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Greenwald R, Sarnat JA, Fuller CH. The impact of vegetative and solid roadway barriers on particulate matter concentration in urban settings. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296885. [PMID: 38295020 PMCID: PMC10830032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A potentially important approach for reducing exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is the use of roadside barriers to reduce dispersion from highway sources to adjacent populated areas. The Trees Reducing Environmental Exposures (TREE) study investigated the effect of vegetative and solid barriers along major controlled-access highways in Atlanta, Georgia, USA by simultaneously sampling TRAP concentration at roadside locations in front of barriers and at comparison locations down-range. We measured black carbon (BC) mass concentration, particle number concentration (PNC), and the size distribution of ultrafine aerosols. Our sample sites encompassed the range of roadway barrier options in the Atlanta area: simple chain-link fences, solid barriers, and vegetative barriers. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) to estimate the effect of barrier type on the ratio of particle concentrations at the comparison site relative to the roadside site while controlling for covariates including wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, traffic volume, and distance to the roadway. Vegetative barriers exhibited the greatest TRAP reduction in terms of BC mass concentration (37% lower behind a vegetative barrier) as well as PNC (6.7% lower), and sensitivity analysis was consistent with this effect being more pronounced when the barrier was downwind of the highway. The ultrafine size distribution was comprised of modestly smaller particles on the highway side of the barrier. Non-highway particle sources were present at all sample sites, most commonly motor vehicle emissions from nearby arterials or secondary streets, which may have obscured the effect of roadside barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roby Greenwald
- Population Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A. Sarnat
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christina H. Fuller
- University of Georgia College of Engineering, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Colonna KJ, Alahmad B, Choma EF, Albahar S, Al-Hemoud A, Kinney PL, Koutrakis P, Evans JS. Acute exposure to total and source-specific ambient fine particulate matter and risk of respiratory disease hospitalization in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117070. [PMID: 37666316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiologic studies concerned with acute exposure to ambient PM2.5 have reported positive associations for respiratory disease hospitalization. However, few studies have investigated this relationship in Kuwait and extrapolating results from other regions may involve considerable uncertainty due to variations in concentration levels, particle sources and composition, and population characteristics. Local studies can provide evidence for strategies to reduce risks from episodic exposures to high levels of ambient PM2.5 and generating hypotheses for evaluating health risks from chronic exposures. Therefore, using speciated PM2.5 data from local samplers, we analyzed the impact of daily total and source-specific PM2.5 exposure on respiratory hospitalizations in Kuwait using a case-crossover design with conditional quasi-Poisson regression. Total and source-specific ambient PM2.5 were modeled using 0-5-day cumulative distributed lags. For total PM2.5, we observed a 0.16% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05, 0.27%) increase in risk for respiratory hospitalization per 1 μg/m3 increase in concentration. Of the source factors assessed, dust demonstrated a statistically significant increase in risk (0.16%, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.29%), and the central estimate for regional PM2.5 was positive (0.11%) but not statistically significant (95% CI = -0.11, 0.33%). No effect was observed from traffic emissions and 'other' source factors. When hospitalizations were stratified by sex, nationality, and age, we found that female, Kuwaiti national, and adult groups had higher effect estimates. These results suggest that exposure to ambient PM2.5 is harmful in Kuwait and provide some evidence of differential toxicity and effect modification depending on the PM2.5 source and population affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Colonna
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Barrak Alahmad
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ernani F Choma
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soad Albahar
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hemoud
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John S Evans
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Ebelt ST, D'Souza RR, Yu H, Scovronick N, Moss S, Chang HH. Monitoring vs. modeled exposure data in time-series studies of ambient air pollution and acute health outcomes. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:377-385. [PMID: 35595966 PMCID: PMC9675877 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based short-term air pollution health studies often have limited spatiotemporally representative exposure data, leading to concerns of exposure measurement error. OBJECTIVE To compare the use of monitoring and modeled exposure metrics in time-series analyses of air pollution and cardiorespiratory emergency department (ED) visits. METHODS We obtained daily counts of ED visits for Atlanta, GA during 2009-2013. We leveraged daily ZIP code level concentration estimates for eight pollutants from nine exposure metrics. Metrics included central monitor (CM), monitor-based (inverse distance weighting, kriging), model-based [community multiscale air quality (CMAQ), land use regression (LUR)], and satellite-based measures. We used Poisson models to estimate air pollution health associations using the different exposure metrics. The approach involved: (1) assessing CM-based associations, (2) determining if non-CM metrics can reproduce CM-based associations, and (3) identifying potential value added of incorporating full spatiotemporal information provided by non-CM metrics. RESULTS Using CM exposures, we observed associations between cardiovascular ED visits and carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter, elemental and organic carbon, and between respiratory ED visits and ozone. Non-CM metrics were largely able to reproduce CM-based associations, although some unexpected results using CMAQ- and LUR-based metrics reduced confidence in these data for some spatiotemporally-variable pollutants. Associations with nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide were only detected, or were stronger, when using metrics that incorporate all available monitoring data (i.e., inverse distance weighting and kriging). SIGNIFICANCE The use of routinely-collected ambient monitoring data for exposure assignment in time-series studies of large metropolitan areas is a sound approach, particularly when data from multiple monitors are available. More sophisticated approaches derived from CMAQ, LUR, or satellites may add value when monitoring data are inadequate and if paired with thorough data characterization. These results are useful for interpretation of existing literature and for improving exposure assessment in future studies. IMPACT STATEMENT This study compared and interpreted the use of monitoring and modeled exposure metrics in a daily time-series analysis of air pollution and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits. The results suggest that the use of routinely-collected ambient monitoring data in population-based short-term air pollution and health studies is a sound approach for exposure assignment in large metropolitan regions. CMAQ-, LUR-, and satellite-based metrics may allow for health effects estimation when monitoring data are sparse, if paired with thorough data characterization. These results are useful for interpretation of existing health effects literature and for improving exposure assessment in future air pollution epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie T Ebelt
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Rohan R D'Souza
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haofei Yu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Noah Scovronick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shannon Moss
