1
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Lu CC, Nyam TTE, Ho CH, Kuo JR, Chio CC, Wang JJ, Wang CC. New diagnosis of cancer in mild and moderate/severe traumatic brain injury patients in a 12-year population-based study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:291. [PMID: 35303821 PMCID: PMC8933911 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been reported as a risk factor for brain cancer development. However, the magnitude of the impact of TBI on systemic cancer development has not been clarified. Methods A retrospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database between January 2000 and December 2011. A total of 35,306 patients were initially enrolled, and 14,795 patients with mild TBI and 14,795 patients with moderate/severe TBI were matched using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of TBI adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results After matching, the results showed that patients with moderate/severe TBI had a high mortality rate (17.7% vs. 10.4%) and shorter time interval from TBI to death (mean 3.6 years vs. 5.8 years). No differences were observed in cancer incidence (4.1% vs. 4.1%) or risk factors for mortality between mild and moderate/severe TBI patients. However, patients aged between 46 and 55 years, female patients, and patients with pre-existing renal disease had a significant higher cancer incidence risk in moderate/severe TBI compared with mild TBI patients. The top 15 most common cancers showed that mild TBI patients had a higher percentage of head and neck cancer. The overall mortality rate in all TBI patients diagnosed with cancer was about 50%, and the cancer-specific mortality is approximately 85% in death of TBI patients with cancer. Conclusions We concluded that the incidence risk of a new cancer diagnosis and mortality risk of TBI patients with cancer between the mild TBI and moderate/severe TBI patients were not significantly different. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09416-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Che Lu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tee-Tau Eric Nyam
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang, Tainan, Taiwan.,Departments of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Ho
- Departments of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Information Management, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Rung Kuo
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang, Tainan, Taiwan.,Departments of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ching Chio
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Departments of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Chuan Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Departments of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Center for General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
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2
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Murakami K, Kumata H, Miyagi S, Kamei T, Sasano H. The prognostic significance of neuroendocrine markers and somatostatin receptor 2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Int 2021; 71:682-691. [PMID: 34320691 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic and colon carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation are reported to behave more aggressively than those without such differentiation. In hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), however, only a few studies have reported the expression status of neuroendocrine markers and somatostatin receptor 2, the main target of a somatostatin analog. Furthermore, the prognostic significance of the markers in HCCs has not been fully explored. We evaluated the expression of the neuroendocrine makers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and CD56) and somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) in 95 HCCs, and investigated the correlation between the expression of these markers and clinicopathological findings. Chromogranin A was immunolocalized in 2 cases, synaptophysin in 15 cases, CD56 in 11 cases, and SSTR2 in 19 cases. Immunoreactivity of synaptophysin and CD56 were the significant unfavorable prognostic factors in terms of 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) and the overall survival (OS) along with a high nuclear mitosis level (>10/10 high-power field), a larger tumor size (>5 cm), the presence of vascular and/or biliary invasion, and high TNM stage (III/IV). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis identified synaptophysin as an independent prognostic factor for 2-year DFS and OS. Synaptophysin expression can be used to predict an unfavorable prognosis in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Murakami
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumata
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shigehito Miyagi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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3
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Usmani S, Orevi M, Stefanelli A, Zaniboni A, Gofrit ON, Bnà C, Illuminati S, Lojacono G, Noventa S, Savelli G. Neuroendocrine differentiation in castration resistant prostate cancer. Nuclear medicine radiopharmaceuticals and imaging techniques: A narrative review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 138:29-37. [PMID: 31092382 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) is the primary treatment for patients suffering from relapsing or advanced prostate cancer (PC). Hormone therapy generally guarantees adequate clinical control of the disease for some years, even in those patients affected by widespread skeletal and soft tissue metastases. Despite ADT, however, most patients treated with hormones eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), for which there are no effective treatments. This clinical reality is an open challenge to the oncologist because of those neoplasms which elaborate neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). METHODS An online search of current and past literature on NED in CRPC was performed. Relevant articles dealing with the biological and pathological basis of NED, with nuclear medicine imaging in CRPC and somatostatin treatment in NED were analyzed. EVIDENCE FROM THE LITERATURE NED may arise in prostate cancer patients in the late stages of ADT. The onset of NED offers prognostic insight because it reflects a dramatic increase in the aggressive nature of the neoplasm. Several genetic, molecular, cytological and immunohistochemical markers are associated with this transformation. Among these, overexpression of somatostatin receptors, seen through Nuclear Medicine testing, is one of the most studied. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary studies show that the overexpression of somatostatin receptors related to NED in CRPC may easily be studied in vivo with PET/CT. This finding offers a potentially useful objective for targeted therapy in CRPC. If the overexpression of SSTRs is shown to afflict a significant segment of patients with CRPC, this will open further study of possible therapeutic options based on this marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharjeel Usmani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kuwait Cancer Control Center Al Sabah Medical District, 70653, Kuwait
| | - Marina Orevi
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Kiryat Hadassah, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Antonella Stefanelli
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Zaniboni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Bnà
- Radiology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Illuminati
- Radiology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Lojacono
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Noventa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giordano Savelli
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, via L. Bissolati, 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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4
