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Norris AC, Mansueto AJ, Jimenez M, Yazlovitskaya EM, Jain BK, Graham TR. Flipping the script: Advances in understanding how and why P4-ATPases flip lipid across membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119700. [PMID: 38382846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Type IV P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are a family of transmembrane enzymes that translocate lipid substrates from the outer to the inner leaflet of biological membranes and thus create an asymmetrical distribution of lipids within membranes. On the cellular level, this asymmetry is essential for maintaining the integrity and functionality of biological membranes, creating platforms for signaling events and facilitating vesicular trafficking. On the organismal level, this asymmetry has been shown to be important in maintaining blood homeostasis, liver metabolism, neural development, and the immune response. Indeed, dysregulation of P4-ATPases has been linked to several diseases; including anemia, cholestasis, neurological disease, and several cancers. This review will discuss the evolutionary transition of P4-ATPases from cation pumps to lipid flippases, the new lipid substrates that have been discovered, the significant advances that have been achieved in recent years regarding the structural mechanisms underlying the recognition and flipping of specific lipids across biological membranes, and the consequences of P4-ATPase dysfunction on cellular and physiological functions. Additionally, we emphasize the requirement for additional research to comprehensively understand the involvement of flippases in cellular physiology and disease and to explore their potential as targets for therapeutics in treating a variety of illnesses. The discussion in this review will primarily focus on the budding yeast, C. elegans, and mammalian P4-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Mariana Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Bhawik K Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Todd R Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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2
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Chen S, Song X, Xiao Q, Wang L, Zhu X, Zou Y, Li G. Knockdown of TMEM30A in renal tubular epithelial cells leads to reduced glucose absorption. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:250. [PMID: 37612668 PMCID: PMC10464243 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney reabsorbs large amounts of glucose through Na+-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2). P4-ATPase acts together with the β-subunit TMEM30A to mediate the asymmetric distribution of phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and other amino phospholipids, promoting plasma membrane and internal vesicle fusion, and facilitating vesicle protein transport. We observed reduced TMEM30A expression in renal tubules of DKD and IgA patients, suggesting a potential role of TMEM30A in renal tubular cells. To investigate the role of TMEM30A in renal tubules, we constructed a TMEM30A knockdown cell model by transfecting mouse kidney tubular epithelium cells (TCMK-1) with TMEM30A shRNA. Knockdown of TMEM30A in TCMK-1 cells attenuated vesicle transporter protein synthesis, resulting in reduced transport and expression of SGLT2, which in turn reduced glucose absorption. These data suggested that TMEM30A plays a crucial role in renal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2Nd Duan, 1St Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinrou Song
- Department of Nephrology, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2Nd Duan, 1St Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2Nd Duan, 1St Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2Nd Duan, 1St Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2Nd Duan, 1St Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Guisen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West 2Nd Duan, 1St Circle Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Hobson BD, Stanley AT, De Los Santos MB, Culbertson B, Mosharov EV, Sims PA, Sulzer D. Conserved and cell type-specific transcriptional responses to IFN-γ in the ventral midbrain. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:277-291. [PMID: 37100211 PMCID: PMC10460506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to neuropathology in infectious, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease. With the exception of microglia, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are virtually undetectable in the mature, healthy central nervous system (CNS). Neurons have generally been considered incapable of antigen presentation, and although interferon gamma (IFN-γ) can elicit neuronal MHC class I (MHC-I) expression and antigen presentation in vitro, it has been unclear whether similar responses occur in vivo. Here we directly injected IFN-γ into the ventral midbrain of mature mice and analyzed gene expression profiles of specific CNS cell types. We found that IFN-γ upregulated MHC-I and associated mRNAs in ventral midbrain microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and GABAergic, glutamatergic, and dopaminergic neurons. The core set of IFN-γ-induced genes and their response kinetics were similar in neurons and glia, but with a lower amplitude of expression in neurons. A diverse repertoire of genes was upregulated in glia, particularly microglia, which were the only cells to undergo cellular proliferation and express MHC classII (MHC-II) and associated genes. To determine if neurons respond directly via cell-autonomous IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR) signaling, we produced mutant mice with a deletion of the IFN-γ-binding domain of IFNGR1 in dopaminergic neurons, which resulted in a complete loss of dopaminergic neuronal responses to IFN-γ. Our results demonstrate that IFN-γ induces neuronal IFNGR signaling and upregulation of MHC-I and related genes in vivo, although the expression level is low compared to oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hobson
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Adrien T Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Mark B De Los Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Bruce Culbertson
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, United States; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, United States.
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4
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Meng T, Chen X, He Z, Huang H, Lin S, Liu K, Bai G, Liu H, Xu M, Zhuang H, Zhang Y, Waqas A, Liu Q, Zhang C, Sun XD, Huang H, Umair M, Yan Y, Feng D. ATP9A deficiency causes ADHD and aberrant endosomal recycling via modulating RAB5 and RAB11 activity. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1219-1231. [PMID: 36604604 PMCID: PMC9816018 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01940-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ATP9A, a lipid flippase of the class II P4-ATPases, is involved in cellular vesicle trafficking. Its homozygous variants are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. However, its physiological function, the underlying mechanism as well as its pathophysiological relevance in humans and animals are still largely unknown. Here, we report two independent families in which the nonsense mutations c.433C>T/c.658C>T/c.983G>A (p. Arg145*/p. Arg220*/p. Trp328*) in ATP9A (NM_006045.3) cause autosomal recessive hypotonia, intellectual disability (ID) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Atp9a null mice show decreased muscle strength, memory deficits and hyperkinetic movement disorder, recapitulating the symptoms observed in patients. Abnormal neurite morphology and impaired synaptic transmission are found in the primary motor cortex and hippocampus of the Atp9a null mice. ATP9A is also required for maintaining neuronal neurite morphology and the viability of neural cells in vitro. It mainly localizes to endosomes and plays a pivotal role in endosomal recycling pathway by modulating small GTPase RAB5 and RAB11 activation. However, ATP9A pathogenic mutants have aberrant subcellular localization and cause abnormal endosomal recycling. These findings provide strong evidence that ATP9A deficiency leads to neurodevelopmental disorders and synaptic dysfunctions in both humans and mice, and establishes novel regulatory roles for ATP9A in RAB5 and RAB11 activity-dependent endosomal recycling pathway and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Meng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhengjie He
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haofeng Huang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Shiyin Lin
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Kunru Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Guo Bai
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.,Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Mindong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Haixia Zhuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ahmed Waqas
- Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Medical Genetics Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital; Gansu Provincial Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects and Rare Diseases, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Huansen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, 22209, Pakistan.