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Du H, Liu Y, Shi G, Wang F, He MZ, Li T. Associations between Source-Specific Fine Particulate Matter and Mortality and Hospital Admissions in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1174-1182. [PMID: 34939793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of PM2.5 exposure have become a major public concern in developing countries. Identifying major PM2.5 sources and quantifying the health effects at the population level are essential for controlling PM2.5 pollution and formulating targeted emissions reduction policies. In the current study, we have obtained PM2.5 mass data and used positive matrix factorization to identify the major sources of PM2.5. We evaluated the relationship between short-term exposure to PM2.5 sources and mortality or hospital admissions in Beijing, China, using 441 742 deaths and 9 420 305 hospital admissions from 2013 to 2018. We found positive associations for coal combustion and road dust sources with mortality. Increased hospital admission risks were significantly associated with sources of vehicle exhaust, coal combustion, secondary sulfates, and secondary nitrates. Compared to the cool season, excess mortality risk estimates of coal combustion source were significantly higher in the warm season. Our findings show that reducing more toxic sources of PM2.5, especially coal emissions, and developing clean energy alternatives can have critical implications for improving air quality and protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Du
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mike Z He
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Tiantian Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
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Zhang CH, Sears L, Myers JV, Brock GN, Sears CG, Zierold KM. Proximity to coal-fired power plants and neurobehavioral symptoms in children. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:124-134. [PMID: 34257388 PMCID: PMC8275639 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coal-fired power plants are a major source of air pollution that can impact children's health. Limited research has explored if proximity to coal-fired power plants contributes to children's neurobehavioral disorders. OBJECTIVE This community-based study collected primary data to investigate the relationships of residential proximity to power plants and neurobehavioral problems in children. METHODS 235 participants aged 6-14 years who lived within 10 miles of two power plants were recruited. Exposure to particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10) was measured in children's homes using personal modular impactors. Neurobehavioral symptoms were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Multiple regression models were performed to test the hypothesized associations between proximity/exposure and neurobehavioral symptoms. Geospatial statistical methods were used to map the spatial patterns of exposure and neurobehavioral symptoms. RESULTS A small proportion of the variations of neurobehavioral problems (social problems, affective problems, and anxiety problems) were explained by the regression models in which distance to power plants, traffic proximity, and neighborhood poverty was statistically associated with the neurobehavioral health outcomes. Statistically significant hot spots of participants who had elevated levels of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and social problems were observed in the vicinity of the two power plants. SIGNIFICANCE Results of this study suggest an adverse impact of proximity to power plants on children's neurobehavioral health. Although coal-fired power plants are being phased out in the US, health concern about exposure from coal ash storage facilities remains. Furthermore, other countries in the world are increasing coal use and generating millions of tons of pollutants and coal ash. Findings from this study can inform public health policies to reduce children's risk of neurobehavioral symptoms in relation to proximity to power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie H Zhang
- Department of Geography & Geosciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lonnie Sears
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John V Myers
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guy N Brock
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Clara G Sears
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kristina M Zierold
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Choi HS, Suh MJ, Hong SC, Kang JW. The Association between the Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Indoor Atmosphere and Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms in Children Aged between 4 and 13 Years: A Pilot Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8111004. [PMID: 34828717 PMCID: PMC8625560 DOI: 10.3390/children8111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A correlation between the harmful effects of air pollutants and atopic dermatitis has been reported. There are few studies on the correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the indoor atmosphere and symptoms of atopic dermatitis. METHODS Twenty-two homes of children showing atopic dermatitis symptoms were enrolled, and eighteen homes with similarly aged children without symptoms or a history of atopic dermatitis participated as a control group. We measured the concentrations of various air pollutants (particulate matter 10, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone, radon, bacterial aerosols, and mold) as well as various heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, in the living room and children's bedroom of each home. RESULTS Lead was more commonly detected in the indoor air in houses of children with atopic dermatitis (15/22) as compared to in the control group (3/18) (chi square test, p = 0.002). In adjusted logistic regression analysis, VOCs and lead were significantly associated with atopic dermatitis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study shows that lead in indoor air might be associated with atopic dermatitis, even if the concentrations of airborne lead are below the safety levels suggested by health guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seung Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 10444, Korea;
| | - Michelle J. Suh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju 63243, Korea;
- The Environmental Health Center (Atopic Dermatitis & Allergic Rhinitis), Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Sung Chul Hong
- The Environmental Health Center (Atopic Dermatitis & Allergic Rhinitis), Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Ju Wan Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06237, Korea
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Karanasiou A, Alastuey A, Amato F, Renzi M, Stafoggia M, Tobias A, Reche C, Forastiere F, Gumy S, Mudu P, Querol X. Short-term health effects from outdoor exposure to biomass burning emissions: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146739. [PMID: 33798874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) including forest, bush, prescribed fires, agricultural fires, residential wood combustion, and power generation has long been known to affect climate, air quality and human health. With this work we supply a systematic review on the health effects of BB emissions in the framework of the WHO activities on air pollution. We performed a literature search of online databases (PubMed, ISI, and Scopus) from year 1980 up to 2020. A total of 81 papers were considered as relevant for mortality and morbidity effects. High risk of bias was related with poor estimation of BB exposure and lack of adjustment for important confounders. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations originating from BB were associated with all-cause mortality: the meta-analytical estimate was equal to 1.31% (95% CI 0.71, 1.71) and 1.92% (95% CI -1.19, 5.03) increased mortality per each 10 μg m-3 increase of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. Regarding cardiovascular mortality 8 studies reported quantitative estimates. For smoky days and for each 10 μg m-3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations, the risk of cardiovascular mortality increased by 4.45% (95% CI 0.96, 7.95) and by 3.30% (95% CI -1.97, 8.57), respectively. Fourteen studies evaluated whether respiratory morbidity was adversely related to PM2.5 (9 studies) or PM10 (5 studies) originating from BB. All found positive associations. The pooled effect estimates were 4.10% (95% CI 2.86, 5.34) and 4.83% (95% CI 0.06, 9.60) increased risk of total respiratory admissions/emergency visits, per 10 μg m-3 increases in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Regarding cardiovascular morbidity, sixteen studies evaluated whether this was adversely related to PM2.5 (10 studies) or PM10 (6 studies) originating from BB. They found both positive and negative results, with summary estimates equal to 3.68% (95% CI -1.73, 9.09) and 0.93% (95% CI -0.18, 2.05) increased risk of total cardiovascular admissions/emergency visits, per 10 μg m-3 increases in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. To conclude, a significant number of studies indicate that BB exposure is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and respiratory morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Matteo Renzi