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Leprince J, Bagnol D, Bureau R, Fukusumi S, Granata R, Hinuma S, Larhammar D, Primeaux S, Sopkova-de Oliveiras Santos J, Tsutsui K, Ukena K, Vaudry H. The Arg-Phe-amide peptide 26RFa/glutamine RF-amide peptide and its receptor: IUPHAR Review 24. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3573-3607. [PMID: 28613414 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The RFamide neuropeptide 26RFa was first isolated from the brain of the European green frog on the basis of cross-reactivity with antibodies raised against bovine neuropeptide FF (NPFF). 26RFa and its N-terminally extended form glutamine RF-amide peptide (QRFP) have been identified as cognate ligands of the former orphan receptor GPR103, now renamed glutamine RF-amide peptide receptor (QRFP receptor). The 26RFa/QRFP precursor has been characterized in various mammalian and non-mammalian species. In the brain of mammals, including humans, 26RFa/QRFP mRNA is almost exclusively expressed in hypothalamic nuclei. The 26RFa/QRFP transcript is also present in various organs especially in endocrine glands. While humans express only one QRFP receptor, two isoforms are present in rodents. The QRFP receptor genes are widely expressed in the CNS and in peripheral tissues, notably in bone, heart, kidney, pancreas and testis. Structure-activity relationship studies have led to the identification of low MW peptidergic agonists and antagonists of QRFP receptor. Concurrently, several selective non-peptidic antagonists have been designed from high-throughput screening hit optimization. Consistent with the widespread distribution of QRFP receptor mRNA and 26RFa binding sites, 26RFa/QRFP exerts a large range of biological activities, notably in the control of energy homeostasis, bone formation and nociception that are mediated by QRFP receptor or NPFF2. The present report reviews the current knowledge concerning the 26RFa/QRFP-QRFP receptor system and discusses the potential use of selective QRFP receptor ligands for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Didier Bagnol
- CNS Drug Discovery, Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronan Bureau
- Normandy Centre for Studies and Research on Medicines (CERMN), Normandy University, Caen, France
| | - Shoji Fukusumi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Shuji Hinuma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Science, Senri Kinran University, Suita-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefany Primeaux
- Department of Physiology, Joint Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, Center for Medical Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ukena
- Section of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandy University, Rouen, France
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5
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Park JW, Lee JK, Witte ON, Huang J. FOXA2 is a sensitive and specific marker for small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:1262-1272. [PMID: 28621319 PMCID: PMC6330177 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The median survival of patients with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is significantly shorter than that of patients with classic acinar-type adenocarcinoma. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is traditionally diagnosed based on histologic features because expression of current immunohistochemical markers is inconsistent. This is a challenging diagnosis even for expert pathologists and particularly so for pathologists who do not specialize in prostate cancer. New biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma are therefore urgently needed. We discovered that FOXA2, a pioneer transcription factor, is frequently and specifically expressed in small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma compared with prostate adenocarcinoma from published mRNA-sequencing data of a wide range of human prostate cancers. We verified the expression of FOXA2 in human prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts, patient biopsy specimens, tissue microarrays of prostate cancers with lymph node metastasis, primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and metastatic treatment-related small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and cases from a rapid autopsy program. FOXA2 expression was present in NCI-H660 and PC3 neuroendocrine cell lines, but not in LNCAP and CWR22 adenocarcinoma cell lines. Of the human prostate cancer specimens, 20 of 235 specimens (8.5%) showed diagnostic histologic features of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma as judged histologically. Fifteen of 20 small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma tissues (75%) showed strong expression of FOXA2 (staining intensity 2 or 3). FOXA2 expression was also detected in 9 of 215 prostate cancer tissues (4.2%) that were histologically defined as adenocarcinoma. Our findings demonstrate that FOXA2 is a sensitive and specific molecular marker that may be extremely valuable in the pathologic diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Wook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John K. Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California – Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Owen N. Witte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Corresponding authors: Jiaoti Huang () and Owen N. Witte ()
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Corresponding authors: Jiaoti Huang () and Owen N. Witte ()
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6
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Cerasuolo M, Paris D, Iannotti FA, Melck D, Verde R, Mazzarella E, Motta A, Ligresti A. Neuroendocrine Transdifferentiation in Human Prostate Cancer Cells: An Integrated Approach. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2975-86. [PMID: 26069250 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is highly sensitive to hormone therapy because androgens are essential for prostate cancer cell growth. However, with the nearly invariable progression of this disease to androgen independence, endocrine therapy ultimately fails to control prostate cancer in most patients. Androgen-independent acquisition may involve neuroendocrine transdifferentiation, but there is little knowledge about this process, which is presently controversial. In this study, we investigated this question in a novel model of human androgen-dependent LNCaP cells cultured for long periods in hormone-deprived conditions. Strikingly, characterization of the neuroendocrine phenotype by transcriptomic, metabolomic, and other statistically integrated analyses showed how hormone-deprived LNCaP cells could transdifferentiate to a nonmalignantneuroendocrine phenotype. Notably, conditioned media from neuroendocrine-like cells affected LNCaP cell proliferation. Predictive in silico models illustrated how after an initial period, when LNCaP cell survival was compromised by an arising population of neuroendocrine-like cells, a sudden trend reversal occurred in which the neuroendocrine-like cells functioned to sustain the remaining androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Our findings provide direct biologic and molecular support for the concept that neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in prostate cancer cell populations influences the progression to androgen independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Cerasuolo
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Mathematics, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Debora Paris
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Fabio A Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Dominique Melck
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Enrico Mazzarella
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli, Italy.
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7
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Gong Y, Chippada-Venkata UD, Galsky MD, Huang J, Oh WK. Elevated circulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) levels are associated with neuroendocrine differentiation in castration resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:616-27. [PMID: 25560638 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is a 28.5 kDa secreted glycoprotein that inhibits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Our group has previously shown that elevated plasma TIMP-1 levels predict poor survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients; however, the underlying source and impact of elevated circulating TIMP-1 protein is unknown. METHODS In this study, we used qRT-PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry to evaluate TIMP-1 expression in androgen-sensitive and resistant prostate cancer (PC) cell lines, tumor tissues and patient sera, and to correlate TIMP-1 levels to expression of chromogranin A (CGA), an established marker of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). We also explored the relationship between TIMP-1 overexpression and induction of NED by overexpressing TIMP-1 in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells, as well as by inducing NED of LNCaP cells with IL-6. RESULTS Patients with CRPC have significantly higher serum TIMP-1 levels compared to patients with hormone-sensitive disease. Although circulating TIMP-1 levels were increased, peripheral blood cells were not the source of elevation. Instead, elevated TIMP-1 expression was associated with higher expression of CGA in both blood and metastatic tumor tissue. We further show that androgen receptor (AR) and PSA non-expressing prostate cancer cell lines known to display NED phenotypes such as PC-3, PC-3M, and DU145 cells, expressed high levels of TIMP-1, in contrast to AR (+) and PSA (+) adenocarcinoma cell lines such as LNCaP, VCaP, and LAPC-4, which had barely detectable levels of TIMP-1. In addition, ectopic overexpression of TIMP-1 in LNCaP cells did not induce NED. However, TIMP-1 mRNA expression was elevated >10-fold during IL-6-induced NED of LNCaP cells, suggesting that TIMP-1 overexpression accompanies, but is not the driving force for NED. Finally, we show that conditioned media from androgen-resistant PC-3, PC-3M, and DU145 cells induced TIMP-1 mRNA expression in primary prostate stromal fibroblasts in an ERK and NF-κB dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS We provide in vitro and clinical evidence to support the association between NED and elevated circulating TIMP-1 expression in CRPC. Our observation supports further evaluation of TIMP-1 as a tissue and serum biomarker for NED in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Gong
