1
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Lee MJ, Kim J. The pathophysiology of visceral adipose tissues in cardiometabolic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116116. [PMID: 38460909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Central pattern of fat distribution, especially fat accumulation within the intraabdominal cavity increases risks for cardiometabolic diseases. Portal hypothesis combined with a pathological remodeling in visceral fat is considered the major etiological factor explaining the independent contribution of visceral obesity to cardiometabolic diseases. Excessive remodeling in visceral fat during development of obesity leads to dysfunctions in the depot, characterized by hypertrophy and death of adipocytes, hypoxia, inflammation, and fibrosis. Dysfunctional visceral fat secretes elevated levels of fatty acids, glycerol, and proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines into the portal vein directly impacting the liver, the central regulator of systemic metabolism. These metabolic and endocrine products induce ectopic fat accumulation, insulin resistance, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver, which in turn causes or exacerbates systemic metabolic derangements. Elucidation of underlying mechanisms that lead to the pathological remodeling and higher degree of dysfunctions in visceral adipose tissue is therefore, critical for the development of therapeutics to prevent deleterious sequelae in obesity. We review depot differences in metabolic and endocrine properties and expendabilities as well as underlying mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiological aspects of visceral adiposity in cardiometabolic diseases. We also discuss impacts of different weight loss interventions on visceral adiposity and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Lee
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii 96822, USA.
| | - Jeehoon Kim
- Department of Sociology, Social Work, and Criminology, Idaho State University, Idaho 83209, USA
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2
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Heymsfield SB, Yang S, McCarthy C, Brown JB, Martin CK, Redman LM, Ravussin E, Shen W, Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Proportion of caloric restriction-induced weight loss as skeletal muscle. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:32-40. [PMID: 37807154 PMCID: PMC10872987 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study's objective was to develop models predicting the relative reduction in skeletal muscle (SM) mass during periods of voluntary calorie restriction (CR) and to validate model predictions in longitudinally monitored samples. METHODS The model development group included healthy nonexercising adults (n = 897) who had whole-body SM mass measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Model predictions of relative SM changes with CR were evaluated in two longitudinal studies, one 12 to 14 weeks in duration (n = 74) and the other 12 months in duration (n = 26). RESULTS A series of SM prediction models were developed in a sample of 415 males and 482 females. Model-predicted changes in SM mass relative to changes in body weight (i.e., ΔSM/Δbody weight) with a representative model were (mean ± SE) 0.26 ± 0.013 in males and 0.14 ± 0.007 in females (sex difference, p < 0.001). The actual mean proportions of weight loss as SM in the longitudinal studies were 0.23 ± 0.02/0.20 ± 0.06 in males and 0.10 ± 0.02/0.17 ± 0.03 in females, similar to model-predicted values. CONCLUSIONS Nonelderly males and females with overweight and obesity experience respective reductions in SM mass with voluntary CR in the absence of a structured exercise program of about 2 to 2.5 kg and 1 to 1.5 kg per 10-kg weight loss, respectively. These estimates are predicted to be influenced by interactions between age and body mass index in males, a hypothesis that needs future testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Shengping Yang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Cassidy McCarthy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jasmin B. Brown