| | - Yousheng Yan
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100026, China.
| | - Du Feng
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China. .,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Wang X, Li Y, Xiao Y, Huang X, Wu X, Zhao Z, Yang M, Kong L, Shi D, Chen X, Ouyang Y, Chen X, Lin C, Li J, Song L, Lin Y, Guan J. The phospholipid flippase ATP9A enhances macropinocytosis to promote nutrient starvation tolerance in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol 2023; 260:17-31. [PMID: 36715683 DOI: 10.1002/path.6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is an effective strategy to mitigate nutrient starvation. It can fuel cancer cell growth in nutrient-limited conditions. However, whether and how macropinocytosis contributes to the rapid proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which frequently experience an inadequate nutrient supply, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that nutrient starvation strongly induced macropinocytosis in some hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It allowed the cells to acquire extracellular nutrients and supported their energy supply to maintain rapid proliferation. Furthermore, we found that the phospholipid flippase ATP9A was critical for regulating macropinocytosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and that high ATP9A levels predicted a poor outcome for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. ATP9A interacted with ATP6V1A and facilitated its transport to the plasma membrane, which promoted plasma membrane cholesterol accumulation and drove RAC1-dependent macropinocytosis. Macropinocytosis inhibitors significantly suppressed the energy supply and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells characterised by high ATP9A expression under nutrient-limited conditions. These results have revealed a novel mechanism that overcomes nutrient starvation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and have identified the key regulator of macropinocytosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunyun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinjian Huang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xianqiu Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Clinical Biobanks and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Muwen Yang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lingzhi Kong
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dongni Shi
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Ouyang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangfu Chen
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuyong Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Libing Song
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, PR China
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6
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Pitts LR, Frondoni J, Nguyen AT, Wehman AM. The ATPase activity of the phosphatidylethanolamine flippase TAT-5 inhibits extracellular vesicle budding from the plasma membrane. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000779. [PMID: 37038482 PMCID: PMC10082395 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) from their surface, but the mechanisms that govern EV release by plasma membrane budding are poorly understood. The lipid flippase TAT-5 inhibits EV release from the plasma membrane in C. elegans , but how the level of flippase activity regulates EV release was unknown. We generated point mutations in the DGET motif of TAT-5 predicted to lead to a partial or complete loss of ATPase activity. We discovered that tat-5(E246Q) mutants were sterile, while tat-5(D244T) mutants produced embryos that arrested during development. Using degron-based reporters, we found that EV release was increased in tat-5(D244T) mutant embryos and that phagocytosis was also disrupted. These data suggest that a low level of flippase activity can promote fertility, while a higher level of flippase activity is required to inhibit EV release, allow phagocytosis, and carry out embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Pitts
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Julia Frondoni
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Alexander T Nguyen
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States
- Correspondence to: Ann M Wehman (
)
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7
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Park J, Kim J, Kim E, Won S, Kim WJ. Association between prenatal cadmium exposure and cord blood DNA methylation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113268. [PMID: 35405126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal cadmium exposure is known to affect infant growth and organ development. Nonetheless, the role of DNA methylation in cadmium-related health effects has yet to be determined. To this end, we investigated the relationship between prenatal cadmium exposure and cord blood DNA methylation in Korean infants through an epigenome-wide association study. Cadmium concentrations in maternal blood during early and late pregnancy and in cord blood collected from newborns were measured using atomic adsorption spectrometry and DNA methylation analysis was conducted using HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip kits. After adjusting for infant sex, maternal pregnancy body mass index, smoking status, and estimated leukocyte composition, we analyzed the association between CpG methylation and cadmium concentration in 364 samples. Among 835,252 CpG sites, maternal blood cadmium concentration in early pregnancy was significantly associated with two differentially methylated CpG sites, cg05537752 and cg24904393, which were annotated ATP9A and no gene, respectively. The study findings indicate that prenatal cadmium exposure is significantly associated with methylation statuses of several CpG sites and regions in Korean infants, especially during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Park
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioinformatics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeeyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Esther Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sungho Won
- Interdisciplinary Program of Bioinformatics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; RexSoft Corp, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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8
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Rossatti P, Redpath GMI, Ziegler L, Samson GPB, Clamagirand CD, Legler DF, Rossy J. Rapid increase in transferrin receptor recycling promotes adhesion during T cell activation. BMC Biol 2022; 20:189. [PMID: 36002835 PMCID: PMC9400314 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell activation leads to increased expression of the receptor for the iron transporter transferrin (TfR) to provide iron required for the cell differentiation and clonal expansion that takes place during the days after encounter with a cognate antigen. However, T cells mobilise TfR to their surface within minutes after activation, although the reason and mechanism driving this process remain unclear. Results Here we show that T cells transiently increase endocytic uptake and recycling of TfR upon activation, thereby boosting their capacity to import iron. We demonstrate that increased TfR recycling is powered by a fast endocytic sorting pathway relying on the membrane proteins flotillins, Rab5- and Rab11a-positive endosomes. Our data further reveal that iron import is required for a non-canonical signalling pathway involving the kinases Zap70 and PAK, which controls adhesion of the integrin LFA-1 and eventually leads to conjugation with antigen-presenting cells. Conclusions Altogether, our data suggest that T cells boost their iron importing capacity immediately upon activation to promote adhesion to antigen-presenting cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01386-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rossatti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Gregory M I Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luca Ziegler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Guerric P B Samson
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Camille D Clamagirand
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. .,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.
