release and Na+ channel function in skeletal muscle by fatty acids. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 311:329-31. [PMID: 1326861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3362-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)- and halothane-induced Ca(2+) release and Na+ currents are modulated by free fatty acids (FAs). FA modulation of ion currents may have important implications for general muscle physiology and skeletal muscle disorders, including malignant hyperthermia (MH).
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Tahmoush AJ, Gillespie JA, Hulihan JF, Siegal DR, Parry GJ, Kushner H, Heiman-Patterson TD. Clinical and electrophysiological assessments in ALS patients. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 31:491-6. [PMID: 1797545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the relationships between traditional assessments in ALS patients have not been defined, three clinical and four electrophysiological assessments were performed in a cross-sectional study of 87 ALS patients. The clinical assessments produced Norris ALS scores, muscle strength scores and illness durations (DUR). The electrophysiological assessments produced scores for motor unit interference pattern, denervation potentials, compound muscle action potential, and fasciculations. The individual muscle scores were averaged to produce mean scores, and Spearman rank correlations were performed on the mean scores. The association between Norris ALS and mean muscle strength (MMS) scores is significant (p less than .001, rs = 0.84), and these scores are significantly correlated with mean interference pattern (0.77, 0.82), mean denervation potential (-0.63, -0.70), and mean compound muscle action potential scores (0.55, 0.60), respectively. Correlations between IP and DP scores (-0.71), IP and CMAP scores (0.62), and DP and CMAP (-0.56) scores are also significant. Scatterplots of the data and regression lines suggest linear relationships between each of these assessments. Illness duration and fasciculation scores are not strongly correlated (rs less than 0.55) with any of the other clinical or electrophysiological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Tahmoush
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5083
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Abstract
We report nine patients with muscle aching, cramps, stiffness, exercise intolerance, and peripheral nerve hyperexcitability. Neurologic examination showed calf fasciculations in seven, quadriceps myokymia in two, and deltoid myokymia in one patient. Two patients had mild increase in serum creatine kinase. Muscle biopsy showed either no abnormality (three patients) or mild neurogenic changes (four patients). Fasciculations were the only abnormality on routine electrodiagnostic studies. Supramaximal stimulation of the median, ulnar, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerves at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 Hz produced showers of electrical potentials following the M response in at least one nerve. In three patients, the fasciculations and evoked electrical potentials were abolished by regional application of curare but not nerve block. Carbamazepine therapy caused moderate-to-marked reduction of symptoms and nerve hyperexcitability. We designate this hyperexcitable peripheral nerve disorder as the "cramp-fasciculation syndrome."
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Tahmoush
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Miano MA, Bosley TM, Heiman-Patterson TD, Reed J, Sergott RC, Savino PJ, Schatz NJ. Factors influencing outcome of prednisone dose reduction in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1991; 41:919-21. [PMID: 2046940 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.41.6.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed retrospectively 114 prednisone dose reduction attempts in 63 myasthenic patients. Dose reduction was considered successful if a patient remained asymptomatic for more than 1 year on no prednisone or a stable low dose of prednisone. Successful dose reduction attempts were more common in patients taking azathioprine, but thymectomy did not influence taper outcome. Slower rate of dose reduction and higher ending dose of prednisone improved the chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Miano
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Heiman-Patterson TD, Bird SJ, Parry GJ, Varga J, Shy ME, Culligan NW, Edelsohn L, Tatarian GT, Heyes MP, Garcia CA. Peripheral neuropathy associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Ann Neurol 1990; 28:522-8. [PMID: 2174666 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410280409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 1989, the Centers for Disease Control recognized the existence of an epidemic illness characterized by myalgia and eosinophilia in individuals taking preparations containing L-tryptophan. We evaluated 3 patients with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome who presented with subacute progressive neuropathies. The neuropathies were predominantly motor and maximal in the lower extremities. Two patients were confined to a wheelchair and one was ventilator-dependent and bedridden. Sensory loss predominantly involved small fiber modalities. Electrophysiological studies showed multifocal marked conduction slowing and conduction block indicating segmental demyelination, with associated axonal degeneration that was accentuated distally. Examination of sural nerve biopsy specimens demonstrated axonal degeneration in all 3 patients and perivascular infiltrates in 2. Levels of quinolinic acid, a neurotoxic metabolite of L-tryptophan, were elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid in the 2 patients in whom it was measured. The cause of the neuropathy is unknown but may include immune mechanisms or toxicity of eosinophils, L-tryptophan, its metabolic products, or contaminants within L-tryptophan preparations.