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Region/ASL, Roma 1, Italy
| | | | - Aurelio Tobias
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Gumy
- Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierpaolo Mudu
- Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Short-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution and emergency department visits for kidney diseases in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Environ Epidemiol 2021; 5:e164. [PMID: 34414347 PMCID: PMC8367053 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicological evidence has shown that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may affect distant organs, including kidneys, over the short term. However, epidemiological evidence is limited. OBJECTIVES We investigated associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5, major PM2.5 components [elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate, and nitrate], and gaseous co-pollutants (O3, CO, SO2, NO2, and NOx) and emergency department (ED) visits for kidney diseases during 2002-2008 in Atlanta, Georgia. METHODS Log-linear time-series models were fitted to estimate the acute effects of air pollution, with single-day and unconstrained distributed lags, on rates of ED visits for kidney diseases [all renal diseases and acute renal failure (ARF)], controlling for meteorology (maximum air and dew-point temperatures) and time (season, day of week, holidays, and long-term time trend). RESULTS For all renal diseases, we observed positive associations for most air pollutants, particularly 8-day cumulative exposure to OC [rate ratio (RR) = 1.018, (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.003, 1.034)] and EC [1.016 (1.000, 1.031)] per interquartile range increase exposure. For ARF, we observed positive associations particularly for 8-day exposure to OC [1.034 (1.005, 1.064)], EC [1.032 (1.002, 1.063)], nitrate [1.032 (0.996, 1.069)], and PM2.5 [1.026 (0.997, 1.057)] per interquartile range increase exposure. We also observed positive associations for most criteria gases. The RR estimates were generally higher for ARF than all renal diseases. CONCLUSIONS We observed positive associations between short-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution and kidney disease outcomes. This study adds to the growing epidemiological evidence that fine particles may impact distant organs (e.g., kidneys) over the short term.
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Respiratory Emergency Department Visits Associations with Exposures to PM 2.5 Mass, Constituents, and Sources in Dhaka, Bangladesh Air Pollution. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 19:28-38. [PMID: 34283949 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202103-252oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE To date, there is no published local epidemiological evidence documenting the respiratory health effects of source specific air pollution in South Asia, where PM2.5 composition is different from past studies. Differences include more biomass and residue crop-burning emissions, which may have differing health implications. OBJECTIVES We assessed PM2.5 associations with respiratory emergency department (ED) visits in a biomass-burning dominated high pollution region, and evaluated their variability by pollution source and composition. METHODS Time-series regression modeling was applied to daily ED visits from January 2014 through December 2017. Air pollutant effect sizes were estimated after addressing long-term trends and seasonality, day-of-week, holidays, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and the effect modification by season, age, and sex. RESULTS PM2.5 yielded a significant association with increased respiratory ED visits [0.84% (95% CI: 0.33%, 1.35%)] per 10 μg/m3 increase. The PM2.5 health effect size varied with season, the highest being during monsoon season, when fossil-fuel combustion sources dominated exposures. Results from a source-specific health effect analysis was also consistent with fossil-fuel PM2.5 having a larger effect size per 10 μg/m3 than PM2.5 from other sources [fossil-fuel PM2.5: 2.79% (0.33% to 5.31%), biomass-burning PM2.5: 1.27% (0% to 2.54%), and other-PM2.5: 0.95% (0.06% to 1.85%)]. Age-specific associations varied, with children and older adults being disproportionately affected by the air pollution, especially by the combustion-related particles. CONCLUSIONS This study provided novel and important evidence that respiratory health in Dhaka is significantly affected by particle air pollution, with a greater health impact by fossil-fuel combustion derived PM2.5.
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Cheng Y, Ma Y, Dong B, Qiu X, Hu D. Pollutants from primary sources dominate the oxidative potential of water-soluble PM 2.5 in Hong Kong in terms of dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption and hydroxyl radical production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124218. [PMID: 33092883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing scientific findings show that the adverse health effects of PM2.5 are related not only to its mass but also PM2.5 sources and chemical compositions. Here, we conducted a comprehensive characterization and source apportionment of oxidative potential (OP) of water-soluble PM2.5 collected in Hong Kong for one year. Two OP indicators, namely dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption and ∙OH formation, were quantified. Six PM2.5 sources, i.e. secondary sulfate, biomass burning, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), vehicle emissions, marine vessels, and a metal-related factor, were apportioned and identified to be DTT active. The four primary sources accounted for 83.5% of DTT activity of water-soluble PM2.5, with the metal-related factor and marine vessels as the leading contributors. However, only three sources, i.e. metal-related factor, vehicle emissions, and SOA, showed ∙OH generation ability, with a predominant contribution of 96.2% from the two primary sources, especially the metal-related factor (84.5%). Based on the source apportionment results, we further evaluate the intrinsic OP of water-soluble PM2.5 from each source. Marine vessels exhibited the highest intrinsic DTT activity; while metal-related factor was most effective in ∙OH generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiqiu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, PR China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.
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Source-Apportioned PM2.5 and Cardiorespiratory Emergency Department Visits: Accounting for Source Contribution Uncertainty. Epidemiology 2020; 30:789-798. [PMID: 31469699 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence suggesting that air pollution-related health effects differ by emissions source, epidemiologic studies on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) infrequently differentiate between particles from different sources. Those that do rarely account for the uncertainty of source apportionment methods. METHODS For each day in a 12-year period (1998-2010) in Atlanta, GA, we estimated daily PM2.5 source contributions from a Bayesian ensemble model that combined four source apportionment methods including chemical transport and receptor-based models. We fit Poisson generalized linear models to estimate associations between source-specific PM2.5 concentrations and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits (n = 1,598,117). We propagated uncertainty in the source contribution estimates through analyses using multiple imputation. RESULTS Respiratory emergency department visits were positively associated with biomass burning and secondary organic carbon. For a 1 µg/m increase in PM2.5 from biomass burning during the past 3 days, the rate of visits for all respiratory outcomes increased by 0.4% (95% CI 0.0%, 0.7%). There was less evidence for associations between PM2.5 sources and cardiovascular outcomes, with the exception of ischemic stroke, which was positively associated with most PM2.5 sources. Accounting for the uncertainty of source apportionment estimates resulted, on average, in an 18% increase in the standard error for rate ratio estimates for all respiratory and cardiovascular emergency department visits, but inflation varied across specific sources and outcomes, ranging from 2% to 39%. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of associations between PM2.5 sources and some cardiorespiratory outcomes and quantifies the impact of accounting for variability in source apportionment approaches.