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Corby K. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Leanne M. Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center; Columbia Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manfred J. Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht’s-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrecht’s-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Das JK, Banskota N, Candia J, Griswold ME, Orenduff M, de Cabo R, Corcoran DL, Das SK, De S, Huffman KM, Kraus VB, Kraus WE, Martin C, Racette SB, Redman LM, Schilling B, Belsky D, Ferrucci L. Calorie restriction modulates the transcription of genes related to stress response and longevity in human muscle: The CALERIE study. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13963. [PMID: 37823711 PMCID: PMC10726900 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifespan extension induced by 40% caloric restriction (CR) in rodents is accompanied by postponement of disease, preservation of function, and increased stress resistance. Whether CR elicits the same physiological and molecular responses in humans remains mostly unexplored. In the CALERIE study, 12% CR for 2 years in healthy humans induced minor losses of muscle mass (leg lean mass) without changes of muscle strength, but mechanisms for muscle quality preservation remained unclear. We performed high-depth RNA-Seq (387-618 million paired reads) on human vastus lateralis muscle biopsies collected from the CALERIE participants at baseline, 12- and 24-month follow-up from the 90 CALERIE participants randomized to CR and "ad libitum" control. Using linear mixed effect model, we identified protein-coding genes and splicing variants whose expression was significantly changed in the CR group compared to controls, including genes related to proteostasis, circadian rhythm regulation, DNA repair, mitochondrial biogenesis, mRNA processing/splicing, FOXO3 metabolism, apoptosis, and inflammation. Changes in some of these biological pathways mediated part of the positive effect of CR on muscle quality. Differentially expressed splicing variants were associated with change in pathways shown to be affected by CR in model organisms. Two years of sustained CR in humans positively affected skeletal muscle quality, and impacted gene expression and splicing profiles of biological pathways affected by CR in model organisms, suggesting that attainable levels of CR in a lifestyle intervention can benefit muscle health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Kumar Das
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translation Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nirad Banskota
- Computational Biology and Genomics CoreNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Julián Candia
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translation Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Melissa Orenduff
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translation Gerontology Branch, National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - David L. Corcoran
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Energy Metabolism, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on AgingTufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Supriyo De
- Computational Biology and Genomics CoreNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kim Marie Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Virginia B. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - William E. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Corby K. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | - Susan B. Racette
- College of Health SolutionsArizona State UniversityPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Leanne M. Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisianaUSA
| | | | - Daniel W. Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology & Butler Columbia Aging CenterColumbia University Mailman School of Public HealthNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translation Gerontology BranchNational Institute on Aging, National Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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4
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Janssen TAH, Van Every DW, Phillips SM. The impact and utility of very low-calorie diets: the role of exercise and protein in preserving skeletal muscle mass. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:521-527. [PMID: 37724991 PMCID: PMC10552824 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Very low-calorie diets (VLCD) are used as a weight loss intervention, but concerns have been raised about their potential negative impact on lean mass. Here, we review the available evidence regarding the effects of VLCD on lean mass and explore their utility and strategies to mitigate reductions in skeletal muscle. RECENT FINDINGS We observed that VLCD, despite their effects on lean mass, may be suitable in certain populations but have a risk in reducing lean mass. The extent of the reduction in lean mass may depend on various factors, such as the duration and degree of energy deficit of the diet, as well as the individual's starting weight and overall health. SUMMARY VLCD may be a viable option in certain populations; however, priority needs to be given to resistance exercise training, and secondarily to adequate protein intake should be part of this dietary regime to mitigate losing muscle mass.