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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8
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Variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma with Paneth cell–like neuroendocrine differentiation readily misdiagnosed as Gleason pattern 5. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2388-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Alonzeau J, Alexandre D, Jeandel L, Courel M, Hautot C, Yamani FZE, Gobet F, Leprince J, Magoul R, Amarti A, Pfister C, Yon L, Anouar Y, Chartrel N. The neuropeptide 26RFa is expressed in human prostate cancer and stimulates the neuroendocrine differentiation and the migration of androgeno-independent prostate cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:511-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth leading cause of death from cancer in men. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cancer cells invade and migrate, and is characterized by loss of cell-cell adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin and increased expression of mesenchymal proteins such as vimentin; EMT is also associated with resistance to therapy. Snail, a master regulator of EMT, has been extensively studied and reported in cancers such as breast and colon; however, its role in prostate cancer is not as widely reported. The purpose of this review is to put together recent facts that summarize Snail signaling in human prostate cancer. Snail is overexpressed in prostate cancer and its expression and activity is controlled via phosphorylation and growth factor signaling. Snail is involved in its canonical role of inducing EMT in prostate cancer cells; however, it plays a role in non-canonical pathways that do not involve EMT such regulation of bone turnover and neuroendocrine differentiation. Thus, studies indicate that Snail signaling contributes to prostate cancer progression and metastasis and therapeutic targeting of Snail in prostate cancer holds promise in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany N Smith
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Tung WL, Wang Y, Gout PW, Liu DM, Gleave M, Wang Y. Use of irinotecan for treatment of small cell carcinoma of the prostate. Prostate 2011; 71:675-81. [PMID: 20949523 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic small cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare variant of prostate cancer. It is extremely aggressive and resistant to available therapies with a median survival range of 5-17 months. No standard chemotherapeutic regimen has been established for its treatment. In search of a new therapeutic approach, we examined the response of patient-derived prostatic SCC tissue xenografts to irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor. METHODS A tumor tissue line was established from a patient's prostatic SCC by subrenal capsule grafting using NOD-SCID mice. Mice carrying subcutaneous transplants of the tumor line were then treated for 2 weeks with irinotecan alone and in combination with cisplatin. The effect on tumor volume, histopathology, and apoptosis were determined. RESULTS The prostatic SCC tissue line resembled the donor tissue in morphologic and immunohistochemical features. Irinotecan (20 mg/kg/day; days 1-3, 8-10) completely arrested xenograft growth with a small reduction in tumor volume and only minor weight loss of the hosts (7%); irinotecan (12 mg/kg; same schedule) + cisplatin (2.5 mg/kg/day; days 1 and 8) had a similar effect, but with lower weight loss. While the growth inhibition involved apoptosis, it was also associated with a marked increase in autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Tumor tissue lines established via subrenal capsule xenografting provide models with clinical relevance and the present study suggests that irinotecan could be useful for therapy of refractory prostatic SCC, in particular in combination with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin Tung
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Patrikidou A, Vlachostergios PJ, Voutsadakis IA, Hatzidaki E, Valeri RM, Destouni C, Apostolou E, Daliani D, Papandreou CN. Inverse baseline expression pattern of the NEP/neuropeptides and NFκB/proteasome pathways in androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:13. [PMID: 21569620 PMCID: PMC3121665 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Castration-resistance in prostate cancer (PC) is a critical event hallmarking a switch to a more aggressive phenotype. Neuroendocrine differentiation and upregulation of NFκB transcriptional activity are two mechanisms that have been independently linked to this process. Methods We investigated these two pathways together using in vitro models of androgen-dependent (AD) and androgen-independent (AI) PC. We measured cellular levels, activity and surface expression of Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP), levels of secreted Endothelin-1 (ET-1), levels, sub-cellular localisation and DNA binding ability of NFκB, and proteasomal activity in human native PC cell lines (LnCaP and PC-3) modelling AD and AI states. Results At baseline, AD cells were found to have high NEP expression and activity and low secreted ET-1. In contrast, they exhibited a low-level activation of the NFκB pathway associated with comparatively low 20S proteasome activity. The AI cells showed the exact mirror image, namely increased proteasomal activity resulting in a canonical pathway-mediated NFκB activation, and minimal NEP activity with increased levels of secreted ET-1. Conclusions Our results seem to support evidence for divergent patterns of expression of the NFκB/proteasome pathway with relation to components of the NEP/neuropeptide axis in PC cells of different level of androgen dependence. NEP and ET-1 are inversely and directly related to an activated state of the NFκB/proteasome pathway, respectively. A combination therapy targeting both pathways may ultimately prove to be of benefit in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Patrikidou
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
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14
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Appetecchia M, Meçule A, Pasimeni G, Iannucci CV, De Carli P, Baldelli R, Barnabei A, Cigliana G, Sperduti I, Gallucci M. Incidence of high chromogranin A serum levels in patients with non metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2010; 29:166. [PMID: 21162758 PMCID: PMC3018395 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Background ChromograninA in prostate carcinoma (PC) indicate NE differentiation. This tumour is more aggressive and resistant to hormone therapy. Patients and methods We analyzed the incidence of pre-operative ChromograninA serum levels in non metastatic PC patients. Serum PSA and ChromograninA were analyzed before treatment. Clinicopathological parameters were evaluated in relation to serum ChromograninA. 486 patients were enrolled. Results We found 352 pT2 and 134 pT3. 21 patients were N+. 278 patients had Gleason score levels <7; 173 patients had levels = 7 (122 were 3+4 and 51 4+3); and 35 patients with levels >7. Median PSA pre-operative level was 7.61 ng/ml. PSA was significantly associated with pT stage (pT2 with PSA abnormal 23.6% vs pT3 48.5%, p < 0.0001) and with a Gleason score (PSA abnormal 60% in the Gleason score was >7 vs 29.5% in the Gleason score = 7 vs 27.3% in the Gleason score <7, p < 0.0001). In 114 patients pre-operative ChromograninA levels were elevated (23.5%). Serum ChromograninA levels had no significant association with PSA (p = 0.44) and pT stage (p = 0.89). abnormal ChromograninA levels increased from a Gleason score of <7 (25.5%) to >7 (31.4%) (p = 0.12). The serum ChromograninA levels in the two groups of patients were subdivided before and after 2005 on the basis of different used assays, showing no correlation with serum ChromograninA and other parameters. Conclusions This study showed that ChromograninA levels correlated to NE differentiation and possible aggressiveness of PC. Pre-operative circulating ChromograninA could complement PSA in selecting more aggressive PC cases, particularly in the presence of a higher Gleason score. Complementary information is provided by the absence of a correlation between serum ChromograninA and PSA levels.