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9
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Bisio H, Krishnan A, Marq JB, Soldati-Favre D. Toxoplasma gondii phosphatidylserine flippase complex ATP2B-CDC50.4 critically participates in microneme exocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010438. [PMID: 35325010 PMCID: PMC8982854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated microneme secretion governs motility, host cell invasion and egress in the obligate intracellular apicomplexans. Intracellular calcium oscillations and phospholipid dynamics critically regulate microneme exocytosis. Despite its importance for the lytic cycle of these parasites, molecular mechanistic details about exocytosis are still missing. Some members of the P4-ATPases act as flippases, changing the phospholipid distribution by translocation from the outer to the inner leaflet of the membrane. Here, the localization and function of the repertoire of P4-ATPases was investigated across the lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. Of relevance, ATP2B and the non-catalytic subunit cell division control protein 50.4 (CDC50.4) form a stable heterocomplex at the parasite plasma membrane, essential for microneme exocytosis. This complex is responsible for flipping phosphatidylserine, which presumably acts as a lipid mediator for organelle fusion with the plasma membrane. Overall, this study points toward the importance of phosphatidylserine asymmetric distribution at the plasma membrane for microneme exocytosis. Biological membranes display diverse functions, including membrane fusion, which are conferred by a defined composition and organization of proteins and lipids. Apicomplexan parasites possess specialized secretory organelles (micronemes), implicated in motility, invasion and egress from host cells. Microneme exocytosis is already known to depend on phosphatidic acid for its fusion with the plasma membrane. Here we identify a type P4-ATPase and its CDC50 chaperone (ATP2B-CDC50.4) that act as a flippase and contribute to the enrichment of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the inner leaflet of the parasite plasma membrane. The disruption of PS asymmetric distribution at the plasma membrane impacts microneme exocytosis. Overall, our results shed light on the importance of membrane homeostasis and lipid composition in controlling microneme secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Bisio
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aarti Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Marq
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, CMU, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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10
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Hasegawa J, Uchida Y, Mukai K, Lee S, Matsudaira T, Taguchi T. A Role of Phosphatidylserine in the Function of Recycling Endosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:783857. [PMID: 35004683 PMCID: PMC8740049 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.783857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells internalize proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane (PM) and solutes in the extracellular space by endocytosis. The removal of PM by endocytosis is constantly balanced by the replenishment of proteins and lipids to PM through recycling pathway. Recycling endosomes (REs) are specific subsets of endosomes. Besides the established role of REs in recycling pathway, recent studies have revealed unanticipated roles of REs in membrane traffic and cell signalling. In this review, we highlight these emerging issues, with a particular focus on phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid that is highly enriched in the cytosolic leaflet of RE membranes. We also discuss the pathogenesis of Hermansky Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS2) that arises from mutations in the AP3B1 gene, from the point of view of dysregulated RE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hasegawa
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Uchida
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoken Lee
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Matsudaira
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Biallelic truncation variants in ATP9A are associated with a novel autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:94. [PMID: 34764295 PMCID: PMC8586153 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is a highly heterogeneous disorder with hundreds of associated genes. Despite progress in the identification of the genetic causes of ID following the introduction of high-throughput sequencing, about half of affected individuals still remain without a molecular diagnosis. Consanguineous families with affected individuals provide a unique opportunity to identify novel recessive causative genes. In this report, we describe a novel autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder. We identified two consanguineous families with homozygous variants predicted to alter the splicing of ATP9A which encodes a transmembrane lipid flippase of the class II P4-ATPases. The three individuals homozygous for these putatively truncating variants presented with severe ID, motor and speech impairment, and behavioral anomalies. Consistent with a causative role of ATP9A in these patients, a previously described Atp9a−/− mouse model showed behavioral changes.
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12
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Inoue H, Takatsu H, Hamamoto A, Takayama M, Nakabuchi R, Muranaka Y, Yagi T, Nakayama K, Shin HW. The interaction of ATP11C-b with ezrin contributes to its polarized localization. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272204. [PMID: 34528675 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP11C, a member of the P4-ATPase family, translocates phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine at the plasma membrane. We previously revealed that its C-terminal splice variant ATP11C-b exhibits polarized localization in motile cell lines, such as MDA-MB-231 and Ba/F3. In the present study, we found that the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of ATP11C-b interacts specifically with ezrin. Notably, the LLxY motif in the ATP11C-b C-terminal region is crucial for its interaction with ezrin as well as its polarized localization on the plasma membrane. A constitutively active, C-terminal phosphomimetic mutant of ezrin was colocalized with ATP11C-b in polarized motile cells. ATP11C-b was partially mislocalized in cells depleted of ezrin alone, and exhibited greater mislocalization in cells simultaneously depleted of the family members ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM), suggesting that ERM proteins, particularly ezrin, contribute to the polarized localization of ATP11C-b. Furthermore, Atp11c knockout resulted in C-terminally phosphorylated ERM protein mislocalization, which was restored by exogenous expression of ATP11C-b but not ATP11C-a. These observations together indicate that the polarized localizations of ATP11C-b and the active form of ezrin to the plasma membrane are interdependently stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Hamamoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Riki Nakabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yumeka Muranaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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13
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López-Marqués RL. Lipid flippases as key players in plant adaptation to their environment. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1188-1199. [PMID: 34531559 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid flippases (P4 ATPases) are active transporters that catalyse the translocation of lipids between the two sides of the biological membranes in the secretory pathway. This activity modulates biological membrane properties, contributes to vesicle formation, and is the trigger for lipid signalling events, which makes P4 ATPases essential for eukaryotic cell survival. Plant P4 ATPases (also known as aminophospholipid ATPases (ALAs)) are crucial for plant fertility and proper development, and are involved in key adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stress, including chilling tolerance, heat adaptation, nutrient deficiency responses and pathogen defence. While ALAs present many analogies to mammalian and yeast P4 ATPases, they also show characteristic features as the result of their independent evolution. In this Review, the main properties, roles, regulation and mechanisms of action of ALA proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L López-Marqués
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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14
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Vogt G, Verheyen S, Schwartzmann S, Ehmke N, Potratz C, Schwerin-Nagel A, Plecko B, Holtgrewe M, Seelow D, Blatterer J, Speicher MR, Kornak U, Horn D, Mundlos S, Fischer-Zirnsak B, Boschann F. Biallelic truncating variants in ATP9A cause a novel neurodevelopmental disorder involving postnatal microcephaly and failure to thrive. J Med Genet 2021; 59:662-668. [PMID: 34379057 PMCID: PMC9252857 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Genes implicated in the Golgi and endosomal trafficking machinery are crucial for brain development, and mutations in them are particularly associated with postnatal microcephaly (POM). Methods Exome sequencing was performed in three affected individuals from two unrelated consanguineous families presenting with delayed neurodevelopment, intellectual disability of variable degree, POM and failure to thrive. Patient-derived fibroblasts were tested for functional effects of the variants. Results We detected homozygous truncating variants in ATP9A. While the variant in family A is predicted to result in an early premature termination codon, the variant in family B affects a canonical splice site. Both variants lead to a substantial reduction of ATP9A mRNA expression. It has been shown previously that ATP9A localises to early and recycling endosomes, whereas its depletion leads to altered gene expression of components from this compartment. Consistent with previous findings, we also observed overexpression of ARPC3 and SNX3, genes strongly interacting with ATP9A. Conclusion In aggregate, our findings show that pathogenic variants in ATP9A cause a novel autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with POM. While the physiological function of endogenous ATP9A is still largely elusive, our results underline a crucial role of this gene in endosomal transport in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Vogt
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Verheyen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarina Schwartzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Ehmke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Potratz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anette Schwerin-Nagel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Holtgrewe
- Core Unit Bioinformatics (CUBI), Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Seelow
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bioinformatics and Translational Genetics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmin Blatterer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael R Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,RG Development and Disease, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Fischer-Zirnsak
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,RG Development and Disease, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Boschann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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The transport mechanism of P4 ATPase lipid flippases. Biochem J 2021; 477:3769-3790. [PMID: 33045059 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
P4 ATPase lipid flippases are ATP-driven transporters that translocate specific lipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaflet of biological membranes, thus establishing a lipid gradient between the two leaflets that is essential for many cellular processes. While substrate specificity, subcellular and tissue-specific expression, and physiological functions have been assigned to a number of these transporters in several organisms, the mechanism of lipid transport has been a topic of intense debate in the field. The recent publication of a series of structural models based on X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM studies has provided the first glimpse into how P4 ATPases have adapted the transport mechanism used by the cation-pumping family members to accommodate a substrate that is at least an order of magnitude larger than cations.