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5
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Nilaweera KN, Cotter PD. Can dietary proteins selectively reduce either the visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissues? Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13613. [PMID: 37548066 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable appeal for interventions that can selectively reduce either the visceral or subcutaneous white adipose tissues in humans and other species because of their associated impact on outcomes related to metabolic health. Here, we reviewed the data related to the specificity of five interventions to affect the two depots in humans and rodents. The interventions relate to the use of dietary proteins, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, calorie restriction, or bariatric surgery. The available data show that calorie restriction and bariatric surgery reduce both visceral and subcutaneous tissues, whereas there is no consistency in the effect of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dietary proteins, more specifically, whey proteins show efficacy to reduce one or both depots based on how the proteins interact with other macronutrients in the diet. We provide evidence that this specificity is related to changes in the composition and the functional potential of the gut microbiota and the resulting metabolites produced by these microorganisms. The effect of the sex of the host is also discussed. This knowledge may help to develop nutritional approaches to deplete either the visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissues and improve metabolic health in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishka N Nilaweera
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Qiu Z, Li Y, Fu Y, Yang Y. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220710. [PMID: 37671091 PMCID: PMC10476487 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of aging is marked by a gradual deterioration in the physiological functions and functional reserves of various tissues and organs, leading to an increased susceptibility to diseases and even death. Aging manifests in a tissue- and organ-specific manner, and is characterized by varying rates and direct and indirect interactions among different tissues and organs. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, with older adults (aged >70 years) accounting for approximately two-thirds of CVD-related deaths. The prevalence of CVD increases exponentially with an individual's age. Aging is a critical independent risk factor for the development of CVD. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation exerts cardioprotective effects in the heart and restores cellular metabolic functions by modulating gene expression and regulating protein levels through its interaction with multiple target proteins. Additionally, AMPK enhances mitochondrial function and cellular energy status by facilitating the utilization of energy substrates. This review focuses on the role of AMPK in the process of cardiac aging and maintaining normal metabolic levels and redox homeostasis in the heart, particularly in the presence of oxidative stress and the invasion of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Qiu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yancheng Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
| | - Yanru Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, China
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7
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Hopkins M, Blundell JE. The importance of fat-free mass and constituent tissue-organs in the control of human appetite. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023:00075197-990000000-00097. [PMID: 37421387 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Traditional models of human appetite focus on the contribution of adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract, both of which exert mainly inhibitory influences. The purpose of this review is to consider the biological factors that influence the drive to eat. RECENT FINDINGS Fat-free mass is positively associated with objectively measured meal size and daily energy intake. These findings have been replicated in multiple populations across the life-course in laboratory and free-living studies. Studies have shown that the effect of fat-free mass is statistically mediated by resting metabolic rate, suggesting that energy expenditure per se may influence energy intake. A recent MRI study has reported that fasting hunger was associated with high metabolic rate organ (heart, liver, brain, kidneys) and skeletal muscle mass. Integrating measures of body composition at the tissue-organ level and markers of their metabolic function with appetitive measures could provide novel insight into the mechanisms that influence appetite. SUMMARY These recent findings suggest that fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate are determinants of energy intake. Consideration of fat-free mass and energy expenditure as physiological sources of appetitive signals helps reconcile the mechanisms underpinning the inhibition of eating with those that drive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment
| | - John E Blundell
- Appetite and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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8
