1
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Wang LB, Zhang XB, Liu J, Liu QJ. The Proliferation of Glioblastoma Is Contributed to Kinesin Family Member 18A and Medical Data Analysis of GBM. Front Genet 2022; 13:858882. [PMID: 35464837 PMCID: PMC9033168 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.858882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is widely known as a classical kind of malignant tumor originating in the brain with high morbidity and mortality. Targeted therapy has shown great promise in treating glioblastoma, but more promising targets, including effective therapeutic targets, remain to be identified. 18A (KIF18A) is a microtubule-based motor protein that is dysregulated and involved in the progression of multiple human cancers. However, the possible effects of KIF18A on GBM progression are still unclear. Methods: We performed DEG analysis, medical data analysis, and network analysis to identify critical genes affecting glioma progression. We also performed immunohistochemical analysis of the KIF18A levels in 94 patients with glioblastoma and the associated surrounding tissues. Patients were divided into two groups according to the high and low expression. Using a clinical analysis, we showed the potential associations between KIF18A expression and clinical characteristics of 94 GBM patients. We then investigated the effects of KIF18A on GBM cell proliferation by colony establishment, MTT, and immune blogging. The possible effect of KIF18A on GBM tumor growth was determined in mice. Results: We identified KIF18A as a potential gene affecting GBM progression. We further demonstrated that GBM tissues expressed KIF18A much higher, and its presentation was associated with recurrence in glioblastoma patients. We believe KIF18A promotes GBM cell proliferation. Conclusion: We demonstrated that KIF18A could be a promising target in treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Bin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Qing-Jun Liu,
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2
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Marquis C, Fonseca CL, Queen KA, Wood L, Vandal SE, Malaby HLH, Clayton JE, Stumpff J. Chromosomally unstable tumor cells specifically require KIF18A for proliferation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1213. [PMID: 33619254 PMCID: PMC7900194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of tumor cells caused by changes in the dynamics and control of microtubules that compromise the mitotic spindle. Thus, CIN cells may respond differently than diploid cells to treatments that target mitotic spindle regulation. Here, we test this idea by inhibiting a subset of kinesin motor proteins involved in mitotic spindle control. KIF18A is required for proliferation of CIN cells derived from triple negative breast cancer or colorectal cancer tumors but is not required in near-diploid cells. Following KIF18A inhibition, CIN tumor cells exhibit mitotic delays, multipolar spindles, and increased cell death. Sensitivity to KIF18A knockdown is strongly correlated with centrosome fragmentation, which requires dynamic microtubules but does not depend on bipolar spindle formation or mitotic arrest. Our results indicate the altered spindle microtubule dynamics characteristic of CIN tumor cells can be exploited to reduce the proliferative capacity of CIN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Marquis
- grid.59062.380000 0004 1936 7689Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Cindy L. Fonseca
- grid.59062.380000 0004 1936 7689Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Katelyn A. Queen
- grid.59062.380000 0004 1936 7689Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Lisa Wood
- grid.59062.380000 0004 1936 7689Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Sarah E. Vandal
- grid.59062.380000 0004 1936 7689Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Heidi L. H. Malaby
- grid.59062.380000 0004 1936 7689Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
| | - Joseph E. Clayton
- grid.288134.40000 0004 0569 7230BioTek Instruments Inc, Winooski, VT USA
| | - Jason Stumpff
- grid.59062.380000 0004 1936 7689Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT USA
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3
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Cohen-Sharir Y, McFarland JM, Abdusamad M, Marquis C, Bernhard SV, Kazachkova M, Tang H, Ippolito MR, Laue K, Zerbib J, Malaby HLH, Jones A, Stautmeister LM, Bockaj I, Wardenaar R, Lyons N, Nagaraja A, Bass AJ, Spierings DCJ, Foijer F, Beroukhim R, Santaguida S, Golub TR, Stumpff J, Storchová Z, Ben-David U. Aneuploidy renders cancer cells vulnerable to mitotic checkpoint inhibition. Nature 2021; 590:486-491. [PMID: 33505028 PMCID: PMC8262644 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Selective targeting of aneuploid cells is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment1. However, it is unclear whether aneuploidy generates any clinically relevant vulnerabilities in cancer cells. Here we mapped the aneuploidy landscapes of about 1,000 human cancer cell lines, and analysed genetic and chemical perturbation screens2-9 to identify cellular vulnerabilities associated with aneuploidy. We found that aneuploid cancer cells show increased sensitivity to genetic perturbation of core