1
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Hoque M, Li FQ, Weber WD, Chen JJ, Kim EN, Kuo PL, Visconti PE, Takemaru KI. The Cby3/ciBAR1 complex positions the annulus along the sperm flagellum during spermiogenesis. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307147. [PMID: 38197861 PMCID: PMC10783431 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper compartmentalization of the sperm flagellum is essential for fertility. The annulus is a septin-based ring that demarcates the midpiece (MP) and the principal piece (PP). It is assembled at the flagellar base, migrates caudally, and halts upon arriving at the PP. However, the mechanisms governing annulus positioning remain unknown. We report that a Chibby3 (Cby3)/Cby1-interacting BAR domain-containing 1 (ciBAR1) complex is required for this process. Ablation of either gene in mice results in male fertility defects, caused by kinked sperm flagella with the annulus mispositioned in the PP. Cby3 and ciBAR1 interact and colocalize to the annulus near the curved membrane invagination at the flagellar pocket. In the absence of Cby3, periannular membranes appear to be deformed, allowing the annulus to migrate over the fibrous sheath into the PP. Collectively, our results suggest that the Cby3/ciBAR1 complex regulates local membrane properties to position the annulus at the MP/PP junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hoque
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - William David Weber
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jun Jie Chen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Eunice N. Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Pao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pablo E. Visconti
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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2
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Weiss LE, Love JF, Yoon J, Comerci CJ, Milenkovic L, Kanie T, Jackson PK, Stearns T, Gustavsson AK. Single-molecule imaging in the primary cilium. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:59-83. [PMID: 37164543 PMCID: PMC10509820 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an important signaling organelle critical for normal development and tissue homeostasis. Its small dimensions and complexity necessitate advanced imaging approaches to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind its function. Here, we outline how single-molecule fluorescence microscopy can be used for tracking molecular dynamics and interactions and for super-resolution imaging of nanoscale structures in the primary cilium. Specifically, we describe in detail how to capture and quantify the 2D dynamics of individual transmembrane proteins PTCH1 and SMO and how to map the 3D nanoscale distributions of the inversin compartment proteins INVS, ANKS6, and NPHP3. This protocol can, with minor modifications, be adapted for studies of other proteins and cell lines to further elucidate the structure and function of the primary cilium at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien E Weiss
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Julia F Love
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Colin J Comerci
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Tomoharu Kanie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Rockefeller University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Anna-Karin Gustavsson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States; Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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3
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Park K, Leroux MR. Composition, organization and mechanisms of the transition zone, a gate for the cilium. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55420. [PMID: 36408840 PMCID: PMC9724682 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cilium evolved to provide the ancestral eukaryote with the ability to move and sense its environment. Acquiring these functions required the compartmentalization of a dynein-based motility apparatus and signaling proteins within a discrete subcellular organelle contiguous with the cytosol. Here, we explore the potential molecular mechanisms for how the proximal-most region of the cilium, termed transition zone (TZ), acts as a diffusion barrier for both membrane and soluble proteins and helps to ensure ciliary autonomy and homeostasis. These include a unique complement and spatial organization of proteins that span from the microtubule-based axoneme to the ciliary membrane; a protein picket fence; a specialized lipid microdomain; differential membrane curvature and thickness; and lastly, a size-selective molecular sieve. In addition, the TZ must be permissive for, and functionally integrates with, ciliary trafficking systems (including intraflagellar transport) that cross the barrier and make the ciliary compartment dynamic. The quest to understand the TZ continues and promises to not only illuminate essential aspects of human cell signaling, physiology, and development, but also to unravel how TZ dysfunction contributes to ciliopathies that affect multiple organ systems, including eyes, kidney, and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangjin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Present address:
Terry Fox LaboratoryBC CancerVancouverBCCanada
- Present address:
Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistrySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and DiseaseSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
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4
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Ching K, Wang JT, Stearns T. Long-range migration of centrioles to the apical surface of the olfactory epithelium. eLife 2022; 11:e74399. [PMID: 35420544 PMCID: PMC9064291 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in vertebrates detect odorants using multiple cilia, which protrude from the end of the dendrite and require centrioles for their formation. In mouse olfactory epithelium, the centrioles originate in progenitor cells near the basal lamina, often 50-100 μm from the apical surface. It is unknown how centrioles traverse this distance or mature to form cilia. Using high-resolution expansion microscopy, we found that centrioles migrate together, with multiple centrioles per group and multiple groups per OSN, during dendrite outgrowth. Centrioles were found by live imaging to migrate slowly, with a maximum rate of 0.18 µm/minute. Centrioles in migrating groups were associated with microtubule nucleation factors, but acquired rootletin and appendages only in mature OSNs. The parental centriole had preexisting appendages, formed a single cilium before other centrioles, and retained its unique appendage configuration in the mature OSN. We developed an air-liquid interface explant culture system for OSNs and used it to show that centriole migration can be perturbed ex vivo by stabilizing microtubules. We consider these results in the context of a comprehensive model for centriole formation, migration, and maturation in this important sensory cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Ching
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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5
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Tian Y, Wei C, He J, Yan Y, Pang N, Fang X, Liang X, Fu J. Superresolution characterization of core centriole architecture. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211748. [PMID: 33533934 PMCID: PMC7863704 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the main microtubule-organizing center in animal cells. It comprises of two centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material. Protein organization at the outer layer of the centriole and outward has been studied extensively; however, an overall picture of the protein architecture at the centriole core has been missing. Here we report a direct view of Drosophila centriolar proteins at ∼50-nm resolution. This reveals a Sas6 ring at the C-terminus, where it overlaps with the C-terminus of Cep135. The ninefold symmetrical pattern of Cep135 is further conveyed through Ana1-Asterless axes that extend past the microtubule wall from between the blades. Ana3 and Rcd4, whose termini are close to Cep135, are arranged in ninefold symmetry that does not match the above axes. During centriole biogenesis, Ana3 and Rcd4 are sequentially loaded on the newly formed centriole and are required for centriole-to-centrosome conversion through recruiting the Cep135-Ana1-Asterless complex. Together, our results provide a spatiotemporal map of the centriole core and implications of how the structure might be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences and Max Planck Partner Group, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences and Max Planck Partner Group, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Tapia Contreras C, Hoyer-Fender S. The Transformation of the Centrosome into the Basal Body: Similarities and Dissimilarities between Somatic and Male Germ Cells and Their Relevance for Male Fertility. Cells 2021; 10:2266. [PMID: 34571916 PMCID: PMC8471410 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sperm flagellum is essential for the transport of the genetic material toward the oocyte and thus the transmission of the genetic information to the next generation. During the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, i.e., spermiogenesis, a morphological and molecular restructuring of the male germ cell, the round spermatid, takes place that includes the silencing and compaction of the nucleus, the formation of the acrosomal vesicle from the Golgi apparatus, the formation of the sperm tail, and, finally, the shedding of excessive cytoplasm. Sperm tail formation starts in the round spermatid stage when the pair of centrioles moves toward the posterior pole of the nucleus. The sperm tail, eventually, becomes located opposed to the acrosomal vesicle, which develops at the anterior pole of the nucleus. The centriole pair tightly attaches to the nucleus, forming a nuclear membrane indentation. An articular structure is formed around the centriole pair known as the connecting piece, situated in the neck region and linking the sperm head to the tail, also named the head-to-tail coupling apparatus or, in short, HTCA. Finally, the sperm tail grows out from the distal centriole that is now transformed into the basal body of the flagellum. However, a centriole pair is found in nearly all cells of the body. In somatic cells, it accumulates a large mass of proteins, the pericentriolar material (PCM), that together constitute the centrosome, which is the main microtubule-organizing center of the cell, essential not only for the structuring of the cytoskeleton and the overall cellular organization but also for mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation. However, in post-mitotic (G1 or G0) cells, the centrosome is transformed into the basal body. In this case, one of the centrioles, which is always the oldest or mother centriole, grows the axoneme of a cilium. Most cells of the body carry a single cilium known as the primary cilium that serves as an antenna sensing the cell's environment. Besides, specialized cells develop multiple motile cilia differing in substructure from the immotile primary cilia that are essential in moving fluids or cargos over the cellular surface. Impairment of cilia formation causes numerous severe syndromes that are collectively subsumed as ciliopathies. This comparative overview serves to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of basal body formation, their similarities, and dissimilarities, in somatic versus male germ cells, by discussing the involved proteins/genes and their expression, localization, and function. The review, thus, aimed to provide a deeper knowledge of the molecular players that is essential for the expansion of clinical diagnostics and treatment of male fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology-Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
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7
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Cyge B, Voronina V, Hoque M, Kim EN, Hall J, Bailey-Lundberg JM, Pazour GJ, Crawford HC, Moon RT, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Loss of the ciliary protein Chibby1 in mice leads to exocrine pancreatic degeneration and pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17220. [PMID: 34446743 PMCID: PMC8390639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia protrude from the apical surface of many cell types and act as a sensory organelle that regulates diverse biological processes ranging from chemo- and mechanosensation to signaling. Ciliary dysfunction is associated with a wide array of genetic disorders, known as ciliopathies. Polycystic lesions are commonly found in the kidney, liver, and pancreas of ciliopathy patients and mouse models. However, the pathogenesis of the pancreatic phenotype remains poorly understood. Chibby1 (Cby1), a small conserved coiled-coil protein, localizes to the ciliary base and plays a crucial role in ciliogenesis. Here, we report that Cby1-knockout (KO) mice develop severe exocrine pancreatic atrophy with dilated ducts during early postnatal development. A significant reduction in the number and length of cilia was observed in Cby1-KO pancreta. In the adult Cby1-KO pancreas, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis were noticeable. Intriguingly, Cby1-KO acinar cells showed an accumulation of zymogen granules (ZGs) with altered polarity. Moreover, isolated acini from Cby1-KO pancreas exhibited defective ZG secretion in vitro. Collectively, our results suggest that, upon loss of Cby1, concomitant with ciliary defects, acinar cells accumulate ZGs due to defective exocytosis, leading to cell death and progressive exocrine pancreatic degeneration after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cyge
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Vera Voronina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mohammed Hoque
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eunice N Kim
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Jason Hall
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bailey-Lundberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Randall T Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11974, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11974, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, BST 7-182, 101 Nicolls Rd., Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA.