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15
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Sun F, Chen CL, Chen RJ, Liu AE, Ding L, Cao XZ. Small-cell carcinoma of prostate: A case report and literature review. Chin J Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-010-0231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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16
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McKeithen D, Graham T, Chung LWK, Odero-Marah V. Snail transcription factor regulates neuroendocrine differentiation in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2010; 70:982-92. [PMID: 20166136 PMCID: PMC2877267 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snail transcription factor induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via decreased cell adhesion-associated molecules like E-cadherin, and increased mesenchymal markers like vimentin. We previously established Snail-mediated EMT model utilizing androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. These cells express increased vimentin protein and relocalization of E-cadherin from the cell membrane to the cytosol. Interestingly, Snail transfection in LNCaP cells resulted in cells acquiring a neuroendocrine (NE)-like morphology with long neurite-like processes. METHODS We tested for expression of NE markers neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and chromogranin A (CgA) by Western blot analysis, and performed proliferation assays to test for paracrine cell proliferation. RESULTS LNCaP cells transfected with Snail displayed increase in the NE markers, NSE and CgA as well as translocation of androgen receptor (AR) to the nucleus. LNCaP C-33 cells that have been previously published as a neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) model exhibited increased expression levels of Snail protein as compared to LNCaP parental cells. Functionally, conditioned medium from the LNCaP-Snail transfected cells increased proliferation of parental LNCaP and PC-3 cells, which could be abrogated by NSE/CgA siRNA. Additionally, NED in LNCaP-C33 cells or that induced in parental LNCaP cells by serum starvation could be inhibited by knockdown of Snail with siRNA. CONCLUSION Overall our data provide evidence that Snail transcription factor may promote tumor aggressiveness in the LNCaP cells through multiple processes; induction of EMT may be required to promote migration, while NED may promote tumor proliferation by a paracrine mechanism. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of Snail may prove beneficial in not only abrogating EMT but also NED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McKeithen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314
| | - Tisheeka Graham
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Valerie Odero-Marah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314
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17
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Javidan J, Deitch AD, Shi XB, de Vere White RW. The Androgen Receptor and Mechanisms for Androgen Independence in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Invest 2009; 23:520-8. [PMID: 16203660 DOI: 10.1080/07357900500202721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javid Javidan
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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18
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Mori R, Xiong S, Wang Q, Tarabolous C, Shimada H, Panteris E, Danenberg KD, Danenberg PV, Pinski JK. Gene profiling and pathway analysis of neuroendocrine transdifferentiated prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2009; 69:12-23. [PMID: 18814146 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine (NE) cells are present in both normal prostate and prostate cancer. In addition, NE differentiation can be induced by various factors, such as IL-6, in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of this differentiation and the role of NE cells in prostate cancer are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the gene expression and analyzed the pathways in prostate cancer cells exposed to various NE differentiation inducing factors in vitro. METHODS Gene expression signatures between control LNCaP cells and each treatment induced NE cell line were compared using Affymetrix GeneChip with network and pathway analysis. RESULTS All treatments were able to transdifferentiate LNCaP cells into NE phenotype as shown by morphology changes and NE marker measurements. Of the 54,675 oligonucleotide-based probe sets in microarray, 44,975 were mapped into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis database and were filtered according to the t-test P value. At P < 0.002, the number of genes that were differentially expressed included 302 of the IL-6 treated cells, 201 of genistein, 233 of epinephrine, and 191 of the charcoal stripped serum ones. A pooled data approach also showed 346 differentially expressed genes at the same P value. Gene ontology analysis showed that cancer-related function had the highest significance. CONCLUSIONS Despite some overlap, each NE transdifferentiation inducing treatment was associated with a changed expression of a unique set of genes, and such gene profiling may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in NE transdifferentiation of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Mori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Small Cell (Neuroendocrine) Carcinoma of the Prostate: Etiology, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Implications—A Retrospective Study of 30 Patients From the Rare Cancer Network. Am J Med Sci 2008; 336:478-88. [DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3181731e58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Jin RJ, Lho Y, Connelly L, Wang Y, Yu X, Jean LS, Case TC, Ellwood-Yen K, Sawyers CL, Bhowmick NA, Blackwell TS, Yull FE, Matusik RJ. The nuclear factor-kappaB pathway controls the progression of prostate cancer to androgen-independent growth. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6762-9. [PMID: 18701501 PMCID: PMC2840631 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Typically, the initial response of a prostate cancer patient to androgen ablation therapy is regression of the disease. However, the tumor will progress to an "androgen-independent" stage that results in renewed growth and spread of the cancer. Both nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) expression and neuroendocrine differentiation predict poor prognosis, but their precise contribution to prostate cancer progression is unknown. This report shows that secretory proteins from neuroendocrine cells will activate the NF-kappaB pathway in LNCaP cells, resulting in increased levels of active androgen receptor (AR). By blocking NF-kappaB signaling in vitro, AR activation is inhibited. In addition, the continuous activation of NF-kappaB signaling in vivo by the absence of the IkappaBalpha inhibitor prevents regression of the prostate after castration by sustaining high levels of nuclear AR and maintaining differentiated function and continued proliferation of the epithelium. Furthermore, the NF-kappaB pathway was activated in the ARR(2)PB-myc-PAI (Hi-myc) mouse prostate by cross-breeding into a IkappaBalpha(+/-) haploid insufficient line. After castration, the mouse prostate cancer continued to proliferate. These results indicate that activation of NF-kappaB is sufficient to maintain androgen-independent growth of prostate and prostate cancer by regulating AR action. Thus, the NF-kappaB pathway may be a potential target for therapy against androgen-independent prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Castration
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Jin
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yongsoo Lho
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, 143-729 Korea
| | - Linda Connelly
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leshana Saint Jean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas C. Case
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Katharine Ellwood-Yen
- Departments of Medicine, Urology, Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charles L. Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Neil A. Bhowmick
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Fiona E. Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J. Matusik
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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21
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Rapkiewicz A, Gorokhovsky R, Farcon E, Das K. Cytology of metastatic prostate cancer following orchiectomy and antiandrogen therapy: a diagnostic challenge. Diagn Cytopathol 2008; 36:499-502. [PMID: 18528888 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy induces apoptosis and decreases both cell proliferation and angiogenesis in prostate adenocarcinoma. The molecular alterations following androgen ablation translate into unique cytologic features in both primary and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. We describe the cytologic appearance of metastatic prostate carcinoma following both surgical castration and androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Rapkiewicz
- Department of Cytopathology, New York University, New York, USA.