components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which ensures the proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis10. Unexpectedly, we also found that aneuploid cancer cells were less sensitive than diploid cells to short-term exposure to multiple SAC inhibitors. Indeed, aneuploid cancer cells became increasingly sensitive to inhibition of SAC over time. Aneuploid cells exhibited aberrant spindle geometry and dynamics, and kept dividing when the SAC was inhibited, resulting in the accumulation of mitotic defects, and in unstable and less-fit karyotypes. Therefore, although aneuploid cancer cells could overcome inhibition of SAC more readily than diploid cells, their long-term proliferation was jeopardized. We identified a specific mitotic kinesin, KIF18A, whose activity was perturbed in aneuploid cancer cells. Aneuploid cancer cells were particularly vulnerable to depletion of KIF18A, and KIF18A overexpression restored their response to SAC inhibition. Our results identify a therapeutically relevant, synthetic lethal interaction between aneuploidy and the SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Cohen-Sharir
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James M McFarland
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mai Abdusamad
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn Marquis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sara V Bernhard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserlautern, Kaiserlautern, Germany
| | - Mariya Kazachkova
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helen Tang
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marica R Ippolito
- Department of Experimental Oncology at IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Kathrin Laue
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Johanna Zerbib
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Heidi L H Malaby
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andrew Jones
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Irena Bockaj
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René Wardenaar
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Lyons
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ankur Nagaraja
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana C J Spierings
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging (ERIBA), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Santaguida
- Department of Experimental Oncology at IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Todd R Golub
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Department of Molecular Genetics, TU Kaiserlautern, Kaiserlautern, Germany
| | - Uri Ben-David
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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4
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Jagrić M, Risteski P, Martinčić J, Milas A, Tolić IM. Optogenetic control of PRC1 reveals its role in chromosome alignment on the spindle by overlap length-dependent forces. eLife 2021; 10:61170. [PMID: 33480356 PMCID: PMC7924949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During metaphase, chromosome position at the spindle equator is regulated by the forces exerted by kinetochore microtubules and polar ejection forces. However, the role of forces arising from mechanical coupling of sister kinetochore fibers with bridging fibers in chromosome alignment is unknown. Here, we develop an optogenetic approach for acute removal of PRC1 to partially disassemble bridging fibers and show that they promote chromosome alignment. Tracking of the plus-end protein EB3 revealed longer antiparallel overlaps of bridging microtubules upon PRC1 removal, which was accompanied by misaligned and lagging kinetochores. Kif4A/kinesin-4 and Kif18A/kinesin-8 were found within the bridging fiber and largely lost upon PRC1 removal, suggesting that these proteins regulate the overlap length of bridging microtubules. We propose that PRC1-mediated crosslinking of bridging microtubules and recruitment of kinesins to the bridging fiber promote chromosome alignment by overlap length-dependent forces transmitted to the associated kinetochore fibers. Before cells divide to create copies of themselves, they need to duplicate their genetic material. To help split their DNA evenly, they build a machine called the mitotic spindle. The mitotic spindle is made of fine, tube-like structures called microtubules, which catch the chromosomes containing the genetic information and line them up at the center of the spindle. Microtubules push and pull the chromosomes by elongating or shortening their tips. But it remains unclear how the microtubules know when the chromosomes have reached center point. One way to find out is to remove proteins that accumulate in the middle of the spindle during division, such as the protein PRC1, which helps to assemble a subset of microtubules called bridging fibers, and the proteins Kif4A and Kif18A, which work like molecular rulers, shortening long microtubules. Usually, scientists would delete one of these proteins to see what impact this has. However, these experiments take days, giving the cell enough time to adapt and thus making it difficult to study the role of each of the proteins. Here, Jagrić, Risteski, Martinčić et al. used light to manipulate proteins at the exact moment of chromosome alignment and to move PRC1 from the