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8
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Hazime KS, Zhou Z, Joachimiak E, Bulgakova NA, Wloga D, Malicki JJ. STORM imaging reveals the spatial arrangement of transition zone components and IFT particles at the ciliary base in Tetrahymena. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7899. [PMID: 33846423 PMCID: PMC8041816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The base of the cilium comprising the transition zone (TZ) and transition fibers (TF) acts as a selecting gate to regulate the intraflagellar transport (IFT)-dependent trafficking of proteins to and from cilia. Before entering the ciliary compartment, IFT complexes and transported cargoes accumulate at or near the base of the cilium. The spatial organization of IFT proteins at the cilia base is key for understanding cilia formation and function. Using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and computational averaging, we show that seven TZ, nine IFT, three Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS), and one centrosomal protein, form 9-clustered rings at the cilium base of a ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. In the axial dimension, analyzed TZ proteins localize to a narrow region of about 30 nm while IFT proteins dock approximately 80 nm proximal to TZ. Moreover, the IFT-A subcomplex is positioned peripheral to the IFT-B subcomplex and the investigated BBS proteins localize near the ciliary membrane. The positioning of the HA-tagged N- and C-termini of the selected proteins enabled the prediction of the spatial orientation of protein particles and likely cargo interaction sites. Based on the obtained data, we built a comprehensive 3D-model showing the arrangement of the investigated ciliary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khodor S Hazime
- Bateson Centre and the Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Bateson Centre and the Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia A Bulgakova
- Bateson Centre and the Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jarema J Malicki
- Bateson Centre and the Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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9
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Guo L, Beck T, Fulmer D, Ramos‐Ortiz S, Glover J, Wang C, Moore K, Gensemer C, Morningstar J, Moore R, Schott J, Le Tourneau T, Koren N, Norris RA. DZIP1 regulates mammalian cardiac valve development through a Cby1-β-catenin mechanism. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1432-1449. [PMID: 33811421 PMCID: PMC8518365 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common and progressive cardiovascular disease with developmental origins. How developmental errors contribute to disease pathogenesis are not well understood. Results A multimeric complex was identified that consists of the MVP gene Dzip1, Cby1, and β‐catenin. Co‐expression during valve development revealed overlap at the basal body of the primary cilia. Biochemical studies revealed a DZIP1 peptide required for stabilization of the complex and suppression of β‐catenin activities. Decoy peptides generated against this interaction motif altered nuclear vs cytosolic levels of β‐catenin with effects on transcriptional activity. A mutation within this domain was identified in a family with inherited non‐syndromic MVP. This novel mutation and our previously identified DZIP1S24R variant resulted in reduced DZIP1 and CBY1 stability and increased β‐catenin activities. The β‐catenin target gene, MMP2 was up‐regulated in the Dzip1S14R/+ valves and correlated with loss of collagenous ECM matrix and myxomatous phenotype. Conclusion Dzip1 functions to restrain β‐catenin signaling through a CBY1 linker during cardiac development. Loss of these interactions results in increased nuclear β‐catenin/Lef1 and excess MMP2 production, which correlates with developmental and postnatal changes in ECM and generation of a myxomatous phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Guo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Tyler Beck
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Diana Fulmer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sandra Ramos‐Ortiz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Janiece Glover
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Christina Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kelsey Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Cortney Gensemer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jordan Morningstar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Reece Moore
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Natalie Koren
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell BiologyMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA
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10
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The Transition Zone Protein AHI1 Regulates Neuronal Ciliary Trafficking of MCHR1 and Its Downstream Signaling Pathway. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3932-3943. [PMID: 33741721 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2993-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Abelson-helper integration site 1 (AHI1) gene encodes for a ciliary transition zone localizing protein that when mutated causes the human ciliopathy, Joubert syndrome. We prepared and examined neuronal cultures derived from male and female embryonic Ahi1 +/+ and Ahi1 -/- mice (littermates) and found that the distribution of ciliary melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MchR1) was significantly reduced in Ahi1 -/- neurons; however, the total and surface expression of MchR1 on Ahi1 -/- neurons was similar to controls (Ahi1 +/+). This indicates that a pathway for MchR1 trafficking to the surface plasma membrane is intact, but the process of targeting MchR1 into cilia is impaired in Ahi1-deficient mouse neurons, indicating a role for Ahi1 in localizing MchR1 to the cilium. Mouse Ahi1 -/- neurons that fail to accumulate MchR1 in the ciliary membrane have significant decreases in two downstream MchR1 signaling pathways [cAMP and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)] on MCH stimulation. These results suggest that the ciliary localization of MchR1 is necessary and critical for MchR1 signaling, with Ahi1 participating in regulating MchR1 localization to cilia, and further supporting cilia as critical signaling centers in neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our work here demonstrates that neuronal primary cilia are powerful and focused signaling centers for the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCHR1), with a role for the ciliary transition zone protein, Abelson-helper integration site 1 (AHI1), in mediating ciliary trafficking of MCHR1. Moreover, our manuscript further expands the repertoire of cilia functions on neurons, a cell type that has not received significant attention in the cilia field. Lastly, our work demonstrates the significant influence of ciliary GPCR signaling in the overall signaling of neurons.
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11
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Bornens M. Centrosome organization and functions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:199-206. [PMID: 33338884 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome, discovered near 1875, was named by Boveri when proposing the chromosomal theory of heredity. After a long eclipse, a considerable amount of molecular data has been accumulated on the centrosome and its biogenesis in the last 30 years, summarized regularly in excellent reviews. Major questions are still at stake in 2021 however, as we lack a comprehensive view of the centrosome functions. I will first try to see how progress towards a unified view of the role of centrosomes during evolution is possible, and then review recent data on only some of the many important questions raised by this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bornens
- Institut Curie, PSL University, CNRS - UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France.
