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Hosohata K. Biomarkers of high salt intake. Adv Clin Chem 2021; 104:71-106. [PMID: 34462058 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High salt intake is associated with hypertension, which is a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). International Guidelines recommend a large reduction in the consumption of sodium to reduce blood pressure, organ damage, and mortality. In its early stages, the symptoms of CKD are generally not apparent. CKD proceeds in a "silent" manner, necessitating the need for urinary biomarkers to detect kidney damage at an early stage. Since traditional renal biomarkers, such as serum creatinine, are not sufficiently sensitive, difficulties are associated with detecting kidney damage induced by a high salt intake, particularly in normotensive individuals. Several new biomarkers for renal tubular damage, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), vanin-1, liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), have recently been identified. However, few studies have investigated early biomarkers for CKD progression associated with a high salt diet. This chapter provides insights into novel biomarkers for CKD in normo- and hypertensive individuals with a high salt intake. Recent studies using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) fed a high salt diet identified urinary vanin-1 and NGAL as early biomarkers for renal tubular damage in SHR and WKY, whereas urinary KIM-1 was a useful biomarker for salt-induced renal injury in SHR only. Clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hosohata
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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2
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Liu Y, Dai X, Yang S, Peng Y, Hou F, Zhou Q. High salt aggravates renal inflammation via promoting pro-inflammatory macrophage in 5/6-nephrectomized rat. Life Sci 2021; 274:119109. [PMID: 33513393 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incident of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in recent years might be related to a change in dietary habits, known as excessive salt intake. Given excessive salt promotes pathogenic T cells responses. Since the importance of macrophage in the development of CKD, we addressed the effect of high salt loading on in a rat CKD model. We observed that 5/6Nx rats receiving a high salt diet showed strongly enhanced macrophage infiltration and activation in the renal tissue accompanied by deteriorated renal inflammation. Then we used the microarray expression profiling to detect the effect of additional Nacl on peritoneal macrophage derived from 5/6Nx. The NaCl treatment of macrophage extracted from 5/6Nx rat elicited a strong pro-inflammatory phenotype characterized by enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production, increased expression of molecules mainly involved in immune response process. This NaCl-induced pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of STAT1. Taken together, our study demonstrated that high salt intake promotes immune activation of macrophages through the STAT1 independently and exacerbates the kidney accompanied by promotion of inflammation. Thus, changes in diet may provide a novel strategy for the prevention or amelioration of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanfan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiugen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Hosohata K, Jin D, Takai S, Iwanaga K. Involvement of Vanin-1 in Ameliorating Effect of Oxidative Renal Tubular Injury in Dahl-Salt Sensitive Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184481. [PMID: 31514290 PMCID: PMC6769908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In salt-sensitive hypertension, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the progression of renal disease partly through the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We have previously demonstrated that urinary vanin-1 is an early biomarker of oxidative renal tubular injury. However, it remains unknown whether urinary vanin-1 might reflect the treatment effect. The objective of this study was to clarify the treatment effect for renal tubular damage in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats. DS rats (six weeks old) were given one of the following for four weeks: high-salt diet (8% NaCl), high-salt diet plus a superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol (3 mmol/L in drinking water), high-salt diet plus eplerenone (100 mg/kg/day), and normal-salt diet (0.3% NaCl). After four-week treatment, blood pressure was measured and kidney tissues were evaluated. ROS were assessed by measurements of malondialdehyde and by immunostaining for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. A high-salt intake for four weeks caused ROS and histological renal tubular damages in DS rats, both of which were suppressed by tempol and eplerenone. Proteinuria and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase exhibited a significant decrease in DS rats receiving a high-salt diet plus eplerenone, but not tempol. In contrast, urinary vanin-1 significantly decreased in DS rats receiving a high-salt diet plus eplerenone as well as tempol. Consistent with these findings, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that vanin-1 was localized in the renal proximal tubules but not the glomeruli in DS rats receiving a high-salt diet, with the strength attenuated by tempol or eplerenone treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that urinary vanin-1 is a potentially sensitive biomarker for ameliorating renal tubular damage in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hosohata
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Iwanaga