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22
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Smith ND, Schulze-Hoepfner FT, Veliceasa D, Filleur S, Shareef S, Huang L, Huang XM, Volpert OV. Pigment epithelium-derived factor and interleukin-6 control prostate neuroendocrine differentiation via feed-forward mechanism. J Urol 2008; 179:2427-34. [PMID: 18433784 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PEDF (pigment epithelium-derived factor) promotes the differentiation and survival of neuronal cells, and expands the adult neuronal stem cell niche. In the prostate PEDF is suppressed by androgen with unclear physiological consequences. We report that PEDF induced the neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells, which was accompanied by neurite outgrowth and chromogranin A expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed neuroendocrine differentiation assay, Western blot analysis, immunostaining and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the human prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC-3 and DU145, and the prostate epithelial strain RWPE-1 (ATCC). RESULTS Ectopic and endogenous PEDF caused neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells, as manifested by neurite-like outgrowths and chromogranin A expression. The transdifferentiated cells expressed axonal and dendritic markers, as ascertained by immunoblotting for specific markers. Neuroendocrine cells formed multiple synaptophysin positive protrusions resembling dendritic spines and vesicles containing serotonin, pointing to possible synapse formation. The known transdifferentiating agent interleukin-6 induced PEDF secretion. Moreover, PEDF neutralizing antibodies abolished the transdifferentiation of interleukin-6 treated cells, suggesting an autocrine loop. Neurogenic events were independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Instead, PEDF activated in this order RhoA, nuclear factor kappaB and Stat3. Inhibitors of the Rho, nuclear factor kappaB and STAT pathways abolished differentiation and synapse formation. Additionally, nuclear factor kappaB activation caused interleukin-6 expression. CONCLUSIONS We discovered that nuclear factor kappaB controls the formation of neuronal communications in the prostate due to PEDF. We defined a feed-forward loop, in which nuclear factor kappaB induction elicits Stat3 activation and pro-differentiating interleukin-6 expression causes the further expansion of neuroendocrine communications. Our findings point to the role of nuclear factor kappaB and PEDF in coordinated prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norm D Smith
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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23
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Adolf K, Wagner L, Bergh A, Stattin P, Ottosen P, Borre M, Birkenkamp-Demtröder K, Orntoft TF, Tørring N. Secretagogin is a new neuroendocrine marker in the human prostate. Prostate 2007; 67:472-84. [PMID: 17285592 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer (PCa), promoted by NE cell secreted products, appears to be associated with tumor progression, poor prognosis, and hormone-refractory disease. We recently reported secretagogin, a hexa-EF-hand Ca(2+) binding protein, as a novel NE marker in carcinoid tumors of the lung and the gastrointestinal tract. The present study analyzes the expression of secretagogin in normal and malign prostate tissue. METHODS We analyzed immunoreactivity for secretagogin, chromogranin A (CgA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and synaptophysin (SYN) in consecutive sections from 87 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) benign hyperplastic (n = 10) and prostate adenocarcinoma (n = 77) specimens. The intracellular distribution of secretagogin, CgA, and NSE was examined by confocal fluorescent microscopy, and we characterized secretagogin in eight samples by Western blotting. RESULTS Secretagogin is cytoplasmic and nuclear expressed in NE and NE differentiated cells, and to a lesser extent in epithelial cells, in the benign prostate and prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Secretagogin stained 82% (46/56) of benign and 71% (48/68) of prostate adenocarcinomas and co-localized with the NE markers CgA and NSE. The expression of secretagogin is significantly correlated to CgA (P < 0.001) and NSE (P < 0.048) in prostate adenocarcinoma and to CgA in normal epithelium (P < 0.028). CONCLUSIONS Secretagogin is a novel NE marker in the prostate with more extended immunoreactivity compared to the NE markers CgA, SYN, and NSE. Secretagogin is widely expressed in prostatic adenocarcinoma as opposed to adenocarcinomas in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Adolf
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Clinical Cancer Research (CMCC), Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Sygehus, Brendstrupgaardsvej, Arhus, Denmark
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24
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Morgenbesser SD, McLaren RP, Richards B, Zhang M, Akmaev VR, Winter SF, Mineva ND, Kaplan-Lefko PJ, Foster BA, Cook BP, Dufault MR, Cao X, Wang CJ, Teicher BA, Klinger KW, Greenberg NM, Madden SL. Identification of genes potentially involved in the acquisition of androgen-independent and metastatic tumor growth in an autochthonous genetically engineered mouse prostate cancer model. Prostate 2007; 67:83-106. [PMID: 17013881 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major focus of prostate cancer research has been to identify genes that are deregulated during tumor progression, potentially providing diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. METHODS We have employed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and microarray hybridization to identify alterations that occur during malignant transformation in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model. Many of these alterations were validated by real-time PCR (rtPCR). RESULTS We identified several hundred mRNAs that were deregulated. Cluster analysis of microarray profiles with samples from various stages of the disease demonstrated that androgen-independent (AI) primary tumors are similar to metastases; 180 transcripts have expression patterns suggesting an involvement in the genesis of late-stage tumors, and our data support a role for phospholipase A2 group IIA in the acquisition of their highly aggressive characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses identified well-characterized genes that were previously known to be involved in prostate cancer, validating our study, and also uncovered transcripts that had not previously been implicated in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon D Morgenbesser
- Department of Oncology Research, Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, MA 01701-9322, USA.
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25
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Nelson EC, Cambio AJ, Yang JC, Ok JH, Lara PN, Evans CP. Clinical implications of neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 10:6-14. [PMID: 17075603 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cellular signaling pathways of the prostate play a central role in the induction, maintenance, and progression of prostate cancer (CaP). Neuroendocrine (NE) cells demonstrate attributes that suggest they are an integral part of these signaling cascades. We summarize what is known regarding NE cells in CaP focusing on NE cellular transdifferentiation. This significant event in CaP progression appears to be accelerated by androgen deprivation (AD) treatment. We examine biochemical pathways that may impact NE differentiation in a chronological manner focusing on AD therapy (ADT) as a central event in inducing androgen-independent CaP. Our analysis is limited to the common adenocarcinoma pattern of CaP and excludes small-cell and carcinoid prostatic variants. In conclusion, we speculate on the future of treatment and research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Nelson
- Department of Urology, Davis Medical Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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26