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Candel MJJM, van Breukelen GJP. Best (but oft forgotten) practices: Efficient sample sizes for commonly used trial designs. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:1063-1085. [PMID: 37270287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing studies such that they have a high level of power to detect an effect or association of interest is an important tool to improve the quality and reproducibility of findings from such studies. Since resources (research subjects, time, and money) are scarce, it is important to obtain sufficient power with minimum use of such resources. For commonly used randomized trials of the treatment effect on a continuous outcome, designs are presented that minimize the number of subjects or the amount of research budget when aiming for a desired power level. This concerns the optimal allocation of subjects to treatments and, in case of nested designs such as cluster-randomized trials and multicenter trials, also the optimal number of centers versus the number of persons per center. Since such optimal designs require knowledge of parameters of the analysis model that are not known in the design stage, in particular outcome variances, maximin designs are presented. These designs guarantee a prespecified power level for plausible ranges of the unknown parameters and minimize research costs for the worst-case values of these parameters. The focus is on a 2-group parallel design, the AB/BA crossover design, and cluster-randomized and multicenter trials with a continuous outcome. How to calculate sample sizes for maximin designs is illustrated for examples from nutrition. Several computer programs that are helpful in calculating sample sizes for optimal and maximin designs are discussed as well as some results on optimal designs for other types of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Math J J M Candel
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Gerard J P van Breukelen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Methodology and Statistics, Graduate School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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9
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Waziry R, Ryan CP, Corcoran DL, Huffman KM, Kobor MS, Kothari M, Graf GH, Kraus VB, Kraus WE, Lin DTS, Pieper CF, Ramaker ME, Bhapkar M, Das SK, Ferrucci L, Hastings WJ, Kebbe M, Parker DC, Racette SB, Shalev I, Schilling B, Belsky DW. Effect of long-term caloric restriction on DNA methylation measures of biological aging in healthy adults from the CALERIE trial. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:248-257. [PMID: 37118425 PMCID: PMC10148951 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The geroscience hypothesis proposes that therapy to slow or reverse molecular changes that occur with aging can delay or prevent multiple chronic diseases and extend healthy lifespan1-3. Caloric restriction (CR), defined as lessening caloric intake without depriving essential nutrients4, results in changes in molecular processes that have been associated with aging, including DNA methylation (DNAm)5-7, and is established to increase healthy lifespan in multiple species8,9. Here we report the results of a post hoc analysis of the influence of CR on DNAm measures of aging in blood samples from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) trial, a randomized controlled trial in which n = 220 adults without obesity were randomized to 25% CR or ad libitum control diet for 2 yr (ref. 10). We found that CALERIE intervention slowed the pace of aging, as measured by the DunedinPACE DNAm algorithm, but did not lead to significant changes in biological age estimates measured by various DNAm clocks including PhenoAge and GrimAge. Treatment effect sizes were small. Nevertheless, modest slowing of the pace of aging can have profound effects on population health11-13. The finding that CR modified DunedinPACE in a randomized controlled trial supports the geroscience hypothesis, building on evidence from small and uncontrolled studies14-16 and contrasting with reports that biological aging may not be modifiable17. Ultimately, a conclusive test of the geroscience hypothesis will require trials with long-term follow-up to establish effects of intervention on primary healthy-aging endpoints, including incidence of chronic disease and mortality18-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Waziry
- Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - C P Ryan
- Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - D L Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - K M Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M S Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Edwin S.H. Leong Healthy Aging Program, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Kothari
- Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - G H Graf
- Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - V B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D T S Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Edwin S.H. Leong Healthy Aging Program, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C F Pieper
- Center on Aging and Development, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M E Ramaker
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Bhapkar
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S K Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W J Hastings
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - M Kebbe
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - D C Parker
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S B Racette
- Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - I Shalev
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - B Schilling
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - D W Belsky
- Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Paez HG, Pitzer CR, Alway SE. Age-Related Dysfunction in Proteostasis and Cellular Quality Control in the Development of Sarcopenia. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020249. [PMID: 36672183 PMCID: PMC9856405 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a debilitating skeletal muscle disease that accelerates in the last decades of life and is characterized by marked deficits in muscle strength, mass, quality, and metabolic health. The multifactorial causes of sarcopenia have proven difficult to treat and involve a complex interplay between environmental factors and intrinsic age-associated changes. It is generally accepted that sarcopenia results in a progressive loss of skeletal muscle function that exceeds the loss of mass, indicating that while loss of muscle mass is important, loss of muscle quality is the primary defect with advanced age. Furthermore, preclinical models have suggested that aged skeletal muscle exhibits defects in cellular quality control such as the degradation of damaged mitochondria. Recent evidence suggests that a dysregulation of proteostasis, an important regulator of cellular quality control, is a significant contributor to the aging-associated declines in muscle quality, function, and mass. Although skeletal muscle mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a critical role in cellular control, including skeletal muscle hypertrophy, paradoxically, sustained activation of mTORC1 recapitulates several characteristics of sarcopenia. Pharmaceutical inhibition of mTORC1 as well as caloric restriction significantly improves muscle quality in aged animals, however, the mechanisms controlling cellular proteostasis are not fully known. This information is important for developing effective therapeutic strategies that mitigate or prevent sarcopenia and associated disability. This review identifies recent and historical understanding of the molecular mechanisms of proteostasis driving age-associated muscle loss and suggests potential therapeutic interventions to slow or prevent sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector G. Paez