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Huang M, Ivey C, Hu Y, Holmes HA, Strickland MJ. Source apportionment of primary and secondary PM 2.5: Associations with pediatric respiratory disease emergency department visits in the U.S. State of Georgia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105167. [PMID: 31634664 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We developed a hybrid chemical transport model and receptor model (CTM-RM) to conduct source apportionment of both primary and secondary PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter) at 36 km resolution throughout the U.S. State of Georgia for the years 2005 and 2007. This novel source apportionment model enabled us to estimate and compare associations of short-term changes in 12 PM2.5 source concentrations (agriculture, biogenic, coal, dust, fuel oil, metals, natural gas, non-road mobile diesel, non-road mobile gasoline, on-road mobile diesel, on-road mobile gasoline, and all other sources) with emergency department (ED) visits for pediatric respiratory diseases. ED visits for asthma (N = 49,651), pneumonia (N = 25,558), and acute upper respiratory infections (acute URI, N = 235,343) among patients aged ≤18 years were obtained from patient claims records. Using a case-crossover study, we estimated odds ratios per interquartile range (IQR) increase for 3-day moving average PM2.5 source concentrations using conditional logistic regression, matching on day-of-week, month, and year, and adjusting for average temperature, humidity, and holidays. We fit both single-source and multi-source models. We observed positive associations between several PM2.5 sources and ED visits for asthma, pneumonia, and acute URI. For example, for asthma, per IQR increase in the source contribution in the single-source model, odds ratios were 1.022 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.031) for dust; 1.050 (95% CI: 1.036, 1.063) for metals, and 1.091 (95% CI: 1.064, 1.119) for natural gas. These sources comprised 5.7%, 2.2%, and 6.3% of total PM2.5 mass, respectively. PM2.5 from metals and natural gas were positively associated with all three respiratory outcomes. In addition, non-road mobile diesel was positively associated with pneumonia and acute URI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Huang
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Cesunica Ivey
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Yongtao Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Heather A Holmes
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
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13
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Abrams JY, Klein M, Henneman LRF, Sarnat SE, Chang HH, Strickland MJ, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Tolbert PE. Impact of air pollution control policies on cardiorespiratory emergency department visits, Atlanta, GA, 1999-2013. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:627-634. [PMID: 30856450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution control policies resulting from the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments were aimed at reducing pollutant emissions, ambient concentrations, and ultimately adverse health outcomes. OBJECTIVES As part of a comprehensive air pollution accountability study, we used a counterfactual study design to estimate the impact of mobile source and electricity generation control policies on health outcomes in the Atlanta, GA, metropolitan area from 1999 to 2013. METHODS We identified nine sets of pollution control policies, estimated changes in emissions in the absence of these policies, and employed those changes to estimate counterfactual daily ambient pollutant concentrations at a central monitoring location. Using a multipollutant Poisson time-series model, we estimated associations between observed pollutant levels and daily counts of cardiorespiratory emergency department (ED) visits at Atlanta hospitals. These associations were then used to estimate the number of ED visits prevented due to control policies, comparing observed to counterfactual daily concentrations. RESULTS Pollution control policies were estimated to substantially reduce ambient concentrations of the nine pollutants examined for the period 1999-2013. We estimated that pollutant concentration reductions resulting from the control policies led to the avoidance of over 55,000 cardiorespiratory disease ED visits in the five-county metropolitan Atlanta area, with greater proportions of visits prevented in later years as effects of policies became more fully realized. During the final two years of the study period, 2012-2013, the policies were estimated to prevent 16.5% of ED visits due to asthma (95% interval estimate: 7.5%, 25.1%), 5.9% (95% interval estimate: -0.4%, 12.3%) of respiratory ED visits, and 2.3% (95% interval estimate: -1.8%, 6.2%) of cardiovascular disease ED visits. DISCUSSION Pollution control policies resulting from the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments led to substantial estimated reductions in ambient pollutant concentrations and cardiorespiratory ED visits in the Atlanta area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Abrams
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mitchel Klein
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lucas R F Henneman
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefanie E Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Krall JR, Chang HH, Waller LA, Mulholland JA, Winquist A, Talbott EO, Rager JR, Tolbert PE, Sarnat SE. A multicity study of air pollution and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits: Comparing approaches for combining estimates across cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:312-320. [PMID: 30107292 PMCID: PMC6218942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Determining how associations between ambient air pollution and health vary by specific outcome is important for developing public health interventions. We estimated associations between twelve ambient air pollutants of both primary (e.g. nitrogen oxides) and secondary (e.g. ozone and sulfate) origin and cardiorespiratory emergency department (ED) visits for 8 specific outcomes in five U.S. cities including Atlanta, GA; Birmingham, AL; Dallas, TX; Pittsburgh, PA; St. Louis, MO. For each city, we fitted overdispersed Poisson time-series models to estimate associations between each pollutant and specific outcome. To estimate multicity and posterior city-specific associations, we developed a Bayesian multicity multi-outcome (MCM) model that pools information across cities using data from all specific outcomes. We fitted single pollutant models as well as models with multipollutant components using a two-stage chemical mixtures approach. Posterior city-specific associations from the MCM models were somewhat attenuated, with smaller standard errors, compared to associations from time-series regression models. We found positive associations of both primary and secondary pollutants with respiratory disease ED visits. There was some indication that primary pollutants, particularly nitrogen oxides, were also associated with cardiovascular disease ED visits. Bayesian models can help to synthesize findings across multiple outcomes and cities by providing posterior city-specific associations building on variation and similarities across the multiple sources of available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Evelyn O Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Judith R Rager
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Bouazza N, Foissac F, Urien S, Guedj R, Carbajal R, Tréluyer JM, Chappuy H. Fine particulate pollution and asthma exacerbations. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:828-831. [PMID: 29259031 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-312826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the results from epidemiological studies about the impact of outdoor air pollution on asthma in children are heterogeneous, our objective was to investigate the association between asthma exacerbation in children and exposure to air pollutants. METHODS A database of 1 264 585 paediatric visits during the 2010-2015 period to the emergency rooms from 20 emergency departments (EDs) of 'Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)', the largest hospital group in Europe, was used. A total of 47 107 visits were classified as asthma exacerbations. Concentration of air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, ozone, fine particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10) and 2.5 µm (PM2.5)), as well as meteorological data, evolution of respiratory syncytial virus infection and pollen exposition, were collected on an hourly or daily basis for the same period using institutional databases. To assess the association between air pollution and asthma, mixed-effects quasi-Poisson regression modelling was performed. RESULTS The only compound independently associated with ED visits for asthma was PM2.5 (P<10-4). The association between asthma exacerbation and PM2.5 was not linear, and a sigmoid function described the relationshipsatisfactorily. PM2.5 concentration, which gives half the maximum effect, was estimated at 13.5 µg/m3. CONCLUSIONS We found an association between daily asthma exacerbation in paediatric visits to the ED and fine particulate air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naïm Bouazza