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Varga J, Heiman-Patterson TD, Emery DL, Griffin R, Lally EV, Uitto JJ, Jimenez SA. Clinical spectrum of the systemic manifestations of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1990; 19:313-28. [PMID: 2164712 DOI: 10.1016/0049-0172(90)90069-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Varga
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Parry
- Department of Neurology, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
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Abstract
The association of malignant hyperthermia (MH) with neuromuscular disorders has been recognized since 1970. These disorders include central core disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, myotonic dystrophy, nonspecific myopathies, and King-Denborough syndrome. In order to assess the anesthetic risk of MH in the neuromuscular population, we performed halothane and caffeine contracture testing for MH susceptibility on biopsied muscle removed from 25 consecutive neuromuscular patients during diagnostic evaluation. Positive contracture tests were found in 7 of 18 patients with myopathic disorders and 3 of 7 patients with neurogenic disorders. Two of our patients had anesthetic events suggesting MH. These findings suggest that myopathic and neuropathic disorders share pathogenic mechanisms with MH, resulting in positive contracture tests and possibly leading to clinical events during anesthesia. Although there is controversy regarding the interpretation of a positive contracture test, contracture testing remains the most widely accepted test for MH susceptibility. Thus, a variety of neuromuscular disorders may be associated with MH susceptibility, and caution should be exercised during anesthesia in this group of patients.
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Abstract
The relationship between neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and malignant hyperthermia (MH) was investigated using the in vitro skeletal muscle contracture test to screen for MH-susceptibility in NMS patients. The maximum contracture tension which developed following exposure to halothane (1-3%), and incremental doses of fluphenazine (0.2-25.6 mM) was measured in muscle obtained from seven NMS, six MH, and six control patients. Comparison of the cumulative responses to fluphenazine revealed no significant differences among the groups. However, the response (mean +/- SEM) to halothane in the NMS group (1.7 +/- 0.7 g), which was similar to the response in the MH group (1.5 +/- 0.2 g), was significantly greater than the response found in controls (0.2 +/- 0.1 g). In addition, five of seven NMS patients could be diagnosed as MH-susceptible, based on the development of muscle contractures greater than 0.7 g in response to 1-3% halothane. In contrast, none of the controls were MH-susceptible. These findings appear to correlate with clinical evidence suggesting an association between NMS and MH.
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Abstract
To evaluate malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility in X-linked muscular dystrophies, halothane and caffeine contracture tests were performed on muscle fiber bundles from five patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and two patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Two DMD patients and one BMD patient had positive contracture tests. Since a positive contracture test is currently the best indicator of anesthetic susceptibility in the MH population, and episodes of MH in dystrophic patients have been reported, patients with DMD and BMD may be at risk for developing similar anesthetic complications. Awareness of this potential anesthetic risk is of importance because orthopedic interventions are increasingly more common in these patients.
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Abstract
The King-Denborough syndrome (KDS) is characterized by dysmorphic features, myopathy, and malignant hyperthermia (MH). Physiologic contracture testing for MH susceptibility has not been reported in KDS. A young boy with KDS underwent muscle biopsy evaluation at age 3 years that documented an abnormal contracture response to halothane, indicating MH susceptibility. Histopathology demonstrated small type II fibers associated with type I hypertrophy. Contracture testing of muscle obtained from the patient's mother was positive, while a sibling's test was negative. This case is the first to demonstrate susceptibility to MH with KDS by using physiologic contracture testing. The presence of positive MH results in both the patient and his mother suggest one of the following: (1) KDS may be part of the spectrum of autosomal dominantly inherited MH; (2) the locus for MH and for KDS may be linked closely and inherited concurrently, or; (3) the association of MH and KDS may be coincidental.
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Abstract
The primate cochlear nuclear complex exhibits several characteristic morphological differences in the various primate families from Lorisidae through Hominidae. The most striking differences occur in the organization of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in which the laminar pattern becomes progressively obscured. Granule cells form an external granular layer as well as being intermixed within the molecular and pyramidal layers in slow lorises and squirrel and rhesus monkeys. Whereas a prominent external granular layer remains in chimpanzees, granule cells are scant in other portions of the nucleus. Human adults lack an external granular layer. A small number of granule cells occur but with inconstant distribution. Primates lack the linear array of pyramidal cells oriented perpendicularly to the epithelial surface as seen in cats. The granule cell layer exhibits similar regression in development of the human cochlear complex. The external granular layer is prominent in the fetus but rapidly decreases in size after birth. It achieves its adult form prior to 18 months. The data suggest that neuronal attrition, or programmed cell death, may be the major mechanism accounting for the alterations that occur in the human granule cell layer. Other differences in cytoarchitecture, within the great apes and humans, include decreases in the small and giant cell populations of the cochlear complex. These changes, in consort with the organizational changes and reduction of granule cells as noted above, suggest a trend towards reduced intranuclear integration at the level of the cochlear nucleus coupled with encephalization of the auditory system.
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Downey GP, Rosenberg M, Caroff S, Beck S, Rosenberg H, Gerber JC, Heiman-Patterson TD, Aronson MD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Patient with unique clinical and physiologic features. Am J Med 1984; 77:338-40. [PMID: 6147089 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lethargy, marked muscle weakness and rigidity, a maximal temperature of 40 degrees C, and a maximal creatine kinase value of 17,240 IU/liter developed in a 36-year-old woman following treatment with several neuroleptics. Initial treatment with dantrolene was unsuccessful. The patient's condition improved gradually over a 10-day period with no specific therapy. Muscle biopsy revealed a contracture pattern diagnostic of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility, as well as abnormal sensitivity to fluphenazine. This report may be the first description of a patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome in whom muscle biopsy response similar to that seen in malignant hyperthermia occurred and documents that dantrolene is not uniformly successful therapy for this syndrome.
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