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Tamas EF, Epstein JI. Prognostic significance of paneth cell-like neuroendocrine differentiation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30:980-5. [PMID: 16861969 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200608000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of Paneth cell-like neuroendocrine differentiation in adenocarcinoma of the prostate has not yet been established. We studied 36 cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate showing Paneth cell-like neuroendocrine differentiation, including needle biopsy specimens (n = 27), radical prostatectomies (n = 8), and transurethral resection specimens (n = 1). Paneth cell-like neuroendocrine cells (NECs) were observed as either patchy isolated cells or diffusely involving glands or nests. With Gleason pattern 3, a patchy pattern of NECs was seen in 18/19 cases with only 1/19 (5.3%) case showing diffuse NECs. All the 4 Gleason pattern 4 cases had patchy NECs. Of the 21 cases with Gleason pattern 5, 18 (85.7%) had diffuse NECs with the remaining 3 exhibiting patchy NECs. Radical prostatectomy was performed in 16/36 (44.4%). Tumor was organ confined in 10/16 cases (62.5%). Extraprostatic extension (EPE) with positive surgical margins was seen in 6/16 cases (37.5%). In 4 cases, seminal vesicles were positive for cancer. Pelvic lymph nodes were free of tumor in all cases. The actuarial prostate specific antigen progression-free risk at 5 years and 7 years was 92% and 80%, respectively. Only 2 patients progressed after radical prostatectomy and they both had Gleason score 7 cancer with extraprostatic extension and seminal vesicle invasion. Of the 16 radical prostatectomy cases, 8 (50%) had a Gleason pattern 5 component either on needle biopsy or at radical prostatectomy, with nests, cords, or single cells containing Paneth cell-like neuroendocrine differentiation. Five of these 6 cases with Gleason pattern 5 and available follow-up information had no evidence of progression with mean and median follow-ups of 46 months. Radiation therapy either as monotherapy or combined with hormonal therapy was used to treat patients in 13/36 cases. Overall only 2 patients progressed, one with clinical T2 and the other T3 disease. Of the 5 cases with Gleason pattern 5 composed in part or totally by NECs treated by radiation therapy, all are without evidence of recurrence with a mean and median follow-up of 47 and 45 months, respectively. Of the remaining 5 cases with available follow-up treated with watchful waiting, hormone therapy, or cryotherapy, 4 had Gleason pattern 5 tumor with NECs. Of these 4 cases, 3 had no progression with a mean and median follow-up of 42.5 and 60.5 months, respectively. Despite the cells' bland histologic appearance, strictly applying the Gleason grading system one would have to assign a Gleason pattern 5 to these foci with no glandular differentiation. The current study demonstrates that applying the Gleason score to these foci does not accurately reflect their clinical behavior. In cases with Paneth cell-like NECs, only the conventional adenocarcinoma component should be assigned a Gleason score. In cases in which the entire tumor is composed of Paneth cell-like cells and areas of the tumor lack glandular differentiation, the tumors should not be assigned a Gleason score and a comment should be provided as to the generally favorable prognosis of this morphologic pattern of neuroendocrine differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecaterina F Tamas
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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27
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Mirosevich J, Gao N, Gupta A, Shappell SB, Jove R, Matusik RJ. Expression and role of Foxa proteins in prostate cancer. Prostate 2006; 66:1013-28. [PMID: 16001449 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism(s) for prostate cancer progression to androgen independence are poorly understood. We have recently shown that Foxa1 and Foxa2 proteins are differentially expressed in epithelial cells during murine prostate development, growth, and adult function. Currently, the role of Foxa proteins in prostate cancer development and progression is unknown. Foxa protein expression was investigated in the LPB-Tag LADY mouse prostate cancer models, in human prostate cancer specimens, and various prostate cancer cell lines using Western blot and immunostaining analysis. In vitro transient transfection, studies were performed to investigate Foxa/prostate-specific gene regulation. Foxa1 was strongly expressed in areas of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in both the androgen dependent 12T-7f and in the metastatic, androgen independent 12T-10 LADY models. Prominent Foxa1 and Foxa2 expression was observed in 12T-10 invasive undifferentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, in the hormone independent and metastasizing 12T-10 derived, NE-10 allograft tumors, and in all metastatic lesions isolated from 12T-10 mice. Foxa1 protein expression was always observed in human prostate carcinomas, regardless of Gleason grade score, while Foxa2 was only detected in neuroendocrine small cell carcinomas and in some high Gleason score adenocarcinomas. Foxa proteins were also differentially expressed in three prostate cancer cell lines. Importantly, in vitro functional assays demonstrated that Foxa2 could activate androgen-dependent prostate-specific genes in an androgen receptor and ligand-independent manner. These results suggest that Foxa proteins are important in prostate carcinogenesis. In particular, Foxa2 may be involved in progression of prostate cancer to androgen independence. As such, Foxa proteins may represent novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/physiopathology
- Androgens/physiology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/genetics
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine/physiopathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/physiopathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Epithelium/chemistry
- Epithelium/pathology
- Epithelium/physiopathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/analysis
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-alpha/physiology
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/analysis
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/genetics
- Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/chemistry
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/genetics
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/pathology
- Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia/physiopathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Janni Mirosevich
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center, AA-1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2765, USA
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Stenman UH, Abrahamsson PA, Aus G, Lilja H, Bangma C, Hamdy FC, Boccon-Gibod L, Ekman P. Prognostic value of serum markers for prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005:64-81. [PMID: 16019759 DOI: 10.1080/03008880510030941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of prostate cancer has increased dramatically during the last 10-15 years and it is now the commonest cancer in males in developed countries. The increase is mainly caused by the increasing use of opportunistic screening or case-finding based on the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in serum. With this approach, prostate cancer is detected 5-10 years before giving rise to symptoms and on average 17 years before causing the death of the patient. While this has led to detection of prostate cancer at a potentially curable stage, it has also led to substantial overdiagnosis, i.e. detection of cancers that would not surface clinically in the absence of screening. A major challenge is thus to identify the cases that need to be treated while avoiding diagnosing patients who will not benefit from being diagnosed and who will only suffer from the stigma of being a cancer patient. It would be useful to have prognostic markers that could predict which patients need to be diagnosed and which do not. Ideally, it should be possible to measure these markers using non-invasive techniques, i.e. by means of serum or urine tests. As it is very useful for both early diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer, PSA is considered the most valuable marker available for any tumor. Although the prognostic value of PSA is limited, measurement of the proportion of free PSA has improved the identification of patients with aggressive disease. Furthermore, the rate of increase in serum PSA reflects tumor growth rate and prognosis but, due to substantial physiological variation in serum PSA, reliable estimation of the rate of PSA increase requires follow-up for at least 2 years. Algorithms based on the combined use of free and total PSA and prostate volume in logistic regression and neural networks can improve the diagnostic accuracy for prostate cancer, and assays for minor subfractions of PSA and other new markers may provide additional prognostic information. Markers of neuroendocrine differentiation are useful for the monitoring of androgen-independent disease and various bone markers are useful in patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland.
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Osman I, Yee H, Taneja SS, Levinson B, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Chang C, Nobert C, Nanus DM. Neutral endopeptidase protein expression and prognosis in localized prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:4096-100. [PMID: 15217945 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a cell-surface peptidase that inactivates neuropeptide growth factors implicated in prostate cancer progression. The clinical significance of decreased NEP expression observed in prostate cancer is unclear. We investigated whether decreased NEP expression in localized prostate cancers is associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse after radical prostatectomy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN NEP expression patterns were examined by immunohistochemistry in 223 men, who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1990 and 2000 at the Veterans Administration Medical Center (New York, NY) with available representative tissues and adequate follow up. We also examined whether hypermethylation of the NEP promoter contributes to down-regulation of NEP protein expression in a subset of patients that showed decreased NEP expression (n = 22). RESULTS Three patterns of NEP expression were observed: (a) membranous expression similar to benign prostate epithelium (n = 82; 37%); (b) complete loss of NEP expression in prostate cancer compared with adjacent benign prostate glands (n = 105; 47%); and (c) heterogeneous NEP expression (n = 36; 16%). In a multivariate analysis, complete loss of NEP expression was associated with PSA relapse after controlling for grade, stage, pretreatment PSA, and race simultaneously (hazard ratio, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-3.52; two-sided chi(2) P = 0.017). In addition, DNA hypermethylation of the NEP promoter was frequently (73%) identified in a subset of 22 of cases that showed decreased NEP expression. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that decreased NEP expression might contribute to progression of localized prostate cancer after surgery. Data also suggest that methylation is an important mechanism of NEP protein silencing. Larger prospective studies are required for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Osman