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12
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Epting D, Senaratne LDS, Ott E, Holmgren A, Sumathipala D, Larsen SM, Wallmeier J, Bracht D, Frikstad KM, Crowley S, Sikiric A, Barøy T, Käsmann‐Kellner B, Decker E, Decker C, Bachmann N, Patzke S, Phelps IG, Katsanis N, Giles R, Schmidts M, Zucknick M, Lienkamp SS, Omran H, Davis EE, Doherty D, Strømme P, Frengen E, Bergmann C, Misceo D. Loss of CBY1 results in a ciliopathy characterized by features of Joubert syndrome. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:2179-2194. [PMID: 33131181 PMCID: PMC7756669 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases. We studied three patients from two independent families presenting with features of Joubert syndrome: abnormal breathing pattern during infancy, developmental delay/intellectual disability, cerebellar ataxia, molar tooth sign on magnetic resonance imaging scans, and polydactyly. We identified biallelic loss-of-function (LOF) variants in CBY1, segregating with the clinical features of Joubert syndrome in the families. CBY1 localizes to the distal end of the mother centriole, contributing to the formation and function of cilia. In accordance with the clinical and mutational findings in the affected individuals, we demonstrated that depletion of Cby1 in zebrafish causes ciliopathy-related phenotypes. Levels of CBY1 transcript were found reduced in the patients compared with controls, suggesting degradation of the mutated transcript through nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay. Accordingly, we could detect CBY1 protein in fibroblasts from controls, but not from patients by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, we observed reduced ability to ciliate, increased ciliary length, and reduced levels of the ciliary proteins AHI1 and ARL13B in patient fibroblasts. Our data show that CBY1 LOF-variants cause a ciliopathy with features of Joubert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Epting
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of MedicineMedical Center‐University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Elisabeth Ott
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of MedicineMedical Center‐University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Asbjørn Holmgren
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University Hospital, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Dulika Sumathipala
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University Hospital, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Selma M. Larsen
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineOslo University Hospital, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- Klinik für Kinder‐ und JugendmedizinUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Diana Bracht
- Klinik für Kinder‐ und JugendmedizinUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Kari‐Anne M. Frikstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University Hospitals–Norwegian Radium HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Suzanne Crowley
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineOslo University Hospital, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Alma Sikiric
- Department of NeurohabilitationOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Tuva Barøy
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University Hospital, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Barbara Käsmann‐Kellner
- Section of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Low Vision, Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of SaarlandHomburgGermany
| | - Eva Decker
- Medizinische Genetik MainzLimbach GeneticsMainzGermany
| | | | | | - Sebastian Patzke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University Hospitals–Norwegian Radium HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Ian G. Phelps
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rachel Giles
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- International Radboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Institute for Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Heymut Omran
- Klinik für Kinder‐ und JugendmedizinUniversitätsklinikum MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease ModelingDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Research InstituteUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Petter Strømme
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent MedicineOslo University Hospital, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University Hospital, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of MedicineMedical Center‐University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Medizinische Genetik MainzLimbach GeneticsMainzGermany
| | - Doriana Misceo
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University Hospital, University of OsloOsloNorway
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13
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Lee L, Ostrowski LE. Motile cilia genetics and cell biology: big results from little mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:769-797. [PMID: 32915243 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of motile cilia and their role in disease has increased tremendously over the last two decades, with critical information and insight coming from the analysis of mouse models. Motile cilia form on specific epithelial cell types and typically beat in a coordinated, whip-like manner to facilitate the flow and clearance of fluids along the cell surface. Defects in formation and function of motile cilia result in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetically heterogeneous disorder with a well-characterized phenotype but no effective treatment. A number of model systems, ranging from unicellular eukaryotes to mammals, have provided information about the genetics, biochemistry, and structure of motile cilia. However, with remarkable resources available for genetic manipulation and developmental, pathological, and physiological analysis of phenotype, the mouse has risen to the forefront of understanding mammalian motile cilia and modeling PCD. This is evidenced by a large number of relevant mouse lines and an extensive body of genetic and phenotypic data. More recently, application of innovative cell biological techniques to these models has enabled substantial advancement in elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and function of mammalian motile cilia. In this article, we will review genetic and cell biological studies of motile cilia in mouse models and their contributions to our understanding of motile cilia and PCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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A CEP104-CSPP1 Complex Is Required for Formation of Primary Cilia Competent in Hedgehog Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1907-1922.e6. [PMID: 31412255 PMCID: PMC6702141 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CEP104 is an evolutionarily conserved centrosomal and ciliary tip protein. CEP104 loss-of-function mutations are reported in patients with Joubert syndrome, but their function in the etiology of ciliopathies is poorly understood. Here, we show that cep104 silencing in zebrafish causes cilia-related manifestations: shortened cilia in Kupffer’s vesicle, heart laterality, and cranial nerve development defects. We show that another Joubert syndrome-associated cilia tip protein, CSPP1, interacts with CEP104 at microtubules for the regulation of axoneme length. We demonstrate in human telomerase reverse transcriptase-immortalized retinal pigmented epithelium (hTERT-RPE1) cells that ciliary translocation of Smoothened in response to Hedgehog pathway stimulation is both CEP104 and CSPP1 dependent. However, CEP104 is not required for the ciliary recruitment of CSPP1, indicating that an intra-ciliary CEP104-CSPP1 complex controls axoneme length and Hedgehog signaling competence. Our in vivo and in vitro analyses of CEP104 define its interaction with CSPP1 as a requirement for the formation of Hedgehog signaling-competent cilia, defects that underlie Joubert syndrome. cep104-depleted zebrafish display shortened KV cilia and defective brain development CEP104 interacts with CSPP1 at the tip of the primary cilium to regulate cilia length CEP104 or CSPP1 loss in human cells leads to defective Hedgehog signaling Impaired signaling is linked to reduction of ciliary SMO but not ARL13B or INPP5E
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15
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Sallum JMF, Motta FL, Arno G, Porto FBO, Resende RG, Belfort R. Clinical and molecular findings in a cohort of 152 Brazilian severe early onset inherited retinal dystrophy patients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:728-752. [PMID: 32865313 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and early-onset retinal dystrophy (EORD) are severe inherited retinal dystrophy that can cause deep blindness childhood. They represent 5% of all retinal dystrophies in the world population and about 10% in Brazil. Clinical findings and molecular basis of syndromic and nonsyndromic LCA/EORD in a Brazilian sample (152 patients/137 families) were studied. In this population, 15 genes were found to be related to the phenotype, 38 new variants were detected and four new complex alleles were discovered. Among 123 variants found, the most common were CEP290: c.2991+1655A>G, CRB1: p.Cys948Tyr, and RPGRIP1: exon10-18 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Maria Ferraz Sallum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Genética Ocular, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Louise Motta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Genética Ocular, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gavin Arno
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Fernanda Belga Ottoni Porto