spindle to the cell membrane. Consequently, Kif4A and Kif18A were removed from the spindle center. This caused the bridging fibers, which overlap with the microtubules that connect to the chromosomes, to become thinner. Jagrić et al. discovered that without the molecular ruler proteins, the bridging fibers were also too long. This increased the overlap between the microtubules in the center of the spindle, causing the chromosomes to migrate away from the center. This suggests that the alignment of chromosomes in the middle of the spindle depends on the bridging microtubules, which need to be of a certain length to effectively move and keep the chromosomes at the center. Thus, forces that move the chromosomes are generated both at the tips of the microtubules and along the wall of microtubules. These results might inspire other researchers to reassess the role of bridging fibers in cell division. The optogenetic technique described here could also help to determine the parts other proteins have to play. Ultimately, this might allow researchers to identify all the proteins needed to align the chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Jagrić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrik Risteski
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Martinčić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Milas
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Herman JA, Miller MP, Biggins S. chTOG is a conserved mitotic error correction factor. eLife 2020; 9:e61773. [PMID: 33377866 PMCID: PMC7773332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation requires kinetochores on duplicated chromatids to biorient by attaching to dynamic microtubules from opposite spindle poles, which exerts forces to bring kinetochores under tension. However, kinetochores initially bind to microtubules indiscriminately, resulting in errors that must be corrected. While the Aurora B protein kinase destabilizes low-tension attachments by phosphorylating kinetochores, low-tension attachments are intrinsically less stable than those under higher tension in vitro independent of Aurora activity. Intrinsic tension-sensitive behavior requires the microtubule regulator Stu2 (budding yeast Dis1/XMAP215 ortholog), which we demonstrate here is likely a conserved function for the TOG protein family. The human TOG protein, chTOG, localizes to kinetochores independent of microtubules by interacting with Hec1. We identify a chTOG mutant that regulates microtubule dynamics but accumulates erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments that are not destabilized by Aurora B. Thus, TOG proteins confer a unique, intrinsic error correction activity to kinetochores that ensures accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Herman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
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6
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Cell Biology: Social Distancing of Microtubule Ends Increases Their Assembly Rates. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R888-R890. [PMID: 32750351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules assembled from artificial centrosomes in microfluidic chambers of defined size are amenable to high resolution live imaging of their dynamics and space-filling properties. By using this experimental regime in conjunction with cytoplasmic extract, a new study finds that microtubule end density negatively influences their assembly rates.
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7
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Geisterfer ZM, Zhu DY, Mitchison TJ, Oakey J, Gatlin JC. Microtubule Growth Rates Are Sensitive to Global and Local Changes in Microtubule Plus-End Density. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3016-3023.e3. [PMID: 32531285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton plays critically important roles in numerous cellular functions in eukaryotes, and it does so across a functionally diverse and morphologically disparate range of cell types [1]. In these roles, microtubule assemblies must adopt distinct morphologies and physical dimensions to perform specific functions [2-5]. As such, these macromolecular assemblies-as well as the dynamics of the individual microtubule polymers from which they are made-must scale and change in accordance with cell size, geometry, and function. Microtubules in cells typically assemble to a steady state in mass, leaving enough of their tubulin subunits soluble to allow rapid growth and turnover. This suggests some negative feedback that limits the extent of assembly, for example, decrease in growth rate, or increase in catastrophe rate, as the soluble subunit pool decreases. Although these ideas have informed the field for decades, they have not been observed experimentally. Here, we describe the application of an experimental approach that combines cell-free extracts with photo-patterned hydrogel micro-enclosures as a means to investigate microtubule dynamics in cytoplasmic volumes of defined size and shape. Our measurements reveal a negative correlation between microtubule plus-end density and microtubule growth rates and suggest that these rates are sensitive to the presence of nearby growing ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Geisterfer
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82070, USA.