- Department of Urology, New York University Cancer Institute, Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Abstract
This paper is a short review of the traditionally obvious diseases of neuroendocrine origin (diabetes insipidus, Kallman syndrome, etc.), but also of the newly recognized participation of several peptides originally characterized in the hypothalamus and of their receptors, in a series of diseases, both in internal medicine and in psychiatry (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, carcinoids, anxiety, depression, etc.). The concept of neuropeptides is now vastly expanded, as these molecules and their several receptors are now known to be widely distributed throughout the brain and the periphery with increasing evidence of paracrine and autocrine modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Guillemin
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Herzog A, Siler U, Spitzer V, Seifert N, Denelavas A, Hunziker PB, Hunziker W, Goralczyk R, Wertz K. Lycopene reduced gene expression of steroid targets and inflammatory markers in normal rat prostate. FASEB J 2004; 19:272-4. [PMID: 15545302 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1905fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence links consumption of lycopene, the red carotenoid of tomato, to reduced prostate cancer risk. We investigated the effect of lycopene in normal prostate tissue to gain insight into the mechanisms, by which lycopene can contribute to primary prostate cancer prevention. We supplemented young rats with 200 ppm lycopene for up to 8 wk, measured the uptake into individual prostate lobes, and analyzed lycopene-induced gene regulations in dorsal and lateral lobes after 8 wk of supplementation. Lycopene accumulated in all four prostate lobes over time, with all-trans lycopene being the predominant isoform. The lateral lobe showed a significantly higher total lycopene content than the other prostate lobes. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that lycopene treatment mildly but significantly reduced gene expression of androgen-metabolizing enzymes and androgen targets. Moreover, local expression of IGF-I was decreased in the lateral lobe. Lycopene also consistently reduced transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulins, and immunoglobulin receptors in the lateral lobe. This indicates that lycopene reduced inflammatory signals in the lateral prostate lobe. In summary, we show for the first time that lycopene reduced local prostatic androgen signaling, IGF-I expression, and basal inflammatory signals in normal prostate tissue. All of these mechanisms can contribute to the epidemiologically observed prostate cancer risk reduction by lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Herzog
- DSM Nutritional Products, Human Nutrition and Health, Carotenoid Section, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Huss WJ, Gregory CW, Smith GJ. Neuroendocrine cell differentiation in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft: association with tumor cell proliferation prior to recurrence. Prostate 2004; 60:91-7. [PMID: 15162375 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation is proposed to facilitate prostate cancer (CaP) recurrence following androgen deprivation through secretion by NE cells of growth factors and neuropeptides that support survival and proliferation of CaP cells and vasculature. METHODS The effect of androgen deprivation on NE differentiation and tumor cell proliferation in the CWR22 model of human CaP was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of the NE cell marker synaptophysin and the cell proliferation marker Ki67. RESULTS A significant increase in the number of NE cells was observed in CWR22 tumors between 28 and 66 days after castration compared to intact mice, that preceded the increase in tumor cell proliferation that began 70 days after androgen deprivation heralding recurrence. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of tumor-associated NE cells and proliferating CaP cells in tumors from mice after 28-34 days of androgen withdrawal. CONCLUSION In the CWR22 model, androgen deprivation induces an increase in tumor-associated NE cells prior to increased tumor cell proliferation, with NE cells possibly promoting tumor survival and recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Huss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Kim JH, Nam JH, Kim MH, Koh DS, Choi SJ, Kim SJ, Lee JE, Min KM, Uhm DY, Kim SJ. Purinergic receptors coupled to intracellular Ca2+ signals and exocytosis in rat prostate neuroendocrine cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:27345-56. [PMID: 15100230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313575200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat prostate neuroendocrine cells (RPNECs) display a variety of ion channels and exhibit alpha-adrenergic regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)])(c). In this study, purinergic regulation of [Ca(2+)](c) and exocytosis was investigated in freshly isolated single RPNECs showing chromogranin A immunoreactivity. The presence of P2X and P2Y receptors in RPNECs was verified by the transient activation of Ca(2+)-permeable cationic channels and the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores by extracellular ATP, respectively. The transient inward cationic current was effectively activated by alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha,beta-MeATP) and blocked by 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate, suggesting the presence of a P2X(1) or P2X(3) subtype. For the release of stored Ca(2+), ATP and UTP were equally potent, indicating the functional expression of the P2Y(2) or P2Y(4) subtype. The mRNAs for P2X(1) and P2Y(2) were confirmed from reverse transcription-PCR analysis of RPNECs. The application of alpha,beta-MeATP induced large and transient increases in [Ca(2+)](c), which were not attenuated by the blockers of voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels or by depleting intracellular Ca(2+) stores, but were abolished by omitting extracellular Ca(2+). The application of UTP increased [Ca(2+)](c) to 55% of the peak Delta[Ca(2+)](c) induced by alpha,beta-MeATP. The application of alpha,beta-MeATP induced exocytotic responses of RPNECs as monitored by carbon fiber amperometry and capacitance measurements. To our interest, the application of UTP did not induce amperometric currents, but reduced the membrane capacitance, indicating a net endocytosis. From these results, we postulate that a sharp rise in [Ca(2+)](c) by the P2X-mediated Ca(2+) influx is required for exocytosis, whereas the relatively slow release of stored Ca(2+) induces endocytosis in RPNECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Wang Q, Horiatis D, Pinski J. Interleukin-6 inhibits the growth of prostate cancer xenografts in mice by the process of neuroendocrine differentiation. Int J Cancer 2004; 111:508-13. [PMID: 15239127 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro, the human prostate cancer (PCA) cell line LNCaP can be permanently transdifferentiated into a quiescent neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype by the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). Recently, we have shown that the growth of prostate cancer cells is significantly suppressed when cocultured with NE cells. In order to explore the inhibitory activity of IL-6 on prostate tumor growth, nude mice bearing xenografts of the PCA cell lines LNCaP and DU-145 (a line that is incapable of NE transdifferentiation by IL-6 in vitro) were treated with IL-6 for 3 weeks, either injected around the tumor or systematically released from implanted minipumps. Both administration forms of IL-6 inhibited the growth of LNCaP xenografts by more than 75% compared to the control group. In contrast, there was no difference in DU-145 tumor growth between IL-6-treated animals and controls. In comparison to control and DU-145 tumors, both IL-6 injected and pump-infused LNCaP tumors exhibited a significant increase in the expression of the NE markers neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and betaIII tubulin. Serum NSE levels were also significantly elevated in both IL-6-treated LNCaP tumor groups when compared to controls. IL-6 treatment resulted in G(0) cell cycle accumulation as evidenced by a loss of Ki-67 expression in > 90% of LNCaP tumor cells. These combined results demonstrate that IL-6-induced NE transdifferentiation of PCA cells has a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth in mice. Agents, like IL-6, capable of NE transdifferentiation of PCA cells, should be considered as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, USC/ Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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35