- INRET Clínica e Centro de Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Centro Oftalmológico de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Ho EK, Tsai AE, Stearns T. Transient Primary Cilia Mediate Robust Hedgehog Pathway-Dependent Cell Cycle Control. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2829-2835.e5. [PMID: 32531277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of proliferation is a primary function of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in development. Hh signal transduction requires the primary cilium for several steps in the pathway [1-5]. Many cells only build a primary cilium upon cell cycle exit, in G0. In those proliferating cells that do make a cilium, it is a transient organelle, being assembled in G1 and disassembled sometime prior to mitosis [6-9]. Thus, the requirement for primary cilia presents a conundrum: how are proliferative signals conveyed through an organelle that is present for only part of the cell cycle? Here, we investigate this question in a mouse medulloblastoma cell line, SMB55, that requires cilium-mediated Hh pathway activity for proliferation [10]. We show that SMB55 cells, and the primary cerebellar granule neuron precursors (GNPs) from which they derive, are often ciliated beyond G1 into S phase, and the presence of the cilium in SMB55 cells determines the periods of Hh pathway activity. Using live imaging over multiple cell cycles, we demonstrate that Hh pathway activity in either G1-S of the previous cell cycle or G1 of the cell cycle in which the decision is made is sufficient for cell cycle entry. We also show that cyclin D1 contributes to the persistent effects of pathway activity over multiple cell cycles. Together, our results reveal that, even though the signaling organelle itself is transient, Hh pathway control of proliferation is remarkably robust. Further, primary cilium transience may have implications for other Hh-mediated events in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anaïs E Tsai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Zhao ZQ, Liu WL, Guo SB, Bai R, Yan JL. Mechanism of Methylprednisolone-Induced Primary Cilia Formation Disorder and Autophagy in Osteoblasts. Orthop Surg 2020; 12:645-652. [PMID: 32064763 PMCID: PMC7189053 DOI: 10.1111/os.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the role of primary cilia formation disorder and osteoblasts autophagy in the pathogenesis of steroid‐induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH). Methods Osteoblasts were isolated from rabbit bones and treated with 1 μM Methylprednisolone for 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The Beclin1, MAP1LC3, Atg‐5, Atg‐12, IFT20 and OFD1 mRNAs and proteins were detected by PCR and Western blotting, and their correlation was statistically analyzed. The lengths of osteoblast cilia were measured under a laser confocal microscope, and the autophagy flux was tracked by transfecting the osteoblasts with GFP‐RFP‐LC3 lentivirus. Results Methylprednisolone significantly upregulated Beclin1, MAP1LC3, Atg‐5, Atg‐12 and OFD1 mRNAs and proteins in a time‐dependent manner, and decreased that of IFT20 (P < 0.05). In addition, the autophagy flux in the osteoblasts also increased and the ciliary length decreased in a time‐dependent manner after Methylprednisolone treatment. The length of the cilia were 5.46 ± 0.11 um at 0 h, 4.08 ± 0.09 um at 12 h, 3.07 ± 0.07 um at 24 h, 2.31 ± 0.10 um at 48 h, and finally 1.15 ± 0.04 um at 72 h. Methylprednisolone treatment also affects primary cilium numbers in cultures, for 0 to 72 h. The autophagy regulatory genes, Beclin1, MAP1LC3, Atg‐5 and Atg‐12, were found to be negatively correlated with IFT20, with an average correlation coefficient of −0.81. A negative correlation was also found between OFD1 and IFT20, with an average correlation coefficient of −0.53. Conclusion Methylprednisolone inhibits primary cilia formation and promotes autophagy, which could be the pathological basis of SANFH. The exact regulatory mechanism needs to be further studied in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Qun Zhao
- Orthopedics Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Pediatric Orthopedics Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wan-Lin Liu
- Pediatric Orthopedics Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shi-Bing Guo
- Bone Tumor Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rui Bai
- Pediatric Orthopedics Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jing-Long Yan
- Orthopedics Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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18
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Lapart JA, Gottardo M, Cortier E, Duteyrat JL, Augière C, Mangé A, Jerber J, Solassol J, Gopalakrishnan J, Thomas J, Durand B. Dzip1 and Fam92 form a ciliary transition zone complex with cell type specific roles in Drosophila. eLife 2019; 8:49307. [PMID: 31821146 PMCID: PMC6904220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are conserved eukaryotic organelles essential for cellular signaling and motility. Cilia dysfunctions cause life-threatening ciliopathies, many of which are due to defects in the transition zone (TZ), a complex structure of the ciliary base. Therefore, understanding TZ assembly, which relies on ordered interactions of multiprotein modules, is of critical importance. Here, we show that Drosophila Dzip1 and Fam92 form a functional module which constrains the conserved core TZ protein, Cep290, to the ciliary base. We identify cell type specific roles of this functional module in two different tissues. While it is required for TZ assembly in all Drosophila ciliated cells, it also regulates basal-body growth and docking to the plasma membrane during spermatogenesis. We therefore demonstrate a novel regulatory role for Dzip1 and Fam92 in mediating membrane/basal-body interactions and show that these interactions exhibit cell type specific functions in basal-body maturation and TZ organization. Many animal cells have hair-like structures called cilia on their surface, which help them to sense and interact with their surroundings. The cilia are supported by protein filaments and must assemble correctly because faulty cilia can lead to several life-threatening diseases. Problems in an area at the base of the cilia, known as the ‘transition zone’, account for the most severe forms of these diseases in humans. The transition zone is responsible for selecting which proteins are allowed in and out of the cilia. The transition zone itself is made up of many proteins that work together to determine the cilia composition. But not all of these proteins are known, and it is unclear how those that are known affect cilia structure. One protein found in transition zones of several animals, including fruit flies and mice, is called Cby. Lapart et al. set out to understand which other proteins interact with Cby in fruit flies to better understand what this protein does in the transition zone. A series of experiments showed that Cby interacts with two proteins called Dzip1 and Fam92 to regulate the assembly of transition zones. Together these three proteins constrain a core component of the transition zone, a fourth protein called Cep290, to the base of the cilia. Fruit flies only have cilia on cells in their sensory organs and testes and, in both types of tissue, cilia could only form properly when Dzip1 and Fam92 were present. Lapart et al. also showed that, in the fruit fly testes, Dzip1 and Fam92 helped to anchor the newly forming cilia to the cell surface. This anchoring role was particularly important for the fruit flies’ sperm to grow their characteristic whip-like tails, which are a specialized type of cilia that allow sperm cells to move. Overall, the findings show how some transition zone proteins work together and that they can have different effects in different tissues. Understanding the mechanisms behind healthy cilia assembly will likely be key to tackling cilia-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-André Lapart
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Cortier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Augière
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Mangé
- IRCM, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Jerber
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Solassol
- IRCM, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joëlle Thomas
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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19
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Abstract
AbstractCentrosome is the main microtubule-organizing center in most animal cells. Its core structure, centriole, also assembles cilia and flagella that have important sensing and motility functions. Centrosome has long been recognized as a highly conserved organelle in eukaryotic species. Through electron microscopy, its ultrastructure was revealed to contain a beautiful nine-symmetrical core 60 years ago, yet its molecular basis has only been unraveled in the past two decades. The emergence of super-resolution microscopy allows us to explore the insides of a centrosome, which is smaller than the diffraction limit of light. Super-resolution microscopy also enables the compartmentation of centrosome proteins into different zones and the identification of their molecular interactions and functions. This paper compiles the centrosome architecture knowledge that has been revealed in recent years and highlights the power of several super-resolution techniques.
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20
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Muñoz-Estrada J, Ferland RJ. Ahi1 promotes Arl13b ciliary recruitment, regulates Arl13b stability and is required for normal cell migration. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.230680. [PMID: 31391239 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Abelson-helper integration site 1 (AHI1) gene are associated with neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders, and cause the neurodevelopmental ciliopathy Joubert syndrome (JBTS). Here, we show that deletion of the transition zone (TZ) protein Ahi1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) has a small effect on cilia formation. However, Ahi1 loss in these cells results in: (1) reduced localization of the JBTS-associated protein Arl13b to the ciliary membrane, (2) decreased sonic hedgehog signaling, (3) and an abnormally elongated ciliary axoneme accompanied by an increase in ciliary IFT88 concentrations. While no changes in Arl13b levels are detected in crude cell membrane extracts, loss of Ahi1 significantly reduced the level of non-membrane-associated Arl13b and its stability via the proteasome pathway. Exogenous expression of Ahi1-GFP in Ahi1-/- MEFs restored ciliary length, increased ciliary recruitment of Arl13b and augmented Arl13b stability. Finally, Ahi1-/- MEFs displayed defects in cell motility and Pdgfr-α-dependent migration. Overall, our findings support molecular mechanisms underlying JBTS etiology that involve: (1) disruptions at the TZ resulting in defects of membrane- and non-membrane-associated proteins to localize to primary cilia, and (2) defective cell migration.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Muñoz-Estrada
