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McDonald CM, Wessells KR, Stewart CP, Dewey KG, de Pee S, Rana R, Hafeez-Ur-Rehman H, Mwangi MN, Hess SY. Perinatal intervention strategies providing food with micronutrients to pregnant and breastfeeding women in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024:e13681. [PMID: 38949186 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
In resource-constrained settings, pregnant and breastfeeding women and girls (PBW/G) are particularly vulnerable to undernutrition. Micronutrient-fortified balanced energy protein (BEP) supplementation may be provided to boost maternal nutritional status and improve birth and infant outcomes. We conducted a scoping review of the published literature to determine the impact of BEP and other related nutrition interventions that provided fortified food or cash along with a minimum of 3 micronutrients on maternal, birth, and infant/child outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted a PubMed search using pre-defined keywords and controlled vocabulary search terms. All titles and abstracts were reviewed for eligibility by two independent reviewers, and data were extracted according to outcome type. We identified 149 eligible research articles that reported on a total of 21 trials and/or programme evaluations which assessed the health impact of one or more products (fortified lipid-based nutrient supplement [LNS, n = 12], fortified blended flours [n = 5], milk-based beverages [n = 2], and local food/snacks [n = 3]) that provided 118-750 kcal/day and varying levels of protein and micronutrients. Only one of these programme evaluations assessed the impact of the provision of cash and fortified food. Effects on maternal outcomes such as gestational weight gain and duration of gestation were promising but inconsistent. Birth outcomes were reported in 15 studies, and the effects on birthweight and birth length were generally positive. Seven studies demonstrated sustained benefits on infant and child growth out of the 15 studies that reported at least one of these outcomes, although data were sparse. Additional research is needed to investigate issues of dose, cost-effectiveness, and incorporation into multi-component interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M McDonald
- Departments of Pediatrics, and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - K Ryan Wessells
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine P Stewart
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Saskia de Pee
- Nutrition Division, World Food Programme HQ, Rome, Italy
| | - Ritu Rana
- Nutrition Division, World Food Programme HQ, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sonja Y Hess
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Rangel Bousquet Carrilho T, Wang D, Hutcheon JA, Wang M, Fawzi WW, Kac G. The Impact of Excluding Adverse Neonatal Outcomes on the Creation of Gestational Weight Gain Charts Among Women from Low- and Middle-income Countries with Normal and Overweight BMI. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1465-1474. [PMID: 38522618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing gestational weight gain (GWG) charts vary considerably in their choice of exclusion/inclusion criteria, and it is unclear to what extent these criteria create differences in the charts' percentile values. OBJECTIVES We aimed to establish the impact of including/excluding pregnancies with adverse neonatal outcomes when constructing GWG charts. METHODS This is an individual participant data analysis from 31 studies from low- and middle-income countries. We created a dataset that included all participants and a dataset restricted to those with no adverse neonatal outcomes: preterm < 37 wk, small or large for gestational age, low birth weight < 2500 g, or macrosomia > 4000 g. Quantile regression models were used to create GWG curves from 9 to 40 wk, stratified by prepregnancy BMI, in each dataset. RESULTS The dataset without the exclusion criteria applied included 14,685 individuals with normal weight and 4831 with overweight. After removing adverse neonatal outcomes, 10,479 individuals with normal weight and 3466 individuals with overweight remained. GWG distributions at 13, 27, and 40 wk were virtually identical between the datasets with and without the exclusion criteria, except at 40 wk for normal weight and 27 wk for overweight. For the 10th and 90th percentiles, the differences between the estimated GWG were larger for overweight (∼1.5 kg) compared with normal weight (<1 kg). Removal of adverse neonatal outcomes had minimal impact on GWG trajectories of normal weight. For overweight, the percentiles estimated in the dataset without the criteria were slightly higher than those in the dataset with the criteria applied. Nevertheless, differences were <1 kg and virtually nonexistent at the end of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Removing pregnancies with adverse neonatal outcomes has little or no influence on the GWG trajectories of individuals with normal and overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Rangel Bousquet Carrilho
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Hutcheon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gilberto Kac
- Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Sámano R, Martínez-Rojano H, Chico-Barba G, Gamboa R, Tolentino M, Toledo-Barrera AX, Ramírez-González C, Mendoza-Flores ME, Hernández-Trejo M, Godínez-Martínez E. Serum Folate, Red Blood Cell Folate, and Zinc Serum Levels Are Related with Gestational Weight Gain and Offspring's Birth-Weight of Adolescent Mothers. Nutrients 2024; 16:1632. [PMID: 38892565 PMCID: PMC11174574 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational weight gain below or above the Institute of Medicine recommendations has been associated with adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes. Very few studies have evaluated the association between serum and red blood cell folate concentrations and gestational weight gain in adolescents. Additionally, zinc deficiency during pregnancy has been associated with impaired immunity, prolonged labor, preterm and post-term birth, intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study is to evaluate the association between serum concentrations of zinc, serum folate, and red blood cell folate, with the increase in gestational weight and the weight and length of the newborn in a group of adolescent mothers from Mexico City. RESULTS In our study, 406 adolescent-neonate dyads participated. The adolescents' median age was 15.8 years old. The predominant socioeconomic level was middle-low (57.8%), single (57%), 89.9% were engaged in home activities, and 41.3% completed secondary education. Excessive gestational weight gain was observed in 36.7% of cases, while insufficient gestational weight gain was noted in 38.4%. Small for gestational age infants were observed in 20.9% of the sample. Low serum folate (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.3), decreased red blood cell folate (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.6), and reduced serum zinc concentrations (OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.1-5.2) were associated with insufficient gestational weight gain. Decreased serum zinc levels (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.2-3.4) were linked to an increased probability of delivering a baby who is small for their gestational age. CONCLUSIONS Low serum folate, red blood cell folate, and serum zinc concentrations were associated with gestational weight gain and having a small gestational age baby. Both excessive and insufficient gestational weight gain, as well as having a small gestational age baby, are frequent among adolescent mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Sámano