| | - Daniel Y Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - Timothy J Mitchison
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Cell Division and Organization Group, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - John Oakey
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Cell Division and Organization Group, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
| | - Jesse C Gatlin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82070, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Cell Division and Organization Group, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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8
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Wagenbach M, Vicente JJ, Ovechkina Y, Domnitz S, Wordeman L. Functional characterization of MCAK/Kif2C cancer mutations using high-throughput microscopic analysis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:580-588. [PMID: 31746663 PMCID: PMC7202071 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT)-depolymerizing activity of MCAK/Kif2C can be quantified by expressing the motor in cultured cells and measuring tubulin fluorescence levels after enough hours have passed to allow tubulin autoregulation to proceed. This method allows us to score the impact of point mutations within the motor domain. We found that, despite their distinctly different activities, many mutations that impact transport kinesins also impair MCAK/Kif2C's depolymerizing activity. We improved our workflow using CellProfiler to significantly speed up the imaging and analysis of transfected cells. This allowed us to rapidly interrogate a number of MCAK/Kif2C motor domain mutations documented in the cancer database cBioPortal. We found that a large proportion of these mutations adversely impact the motor. Using green fluorescent protein-FKBP-MCAK CRISPR cells we found that one deleterious hot-spot mutation increased chromosome instability in a wild-type (WT) background, suggesting that such mutants have the potential to promote tumor karyotype evolution. We also found that increasing WT MCAK/Kif2C protein levels over that of endogenous MCAK/Kif2C similarly increased chromosome instability. Thus, endogenous MCAK/Kif2C activity in normal cells is tuned to a mean level to achieve maximal suppression of chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Wagenbach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Juan Jesus Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Sarah Domnitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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9
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Cherry AE, Vicente JJ, Xu C, Morrison RS, Ong SE, Wordeman L, Stella N. GPR124 regulates microtubule assembly, mitotic progression, and glioblastoma cell proliferation. Glia 2019; 67:1558-1570. [PMID: 31058365 PMCID: PMC6557680 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
GPR124 is involved in embryonic development and remains expressed by select organs. The importance of GPR124 during development suggests that its aberrant expression might participate in tumor growth. Here we show that both increases and decreases in GPR124 expression in glioblastoma cells reduce cell proliferation by differentially altering the duration mitotic progression. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we discovered that GPR124 interacts with ch-TOG, a known regulator of both microtubule (MT)-plus-end assembly and mitotic progression. Accordingly, changes in GPR124 expression and ch-TOG similarly affect MT assembly measured by real-time microscopy in cells. Our study describes a novel molecular interaction involving GPR124 and ch-TOG at the plasma membrane that controls glioblastoma cell proliferation by modifying MT assembly rates and controlling the progression of distinct phases of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Cherry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Juan Jesus Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Shao-En Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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10
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The quantification and regulation of microtubule dynamics in the mitotic spindle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:36-43. [PMID: 31108428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules play essential roles in cellular organization, cargo transport, and chromosome segregation during cell division. During mitosis microtubules form a macromolecular structure known as the mitotic spindle that is responsible for the accurate segregation of chromosomes between the two daughter cells. This is accomplished thanks to finely tuned control of microtubule dynamics. Even small changes in microtubule dynamics during spindle formation and/or operation may lead to chromosome mis-segregation, chromosome instability and aneuploidy. These three events are directly correlated with human diseases like cancer and developmental defects. Precise measurements of microtubule dynamics in the spindle will allow us to discover new molecules involved in regulating microtubule dynamics and enable a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that underlie mitosis and cancer emergence and development. Moreover, many chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment are targeted to microtubules, so continued investigation of their dynamics with utmost precision will facilitate the development of new drugs. Measuring microtubule dynamics in the spindle has been a difficult task until recently. With the development of new and gentler microscopic techniques, and new computer programs, we can perform better and more accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics during mitosis.