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Evangelou AI, Winter SF, Huss WJ, Bok RA, Greenberg NM. Steroid hormones, polypeptide growth factors, hormone refractory prostate cancer, and the neuroendocrine phenotype. J Cell Biochem 2004; 91:671-83. [PMID: 14991759 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The growth, development, and differentiation of the prostate gland is largely dependent on the action of androgens and peptide growth factors that act differentially at the level of the mesenchymal and epithelial compartments. It is our premise that to understand the emergence of metastatic and hormone refractory prostate cancer we need to investigate: (1) how androgen action at the level of the mesenchyme induces the production of peptide growth factors that in turn can facilitate the growth and development of the epithelial compartment; (2) how androgen action at the level of the epithelium induces and maintains cellular differentiation, function, and replicative senescence; and (3) how transformation of the prostate gland can corrupt androgen and growth factor signaling homeostasis. To this end, we focus our discussion on how deregulation of the growth factor signaling axis can cooperate with deregulation of the androgen signaling axis to facilitate transformation, metastasis, and the emergence of the hormone refractory and neuroendocrine phenotypes associated with progressive androgen-independent prostate cancer. Finally, we suggest a working hypothesis to explain why hormone ablation therapy works to control early disease but fails to control, and may even facilitate, advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas I Evangelou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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36
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Albrecht M, Doroszewicz J, Gillen S, Gomes I, Wilhelm B, Stief T, Aumüller G. Proliferation of prostate cancer cells and activity of neutral endopeptidase is regulated by bombesin and IL-1beta with IL-1beta acting as a modulator of cellular differentiation. Prostate 2004; 58:82-94. [PMID: 14673956 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a cell-surface bound enzyme that cleaves and inactivates neuropeptides such as bombesin and substance P and is involved in the transition from hormonally regulated androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PC) to androgen-independent PC. Neuropeptides are implicated in growth regulation of different cell types and function as transmitters between the neuroendocrine and the immune system. METHODS NEP-expression, enzymatic activity of the membrane bound protein, cell proliferation, procalcitonin (PCT) production, and secretion as well as changes in cell morphology of prostatic cells were evaluated after treatment with the immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), neuropeptides (bombesin, substance P), and neuropeptide-conditioned media derived from a human neuroendocrine cell line. RESULTS Incubation of LNCaP tumor cells with IL-1beta resulted in a diminished proliferative activity, induction of neurite-like outgrowth which was accompanied by the formation of tubular-type mitochondria typical for neuronal/neuroendocrine cells, and an increased production and secretion of PCT. Conversely, proliferation of prostatic stromal cells was enhanced by the cytokine coming along with an increased number of Golgi-apparatuses and ER-cisternae. Bombesin had an antimitotic effect on LNCaP, but not on stromal cells. Substance P did not influence the growth of any of the cell types investigated, whereas neuropeptide-conditioned media exerted a slightly mitogenic effect on both cell types. The activity of LNCaP cell-surface bound NEP was enhanced by bombesin, but was diminished by substance P and neuropeptide-conditioned media. CONCLUSIONS Proliferation and activity of neuropeptide degrading NEP is regulated differently by immunomodulatory substances in PC cells and cells derived from the prostatic stroma with IL-1beta being a potent modulator of cellular differentiation and a potential target for anticancer drug design in PC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Albrecht
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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37
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Sumitomo M, Iwase A, Zheng R, Navarro D, Kaminetzky D, Shen R, Georgescu MM, Nanus DM. Synergy in tumor suppression by direct interaction of neutral endopeptidase with PTEN. Cancer Cell 2004; 5:67-78. [PMID: 14749127 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We show in this study that endogenous NEP and PTEN associate in cells directly through electrostatic interactions between a highly basic residue stretch in the intracellular domain of NEP and the major phosphorylation site in PTEN's tail. NEP binds and engages in higher order complexes both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated PTEN. NEP recruits PTEN to the plasma membrane and enhances its stability and phosphatase activity. As a result, an enzymatically inactive NEP mutant preserves the ability to bind PTEN, inactivates the Akt/PKB kinase, and partially suppresses the growth of PC cells. This study demonstrates a molecular cooperation between NEP and PTEN tumor suppressors in which NEP constitutively recruits and activates PTEN to inhibit the PI3K/Akt oncogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sumitomo
- Urological Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Urology, Joan and Stanford I Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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38
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Kamiya N, Akakura K, Suzuki H, Isshiki S, Komiya A, Ueda T, Ito H. Pretreatment serum level of neuron specific enolase (NSE) as a prognostic factor in metastatic prostate cancer patients treated with endocrine therapy. Eur Urol 2003; 44:309-14; discussion 314. [PMID: 12932928 DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(03)00303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serum level of neuron specific enolase (NSE) is gaining acceptance as a marker of neuroendocrine tumors. To clarify the role of NSE in prostate cancer progression, we examined the relationship of NSE to clinicopathological parameters. METHODS The pretreatment serum NSE level was measured in 104 patients with histologically confirmed prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) and 59 patients in whom prostate cancer was not detected (non-PCa). PCa patients consisted of 5 T1N0M0, 20 T2N0M0, 31 T3N0M0, 7 TxN1M0 and 41 TxNxM1 cases. RESULTS Non-PCa patients had significantly higher serum NSE than PCa patients. Serum NSE in metastatic PCa patients was significantly higher than that in non-metastatic patients, while NSE did not significantly differ with regard to histological grade, or prostate specific antigen (PSA) response to endocrine therapy. In PCa patients, serum NSE was not correlated to serum PSA nor chromogranin A. In metastatic patients who underwent endocrine therapy, the higher NSE group had significantly poorer cause-specific survival. CONCLUSION The pretreatment serum level of NSE can predict survival of metastatic PCa patients treated with endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kamiya
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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Vanden Abeele F, Shuba Y, Roudbaraki M, Lemonnier L, Vanoverberghe K, Mariot P, Skryma R, Prevarskaya N. Store-operated Ca2+ channels in prostate cancer epithelial cells: function, regulation, and role in carcinogenesis. Cell Calcium 2003; 33:357-73. [PMID: 12765682 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4160(03)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ homeostasis mechanisms, in which the Ca2+ entry pathways play a key role, are critically involved in both normal function and cancerous transformation of prostate epithelial cells. Here, using the lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cell line as a major experimental model, we characterize prostate-specific store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs)--a primary Ca2+ entry pathway for non-excitable cells--for the first time. We show that prostate-specific SOCs share major store-dependent, kinetic, permeation, inwardly rectifying, and pharmacological (including dual, potentiation/inhibition concentration-dependent sensitivity to 2-APB) properties with "classical" Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels (CRAC), but have a higher single channel conductance (3.2 and 12pS in Ca2+- and Na+-permeable modes, respectively). They are subject to feedback inhibition via Ca2+-dependent PKC, CaMK-II and CaM regulatory pathways and are functionally dependent on caveolae integrity. Caveolae also provide a scaffold for spatial co-localization of SOCs with volume-regulated anion channels (VRAC) and their Ca2+-mediated interaction. The TRPC1 and TRPV6 members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family are the most likely molecular candidates for the formation of prostate-specific endogenous SOCs. Differentiation of LNCaP cells to an androgen-insensitive, apoptotic-resistant neuroendocrine phenotype downregulates SOC current. We conclude that prostate-specific SOCs are important determinants in the transition to androgen-independent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vanden Abeele
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, INSERM EMI 0228, Bâtiment SN3, USTL, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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