- Coordinación de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, México City 11000, Mexico; (G.C.-B.); (M.T.); (C.R.-G.); (M.E.M.-F.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Hugo Martínez-Rojano
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 11340, Mexico
- Coordinación de Medicina Laboral, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE) “Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez”, Secretaría de Salud, México City 01480, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Chico-Barba
- Coordinación de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, México City 11000, Mexico; (G.C.-B.); (M.T.); (C.R.-G.); (M.E.M.-F.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Maricruz Tolentino
- Coordinación de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, México City 11000, Mexico; (G.C.-B.); (M.T.); (C.R.-G.); (M.E.M.-F.); (E.G.-M.)
| | | | - Cristina Ramírez-González
- Coordinación de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, México City 11000, Mexico; (G.C.-B.); (M.T.); (C.R.-G.); (M.E.M.-F.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - María Eugenia Mendoza-Flores
- Coordinación de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, México City 11000, Mexico; (G.C.-B.); (M.T.); (C.R.-G.); (M.E.M.-F.); (E.G.-M.)
| | - María Hernández-Trejo
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, México City 11000, Mexico;
| | - Estela Godínez-Martínez
- Coordinación de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, México City 11000, Mexico; (G.C.-B.); (M.T.); (C.R.-G.); (M.E.M.-F.); (E.G.-M.)
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Wang D, Shifraw T, Costa JC, Abdelmenan S, Tsegaye S, Berhane Y, Gulema H, Berhane H, Fasil N, Workneh F, Tarekegn W, Wang M, Menzies NA, Worku A, Berhane Y, Fawzi WW. Targeting strategies of antenatal balanced energy and protein supplementation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: study protocol for a randomized effectiveness study. Trials 2024; 25:291. [PMID: 38689304 PMCID: PMC11059725 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal balanced energy and protein (BEP) supplements have well-documented benefits for pregnancy outcomes. However, considerable practical gaps remain in the effective and cost-effective delivery of antenatal BEP supplements at scale in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS A randomized effectiveness study will be conducted in two sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to evaluate the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of different targeting strategies of antenatal BEP supplements. Pregnant women aged 18 to 49, with a gestational age of 24 weeks or less, and attending antenatal visits in one of the nine study health facilities are eligible for enrollment. In six of the health facilities, participants will be randomized to one of three study arms: control (Arm 1), targeted BEP provision based on baseline nutritional status (Arm 2), and targeted BEP supplementation based on baseline nutritional status and monthly gestational weight gain (GWG) monitoring (Arm 3). In the remaining three facilities, participants will be assigned to universal BEP provision (Arm 4). Participants in Arms 2 and 3 will receive BEP supplements if they have undernutrition at enrollment, as defined by a baseline body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m2 or mid-upper arm circumference less than 23 cm. In Arm 3, in addition to targeting based on baseline undernutrition, regular weight measurements will be used to identify insufficient GWG and inform the initiation of additional BEP supplements. Participants in Arm 4 will receive BEP supplements until the end of pregnancy, regardless of baseline nutritional status or GWG. All participants will receive standard antenatal care, including iron and folic acid supplementation. A total of 5400 pregnant women will be enrolled, with 1350 participants in each arm. Participants will be followed up monthly during their visits to the antenatal facilities until delivery. Maternal and infant health status will be evaluated within 72 h after delivery and at 6 weeks postpartum. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the different BEP targeting strategies in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes will be compared across arms. Qualitative data will be analyzed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and implementation of different supplementation strategies. DISCUSSION This study will inform global recommendations and operational guidelines for the effective and cost-effective delivery of antenatal BEP supplements. The targeted approaches have the potential for broader scale-up in Ethiopia and other low-resource settings with a high burden of undernutrition among pregnant women. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT06125860. Registered November 9, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wang
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, Room 1108, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tigest Shifraw
- Department of Reproductive Health and Population, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Janaina Calu Costa
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, Room 1108, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Semira Abdelmenan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sitota Tsegaye
- Department of Nutrition and Behavioral Sciences, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yoseph Berhane
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hanna Gulema
- Department of Global Health and Health Policy, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hanna Berhane
- Department of Nutrition and Behavioral Sciences, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nebiyou Fasil
- Department of Global Health and Health Policy, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Firehiwot Workneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Workagegnhu Tarekegn
- Department of Nutrition and Behavioral Sciences, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas A Menzies
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, Room 1108, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Berhane