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11
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TAPping into the treasures of tubulin using novel protein production methods. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:781-792. [PMID: 30429282 PMCID: PMC6281476 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal elements with important cellular functions, whose dynamic behaviour and properties are in part regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The building block of microtubules is tubulin, a heterodimer of α- and β-tubulin subunits. Longitudinal interactions between tubulin dimers facilitate a head-to-tail arrangement of dimers into protofilaments, while lateral interactions allow the formation of a hollow microtubule tube that mostly contains 13 protofilaments. Highly homologous α- and β-tubulin isotypes exist, which are encoded by multi-gene families. In vitro studies on microtubules and MAPs have largely relied on brain-derived tubulin preparations. However, these consist of an unknown mix of tubulin isotypes with undefined post-translational modifications. This has blocked studies on the functions of tubulin isotypes and the effects of tubulin mutations found in human neurological disorders. Fortunately, various methodologies to produce recombinant mammalian tubulins have become available in the last years, allowing researchers to overcome this barrier. In addition, affinity-based purification of tagged tubulins and identification of tubulin-associated proteins (TAPs) by mass spectrometry has revealed the 'tubulome' of mammalian cells. Future experiments with recombinant tubulins should allow a detailed description of how tubulin isotype influences basic microtubule behaviour, and how MAPs and TAPs impinge on tubulin isotypes and microtubule-based processes in different cell types.
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12
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Mann BJ, Wadsworth P. Distribution of Eg5 and TPX2 in mitosis: Insight from CRISPR tagged cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:508-521. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Mann
- Department of Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
| | - P. Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
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13
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Luo W, Liao M, Liao Y, Chen X, Huang C, Fan J, Liao W. The role of kinesin KIF18A in the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:36. [PMID: 29466986 PMCID: PMC5822562 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KIF18A is associated with a variety of tumours; however, the specific mechanism of action of KIF18A in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed with the aim of exploring the potential function and molecular mechanism of kinesin KIF18A in the occurrence and development of HCC. Methods We detected the expression of KIF18A in tumour and adjacent tissues as well as cell proliferation, cell invasion and migration in hepatoma cells after silencing KIF18A. KIF18A-silenced hepatoma cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to verify the tumorigenicity of KIF18A. We also detected the expression of signal pathway-related proteins in hepatoma cells after KIF18A knockdown with the aim of exploring the association between KIF18A and related signalling pathways. Results The level of KIF18A protein was higher in liver cancer tissues than adjacent tissues. After silencing KIF18A in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells, cell growth was obviously inhibited; the migration and invasion abilities were significantly decreased and the in vivo tumour weight was decreased compared to the control group (0.201 ± 0.088 g vs 0.476 ± 0.126 g, p = 0.009). The expression of cell cycle-related protein (cyclin B1), invasion and metastasis-related proteins (MMP-7 and MMP-9) and Akt-related proteins in hepatoma cells was also decreased after knocking down KIF18A. Conclusions KIF18A may promote proliferation, invasion and metastasis of HCC cells by promoting the cell cycle signalling pathway as well as the Akt and MMP-7/MMP-9-related signalling pathways and may serve as a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Luo
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjun Liao
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liao
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Disease Prevention and Control Center of Guilin, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhuang Chen
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Huang
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyuan Fan
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Liao
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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14