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16
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Effects of ATP9A on Extracellular Vesicle Release and Exosomal Lipid Composition. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8865499. [PMID: 33178388 PMCID: PMC7647784 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8865499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biological processes are regulated by the intercellular communications arising from extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells. However, the mechanisms that regulate the quantity of EV discharged have yet to be understood. While it is known that ATP9A, a P4-ATPase, is involved in endosomal recycling, it is not clear whether it also contributes to the release of EVs and the makeup of exosomal lipids. This study is aimed at exploring the role of human ATP9A in the process of EV release and, further, to analyze the profiles of EV lipids regulated by ATP9A. Our results demonstrate that ATP9A is located in both the intracellular compartments and the plasma membrane. The percentage of ceramides and sphingosine was found to be significantly greater in the control cells than in the ATP9A overexpression and ATP9A knockout groups. However, EV release was greater in ATP9A knockout cells, indicating that ATP9A inhibits the release of EVs. This study revealed the effects of ATP9A on the release of EVs and the lipid composition of exosomes.
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17
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Redpath GMI, Betzler VM, Rossatti P, Rossy J. Membrane Heterogeneity Controls Cellular Endocytic Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:757. [PMID: 32850860 PMCID: PMC7419583 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking relies on highly localized events in cell membranes. Endocytosis involves the gathering of protein (cargo/receptor) at distinct plasma membrane locations defined by specific lipid and protein compositions. Simultaneously, the molecular machinery that drives invagination and eventually scission of the endocytic vesicle assembles at the very same place on the inner leaflet of the membrane. It is membrane heterogeneity - the existence of specific lipid and protein domains in localized regions of membranes - that creates the distinct molecular identity required for an endocytic event to occur precisely when and where it is required rather than at some random location within the plasma membrane. Accumulating evidence leads us to believe that the trafficking fate of internalized proteins is sealed following endocytosis, as this distinct membrane identity is preserved through the endocytic pathway, upon fusion of endocytic vesicles with early and sorting endosomes. In fact, just like at the plasma membrane, multiple domains coexist at the surface of these endosomes, regulating local membrane tubulation, fission and sorting to recycling pathways or to the trans-Golgi network via late endosomes. From here, membrane heterogeneity ensures that fusion events between intracellular vesicles and larger compartments are spatially regulated to promote the transport of cargoes to their intracellular destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M I Redpath
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,The ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Verena M Betzler
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Rossatti
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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18
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Fazeli G, Beer KB, Geisenhof M, Tröger S, König J, Müller-Reichert T, Wehman AM. Loss of the Major Phosphatidylserine or Phosphatidylethanolamine Flippases Differentially Affect Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:648. [PMID: 32793595 PMCID: PMC7385141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipids phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEth) are normally asymmetrically localized to the cytosolic face of membrane bilayers, but can both be externalized during diverse biological processes, including cell division, cell fusion, and cell death. Externalized lipids in the plasma membrane are recognized by lipid-binding proteins to regulate the clearance of cell corpses and other cell debris. However, it is unclear whether PtdSer and PtdEth contribute in similar or distinct ways to these processes. We discovered that disruption of the lipid flippases that maintain PtdSer or PtdEth asymmetry in the plasma membrane have opposite effects on phagocytosis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Constitutive PtdSer externalization caused by disruption of the major PtdSer flippase TAT-1 led to increased phagocytosis of cell debris, sometimes leading to two cells engulfing the same debris. In contrast, PtdEth externalization caused by depletion of the major PtdEth flippase TAT-5 or its activator PAD-1 disrupted phagocytosis. These data suggest that PtdSer and PtdEth externalization have opposite effects on phagocytosis. Furthermore, externalizing PtdEth is associated with increased extracellular vesicle release, and we present evidence that the extent of extracellular vesicle accumulation correlates with the extent of phagocytic defects. Thus, a general loss of lipid asymmetry can have opposing impacts through different lipid subtypes simultaneously exerting disparate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina B Beer
- Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Tröger
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia König
- Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ann M Wehman
- Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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19
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Human papillomavirus E7 binds Oct4 and regulates its activity in HPV-associated cervical cancers. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008468. [PMID: 32298395 PMCID: PMC7228134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Octamer binding transcription factor-4 (Oct4), is highly expressed in stem cells and has indispensable roles in pluripotency and cellular reprogramming. In contrast to other factors used for cellular reprogramming, a role for Oct4 outside embryonic stem cells has been elusive and highly controversial. Emerging evidence implicates Oct4 in the carcinogenic process, but the mechanism through which Oct4 may be functioning in cancers is not fully appreciated. Here, we provide evidence that Oct4 is expressed in human cervical cancer and this expression correlates with the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes E6 and E7. Surprisingly, the viral oncogenes can complement exogenously provided Oct4 in reprogramming assays, providing functional validation for their ability to activate Oct4 transcription in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs). To interrogate potential roles of Oct4 in cervical cancers we knocked-down Oct4 in HPV(+) (HeLa & CaSki) and HPV(-) (C33A) cervical cancer cell lines and found that Oct4 knockdown attenuated clonogenesis, only in the HPV(+) cells. More unexpectedly, cell proliferation and migration, were differentially affected in HPV(+) and HPV(-) cell lines. We provide evidence that Oct4 interacts with HPV E7 specifically at the CR3 region of the E7 protein and that introduction of the HPV oncogenes in C33A cells and human immortalised keratinocytes generates Oct4-associated transcriptional and phenotypic patterns, which mimic those seen in HPV(+) cells. We propose that a physical interaction of Oct4 with E7 regulates its activity in HPV(+) cervical cancers in a manner not seen in other cancer types.