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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Li L, Lai EY, Luo Z, Solis G, Mendonca M, Griendling KK, Wellstein A, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS. High Salt Enhances Reactive Oxygen Species and Angiotensin II Contractions of Glomerular Afferent Arterioles From Mice With Reduced Renal Mass. Hypertension 2018; 72:1208-1216. [PMID: 30354808 PMCID: PMC6221452 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High salt, Ang II (angiotensin II), and reactive oxygen species enhance progression of chronic kidney disease. We tested the hypothesis that a high salt intake generates specific reactive oxygen species to enhance Ang II contractions of afferent arterioles from mice with reduced renal mass (RRM). C57BL/6 mice were subjected to surgical RRM or sham operations and received 6% or 0.4% NaCl salt diet for 3 months. Ang II contractions were measured in perfused afferent arterioles and superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by fluorescence microscopy. RRM enhanced the afferent arteriolar gene expression for p47phox and neutrophil oxidase (NOX) 2 and high salt intake in RRM mice enhanced gene expression for angiotensin type 1 receptors, POLDIP2 and NOX4 and reduced catalase. High salt in mice with RRM enhanced arteriolar O2- and H2O2 generation and maximal contractions to Ang II (10-6 mol/L) that were dependent on O2- because they were prevented by gene deletion of p47phox and on H2O2 because they were prevented by transgenic smooth muscle cell expression of catalase (tgCAT-SMC) and POLDIP2 gene deletion. Three months of tempol normalized arteriolar reactive oxygen species and Ang II contractions. However, arteriolar contractions to lower concentrations of Ang II (10-8 to 10-11 mol/L) were paradoxically inhibited by H2O2 and POLDIP2. In conclusion, both O2- from p47phox/NOX2 and H2O2 from NOX4/POLDIP2 enhance maximal arteriolar Ang II contractions from RRM mice during high salt, but H2O2 and NOX4/POLDIP2 reduce the sensitivity to lower concentrations of Ang II by >100-fold. Tempol prevents all of these changes in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - En Yin Lai
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou China
| | - Zaiming Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Glenn Solis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Margarida Mendonca
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC
| | - William J. Welch
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Christopher S. Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Hypertension Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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Zhao L, Gao Y, Cao X, Gao D, Zhou S, Zhang S, Cai X, Han F, Wilcox CS, Li L, Lai EY. High-salt diet induces outward remodelling of efferent arterioles in mice with reduced renal mass. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:652-659. [PMID: 27454938 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls progressively in chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is caused by a reduction in the number of functional nephrons. The dysfunctional nephron exhibits a lower glomerular capillary pressure that is induced by an unbalance between afferent and efferent arteriole. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress induced by CKD differentially impairs the structure or function of efferent vs. afferent arterioles. METHODS C57BL/6 mice received sham operations (sham) or 5/6 nephrectomy (RRM) and three months of normal- or high-salt diet or tempol. GFR was assessed from the plasma inulin clearance, arteriolar remodelling from media/lumen area ratio, myogenic responses from changes in luminal diameter with increases in perfusion pressure and passive wall compliance from the wall stress/strain relationships. RESULTS Mice with RRM fed a high salt (vs. sham) had a lower GFR (553 ± 25 vs. 758 ± 36 μL min-1 g-1 kidney, P < 0.01) and a larger efferent arteriolar diameter (9.6 ± 0.8 vs. 7.4 ± 0.7 μm, P < 0.05) resulting in a lower media/lumen area ratio (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2, P < 0.01). These alterations were corrected by tempol. The myogenic responses of efferent arterioles were about one-half that of afferent arterioles and were unaffected by RRM or salt. Passive wall compliance was reduced by high salt in both afferent and efferent arterioles. CONCLUSION A reduction in renal mass with a high-salt diet induces oxidative stress that leads to an outward eutrophic remodelling in efferent arterioles and reduced wall compliance in both afferent and efferent arterioles. This may contribute to the lower GFR in this model of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Zhao
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - Y. Gao
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - X. Cao
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - D. Gao
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - S. Zhou
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - S. Zhang
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
| | - X. Cai
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
- Department of Basic Medicine; Honghe Health Vocational College; Mengzi China
| | - F. Han
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - C. S. Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Health Center; Georgetown University; Washington DC USA
| | - L. Li
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Health Center; Georgetown University; Washington DC USA
| | - E. Y. Lai
- Department of Physiology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Hangzhou China
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension; Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Health Center; Georgetown University; Washington DC USA
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Cao W, Li A, Wang L, Zhou Z, Su Z, Bin W, Wilcox CS, Hou FF. A Salt-Induced Reno-Cerebral Reflex Activates Renin-Angiotensin Systems and Promotes CKD Progression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:1619-33. [PMID: 25635129 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt intake promotes progression of CKD by uncertain mechanisms. We hypothesized that a salt-induced reno-cerebral reflex activates a renin-angiotensin axis to promote CKD. Sham-operated and 5/6-nephrectomized rats received a normal-salt (0.4%), low-salt (0.02%), or high-salt (4%) diet for 2 weeks. High salt in 5/6-nephrectomized rats increased renal NADPH oxidase, inflammation, BP, and albuminuria. Furthermore, high salt activated the intrarenal and cerebral, but not the systemic, renin-angiotensin axes and increased the activity of renal sympathetic nerves and neurons in the forebrain of these rats. Renal fibrosis was increased 2.2-fold by high versus low salt, but intracerebroventricular tempol, losartan, or clonidine reduced this fibrosis by 65%, 69%, or 59%, respectively, and renal denervation or deafferentation reduced this fibrosis by 43% or 38%, respectively (all P<0.05). Salt-induced fibrosis persisted after normalization of BP with hydralazine. These data suggest that the renal and cerebral renin-angiotensin axes are interlinked by a reno-cerebral reflex that is activated by salt and promotes oxidative stress, fibrosis, and progression of CKD independent of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Aiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Liangliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Zhanmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Zhengxiu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wei Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Center for Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; and
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