- Pharmacology and Clinical Research Departments, Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation in Children and Pregnant Women EA7323, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Frantz Foissac
- Pharmacology and Clinical Research Departments, Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation in Children and Pregnant Women EA7323, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Saik Urien
- Pharmacology and Clinical Research Departments, Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation in Children and Pregnant Women EA7323, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Romain Guedj
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Ricardo Carbajal
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tréluyer
- Pharmacology and Clinical Research Departments, Paris Descartes Necker Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation in Children and Pregnant Women EA7323, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Chappuy
- Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation in Children and Pregnant Women EA7323, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Pediatric Emergency Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
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Krall JR, Ladva CN, Russell AG, Golan R, Peng X, Shi G, Greenwald R, Raysoni AU, Waller LA, Sarnat JA. Source-specific pollution exposure and associations with pulmonary response in the Atlanta Commuters Exposure Studies. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:337-347. [PMID: 29298976 PMCID: PMC6013329 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-017-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants are frequently higher within commuting vehicles than in ambient air. Pollutants found within vehicles may include those generated by tailpipe exhaust, brake wear, and road dust sources, as well as pollutants from in-cabin sources. Source-specific pollution, compared to total pollution, may represent regulation targets that can better protect human health. We estimated source-specific pollution exposures and corresponding pulmonary response in a panel study of commuters. We used constrained positive matrix factorization to estimate source-specific pollution factors and, subsequently, mixed effects models to estimate associations between source-specific pollution and pulmonary response. We identified four pollution factors that we named: crustal, primary tailpipe traffic, non-tailpipe traffic, and secondary. Among asthmatic subjects (N = 48), interquartile range increases in crustal and secondary pollution were associated with changes in lung function of -1.33% (95% confidence interval (CI): -2.45, -0.22) and -2.19% (95% CI: -3.46, -0.92) relative to baseline, respectively. Among non-asthmatic subjects (N = 51), non-tailpipe pollution was associated with pulmonary response only at 2.5 h post-commute. We found no significant associations between pulmonary response and primary tailpipe pollution. Health effects associated with traffic-related pollution may vary by source, and therefore some traffic pollution sources may require targeted interventions to protect health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | | | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Rachel Golan
- Department of Public Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Xing Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Nankai Qu, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Nankai Qu, China
| | - Roby Greenwald
- Department of Environmental Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Amit U Raysoni
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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17
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Russell AG, Tolbert P, Henneman L, Abrams J, Liu C, Klein M, Mulholland J, Sarnat SE, Hu Y, Chang HH, Odman T, Strickland MJ, Shen H, Lawal A. Impacts of Regulations on Air Quality and Emergency Department Visits in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area, 1999-2013. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2018; 2018:1-93. [PMID: 31883240 PMCID: PMC7266381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The United States and Western Europe have seen great improvements in air quality, presumably in response to various regulations curtailing emissions from the broad range of sources that have contributed to local, regional, and global pollution. Such regulations, and the ensuing controls, however, have not come without costs, which are estimated at tens of billions of dollars per year. These costs motivate accountability-related questions such as, to what extent do regulations lead to emissions changes? More important, to what degree have the regulations provided the expected human health benefits? Here, the impacts of specific regulations on both electricity generating unit (EGU) and on-road mobile sources are examined through the classical accountability process laid out in the 2003 Health Effects Institute report linking regulations to emissions to air quality to health effects, with a focus on the 1999-2013 period. This analysis centers on regulatory actions in the southeastern United States and their effects on health outcomes in the 5-county Atlanta metropolitan area. The regulations examined are largely driven by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (C). This work investigates regulatory actions and controls promulgated on EGUs: the Acid Rain Program (ARP), the NOx Budget Trading Program (NBP), and the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) - and mobile sources: Tier 2 Gasoline Vehicle Standards and the 2007 Heavy Duty Diesel Rule. METHODS Each step in the classic accountability process was addressed using one or more methods. Linking regulations to emissions was accomplished by identifying major federal regulations and the associated state regulations, along with analysis of individual facility emissions and control technologies and emissions modeling (e.g., using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's [U.S. EPA's] MOtor Vehicle Emissions Simulator [MOVES] mobile-source model). Regulators, including those from state environmental and transportation agencies, along with the public service commissions, play an important role in implementing federal rules and were involved along with other regional stakeholders in the study. We used trend analysis, air quality modeling, satellite data, and a ratio-of-ratios technique to investigate a critical current issue, a potential large bias in mobile-source oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions estimates. The second link, emissions-air quality relationships, was addressed using both empirical analyses as well as chemical transport modeling employing the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filtering accounting for day of the year was used to separate the air quality signal into long-term, seasonal, weekday-holiday, and short-term meteorological signals. Regression modeling was then used to link emissions and meteorology to ambient concentrations for each of the species examined (ozone [O3], particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], sulfur dioxide [SO2], carbon monoxide [CO], sulfate [SO4-2], nitrate [NO3-], ammonium [NH4+], organic carbon [OC], and elemental carbon [EC]). CMAQ modeling was likewise used to link emissions changes to air quality changes, as well as to further establish the relative roles of meteorology versus emissions change impacts on air quality trends. CMAQ and empirical modeling were used to investigate aerosol acidity trends, employing the ISORROPIA II thermodynamic equilibrium model to calculate pH based on aerosol composition. The relationships between emissions and meteorology were then used to construct estimated counterfactual air quality time series of daily pollutant concentrations that would have occurred in the absence of the regulations. Uncertainties in counterfactual air quality were captured by the construction of 5,000 pollutant time series using a Monte Carlo sampling technique, accounting for