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20
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FTY720 induces non-canonical phosphatidylserine externalization and cell death in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:847. [PMID: 31699964 PMCID: PMC6838108 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
FTY720 (fingolimod) is a FDA-approved sphingosine analog that is phosphorylated in vivo to modulate sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) signaling for immunosuppression in patients with refractory multiple sclerosis. FTY720 also exhibits promising anticancer efficacy in several preclinical models. While FTY720-induced cytotoxicity is not due to S1PR signaling, the mechanism remains unclear and is reported to occur through various cell death pathways. Here, we performed a systematic, mechanistic study of FTY720-induced cell death in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We found that FTY720 induced cell death in a panel of genetically diverse AML cell lines that was accompanied by rapid phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. Importantly, FTY720-induced PS exposure was not due to any direct effects on plasma membrane integrity and was independent of canonical signaling by regulated cell death pathways known to activate lipid flip-flop, including caspase-dependent apoptosis/pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death. Notably, PS exposure required cellular vacuolization induced by defects in endocytic trafficking and was suppressed by the inhibition of PP2A and shedding of Annexin V-positive subcellular particles. Collectively, our studies reveal a non-canonical pathway underlying PS externalization and cell death in AML to provide mechanistic insight into the antitumor properties of FTY720.
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21
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Makowski SL, Kuna RS, Field SJ. Induction of membrane curvature by proteins involved in Golgi trafficking. Adv Biol Regul 2019; 75:100661. [PMID: 31668661 PMCID: PMC7056495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2019.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus serves a key role in processing and sorting lipids and proteins for delivery to their final cellular destinations. Vesicle exit from the Golgi initiates with directional deformation of the lipid bilayer to produce a bulge. Several mechanisms have been described by which lipids and proteins can induce directional membrane curvature to promote vesicle budding. Here we review some of the mechanisms implicated in inducing membrane curvature at the Golgi to promote vesicular trafficking to various cellular destinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Makowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ramya S Kuna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Seth J Field
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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22
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Kay JG, Fairn GD. Distribution, dynamics and functional roles of phosphatidylserine within the cell. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:126. [PMID: 31615534 PMCID: PMC6792266 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), an essential constituent of eukaryotic membranes, is the most abundant anionic phospholipid in the eukaryotic cell accounting for up to 10% of the total cellular lipid. Much of what is known about PtdSer is the role exofacial PtdSer plays in apoptosis and blood clotting. However, PtdSer is generally not externally exposed in healthy cells and plays a vital role in several intracellular signaling pathways, though relatively little is known about the precise subcellular localization, transmembrane topology and intracellular dynamics of PtdSer within the cell. The recent development of new, genetically-encoded probes able to detect phosphatidylserine is leading to a more in-depth understanding of the biology of this phospholipid. This review aims to give an overview of recent developments in our understanding of the role of PtdSer in intracellular signaling events derived from the use of these recently developed methods of phosphatidylserine detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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23
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Takayama M, Takatsu H, Hamamoto A, Inoue H, Naito T, Nakayama K, Shin HW. The cytoplasmic C-terminal region of the ATP11C variant determines its localization at the polarized plasma membrane. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231720. [PMID: 31371488 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP11C, a member of the P4-ATPase family, is a major phosphatidylserine (PS)-flippase located at the plasma membrane. ATP11C deficiency causes a defect in B-cell maturation, anemia and hyperbilirubinemia. Although there are several alternatively spliced variants derived from the ATP11C gene, the functional differences between them have not been considered. Here, we compared and characterized three C-terminal spliced forms (we designated as ATP11C-a, ATP11C-b and ATP11C-c), with respect to their expression patterns in cell types and tissues, and their subcellular localizations. We had previously shown that the C-terminus of ATP11C-a is critical for endocytosis upon PKC activation. Here, we found that ATP11C-b and ATP11C-c did not undergo endocytosis upon PKC activation. Importantly, we also found that ATP11C-b localized to a limited region of the plasma membrane in polarized cells, whereas ATP11C-a was distributed on the entire plasma membrane in both polarized and non-polarized cells. Moreover, we successfully identified LLXY residues within the ATP11C-b C-terminus as a critical motif for the polarized localization. These results suggest that the ATP11C-b regulates PS distribution in distinct regions of the plasma membrane in polarized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Asuka Hamamoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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24
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Wang X, Srivastava Y, Jankowski A, Malik V, Wei Y, Del Rosario RC, Cojocaru V, Prabhakar S, Jauch R. DNA-mediated dimerization on a compact sequence signature controls enhancer engagement and regulation by FOXA1. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:5470-5486. [PMID: 29669022 PMCID: PMC6009666 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXA1 is a transcription factor capable to bind silenced chromatin to direct context-dependent cell fate conversion. Here, we demonstrate that a compact palindromic DNA element (termed 'DIV' for its diverging half-sites) induces the homodimerization of FOXA1 with strongly positive cooperativity. Alternative structural models are consistent with either an indirect DNA-mediated cooperativity or a direct protein-protein interaction. The cooperative homodimer formation is strictly constrained by precise half-site spacing. Re-analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data indicates that the DIV is effectively targeted by FOXA1 in the context of chromatin. Reporter assays show that FOXA1-dependent transcriptional activity declines when homodimeric binding is disrupted. In response to phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibition DIV sites pre-bound by FOXA1 such as at the PVT1/MYC locus exhibit a strong increase in accessibility suggesting a role of the DIV configuration in the chromatin closed-open dynamics. Moreover, several disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms map to DIV elements and show allelic differences in FOXA1 homodimerization, reporter gene expression and are annotated as quantitative trait loci. This includes the rs541455835 variant at the MAPT locus encoding the Tau protein associated with Parkinson's disease. Collectively, the DIV guides chromatin engagement and regulation by FOXA1 and its perturbation could be linked to disease etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yogesh Srivastava
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aleksander Jankowski
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.,Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.,Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vikas Malik
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanjie Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ricardo Ch Del Rosario
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames St., Cambridge MA 02142, USA
| | - Vlad Cojocaru
- Computational Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, Münster 48149, Germany.,Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Shyam Prabhakar
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Ralf Jauch
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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25
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Skotland T, Sandvig K. The role of PS 18:0/18:1 in membrane function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2752. [PMID: 31227693 PMCID: PMC6588574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies have demonstrated that the two leaflets of cellular membranes interact, potentially through so-called interdigitation between the fatty acyl groups. While the molecular mechanism underlying interleaflet coupling remains to be fully understood, recent results suggest interactions between the very-long-chain sphingolipids in the outer leaflet, and phosphatidylserine PS18:0/18:1 in the inner leaflet, and an important role for cholesterol for these interactions. Here we review the evidence that cross-linking of sphingolipids may result in clustering of phosphatidylserine and transfer of signals to the cytosol. Although much remains to be uncovered, the molecular properties and abundance of PS 18:0/18:1 suggest a unique role for this lipid. There are several lines of evidence for interactions between the two membrane leaflets in cells. In this review the authors discuss the transmembrane coupling of lipids, the involvement of phosphatidyl serine species PS 18:0/18:1, and their importance for various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausséen 70, 0379, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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26