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA .,Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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21
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Corkins ME, Krneta-Stankic V, Kloc M, McCrea PD, Gladden AB, Miller RK. Divergent roles of the Wnt/PCP Formin Daam1 in renal ciliogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221698. [PMID: 31469868 PMCID: PMC6716777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys are composed of numerous ciliated epithelial tubules called nephrons. Each nephron functions to reabsorb nutrients and concentrate waste products into urine. Defects in primary cilia are associated with abnormal formation of nephrons and cyst formation in a wide range of kidney disorders. Previous work in Xenopus laevis and zebrafish embryos established that loss of components that make up the Wnt/PCP pathway, Daam1 and ArhGEF19 (wGEF) perturb kidney tubulogenesis. Dishevelled, which activates both the canonical and non-canonical Wnt/PCP pathway, affect cilia formation in multiciliated cells. In this study, we investigated the role of the noncanoncial Wnt/PCP components Daam1 and ArhGEF19 (wGEF) in renal ciliogenesis utilizing polarized mammalian kidney epithelia cells (MDCKII and IMCD3) and Xenopus laevis embryonic kidney. We demonstrate that knockdown of Daam1 and ArhGEF19 in MDCKII and IMCD3 cells leads to loss of cilia, and Daam1's effect on ciliogenesis is mediated by the formin-activity of Daam1. Moreover, Daam1 co-localizes with the ciliary transport protein Ift88 and is present in cilia. Interestingly, knocking down Daam1 in Xenopus kidney does not lead to loss of cilia. These data suggests a new role for Daam1 in the formation of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Corkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vanja Krneta-Stankic
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genes and Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Houston Methodist, Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pierre D. McCrea
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Gladden
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rachel K. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Genetics & Epigenetics, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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22
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Lauring MC, Zhu T, Luo W, Wu W, Yu F, Toomre D. New software for automated cilia detection in cells (ACDC). Cilia 2019; 8:1. [PMID: 31388414 PMCID: PMC6670212 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-019-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary cilia frequency and length are key metrics in studies of ciliogenesis and ciliopathies. Typically, quantitative cilia analysis is done manually, which is very time-consuming. While some open-source and commercial image analysis software applications can segment input data, they still require the user to optimize many parameters, suffer from user bias, and often lack rigorous performance quality assessment (e.g., false positives and false negatives). Further, optimal parameter combinations vary in detection accuracy depending on cilia reporter, cell type, and imaging modality. A good automated solution would analyze images quickly, robustly, and adaptably—across different experimental data sets—without significantly compromising the accuracy of manual analysis. Methods To solve this problem, we developed a new software for automated cilia detection in cells (ACDC). The software operates through four main steps: image importation, pre-processing, detection auto-optimization, and analysis. From a data set, a representative image with manually selected cilia (i.e., Ground Truth) is used for detection auto-optimization based on four parameters: signal-to-noise ratio, length, directional score, and intensity standard deviation. Millions of parameter combinations are automatically evaluated and optimized according to an accuracy ‘F1’ score, based on the amount of false positives and false negatives. Afterwards, the optimized parameter combination is used for automated detection and analysis of the entire data set. Results The ACDC software accurately and adaptably detected nuclei and primary cilia across different cell types (NIH3T3, RPE1), cilia reporters (AcTub, Smo-GFP, Arl13b), and image magnifications (60×, 40×). We found that false-positive and false-negative rates for Arl13b-stained cilia were 1–6%, yielding high F1 scores of 0.96–0.97 (max. = 1.00). The software detected significant differences in mean cilia length between control and cytochalasin D-treated cell populations and could monitor dynamic changes in cilia length from movie recordings. Automated analysis offered up to a 96-fold speed enhancement compared to manual analysis, requiring around 5 s/image, or nearly 18,000 cilia analyzed/hour. Conclusion The ACDC software is a solution for robust automated analysis of microscopic images of ciliated cells. The software is extremely adaptable, accurate, and offers immense time-savings compared to traditional manual analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13630-019-0061-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Lauring
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Tianqi Zhu
- 2College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Luo
- 2College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- 2College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang China
| | - Feng Yu
- 2College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027 Zhejiang China
| | - Derek Toomre
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
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23
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Yoon J, Comerci CJ, Weiss LE, Milenkovic L, Stearns T, Moerner WE. Revealing Nanoscale Morphology of the Primary Cilium Using Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. Biophys J 2018; 116:319-329. [PMID: 30598282 PMCID: PMC6349968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution (SR) microscopy has been used to observe structural details beyond the diffraction limit of ∼250 nm in a variety of biological and materials systems. By combining this imaging technique with both computer-vision algorithms and topological methods, we reveal and quantify the nanoscale morphology of the primary cilium, a tiny tubular cellular structure (∼2-6 μm long and 200-300 nm in diameter). The cilium in mammalian cells protrudes out of the plasma membrane and is important in many signaling processes related to cellular differentiation and disease. After tagging individual ciliary transmembrane proteins, specifically Smoothened, with single fluorescent labels in fixed cells, we use three-dimensional (3D) single-molecule SR microscopy to determine their positions with a precision of 10-25 nm. We gain a dense, pointillistic reconstruction of the surfaces of many cilia, revealing large heterogeneity in membrane shape. A Poisson surface reconstruction algorithm generates a fine surface mesh, allowing us to characterize the presence of deformations by quantifying the surface curvature. Upon impairment of intracellular cargo transport machinery by genetic knockout or small-molecule treatment of cells, our quantitative curvature analysis shows significant morphological differences not visible by conventional fluorescence microscopy techniques. Furthermore, using a complementary SR technique, two-color, two-dimensional stimulated emission depletion microscopy, we find that the cytoskeleton in the cilium, the axoneme, also exhibits abnormal morphology in the mutant cells, similar to our 3D results on the Smoothened-measured ciliary surface. Our work combines 3D SR microscopy and computational tools to quantitatively characterize morphological changes of the primary cilium under different treatments and uses stimulated emission depletion to discover correlated changes in the underlying structure. This approach can be useful for studying other biological or nanoscale structures of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Yoon
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Colin J Comerci
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lucien E Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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24
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Bai H, Xu S, Xu H, Ni A, Yang N, Chen J. Identification and differential expression of microRNAs in the testis of chicken with high and low sperm motility. Theriogenology 2018; 122:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Yang TT, Chong WM, Wang WJ, Mazo G, Tanos B, Chen Z, Tran TMN, Chen YD, Weng RR, Huang CE, Jane WN, Tsou MFB, Liao JC. Super-resolution architecture of mammalian centriole distal appendages reveals distinct blade and matrix functional components. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2023. [PMID: 29789620 PMCID: PMC5964178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal appendages (DAPs) are nanoscale, pinwheel-like structures protruding from the distal end of the centriole that mediate membrane docking during ciliogenesis, marking the cilia base around the ciliary gate. Here we determine a super-resolved multiplex of 16 centriole-distal-end components. Surprisingly, rather than pinwheels, intact DAPs exhibit a cone-shaped architecture with components filling the space between each pinwheel blade, a new structural element we term the distal appendage matrix (DAM). Specifically, CEP83, CEP89, SCLT1, and CEP164 form the backbone of pinwheel blades, with CEP83 confined at the root and CEP164 extending to the tip near the membrane-docking site. By contrast, FBF1 marks the distal end of the DAM near the ciliary membrane. Strikingly, unlike CEP164, which is essential for ciliogenesis, FBF1 is required for ciliary gating of transmembrane proteins, revealing DAPs as an essential component of the ciliary gate. Our findings redefine both the structure and function of DAPs. Distal appendages (DAPs) at the cilia base mediate membrane docking during ciliogenesis. Here the authors use super-resolution microscopy to map 16 centriole distal end components, revealing the structure of the backbone of the DAP, as well as a previously undescribed distal appendage matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tony Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Weng Man Chong