- Department of Reproductive Health and Population, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wafaie W Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, Room 1108, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhu Y, Wang L, Qi Q, Cheng Y, Zhu Z, Zeng L. Associations between gestational weight gain under different guidelines and adverse birth outcomes: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial in rural western China. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002691. [PMID: 38190379 PMCID: PMC10773947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Several gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines have been established based on monocenter or multicenter researches. We aimed to examine the associations between categories of GWG under the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation guideline, the Chinese National Health Commission (NHC) guideline, and weight-gain-for-gestational-age z-scores derived from the INTERGROWTH-21st Project and adverse birth outcomes. We used data from an antenatal micronutrient supplementation trial in rural western China between 2002 and 2006. Maternal weekly average GWG during the second and third trimesters was calculated and classified into inadequate, adequate and excessive GWG according to the IOM and NHC, respectively. Weight-gain-for-gestational-age z-scores derived from the INTERGROWTH-21st Project were grouped into three subgroups using two approaches: z-score percentile<25th, 25th to 75th, >75th and z-score <-1, -1 to 1, >1 SD. Infant birth weight and gestational age were measured using standard approaches. Generalized linear model with binomial family and logit link was applied to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidential intervals (CI) for GWG categories and adverse birth outcomes. Among 1,239 women with normal weight (18.5 kg/m2 to 23.9 kg/m2) during early pregnancy, 18.0% and 34.2% were classified as adequate GWG according to IOM and NHC, respectively. Less than half of Chinese women reached optimal GWG by any recommendation guideline. According to NHC, excessive GWG showed a significant association with macrosomia (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.03, 13.74), large-for-gestation-age (LGA) (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.01, 4.45), and inadequate GWG was associated with post-term birth (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.21, 4.16), compared with adequate GWG. Inappropriate GWG was associated with adverse birth outcomes even among women with normal weight during early pregnancy. The monitoring and interventions of weight status during pregnancy, especially for the second and third trimesters, are of great public health importance for optimal birth outcomes. Additionally, developing guideline of appropriate GWG ranges should account for the traits of regional population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety Research, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghai Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Global Health Institution, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Global Health Institution, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, China
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Gallo LA, Steane SE, Young SL, de Jersey S, Schoenaker DAJM, Borg DJ, Lockett J, Collins CE, Perkins AV, Kumar S, Clifton VL, Wilkinson SA. Dietary supplements, guideline alignment and biochemical nutrient status in pregnancy: Findings from the Queensland Family Cohort pilot study. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024; 20:e13589. [PMID: 37947159 PMCID: PMC10750014 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In high-income nations, multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplementation during pregnancy is a common practice. We aimed to describe maternal characteristics associated with supplement use and daily dose of supplemental nutrients consumed in pregnancy, and whether guideline alignment and nutrient status are related to supplement use. The Queensland Family Cohort is a prospective, Australian observational longitudinal study. Maternal characteristics, nutrient intake from food and supplements, and biochemical nutrient status were assessed in the second trimester (n = 127). Supplement use was reported by 89% of participants, of whom 91% reported taking an MMN supplement. Participants who received private obstetric care, had private health insurance and had greater alignment to meat/vegetarian alternatives recommendations were more likely to report MMN supplement use. Private obstetric care and general practitioner shared care were associated with higher daily dose of supplemental nutrients consumed compared with midwifery group practice. There was high reliance on supplements to meet nutrient reference values for folate, iodine and iron, but only plasma folate concentrations were higher in MMN supplement versus nonsupplement users. Exceeding the upper level of intake for folic acid and iron was more likely among combined MMN and individual supplement/s users, and associated with higher plasma concentrations of the respective nutrients. Given the low alignment with food group recommendations and potential risks associated with high MMN supplement use, whole food diets should be emphasized. This study confirms the need to define effective strategies for optimizing nutrient intake in pregnancy, especially among those most vulnerable where MMN supplement use may be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Gallo
- School of HealthUniversity of the Sunshine CoastPetrieQLDAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
| | - Sarah E. Steane
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
- Mater Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Sophia L. Young
- School of HealthUniversity of the Sunshine CoastPetrieQLDAustralia
| | - Susan de Jersey
- Department of Dietetics and Foodservices, Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalMetro North Hospital and Health ServiceBrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Health Services ResearchThe University of QueenslandHerstonQLDAustralia
| | - Danielle A. J. M. Schoenaker
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology CentreUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHSSouthamptonUK
| | - Danielle J. Borg
- Mater Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Jack Lockett
- Mater Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Clare E. Collins
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and WellbeingUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNSWAustralia
| | | | - Sailesh Kumar
- Mater Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Vicki L. Clifton
- Mater Research InstituteThe University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Shelley A. Wilkinson
- School of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
- Department of Obstetric MedicineMater Mothers HospitalSouth BrisbaneQLDAustralia
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