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The ion channels and transporters gene expression profile indicates a shift in excitability and metabolisms during malignant progression of Follicular Lymphoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8586. [PMID: 31197180 PMCID: PMC6565741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of the gene expression profile of genes encoding Ion Channels and Transporters (ICT-GEP) represents a novel and attracting aspect in cancer. We determined the ICT-GEP of Follicular Lymphoma (FL), and compared it with that of the more aggressive Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). cDNA microarray data were collected both from patients enrolled for this study, and from public datasets. In FL the ICT-GEP indicated the overexpression of both the K+ channel encoding gene KCNN4, and SLC2A1, which encodes the Glut1 glucose transporter. SLC2A1 turned out to represent the hub of a functional network, connecting channels and transporters in FL. Relapsed FL patients were characterised by 38 differentially expressed ICT genes, among which ATP9A, SLC2A1 and KCNN4 were under-expressed, indicating a down-regulation of both excitability and glycolysis. A completely different profile of K+ channel encoding genes emerged in DLBCL accompanied by the over-expression of the fatty acid transporter-encoding gene SLC27A1 as well as of the metabolism regulator NCoR1. This indicates a change in excitability and a shift towards an oxidative metabolism in DLBCL. Overall, the ICT-GEP may contribute to identifying novel lymphoma biomarkers related to excitability and metabolic pathways, with particular relevance for drug resistant, relapsed FL.
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27
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Palmgren M, Østerberg JT, Nintemann SJ, Poulsen LR, López-Marqués RL. Evolution and a revised nomenclature of P4 ATPases, a eukaryotic family of lipid flippases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1135-1151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Zhao SB, Suda Y, Nakanishi H, Wang N, Yoko-O T, Gao XD, Fujita M. Yeast Dop1 is required for glycosyltransferase retrieval from the trans-Golgi network. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1147-1157. [PMID: 30981741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosyltransferases are type II membrane proteins that are responsible for glycan modification of proteins and lipids, and localize to distinct cisternae in the Golgi apparatus. During cisternal maturation, retrograde trafficking helps maintain the steady-state localization of these enzymes in the sub-compartments of the Golgi. METHODS To understand how glycosyltransferases are recycled in the late Golgi complex, we searched for genes that are essential for budding yeast cell growth and that encode proteins localized in endosomes and in the Golgi. We specifically analyzed the roles of Dop1 and its binding partner Neo1 in retaining Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases, in the late Golgi complex. RESULTS Dop1 primarily localized to younger compartments of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and seemed to cycle within the TGN. In contrast, Neo1, a P4-ATPase that interacts with Dop1, localized to the TGN. Abolition of DOP1 expression led to defects in the FM4-64 endocytic pathway. Dop1 and Neo1 were required for correct glycosylation of invertase, a secretory protein, at the Golgi. In DOP1-shutdown cells, Och1, a mannosyltransferase that is typically located in the cis-Golgi, mislocalized to the TGN. In addition, the function of multiple glycosyltransferases required for N- and O-glycosylation were impaired in DOP1-shutdown cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Dop1 is involved in vesicular transport at the TGN, and is critical for retrieving glycosyltransferases from the TGN to the Golgi in yeast. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases recycling from the TGN to the Golgi is dependent on Dop1 and the P4-ATPase Neo1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Bao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yasuyuki Suda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Takehiko Yoko-O
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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29
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Naik J, Hau CM, ten Bloemendaal L, Mok KS, Hajji N, Wehman AM, Meisner S, Muncan V, Paauw NJ, de Vries HE, Nieuwland R, Paulusma CC, Bosma PJ. The P4-ATPase ATP9A is a novel determinant of exosome release. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213069. [PMID: 30947313 PMCID: PMC6448858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells have a role in intercellular communication to regulate a wide range of biological processes. Two types of EVs can be recognized. Exosomes, which are released from multi-vesicular bodies upon fusion with the plasma membrane, and ectosomes, which directly bud from the plasma membrane. How cells regulate the quantity of EV release is largely unknown. One of the initiating events in vesicle biogenesis is the regulated transport of phospholipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaflet of biological membranes. This process is catalyzed by P4-ATPases. The role of these phospholipid transporters in intracellular vesicle transport has been established in lower eukaryotes and is slowly emerging in mammalian cells. In Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), deficiency of the P4-ATPase member TAT-5 resulted in enhanced EV shedding, indicating a role in the regulation of EV release. In this study, we investigated whether the mammalian ortholog of TAT-5, ATP9A, has a similar function in mammalian cells. We show that knockdown of ATP9A expression in human hepatoma cells resulted in a significant increase in EV release that was independent of caspase-3 activation. Pharmacological blocking of exosome release in ATP9A knockdown cells did significantly reduce the total number of EVs. Our data support a role for ATP9A in the regulation of exosome release from human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Naik
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, university of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chi M. Hau
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lysbeth ten Bloemendaal
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, university of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kam S. Mok
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, university of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najat Hajji
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ann M. Wehman
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sander Meisner
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, university of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, university of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne J. Paauw
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. E. de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen C. Paulusma
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, university of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (PJB); (CEP)
| | - Piter J. Bosma
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, university of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (PJB); (CEP)
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30
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Best JT, Xu P, Graham TR. Phospholipid flippases in membrane remodeling and transport carrier biogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 59:8-15. [PMID: 30897446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of multiple classes of transport carriers or vesicles from Golgi and endosomal membranes remain poorly understood. However, one theme that has emerged over three decades is the dramatic influence of membrane lipid remodeling on transport mechanisms. A large cohort of lipid transfer proteins, lipid transporters, and lipid modifying enzymes are linked to protein sorting, carrier formation and SNARE-mediated fusion events. Here, we focus on one type of lipid transporter, phospholipid flippases in the type IV P-type ATPase (P4-ATPase) family, and discuss recent advances in defining P4-ATPase influences on membrane remodeling and vesicular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Best
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Todd R Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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31
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Shin HW, Takatsu H. Substrates of P4‐ATPases: beyond aminophospholipids (phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine). FASEB J 2018; 33:3087-3096. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801873r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
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32