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Won-Jing Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Gregory Mazo
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Zhengmin Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Thi Minh Nguyet Tran
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yi-De Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Rueyhung Roc Weng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-En Huang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,TFBS Bioscience, Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wann-Neng Jane
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Fu Bryan Tsou
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Jung-Chi Liao
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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26
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Wang C, Li J, Takemaru KI, Jiang X, Xu G, Wang B. Centrosomal protein Dzip1l binds Cby, promotes ciliary bud formation, and acts redundantly with Bromi to regulate ciliogenesis in the mouse. Development 2018; 145:dev.164236. [PMID: 29487109 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle required for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and consists of a basal body, a ciliary axoneme and a compartment between the first two structures, called the transition zone (TZ). The TZ serves as a gatekeeper to control protein composition in cilia, but less is known about its role in ciliary bud formation. Here, we show that centrosomal protein Dzip1l is required for Hh signaling between Smoothened and Sufu. Dzip1l colocalizes with basal body appendage proteins and Rpgrip1l, a TZ protein. Loss of Dzip1l results in reduced ciliogenesis and dysmorphic cilia in vivo Dzip1l interacts with, and acts upstream of, Cby, an appendage protein, in ciliogenesis. Dzip1l also has overlapping functions with Bromi (Tbc1d32) in ciliogenesis, cilia morphogenesis and neural tube patterning. Loss of Dzip1l arrests ciliogenesis at the stage of ciliary bud formation from the TZ. Consistent with this, Dzip1l mutant cells fail to remove the capping protein Cp110 (Ccp110) from the distal end of mother centrioles and to recruit Rpgrip1l to the TZ. Therefore, Dzip1l promotes ciliary bud formation and is required for the integrity of the TZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbing Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Xiaogang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10065, USA
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27
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Breslow DK, Hoogendoorn S, Kopp AR, Morgens DW, Vu BK, Kennedy MC, Han K, Li A, Hess GT, Bassik MC, Chen JK, Nachury MV. A CRISPR-based screen for Hedgehog signaling provides insights into ciliary function and ciliopathies. Nat Genet 2018; 50:460-471. [PMID: 29459677 PMCID: PMC5862771 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia organize Hedgehog signaling and shape embryonic development, and their dysregulation is the unifying cause of ciliopathies. We conducted a functional genomic screen for Hedgehog signaling by engineering antibiotic-based selection of Hedgehog-responsive cells and applying genome-wide CRISPR-mediated gene disruption. The screen can robustly identify factors required for ciliary signaling with few false positives or false negatives. Characterization of hit genes uncovered novel components of several ciliary structures, including a protein complex that contains δ-tubulin and ε-tubulin and is required for centriole maintenance. The screen also provides an unbiased tool for classifying ciliopathies and showed that many congenital heart disorders are caused by loss of ciliary signaling. Collectively, our study enables a systematic analysis of ciliary function and of ciliopathies, and also defines a versatile platform for dissecting signaling pathways through CRISPR-based screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Breslow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Kopp
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brandon K Vu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Kennedy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gaelen T Hess
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James K Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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28
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Siller SS, Sharma H, Li S, Yang J, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Winuthayanon W, Colognato H, Holdener BC, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Conditional knockout mice for the distal appendage protein CEP164 reveal its essential roles in airway multiciliated cell differentiation. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007128. [PMID: 29244804 PMCID: PMC5747467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells of the airways, brain ventricles, and female reproductive tract provide the motive force for mucociliary clearance, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and ovum transport. Despite their clear importance to human biology and health, the molecular mechanisms underlying multiciliated cell differentiation are poorly understood. Prior studies implicate the distal appendage/transition fiber protein CEP164 as a central regulator of primary ciliogenesis; however, its role in multiciliogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we have generated a novel conditional mouse model that lacks CEP164 in multiciliated tissues and the testis. These mice show a profound loss of airway, ependymal, and oviduct multicilia and develop hydrocephalus and male infertility. Using primary cultures of tracheal multiciliated cells as a model system, we found that CEP164 is critical for multiciliogenesis, at least in part, via its regulation of small vesicle recruitment, ciliary vesicle formation, and basal body docking. In addition, CEP164 is necessary for the proper recruitment of another distal appendage/transition fiber protein Chibby1 (Cby1) and its binding partners FAM92A and FAM92B to the ciliary base in multiciliated cells. In contrast to primary ciliogenesis, CEP164 is dispensable for the recruitment of intraflagellar transport (IFT) components to multicilia. Finally, we provide evidence that CEP164 differentially controls the ciliary targeting of membrane-associated proteins, including the small GTPases Rab8, Rab11, and Arl13b, in multiciliated cells. Altogether, our studies unravel unique requirements for CEP164 in primary versus multiciliogenesis and suggest that CEP164 modulates the selective transport of membrane vesicles and their cargoes into the ciliary compartment in multiciliated cells. Furthermore, our mouse model provides a useful tool to gain physiological insight into diseases associated with defective multicilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul S. Siller
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Shuai Li
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - June Yang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yong Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wipawee Winuthayanon
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Holly Colognato
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Bernadette C. Holdener
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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29
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Wang JT, Kong D, Hoerner CR, Loncarek J, Stearns T. Centriole triplet microtubules are required for stable centriole formation and inheritance in human cells. eLife 2017; 6:29061. [PMID: 28906251 PMCID: PMC5653238 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are composed of long-lived microtubules arranged in nine triplets. However, the contribution of triplet microtubules to mammalian centriole formation and stability is unknown. Little is known of the mechanism of triplet microtubule formation, but experiments in unicellular eukaryotes indicate that delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin, two less-studied tubulin family members, are required. Here, we report that centrioles in delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin null mutant human cells lack triplet microtubules and fail to undergo centriole maturation. These aberrant centrioles are formed de novo each cell cycle, but are unstable and do not persist to the next cell cycle, leading to a futile cycle of centriole formation and disintegration. Disintegration can be suppressed by paclitaxel treatment. Delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin physically interact, indicating that these tubulins act together to maintain triplet microtubules and that these are necessary for inheritance of centrioles from one cell cycle to the next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, United States.,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| | - Christian R Hoerner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, United States.,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, United States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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30
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Abstract
Fluorescence nanoscopy uniquely combines minimally invasive optical access to the internal nanoscale structure and dynamics of cells and tissues with molecular detection specificity. While the basic physical principles of 'super-resolution' imaging were discovered in the 1990s, with initial experimental demonstrations following in 2000, the broad application of super-resolution imaging to address cell-biological questions has only more recently emerged. Nanoscopy approaches have begun to facilitate discoveries in cell biology and to add new knowledge. One current direction for method improvement is the ambition to quantitatively account for each molecule under investigation and assess true molecular colocalization patterns via multi-colour analyses. In pursuing this goal, the labelling of individual molecules to enable their visualization has emerged as a central challenge. Extending nanoscale imaging into (sliced) tissue and whole-animal contexts is a further goal. In this Review we describe the successes to date and discuss current obstacles and possibilities for further development.