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Christopher R. Pitzer
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Stephen E. Alway
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Center for Muscle, Metabolism and Neuropathology, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- The Tennessee Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Goodpaster BH, Bergman BC, Brennan AM, Sparks LM. Intermuscular adipose tissue in metabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 19:285-298. [PMID: 36564490 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a distinct adipose depot described in early reports as a 'fatty replacement' or 'muscle fat infiltration' that was linked to ageing and neuromuscular disease. Later studies quantifying IMAT with modern in vivo imaging methods (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) revealed that IMAT is proportionately higher in men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome than in people without these conditions and is associated with insulin resistance and poor physical function with ageing. In parallel, agricultural research has provided extensive insight into the role of IMAT and other muscle lipids in muscle (that is, meat) quality. In addition, studies using rodent models have shown that IMAT is a bona fide white adipose tissue depot capable of robust triglyceride storage and turnover. Insight into the importance of IMAT in human biology has been limited by the dearth of studies on its biological properties, that is, the quality of IMAT. However, in the past few years, investigations have begun to determine that IMAT has molecular and metabolic features that distinguish it from other adipose tissue depots. These studies will be critical to further decipher the role of IMAT in health and disease and to better understand its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan C Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrea M Brennan
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
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A long-term obesogenic high-fat diet in mice partially dampens the anti-frailty benefits of late-life intermittent fasting. GeroScience 2022; 45:1247-1262. [PMID: 36287320 PMCID: PMC9886776 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The global obesity pandemic coupled with ever-growing life expectancies equates to hundreds of millions of individuals with potentially longer but not healthier lives. Aging is one of the risk factors for numerous maladies such as metabolic disorder and frailty, which are exacerbated under obesity. Thus, therapeutic approaches that address obesity to ultimately improve affected individuals' quality of life and extend their lifespan are needed. We previously reported that the every other day (EOD) fasting initiated late-life improved metabolic, musculoskeletal, and cognitive endpoints in standard rodent diet-fed mice. In the present study, using the same dietary intervention methodology, we tested if 2.5 months of EOD fasting could improve metabolic, physiological, and cognitive endpoints in mice after an 18 month obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD). The positive effects of EOD fasting were generally consistent across the endpoints; EOD fasting decreased total body mass, maintained more %lean mass, improved glucose tolerance and utilization, and improved neuromuscular function. In contrast to our previous study, grip strength, hippocampal-dependent memory, and renal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production were not improved by the HFD EOD fasting. Thus, efficacy for late-life initiated intermittent fasting to improve specific frailty markers may be partially dependent on nutritional compositions of the diet.
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PLA2G7: a new player in shaping energy metabolism and lifespan. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:195. [PMID: 35715398 PMCID: PMC9206017 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dakic T, Jevdjovic T, Vujovic P, Mladenovic A. The Less We Eat, the Longer We Live: Can Caloric Restriction Help Us Become Centenarians? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126546. [PMID: 35742989 PMCID: PMC9223351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Striving for longevity is neither a recent human desire nor a novel scientific field. The first article on this topic was published in 1838, when the average human life expectancy was approximately 40 years. Although nowadays people on average live almost as twice as long, we still (and perhaps more than ever) look for new ways to extend our lifespan. During this seemingly endless journey of discovering efficient methods to prolong life, humans were enthusiastic regarding several approaches, one of which is caloric restriction (CR). Where does CR, initially considered universally beneficial for extending both lifespan and health span, stand today? Does a lifelong decrease in food consumption represent one of the secrets of centenarians’ long and healthy life? Do we still believe that if we eat less, we will live longer? This review aims to summarize the current literature on CR as a potential life-prolonging intervention in humans and discusses metabolic pathways that underlie this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (T.J.); (P.V.)
| | - Tanja Jevdjovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (T.J.); (P.V.)
| | - Predrag Vujovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry “Ivan Djaja”, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (T.J.); (P.V.)