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D'Angelo L, Myer NM, Myers KA. MCAK-mediated regulation of endothelial cell microtubule dynamics is mechanosensitive to myosin-II contractility. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1223-1237. [PMID: 28298485 PMCID: PMC5415018 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study indicates that MCAK contributes to the mechanosensing-mediated regulation of MT dynamics through a myosin-II–dependent mechanism that becomes uncoupled in response to 3D ECM engagement specifically within EC branches. Compliance and dimensionality mechanosensing, the processes by which cells sense the physical attributes of the extracellular matrix (ECM), are known to drive cell branching and shape change largely through a myosin-II–mediated reorganization of the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons. Subcellular regulation of MT dynamics is spatially controlled through a Rac1–Aurora-A kinase pathway that locally inhibits the MT depolymerizing activity of mitotic centromere–associated kinesin (MCAK), thereby promoting leading-edge MT growth and cell polarization. These results suggest that the regulation of MT growth dynamics is intimately linked to physical engagement of the cell with the ECM. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MCAK contributes to compliance and dimensionality mechanosensing-mediated regulation of MT growth dynamics through a myosin-II–dependent signaling pathway. We cultured endothelial cells (ECs) on collagen-coupled stiff or compliant polyacrylamide ECMs to examine the effects of MCAK expression on MT growth dynamics and EC branching morphology. Our results identify that MCAK promotes fast MT growth speeds in ECs cultured on compliant 2D ECMs but promotes slow MT growth speeds in ECs cultured on compliant 3D ECMs, and these effects are myosin-II dependent. Furthermore, we find that 3D ECM engagement uncouples MCAK-mediated regulation of MT growth persistence from myosin-II–mediated regulation of growth persistence specifically within EC branched protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D'Angelo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicole M Myer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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15
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Möckel MM, Hund C, Mayer TU. Chemical Genetics Approach to Engineer Kinesins with Sensitivity towards a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Eg5. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2042-2045. [PMID: 27550380 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Due to their fast and often reversible mode of action, small molecules are ideally suited to dissect biological processes. Yet, the validity of small-molecule studies is intimately tied to the specificity of the applied compounds, thus imposing a great challenge to screens for novel inhibitors. Here, we applied a chemical-genetics approach to render kinesin motor proteins sensitive to inhibition by the well-characterized small molecule S-Trityl-l-cysteine (STLC). STLC specifically inhibits the kinesin Eg5 through binding to a known allosteric site within the motor domain. Transfer of this allosteric binding site into the motor domain of the human kinesins Kif3A and Kif4A sensitizes them towards STLC. Single-molecule microscopy analyses confirmed that STLC inhibits the movement of chimeric but not wild-type Kif4A along microtubules. Thus, our proof-of-concept study revealed that this chemical-genetic approach provides a powerful strategy to specifically inhibit kinesins in vitro for which small-molecule inhibitors are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Möckel
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Corinna Hund
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.,FGen GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, 4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas U Mayer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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16
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Walczak CE, Zong H, Jain S, Stout JR. Spatial regulation of astral microtubule dynamics by Kif18B in PtK cells. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3021-3030. [PMID: 27559136 PMCID: PMC5063611 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-04-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal control of microtubule dynamics is fundamentally important for proper spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. This is achieved, in part, by the multitude of proteins that bind to and regulate spindle microtubules, including kinesin superfamily members, which act as microtubule-destabilizing enzymes. These fall into two general classes: the kinesin-13 proteins, which directly depolymerize microtubules, and the kinesin-8 proteins, which are plus end-directed motors that either destabilize microtubules or cap the microtubule plus ends. Here we analyze the contribution of a PtK kinesin-8 protein, Kif18B, in the control of mitotic microtubule dynamics. Knockdown of Kif18B causes defects in spindle microtubule organization and a dramatic increase in astral microtubules. Kif18B-knockdown cells had defects in chromosome alignment, but there were no defects in chromosome segregation. The long astral microtubules that occur in the absence of Kif18B are limited in length by the cell cortex. Using EB1 tracking, we show that Kif18B activity is spatially controlled, as loss of Kif18B has the most dramatic effect on the lifetimes of astral microtubules that extend toward the cell cortex. Together our studies provide new insight into how diverse kinesins contribute to spatial microtubule organization in the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Sachin Jain
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Jane R Stout
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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