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31
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Takao D, Wang L, Boss A, Verhey KJ. Protein Interaction Analysis Provides a Map of the Spatial and Temporal Organization of the Ciliary Gating Zone. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2296-2306.e3. [PMID: 28736169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The motility and signaling functions of the primary cilium require a unique protein and lipid composition that is determined by gating mechanisms localized at the base of the cilium. Several protein complexes localize to the gating zone and may regulate ciliary protein composition; however, the mechanisms of ciliary gating and the dynamics of the gating components are largely unknown. Here, we used the BiFC (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) assay and report for the first time on the protein-protein interactions that occur between ciliary gating components and transiting cargoes during ciliary entry. We find that the nucleoporin Nup62 and the C termini of the nephronophthisis (NPHP) proteins NPHP4 and NPHP5 interact with the axoneme-associated kinesin-2 motor KIF17 and thus spatially map to the inner region of the ciliary gating zone. Nup62 and NPHP4 exhibit rapid turnover at the transition zone and thus define dynamic components of the gate. We find that B9D1, AHI1, and the N termini of NPHP4 and NPHP5 interact with the transmembrane protein SSTR3 and thus spatially map to the outer region of the ciliary gating zone. B9D1, AHI1, and NPHP5 exhibit little to no turnover at the transition zone and thus define components of a stable gating structure. These data provide the first comprehensive map of the molecular orientations of gating zone components along the inner-to-outer axis of the ciliary gating zone. These results advance our understanding of the functional roles of gating zone components in regulating ciliary protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Tongshan District, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Allison Boss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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32
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Saurabh S, Perez AM, Comerci CJ, Shapiro L, Moerner WE. Super-Resolution Microscopy and Single-Protein Tracking in Live Bacteria Using a Genetically Encoded, Photostable Fluoromodule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28627757 DOI: 10.1002/cpcb.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Visualization of dynamic protein structures in live cells is crucial for understanding the mechanisms governing biological processes. Fluorescence microscopy is a sensitive tool for this purpose. In order to image proteins in live bacteria using fluorescence microscopy, one typically genetically fuses the protein of interest to a photostable fluorescent tag. Several labeling schemes are available to accomplish this. Particularly, hybrid tags that combine a fluorescent or fluorogenic dye with a genetically encoded protein (such as enzymatic labels) have been used successfully in multiple cell types. However, their use in bacteria has been limited due to challenges imposed by a complex bacterial cell wall. Here, we describe the use of a genetically encoded photostable fluoromodule that can be targeted to cytosolic and membrane proteins in the Gram negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Additionally, we summarize methods to use this fluoromodule for single protein imaging and super-resolution microscopy using stimulated emission depletion. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Saurabh
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Adam M Perez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Colin J Comerci
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lucy Shapiro
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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33
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Nguyen TMT, Hull S, Roepman R, van den Born LI, Oud MM, de Vrieze E, Hetterschijt L, Letteboer SJF, van Beersum SEC, Blokland EA, Yntema HG, Cremers FPM, van der Zwaag PA, Arno G, van Wijk E, Webster AR, Haer-Wigman L. Missense mutations in the WD40 domain of AHI1 cause non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. J Med Genet 2017; 54:624-632. [PMID: 28442542 PMCID: PMC5574394 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent findings suggesting that Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) is involved in non-syndromic retinal disease have been debated, as the functional significance of identified missense variants was uncertain. We assessed whether AHI1 variants cause non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods Exome sequencing was performed in three probands with RP. The effects of the identified missense variants in AHI1 were predicted by three-dimensional structure homology modelling. Ciliary parameters were evaluated in patient’s fibroblasts, and recombinant mutant proteins were expressed in ciliated retinal pigmented epithelium cells. Results In the three patients with RP, three sets of compound heterozygous variants were detected in AHI1 (c.2174G>A; p.Trp725* and c.2258A>T; p.Asp753Val, c.660delC; p.Ser221Glnfs*10 and c.2090C>T; p.Pro697Leu, c.2087A>G; p.His696Arg and c.2429C>T; p.Pro810Leu). All four missense variants were present in the conserved WD40 domain of Jouberin, the ciliary protein encoded by AHI1, with variable predicted implications for the domain structure. No significant changes in the percentage of ciliated cells, nor in cilium length or intraflagellar transport were detected. However, expression of mutant recombinant Jouberin in ciliated cells showed a significantly decreased enrichment at the ciliary base. Conclusions This report confirms that mutations in AHI1 can underlie autosomal recessive RP. Moreover, it structurally and functionally validates the effect of the RP-associated AHI1 variants on protein function, thus proposing a new genotype–phenotype correlation for AHI1 mutation associated retinal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Minh T Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hull
- UniversityCollege London, Instituteof Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Machteld M Oud
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vrieze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Hetterschijt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stef J F Letteboer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E C van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen A Blokland
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helger G Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A van der Zwaag
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gavin Arno
- UniversityCollege London, Instituteof Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Webster
- UniversityCollege London, Instituteof Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Haer-Wigman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bengueddach H, Lemullois M, Aubusson-Fleury A, Koll F. Basal body positioning and anchoring in the multiciliated cell Paramecium tetraurelia: roles of OFD1 and VFL3. Cilia 2017; 6:6. [PMID: 28367320 PMCID: PMC5374602 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-017-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of a ciliary axoneme requires the correct docking of the basal body at cytoplasmic vesicles or plasma membrane. In the multiciliated cell Paramecium, three conserved proteins, FOR20, Centrin 2, and Centrin 3 participate in this process, FOR20 and Centrin 2 being involved in the assembly of the transition zone. We investigated the function of two other evolutionary conserved proteins, OFD1 and VFL3, likely involved in this process. Results In Paramecium tetraurelia, a single gene encodes OFD1, while four genes encode four isoforms of VFL3, grouped into two families, VFL3-A and VFL3-B. Depletion of OFD1 and the sole VFL3-A family impairs basal body docking. Loss of OFD1 yields a defective assembly of the basal body distal part. Like FOR20, OFD1 is recruited early during basal body assembly and localizes at the transition zone between axoneme and membrane at the level of the microtubule doublets. While the recruitment of OFD1 and Centrin 2 proceed independently, the localizations of OFD1 and FOR20 at the basal body are interdependent. In contrast, in VFL3-A depleted cells, the unanchored basal bodies harbor a fully organized distal part but display an abnormal distribution of their associated rootlets which mark their rotational asymmetry. VFL3-A, which is required for the recruitment of Centrin 3, is transiently present near the basal bodies at an early step of their duplication. VFL3-A localizes at the junction between the striated rootlet and the basal body. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the conserved role of OFD1 in the anchoring mechanisms of motile cilia and establish its relations with FOR20 and Centrin 2. They support the hypothesis of its association with microtubule doublets. They suggest that the primary defect of VFL3 depletion is a loss of the rotational asymmetry of the basal body which specifies the sites of assembly of the appendages which guide the movement of basal bodies toward the cell surface. The localization of VFL3 outside of the basal body suggests that extrinsic factors could control this asymmetry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13630-017-0050-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Bengueddach
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Michel Lemullois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anne Aubusson-Fleury
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - France Koll
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France
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35
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Ohta M, Desai A, Oegema K. How centrioles acquire the ability to reproduce. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28271993 PMCID: PMC5342821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein called SAS-7 is required for daughter centrioles to become mothers in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Ohta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Arshad Desai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Karen Oegema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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36
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Fischer V, Wong M, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Chibby1 knockdown promotes mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition-like changes. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:448-456. [PMID: 28107095 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1281478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chibby1 (Cby1) was originally isolated as a binding partner for β-catenin, a dual function protein in cell-cell adhesion and in canonical Wnt signaling. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is dysregulated in various diseases including cancer, most notably of the gastrointestinal origin. To investigate the role of Cby1 in colorectal tumorigenesis, we generated stable Cby1-knockdown (KD) SW480 colon cancer cells. Unexpectedly, we found that Cby1 KD induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET)-like changes in SW480 as well as in HEK293 cells. Cby1-KD cells displayed a cuboidal epithelial morphology with tight cell-cell contacts. In Cby1-KD cells, the plasma membrane localization of E-cadherin and β-catenin was dramatically increased with formation of cortical actin rings, while the levels of the mesenchymal marker vimentin were decreased. Consistent with these changes, in wound healing assays, Cby1-KD cells exhibited epithelial cell-like properties as they migrated collectively as epithelial sheets. Furthermore, the anchorage-independent growth of Cby1-KD cells was reduced as determined by soft agar assays. These findings suggest that chronic Cby1 KD in colon cancer cells may counteract tumor progression by promoting the MET process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fischer
- a Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - Michael Wong
- b Department of Pharmacological Sciences , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- a Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA.,b Department of Pharmacological Sciences , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- a Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA.,b Department of Pharmacological Sciences , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , NY , USA
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37
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Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Reiter JF. Open Sesame: How Transition Fibers and the Transition Zone Control Ciliary Composition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028134. [PMID: 27770015 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are plasma membrane protrusions that act as cellular propellers or antennae. To perform these functions, cilia must maintain a composition distinct from those of the contiguous cytosol and plasma membrane. The specialized composition of the cilium depends on the ciliary gate, the region at the ciliary base separating the cilium from the rest of the cell. The ciliary gate's main structural features are electron dense struts connecting microtubules to the adjacent membrane. These structures include the transition fibers, which connect the distal basal body to the base of the ciliary membrane, and the Y-links, which connect the proximal axoneme and ciliary membrane within the transition zone. Both transition fibers and Y-links form early during ciliogenesis and play key roles in ciliary assembly and trafficking. Accordingly, many human ciliopathies are caused by mutations that perturb ciliary gate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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38
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Sugioka K, Hamill DR, Lowry JB, McNeely ME, Enrick M, Richter AC, Kiebler LE, Priess JR, Bowerman B. Centriolar SAS-7 acts upstream of SPD-2 to regulate centriole assembly and pericentriolar material formation. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28092264 PMCID: PMC5342823 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The centriole/basal body is a eukaryotic organelle that plays essential roles in cell division and signaling. Among five known core centriole proteins, SPD-2/Cep192 is the first recruited to the site of daughter centriole formation and regulates the centriolar localization of the other components in C. elegans and in humans. However, the molecular basis for SPD-2 centriolar localization remains unknown. Here, we describe a new centriole component, the coiled-coil protein SAS-7, as a regulator of centriole duplication, assembly and elongation. Intriguingly, our genetic data suggest that SAS-7 is required for daughter centrioles to become competent for duplication, and for mother centrioles to maintain this competence. We also show that SAS-7 binds SPD-2 and regulates SPD-2 centriolar recruitment, while SAS-7 centriolar localization is SPD-2-independent. Furthermore, pericentriolar material (PCM) formation is abnormal in sas-7 mutants, and the PCM-dependent induction of cell polarity that defines the anterior-posterior body axis frequently fails. We conclude that SAS-7 functions at the earliest step in centriole duplication yet identified and plays important roles in the orchestration of centriole and PCM assembly. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20353.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugioka
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Danielle R Hamill
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Joshua B Lowry
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Marie E McNeely
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Molly Enrick
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Alyssa C Richter
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - Lauren E Kiebler
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, United States
| | - James R Priess
- Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Bruce Bowerman
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
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39
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BAR Domain-Containing FAM92 Proteins Interact with Chibby1 To Facilitate Ciliogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2668-2680. [PMID: 27528616 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00160-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chibby1 (Cby1) is a small, conserved coiled-coil protein that localizes to centrioles/basal bodies and plays a crucial role in the formation and function of cilia. During early stages of ciliogenesis, Cby1 is required for the efficient recruitment of small vesicles at the distal end of centrioles to facilitate basal body docking to the plasma membrane. Here, we identified family with sequence similarity 92, member A (FAM92A) and FAM92B, which harbor predicted lipid-binding BAR domains, as novel Cby1-interacting partners using tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry. We found that in cultured cell lines, FAM92A colocalizes with Cby1 at the centrioles/basal bodies of primary cilia, while FAM92B is undetectable. In airway multiciliated cells, both FAM92A and -92B colocalize with Cby1 at the base of cilia. Notably, the centriolar localization of FAM92A and -92B depends largely on Cby1. Knockdown of FAM92A in RPE1 cells impairs ciliogenesis. Consistent with the membrane-remodeling properties of BAR domains, FAM92A and -92B in cooperation with Cby1 induce deformed membrane-like structures containing the small GTPase Rab8 in cultured cells. Our results therefore suggest that FAM92 proteins interact with Cby1 to promote ciliogenesis via regulation of membrane-remodeling processes.