| | - Aleksandra Mladenovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul.D. Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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Hine C, Treviño-Villarreal JH, Mejia P, Longchamp A, Brace LE, Harputlugil E, Mitchell SJ, Yang J, Guan Y, Maciejewski JP, Jha BK, Mitchell JR. Sulfur Amino Acid Supplementation Abrogates Protective Effects of Caloric Restriction for Enhancing Bone Marrow Regrowth Following Ionizing Radiation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071529. [PMID: 35406143 PMCID: PMC9002760 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy damages and depletes total bone marrow (BM) cellularity, compromising safety and limiting effective dosing. Aging also strains total BM and BM hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) renewal and function, resulting in multi-system defects. Interventions that preserve BM and BM HSPC homeostasis thus have potential clinical significance. Here, we report that 50% calorie restriction (CR) for 7-days or fasting for 3-days prior to irradiation improved mouse BM regrowth in the days and weeks post irradiation. Specifically, one week of 50% CR ameliorated loss of total BM cellularity post irradiation compared to ad libitum-fed controls. CR-mediated BM protection was abrogated by dietary sulfur amino acid (i.e., cysteine, methionine) supplementation or pharmacological inhibition of sulfur amino acid metabolizing and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) producing enzymes. Up to 2-fold increased proliferative capacity of ex vivo-irradiated BM isolated from food restricted mice relative to control mice indicates cell autonomy of the protective effect. Pretreatment with H2S in vitro was sufficient to preserve proliferative capacity by over 50% compared to non-treated cells in ex vivo-irradiated BM and BM HSPCs. The exogenous addition of H2S inhibited Ten eleven translocation 2 (TET2) activity in vitro, thus providing a potential mechanism of action. Short-term CR or fasting therefore offers BM radioprotection and promotes regrowth in part via altered sulfur amino acid metabolism and H2S generation, with translational implications for radiation treatment and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hine
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
- Department of Molecular Metabolism (Formally Genetics and Complex Diseases), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.H.T.-V.) (P.M.); (A.L.); (L.E.B.); (E.H.); (S.J.M.); (J.R.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - J. Humberto Treviño-Villarreal
- Department of Molecular Metabolism (Formally Genetics and Complex Diseases), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.H.T.-V.) (P.M.); (A.L.); (L.E.B.); (E.H.); (S.J.M.); (J.R.M.)
- Service of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey N.L. 64460, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mejia
- Department of Molecular Metabolism (Formally Genetics and Complex Diseases), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.H.T.-V.) (P.M.); (A.L.); (L.E.B.); (E.H.); (S.J.M.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Alban Longchamp
- Department of Molecular Metabolism (Formally Genetics and Complex Diseases), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.H.T.-V.) (P.M.); (A.L.); (L.E.B.); (E.H.); (S.J.M.); (J.R.M.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lear E. Brace
- Department of Molecular Metabolism (Formally Genetics and Complex Diseases), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.H.T.-V.) (P.M.); (A.L.); (L.E.B.); (E.H.); (S.J.M.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Eylul Harputlugil
- Department of Molecular Metabolism (Formally Genetics and Complex Diseases), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.H.T.-V.) (P.M.); (A.L.); (L.E.B.); (E.H.); (S.J.M.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Sarah J. Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Metabolism (Formally Genetics and Complex Diseases), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.H.T.-V.) (P.M.); (A.L.); (L.E.B.); (E.H.); (S.J.M.); (J.R.M.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Yihong Guan
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (Y.G.); (J.P.M.); (B.K.J.)
| | - Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (Y.G.); (J.P.M.); (B.K.J.)
| | - Babal K. Jha
- Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (Y.G.); (J.P.M.); (B.K.J.)
| | - James R. Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Metabolism (Formally Genetics and Complex Diseases), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.H.T.-V.) (P.M.); (A.L.); (L.E.B.); (E.H.); (S.J.M.); (J.R.M.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8005 Zurich, Switzerland
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