uncertainties in emissions and model parameters. Health impacts of the regulatory actions were assessed using data on cardiorespiratory emergency department (ED) visits, using patient-level data in the Atlanta area for the 1999-2013 period. Four outcome groups were chosen based on previous studies identifying associations with ambient air pollution: a combined respiratory disease (RD) category; the subgroup of RD presenting with asthma; a combined cardiovascular disease (CVD) category; and the subgroup of CVD presenting with congestive heart failure (CHF). Models were fit to estimate the joint effects of multiple pollutants on ED visits in a time-series framework, using Poisson generalized linear models accounting for overdispersion, with a priori model formulations for temporal and meteorological covariates and lag structures. Several parameterizations were considered for the joint-effects models, including different sets of pollutants and models with nonlinear pollutant terms and first-order interactions among pollutants. Use of different periods for parameter estimates was assessed, as associations between pollutant levels and ED visits varied over the study period. A 7-pollutant, nonlinear model with pollutant interaction terms was chosen as the baseline model and fitted using pollutant and outcome data from 1999-2005 before regulations might have substantially changed the toxicity of pollutant mixtures. In separate analyses, these models were fitted using pollutant and outcome data from the entire 1999-2013 study period. Daily counterfactual time series of pollutant concentrations were then input into the health models, and the differences between the observed and counterfactual concentrations were used to estimate the impacts of the regulations on daily counts of ED visits. To account for the uncertainty in both the estimation of the counterfactual time series of ambient pollutant levels and the estimation of the health model parameters, we simulated 5,000 sets of parameter estimates using a multivariate normal distribution based on the observed variance-covariance matrix, allowing for uncertainty at each step of the chain of accountability. Sensitivity tests were conducted to assess the robustness of the results. RESULTS EGU NOx and SO2 emissions in the Southeast decreased by 82% and 83%, respectively, between 1999 and 2013, while mobile-source emissions controls led to estimated decreases in Atlanta-area pollutant emissions of between 61% and 93%, depending on pollutant. While EGU emissions were measured, mobile-source emissions were modeled. Our results are supportive of a potential high bias in mobile-source NOx and CO emissions estimates. Air quality benefits from regulatory actions have increased as programs have been fully implemented and have had varying impacts over different seasons. In a scenario that accounted for all emissions reductions across the period, observed Atlanta central monitoring site maximum daily 8-hour (MDA8h) O3 was estimated to have been reduced by controls in the summertime and increased in the wintertime, with a change in mean annual MDA8h O3 from 39.7 ppb (counterfactual) to 38.4 ppb (observed). PM2.5 reductions were observed year-round, with average 2013 values at 8.9 μg/m3 (observed) versus 19.1 μg/m3 (counterfactual). Empirical and CMAQ analyses found that long-term meteorological trends across the Southeast over the period examined played little role in the distribution of species concentrations, while emissions changes explained the decreases observed. Aerosol pH, which plays a key role in aerosol formation and dynamics and may have health implications, was typically very low (on the order of 1-2, but sometimes much lower), with little trend over time despite the stringent SO2 controls and SO42- reductions. Using health models fit from 1999-2005, emissions reductions from all selected pollution-control policies led to an estimated 55,794 cardiorespiratory disease ED visits prevented (i.e., fewer observed ED visits than would have been expected under counterfactual scenarios) - 52,717 RD visits, of which 38,038 were for asthma, and 3,057 CVD visits, of which 2,104 were for CHF - among the residents of the 5-county area over the 1999-2013 period, an area with approximately 3.5 million people in 2013. During the final two years of the study (2012-2013), when pollution-control policies were most fully implemented and the associated benefits realized, these policies were estimated to prevent 5.9% of the RD ED visits that would have occurred in the absence of the policies (95% interval estimate: -0.4% to 12.3%); 16.5% of the asthma ED visits (95% interval estimate: 7.5% to 25.1%); 2.3% of the CVD ED visits (95% interval estimate: -1.8% to 6.2%); and -.6% of the CHF ED visits (95% interval estimate: 26.3% to 10.4%). Estimates of ED visits prevented were generally lower when using health models fit for the entire 1999-2013 study period. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to show the impact of the choice of parameterization of the health models and to assess alternative definitions of the study area. When impacts were assessed for separate policy interventions, policies affecting emissions from EGUs, especially the ARP and the NBP, appeared to have had the greatest effect on prevention of RD and asthma ED visits. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the effectiveness of regulations on improving air quality and health in the southeastern United States. It also demonstrates the complexities of accountability assessments as uncertainties are introduced in each step of the classic accountability process. While accounting for uncertainties in emissions, air quality-emissions relationships, and health models does lead to relatively large uncertainties in the estimated outcomes due to specific regulations, overall the benefits of regulations have been substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Russell
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | - C Liu
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - M Klein
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Y Hu
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - T Odman
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - H Shen
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - A Lawal
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
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Krall JR, Strickland MJ. Recent Approaches to Estimate Associations Between Source-Specific Air Pollution and Health. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 4:68-78. [PMID: 28108914 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Estimating health effects associated with source-specific exposure is important for better understanding how pollution impacts health and for developing policies to better protect public health. Although epidemiologic studies of sources can be informative, these studies are challenging to conduct because source-specific exposures (e.g., particulate matter from vehicles) often are not directly observed and must be estimated. We reviewed recent studies that estimated associations between pollution sources and health to identify methodological developments designed to address important challenges. RECENT FINDINGS Notable advances in epidemiologic studies of sources include approaches for (1) propagating uncertainty in source estimation into health effect estimates, (2) assessing regional and seasonal variability in emissions sources and source-specific health effects, and (3) addressing potential confounding in estimated health effects. Novel methodological approaches to address challenges in studies of pollution sources, particularly evaluation of source-specific health effects, are important for determining how source-specific exposure impacts health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- College of Health and Human Services, Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - Matthew J Strickland
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557-0274, USA
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Stafoggia M, Breitner S, Hampel R, Basagaña X. Statistical Approaches to Address Multi-Pollutant Mixtures and Multiple Exposures: the State of the Science. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 4:481-490. [PMID: 28988291 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent statistical approaches to estimate the effect of multi-pollutant mixtures or multiple correlated exposures on human health. RECENT FINDINGS The health effects of environmental chemicals or air pollutants have been widely described. Often, there exists a complex mixture of different substances, potentially highly correlated with each other and with other (environmental) stressors. Single-exposure approaches do not allow disentangling effects of individual factors and fail to detect potential interactions between exposures. In the last years, sophisticated methods have been developed to investigate the joint or independent health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures or multiple environmental exposures. A classification of the most recent methods is proposed. A non-technical description of each method is provided, together with epidemiological applications and operational details for implementation with standard software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Stafoggia