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McGough IJ, de Groot REA, Jellett AP, Betist MC, Varandas KC, Danson CM, Heesom KJ, Korswagen HC, Cullen PJ. SNX3-retromer requires an evolutionary conserved MON2:DOPEY2:ATP9A complex to mediate Wntless sorting and Wnt secretion. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3737. [PMID: 30213940 PMCID: PMC6137200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wntless transports Wnt morphogens to the cell surface and is required for Wnt secretion and morphogenic gradients formation. Recycling of endocytosed Wntless requires the sorting nexin-3 (SNX3)-retromer-dependent endosome-to-Golgi transport pathway. Here we demonstrate the essential role of SNX3-retromer assembly for Wntless transport and report that SNX3 associates with an evolutionary conserved endosome-associated membrane re-modelling complex composed of MON2, DOPEY2 and the putative aminophospholipid translocase, ATP9A. In vivo suppression of Ce-mon-2, Ce-pad-1 or Ce-tat-5 (respective MON2, DOPEY2 and ATP9A orthologues) phenocopy a loss of SNX3-retromer function, leading to enhanced lysosomal degradation of Wntless and a Wnt phenotype. Perturbed Wnt signalling is also observed upon overexpression of an ATPase-inhibited TAT-5(E246Q) mutant, suggesting a role for phospholipid flippase activity during SNX3-retromer-mediated Wntless sorting. Together, these findings provide in vitro and in vivo mechanistic details to describe SNX3-retromer-mediated transport during Wnt secretion and the formation of Wnt-morphogenic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J McGough
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Reinoud E A de Groot
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Adam P Jellett
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Marco C Betist
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine C Varandas
- Program in Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chris M Danson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kate J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Hendrik C Korswagen
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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33
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Daynac M, Chouchane M, Collins HY, Murphy NE, Andor N, Niu J, Fancy SPJ, Stallcup WB, Petritsch CK. Lgl1 controls NG2 endocytic pathway to regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and asymmetric cell division and gliomagenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2862. [PMID: 30131568 PMCID: PMC6104045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) undergo asymmetric cell division (ACD) to generate one OPC and one differentiating oligodendrocyte (OL) progeny. Loss of pro-mitotic proteoglycan and OPC marker NG2 in the OL progeny is the earliest immunophenotypic change of unknown mechanism that indicates differentiation commitment. Here, we report that expression of the mouse homolog of Drosophila tumor suppressor Lethal giant larvae 1 (Lgl1) is induced during OL differentiation. Lgl1 conditional knockout OPC progeny retain NG2 and show reduced OL differentiation, while undergoing more symmetric self-renewing divisions at the expense of asymmetric divisions. Moreover, Lgl1 and hemizygous Ink4a/Arf knockouts in OPC synergistically induce gliomagenesis. Time lapse and total internal reflection microscopy reveals a critical role for Lgl1 in NG2 endocytic routing and links aberrant NG2 recycling to failed differentiation. These data establish Lgl1 as a suppressor of gliomagenesis and positive regulator of asymmetric division and differentiation in the healthy and demyelinated murine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Daynac
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Malek Chouchane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hannah Y Collins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nicole E Murphy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Noemi Andor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Stephen P J Fancy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - William B Stallcup
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Claudia K Petritsch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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34
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Takada N, Naito T, Inoue T, Nakayama K, Takatsu H, Shin HW. Phospholipid-flipping activity of P4-ATPase drives membrane curvature. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797705. [PMID: 29599178 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
P4-ATPases are phospholipid flippases that translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic/luminal to the cytoplasmic leaflet of biological membranes. All P4-ATPases in yeast and some in other organisms are required for membrane trafficking; therefore, changes in the transbilayer lipid composition induced by flippases are thought to be crucial for membrane deformation. However, it is poorly understood whether the phospholipid-flipping activity of P4-ATPases can promote membrane deformation. In this study, we assessed membrane deformation induced by flippase activity via monitoring the extent of membrane tubulation using a system that allows inducible recruitment of Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domains to the plasma membrane (PM). Enhanced phosphatidylcholine-flippase activity at the PM due to expression of ATP10A, a member of the P4-ATPase family, promoted membrane tubulation upon recruitment of BAR domains to the PM This is the important evidence that changes in the transbilayer lipid composition induced by P4-ATPases can deform biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Takada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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35
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Mioka T, Fujimura-Kamada K, Mizugaki N, Kishimoto T, Sano T, Nunome H, Williams DE, Andersen RJ, Tanaka K. Phospholipid flippases and Sfk1p, a novel regulator of phospholipid asymmetry, contribute to low permeability of the plasma membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2018. [PMID: 29540528 PMCID: PMC5935070 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid flippase (type 4 P-type ATPase) plays a major role in the generation of phospholipid asymmetry in eukaryotic cell membranes. Loss of Lem3p-Dnf1/2p flippases leads to the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the cell surface in yeast, resulting in sensitivity to PS- or PE-binding peptides. We isolated Sfk1p, a conserved membrane protein in the TMEM150/FRAG1/DRAM family, as a multicopy suppressor of this sensitivity. Overexpression of SFK1 decreased PS/PE exposure in lem3Δ mutant cells. Consistent with this, lem3Δ sfk1Δ double mutant cells exposed more PS/PE than the lem3Δ mutant. Sfk1p was previously implicated in the regulation of the phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase Stt4p, but the effect of Sfk1p on PS/PE exposure in lem3Δ was independent of Stt4p. Surprisingly, Sfk1p did not facilitate phospholipid flipping but instead repressed it, even under ATP-depleted conditions. We propose that Sfk1p negatively regulates transbilayer movement of phospholipids irrespective of directions. In addition, we showed that the permeability of the plasma membrane was dramatically elevated in the lem3Δ sfk1Δ double mutant in comparison with the corresponding single mutants. Interestingly, total ergosterol was decreased in the lem3Δ sfk1Δ mutant. Our results suggest that phospholipid asymmetry is required for the maintenance of low plasma membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Mioka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Konomi Fujimura-Kamada
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Nahiro Mizugaki
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takuma Kishimoto
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sano
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nunome
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - David E Williams
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Raymond J Andersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kazuma Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Life Science, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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Extracellular vesicle budding is inhibited by redundant regulators of TAT-5 flippase localization and phospholipid asymmetry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1127-E1136. [PMID: 29367422 PMCID: PMC5819400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714085115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate intercellular communication and repair damaged membranes. Despite the pleiotropic functions of EVs in vitro, their in vivo function is debated, largely because it is unclear how to induce or inhibit their formation. In particular, the mechanisms of EV release by plasma membrane budding or ectocytosis are poorly understood. We previously showed that TAT-5 phospholipid flippase activity maintains the asymmetric localization of the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the plasma membrane and inhibits EV budding by ectocytosis in Caenorhabditis elegans However, no proteins that inhibit ectocytosis upstream of TAT-5 were known. Here, we identify TAT-5 regulators associated with retrograde endosomal recycling: PI3Kinase VPS-34, Beclin1 homolog BEC-1, DnaJ protein RME-8, and the uncharacterized Dopey homolog PAD-1. PI3Kinase, RME-8, and semiredundant sorting nexins are required for the plasma membrane localization of TAT-5, which is important to maintain PE asymmetry and inhibit EV release. PAD-1 does not directly regulate TAT-5 localization, but is required for the lipid flipping activity of TAT-5. PAD-1 also has roles in endosomal trafficking with the GEF-like protein MON-2, which regulates PE asymmetry and EV release redundantly with sorting nexins independent of the core retromer. Thus, in addition to uncovering redundant intracellular trafficking pathways, our study identifies additional proteins that regulate EV release. This work pinpoints TAT-5 and PE as key regulators of plasma membrane budding, further supporting the model that PE externalization drives ectocytosis.