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40
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Vieillard J, Paschaki M, Duteyrat JL, Augière C, Cortier E, Lapart JA, Thomas J, Durand B. Transition zone assembly and its contribution to axoneme formation in Drosophila male germ cells. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:875-89. [PMID: 27646273 PMCID: PMC5037411 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201603086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliary transition zone (TZ) assembly is complex and incompletely understood. Vieillard et al. show that Drosophila Cby and Dila cooperate to assemble the TZ and membrane cap, which, together with microtubule remodeling by kinesin-13, is required for axoneme formation in male germ cells. The ciliary transition zone (TZ) is a complex structure found at the cilia base. Defects in TZ assembly are associated with human ciliopathies. In most eukaryotes, three protein complexes (CEP290, NPHP, and MKS) cooperate to build the TZ. We show that in Drosophila melanogaster, mild TZ defects are observed in the absence of MKS components. In contrast, Cby and Azi1 cooperate to build the TZ by acting upstream of Cep290 and MKS components. Without Cby and Azi1, centrioles fail to form the TZ, precluding sensory cilia assembly, and no ciliary membrane cap associated with sperm ciliogenesis is made. This ciliary cap is critical to recruit the tubulin-depolymerizing kinesin Klp59D, required for regulation of axonemal growth. Our results show that Drosophila TZ assembly in sensory neurons and male germ cells involves cooperative actions of Cby and Dila. They further reveal that temporal control of membrane cap assembly by TZ components and microtubule elongation by kinesin-13 is required for axoneme formation in male germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vieillard
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Paschaki
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Céline Augière
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Cortier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-André Lapart
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Thomas
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5310, F-69100 Lyon, France
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Siller SS, Burke MC, Li FQ, Takemaru KI. Chibby functions to preserve normal ciliary morphology through the regulation of intraflagellar transport in airway ciliated cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3163-72. [PMID: 26266958 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1080396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway cilia provide the coordinated motive force for mucociliary transport, which prevents the accumulation of mucus, debris, pollutants, and bacteria in our respiratory tracts. As airway cilia are constantly exposed to the environment and, hence, are an integral component of the pathogenesis of several congenital and chronic pulmonary disorders, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms that control ciliated cell differentiation and ciliogenesis. We have previously reported that loss of the basal body protein Chibby (Cby) results in chronic upper airway infection in mice due to a significant reduction in the number of airway cilia. In the present work, we demonstrate that Cby is required for normal ciliary structure and proper distribution of proteins involved in the bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, which consists of 2 distinct sub-complexes, IFT-A and IFT-B, and is essential for ciliary biogenesis and maintenance. In fully differentiated ciliated cells, abnormal paddle-like cilia with dilated ciliary tips are observed in Cby-/- airways and primary cultures of mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTECs). In addition, IFT88, an IFT-B sub-complex protein, robustly accumulates within the dilated tips of both multicilia in Cby-/- MTECs and primary cilia in Cby-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Furthermore, we show that only IFT-B components, including IFT20 and IFT57, but not IFT-A and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, amass with IFT88 in these distended tips in Cby-/- ciliated cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that Cby plays a role in the proper distribution of IFT particles to preserve normal ciliary morphology in airway ciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul S Siller
- a Medical Scientist Training Program; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,b Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,c Department of Pharmacological Sciences ; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA
| | - Michael C Burke
- a Medical Scientist Training Program; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,d Graduate Program in Genetics; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA
| | - Feng-Qian Li
- b Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,c Department of Pharmacological Sciences ; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- a Medical Scientist Training Program; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,b Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,c Department of Pharmacological Sciences ; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA.,d Graduate Program in Genetics; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook , NY USA
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42
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Pratt MB, Titlow JS, Davis I, Barker AR, Dawe HR, Raff JW, Roque H. Drosophila sensory cilia lacking MKS proteins exhibit striking defects in development but only subtle defects in adults. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3732-3743. [PMID: 27577095 PMCID: PMC5087661 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are conserved organelles that have important motility, sensory and signalling roles. The transition zone (TZ) at the base of the cilium is crucial for cilia function, and defects in several TZ proteins are associated with human congenital ciliopathies such as nephronophthisis (NPHP) and Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS). In several species, MKS and NPHP proteins form separate complexes that cooperate with Cep290 to assemble the TZ, but flies seem to lack core components of the NPHP module. We show that MKS proteins in flies are spatially separated from Cep290 at the TZ, and that flies mutant for individual MKS genes fail to recruit other MKS proteins to the TZ, whereas Cep290 seems to be recruited normally. Although there are abnormalities in microtubule and membrane organisation in developing MKS mutant cilia, these defects are less apparent in adults, where sensory cilia and sperm flagella seem to function quite normally. Thus, localising MKS proteins to the cilium or flagellum is not essential for viability or fertility in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metta B Pratt
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Joshua S Titlow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Amy R Barker
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Helen R Dawe
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jordan W Raff
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Helio Roque
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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43
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ken-Ich Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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44
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Verhey KJ, Yang W. Permeability barriers for generating a unique ciliary protein and lipid composition. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:109-16. [PMID: 27232950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cilia (and flagella) are microtubule-based protrusions that are found in single or multiple copies on the surface of most eukaryotic cells. Defects in cilia formation and/or function have now been correlated with an expanding spectrum of human genetic diseases termed ciliopathies. Recent work indicates that cilia are indeed a bona fide organelle with a unique protein and lipid content that enables specific cellular functions. Despite the physiological and clinical relevance of cilia, our understanding of how a unique protein and lipid composition is generated for this organelle remains poor. Here we review recent work on the mechanisms that determine the protein and lipid content, and thus the functional outputs, of this unique organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Abstract
The basal body is a highly organized structure essential for the formation of cilia. Basal bodies dock to a cellular membrane through their distal appendages (also known as transition fibers) and provide the foundation on which the microtubules of the ciliary axoneme are built. Consequently, basal body position and orientation dictates the position and orientation of its cilium. The heart of the basal body is the mother centriole, the older of the two centrioles inherited during mitosis and which is comprised of nine triplet microtubules arranged in a cylinder. Like all ciliated organisms, mice possess basal bodies, and studies of mouse basal body structure have made diverse important contributions to the understanding of how basal body structure impacts the function of cilia. The appendages and associated structures of mouse basal bodies can differ in their architecture from those of other organisms, and even between murine cell types. For example, basal bodies of immotile primary cilia are connected to daughter centrioles, whereas those of motile multiciliated cells are not. The last few years have seen the identification of many components of the basal body, and the mouse will continue to be an extremely valuable system for genetically defining their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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46
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Pruski M, Rajnicek A, Yang Z, Clancy H, Ding YQ, McCaig CD, Lang B. The ciliary GTPase Arl13b regulates cell migration and cell cycle progression. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:393-405. [PMID: 26963749 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1159380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The GTPase ARL13B is localized to primary cilia; small cellular protrusions that act as antennae. Its defective ARL13B hennin (HNN) variant is linked causally with Joubert Syndrome, a developmental ciliopathy attributed to poor sensing of extracellular chemical gradients. We tested the hypothesis that impaired detection of extracellular voltage gradients also contributes to the HNN phenotype. In vitro, extracellular electric fields stimulated migration of wild type (WT) and HNN fibroblasts toward the cathode but the field only increased the migration speed of WT cells. Cilia on WT cells did not align to the field vector. HNN cells divided more slowly than WT cells, arresting at the G2/M phase. Mechanistically, HNN cells had reduced phospho-ERK1/2 signaling and elevated levels of Suppressor of Fused protein. These suggest that cells may not be able to read extracellular chemical cues appropriately, resulting in deficits in cell migration and proliferation. Finally, an increase in tubulin stabilization (more detyrosinated tubulin) confirmed the general stagnation of HNN cells, which may further contribute to slower migration and cell cycle progression. We conclude that Arl13b dysfunction resulted in HNN cell stagnation due to poor growth factor signaling and impaired detection of extracellular electrical gradients, and that the role of Arl13b in cell proliferation may be understated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pruski
- a Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK
| | - Ann Rajnicek
- b School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK
| | - Zhifu Yang
- c Department of Pharmacy , Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Hannah Clancy
- b School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- a Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,b School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK
| | - Colin D McCaig
- b School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK
| | - Bing Lang
- b School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill , Aberdeen , Scotland , UK
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47
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Van de Mark D, Kong D, Loncarek J, Stearns T. MDM1 is a microtubule-binding protein that negatively regulates centriole duplication. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3788-802. [PMID: 26337392 PMCID: PMC4626064 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-04-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM1 is a microtubule-binding protein that localizes to centrioles. 3D-SIM microscopy shows MDM1 to be closely associated with the centriole barrel, likely residing in the centriole lumen. MDM1 overexpression and depletion experiments suggest that MDM1 is a negative regulator of centriole duplication. Mouse double-minute 1 (Mdm1) was originally identified as a gene amplified in transformed mouse cells and more recently as being highly up-regulated during differentiation of multiciliated epithelial cells, a specialized cell type having hundreds of centrioles and motile cilia. Here we show that the MDM1 protein localizes to centrioles of dividing cells and differentiating multiciliated cells. 3D-SIM microscopy showed that MDM1 is closely associated with the centriole barrel, likely residing in the centriole lumen. Overexpression of MDM1 suppressed centriole duplication, whereas depletion of MDM1 resulted in an increase in granular material that likely represents early intermediates in centriole formation. We show that MDM1 binds microtubules in vivo and in vitro. We identified a repeat motif in MDM1 that is required for efficient microtubule binding and found that these repeats are also present in CCSAP, another microtubule-binding protein. We propose that MDM1 is a negative regulator of centriole duplication and that its function is mediated through microtubule binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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48
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Vladar EK, Lee YL, Stearns T, Axelrod JD. Observing planar cell polarity in multiciliated mouse airway epithelial cells. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 127:37-54. [PMID: 25837385 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The concerted movement of cilia propels inhaled contaminants out of the lungs, safeguarding the respiratory system from toxins, pathogens, pollutants, and allergens. Motile cilia on the multiciliated cells (MCCs) of the airway epithelium are physically oriented along the tissue axis for directional motility, which depends on the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway. The MCCs of the mouse respiratory epithelium have emerged as an important model for the study of motile ciliogenesis and the PCP signaling mechanism. Unlike other motile ciliated or planar polarized tissues, airway epithelial cells are relatively easily accessible and primary cultures faithfully model many of the essential features of the in vivo tissue. There is growing interest in understanding how cells acquire and polarize motile cilia due to the impact of mucociliary clearance on respiratory health. Here, we present methods for observing and quantifying the planar polarized orientation of motile cilia both in vivo and in primary culture airway epithelial cells. We describe how to acquire and evaluate electron and light microscopy images of ciliary ultrastructural features that reveal planar polarized orientation. Furthermore, we describe the immunofluorescence localization of PCP pathway components as a simple readout for airway epithelial planar polarization and ciliary orientation. These methods can be adapted to observe ciliary orientation in other multi- and monociliated cells and to detect PCP pathway activity in any tissue or cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yin Loon Lee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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