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1, Via Cristoforo Colombo 112, 00147, Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Susanne Breitner
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neurherberg, Germany
| | - Regina Hampel
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neurherberg, Germany
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Verma V, Sioutas C, Weber RJ. Oxidative Properties of Ambient Particulate Matter - An Assessment of the Relative Contributions from Various Aerosol Components and Their Emission Sources. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1299.ch019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Rodney J. Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Bates JT, Weber RJ, Abrams J, Verma V, Fang T, Ivey C, Liu C, Klein M, Strickland MJ, Sarnat SE, Chang HH, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE, Russell AG. Source Impacts on and Cardiorespiratory Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by Water-Soluble PM2.5 Across the Eastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Luong LMT, Phung D, Sly PD, Morawska L, Thai PK. The association between particulate air pollution and respiratory admissions among young children in Hanoi, Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:249-255. [PMID: 27507084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
While the effects of ambient air pollution on health have been studied extensively in many developed countries, few studies have been conducted in Vietnam, where the population is exposed to high levels of airborne particulate matter. The aim of our study was to examine the short-term effects of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 on respiratory admissions among young children in Hanoi. Data on daily admissions from the Vietnam National Hospital of Paediatrics and daily records of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and other confounding factors as NO2, SO2, CO, O3 and temperature were collected from September 2010 to September 2011. A time-stratified case-crossover design with individual lag model was applied to evaluate the associations between particulate air pollution and respiratory admissions. Significant effects on daily hospital admissions for respiratory disease were found for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1. An increase in 10μg/m3 of PM10, PM2.5 or PM1 was associated with an increase in risk of admission of 1.4%, 2.2% or 2.5% on the same day of exposure, respectively. No significant difference between the effects on males and females was found in the study. The study demonstrated that infants and young children in Hanoi are at increased risk of respiratory admissions due to the high level of airborne particles in the city's ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly M T Luong
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Vietnam.
| | - Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
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Krall JR, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Balachandran S, Winquist A, Tolbert PE, Waller LA, Sarnat SE. Associations between Source-Specific Fine Particulate Matter and Emergency Department Visits for Respiratory Disease in Four U.S. Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:97-103. [PMID: 27315241 PMCID: PMC5226704 DOI: 10.1289/ehp271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Determining which sources of PM2.5 are most toxic can help guide targeted reduction of PM2.5. However, conducting multicity epidemiologic studies of sources is difficult because source-specific PM2.5 is not directly measured, and source chemical compositions can vary between cities. OBJECTIVES We determined how the chemical composition of primary ambient PM2.5 sources varies across cities. We estimated associations between source-specific PM2.5 and respiratory disease emergency department (ED) visits and examined between-city heterogeneity in estimated associations. METHODS We used source apportionment to estimate daily concentrations of primary source-specific PM2.5 for four U.S. cities. For sources with similar chemical compositions between cities, we applied Poisson time-series regression models to estimate associations between source-specific PM2.5 and respiratory disease ED visits. RESULTS We found that PM2.5 from biomass burning, diesel vehicle, gasoline vehicle, and dust sources was similar in chemical composition between cities, but PM2.5 from coal combustion and metal sources varied across cities. We found some evidence of positive associations of respiratory disease ED visits with biomass burning PM2.5; associations with diesel and gasoline PM2.5 were frequently imprecise or consistent with the null. We found little evidence of associations with dust PM2.5. CONCLUSIONS We introduced an approach for comparing the chemical compositions of PM2.5 sources across cities and conducted one of the first multicity studies of source-specific PM2.5 and ED visits. Across four U.S. cities, among the primary PM2.5 sources assessed, biomass burning PM2.5 was most strongly associated with respiratory health. Citation: Krall JR, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Balachandran S, Winquist A, Tolbert PE, Waller LA, Sarnat SE. 2017. Associations between source-specific fine particulate matter and emergency department visits for respiratory disease in four U.S. cities. Environ Health Perspect 125:97-103; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R. Krall
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A. Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Armistead G. Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sivaraman Balachandran
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paige E. Tolbert
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Samoli E, Atkinson RW, Analitis A, Fuller GW, Beddows D, Green DC, Mudway IS, Harrison RM, Anderson HR, Kelly FJ. Differential health effects of short-term exposure to source-specific particles in London, U.K. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:246-253. [PMID: 27692926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ample evidence of adverse associations between short-term exposure to ambient particle mass concentrations and health but little is known about the relative contribution from various sources. METHODS We used air particle composition and number networks in London between 2011 and 2012 to derive six source-related factors for PM10 and four factors for size distributions of ultrafine particles (NSD). We assessed the associations of these factors, at pre-specified lags, with daily total, cardiovascular (CVD) and respiratory mortality and hospitalizations using Poisson regression. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were expressed as percentage change per interquartile range increment in source-factor mass or number concentration. We evaluated the sensitivity of associations to adjustment for multiple other factors and by season. RESULTS We found no evidence of associations between PM10 or NSD source-related factors and daily mortality, as the direction of the estimates were variable with 95% CI spanning 0%. Traffic-related PM10 and NSD displayed consistent associations with CVD admissions aged 15-64years (1.01% (95%CI: 0.03%, 2.00%) and 1.04% (95%CI: -0.62%, 2.72%) respectively) as did particles from background urban sources (0.36% for PM10 and 0.81% for NSD). Most sources were positively associated with pediatric (0-14years) respiratory hospitalizations, with stronger evidence for fuel oil PM10 (3.43%, 95%CI: 1.26%, 5.65%). Our results did not suggest associations with cardiovascular admissions in 65+ or respiratory admissions in 15+ age groups. Effect estimates were generally robust to adjustment for other factors and by season. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are broadly consistent with the growing evidence of the toxicity of traffic and combustion particles, particularly in relation to respiratory morbidity in children and cardiovascular morbidity in younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical school, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 115 27 Athens, Greece.