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Takatsu H, Takayama M, Naito T, Takada N, Tsumagari K, Ishihama Y, Nakayama K, Shin HW. Phospholipid flippase ATP11C is endocytosed and downregulated following Ca 2+-mediated protein kinase C activation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1423. [PMID: 29123098 PMCID: PMC5680300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others showed that ATP11A and ATP11C, members of the P4-ATPase family, translocate phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflets at the plasma membrane. PS exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in activated platelets, erythrocytes, and apoptotic cells was proposed to require the inhibition of PS-flippases, as well as activation of scramblases. Although ATP11A and ATP11C are cleaved by caspases in apoptotic cells, it remains unclear how PS-flippase activity is regulated in non-apoptotic cells. Here we report that the PS-flippase ATP11C, but not ATP11A, is sequestered from the plasma membrane via clathrin-mediated endocytosis upon Ca2+-mediated PKC activation. Importantly, we show that a characteristic di-leucine motif (SVRPLL) in the C-terminal cytoplasmic region of ATP11C becomes functional upon PKC activation. Moreover endocytosis of ATP11C is induced by Ca2+-signaling via Gq-coupled receptors. Our data provide the first evidence for signal-dependent regulation of mammalian P4-ATPase. ATP11C is a flippase that uses ATP hydrolysis to translocate phospholipids at the plasma membrane. Here, the authors show that the activation of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C increases ATP11C endocytosis thus downregulating phospholipid translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takatsu
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoto Takada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tsumagari
- Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Molecular and Cellular BioAnalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hye-Won Shin
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Dalton LE, Bean BDM, Davey M, Conibear E. Quantitative high-content imaging identifies novel regulators of Neo1 trafficking at endosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1539-1550. [PMID: 28404745 PMCID: PMC5449152 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-11-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
P4-ATPases are a family of putative phospholipid flippases that regulate lipid membrane asymmetry, which is important for vesicle formation. Two yeast flippases, Drs2 and Neo1, have nonredundant functions in the recycling of the synaptobrevin-like v-SNARE Snc1 from early endosomes. Drs2 activity is needed to form vesicles and regulate its own trafficking, suggesting that flippase activity and localization are linked. However, the role of Neo1 in endosomal recycling is not well characterized. To identify novel regulators of Neo1 trafficking and activity at endosomes, we first identified mutants with impaired recycling of a Snc1-based reporter and subsequently used high-content microscopy to classify these mutants based on the localization of Neo1 or its binding partners, Mon2 and Dop1. This analysis identified a role for Arl1 in stabilizing the Mon2/Dop1 complex and uncovered a new function for Vps13 in early endosome recycling and Neo1 localization. We further showed that the cargo-selective sorting nexin Snx3 is required for Neo1 trafficking and identified an Snx3 sorting motif in the Neo1 N-terminus. Of importance, the Snx3-dependent sorting of Neo1 was required for the correct sorting of another Snx3 cargo protein, suggesting that the incorporation of Neo1 into recycling tubules may influence their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Dalton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Björn D M Bean
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael Davey
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Katoh Y, Michisaka S, Nozaki S, Funabashi T, Hirano T, Takei R, Nakayama K. Practical method for targeted disruption of cilia-related genes by using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated, homology-independent knock-in system. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:898-906. [PMID: 28179459 PMCID: PMC5385939 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-01-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A donor knock-in vector optimized for the CRISPR/Cas9 system is constructed and a practical system developed that enables efficient disruption of cilia-related genes by exploiting homology-independent repair. A second version of the system can be used to reduce off-target cleavage frequency and increase versatility. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized genome editing in virtually all organisms. Although the CRISPR/Cas9 system enables the targeted cleavage of genomic DNA, its use for gene knock-in remains challenging because levels of homologous recombination activity vary among various cells. In contrast, the efficiency of homology-independent DNA repair is relatively high in most cell types. Therefore the use of a homology-independent repair mechanism is a possible alternative for efficient genome editing. Here we constructed a donor knock-in vector optimized for the CRISPR/Cas9 system and developed a practical system that enables efficient disruption of target genes by exploiting homology-independent repair. Using this practical knock-in system, we successfully disrupted genes encoding proteins involved in ciliary protein trafficking, including IFT88 and IFT20, in hTERT-RPE1 cells, which have low homologous recombination activity. The most critical concern using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is off-target cleavage. To reduce the off-target cleavage frequency and increase the versatility of our knock-in system, we constructed a universal donor vector and an expression vector containing Cas9 with enhanced specificity and tandem sgRNA expression cassettes. We demonstrated that the second version of our system has improved usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Saki Michisaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shohei Nozaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Teruki Funabashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hirano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryota Takei
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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