| | - Richard W Atkinson
- Population Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Antonis Analitis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical school, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Gary W Fuller
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - David Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David C Green
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Abdullah Sulayman St, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Ross Anderson
- Population Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Ostro B, Malig B, Hasheminassab S, Berger K, Chang E, Sioutas C. Associations of Source-Specific Fine Particulate Matter With Emergency Department Visits in California. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 184:450-9. [PMID: 27605585 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While many studies have investigated the health effects associated with acute exposure to fine particulate matter (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5)), very few have considered the risks of specific sources of PM2.5 We used city-specific source apportionment in 8 major metropolitan areas in California from 2005-2009 to examine the associations of source-specific PM2.5 exposures from vehicular emissions, biomass burning, soil, and secondary nitrate and sulfate sources with emergency department visits (EDVs) for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including 7 subclasses. Using a case-crossover analysis, we observed associations of vehicular emissions with all cardiovascular EDVs (excess risk = 1.6%, 95% confidence interval: 0.9, 2.4 for an interquartile-range increment of 2.8 µg/m(3)) and with several subclasses of disease. In addition, vehicular emissions, biomass burning, and soil sources were associated with all respiratory EDVs and with EDVs for asthma. The soil source, which includes resuspended road dust, generated the highest risk estimate for asthma (excess risk = 4.5%, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 8.0). Overall, our results provide additional evidence of the public health consequences of exposure to specific sources of PM2.5 and indicate that some sources of PM2.5 may pose higher risks than the overall PM2.5 mass.
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26
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O'Lenick CR, Winquist A, Mulholland JA, Friberg MD, Chang HH, Kramer MR, Darrow LA, Sarnat SE. Assessment of neighbourhood-level socioeconomic status as a modifier of air pollution-asthma associations among children in Atlanta. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:129-136. [PMID: 27422981 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A broad literature base provides evidence of association between air pollution and paediatric asthma. Socioeconomic status (SES) may modify these associations; however, previous studies have found inconsistent evidence regarding the role of SES. METHODS Effect modification of air pollution-paediatric asthma morbidity by multiple indicators of neighbourhood SES was examined in Atlanta, Georgia. Emergency department (ED) visit data were obtained for 5-18 years old with a diagnosis of asthma in 20-county Atlanta during 2002-2008. Daily ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA)-level concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter and elemental carbon were estimated using ambient monitoring data and emissions-based chemical transport model simulations. Pollutant-asthma associations were estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for temporal trends and meteorology. Effect modification by ZCTA-level (neighbourhood) SES was examined via stratification. RESULTS We observed stronger air pollution-paediatric asthma associations in 'deprivation areas' (eg, ≥20% of the ZCTA population living in poverty) compared with 'non-deprivation areas'. When stratifying analyses by quartiles of neighbourhood SES, ORs indicated stronger associations in the highest and lowest SES quartiles and weaker associations among the middle quartiles. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neighbourhood-level SES is a factor contributing vulnerability to air pollution-related paediatric asthma morbidity in Atlanta. Children living in low SES environments appear to be especially vulnerable given positive ORs and high underlying asthma ED rates. Inconsistent findings of effect modification among previous studies may be partially explained by choice of SES stratification criteria, and the use of multiplicative models combined with differing baseline risk across SES populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra R O'Lenick
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariel D Friberg
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael R Kramer
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lyndsey A Darrow
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Rodriguez-Lara V, Muñiz-Rivera Cambas A, González Villalva A, Fortoul TI. Sex-based differences in lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen after vanadium inhalation. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:498-508. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1134731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vianey Rodriguez-Lara
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, C.U., México City, México
| | - Angelica Muñiz-Rivera Cambas
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, C.U., México City, México
| | - Adriana González Villalva
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, C.U., México City, México
| | - Teresa I. Fortoul
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, C.U., México City, México
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28
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Bates JT, Weber RJ, Abrams J, Verma V, Fang T, Klein M, Strickland MJ, Sarnat SE, Chang HH, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE, Russell AG. Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Linked to Sources of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Cardiorespiratory Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13605-12. [PMID: 26457347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality, but the mechanisms are not well understood. We assess the hypothesis that PM2.5 induces oxidative stress in the body via catalytic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was used to measure the ROS-generation potential of water-soluble PM2.5. Source apportionment on ambient (Atlanta, GA) PM2.5 was performed using the chemical mass balance method with ensemble-averaged source impact profiles. Linear regression analysis was used to relate PM2.5 emission sources to ROS-generation potential and to estimate historical levels of DTT activity for use in an epidemiologic analysis for the period of 1998-2009. Light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV) exhibited the highest intrinsic DTT activity, followed by biomass burning (BURN) and heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) (0.11 ± 0.02, 0.069 ± 0.02, and 0.052 ± 0.01 nmol min(-1) μg(-1)source, respectively). BURN contributed the largest fraction to total DTT activity over the study period, followed by LDGV and HDDV (45, 20, and 14%, respectively). DTT activity was more strongly associated with emergency department visits for asthma/wheezing and congestive heart failure than PM2.5. This work provides further epidemiologic evidence of a biologically plausible mechanism, that of oxidative stress, for associations of adverse health outcomes with PM2.5 mass and supports continued assessment of the utility of the DTT activity assay as a measure of ROS-generating potential of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
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