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Singh K, Scalia J, Legare R, Quddus MR, Sung CJ. Immunohistochemical findings and clinicopathological features of breast cancers with pathogenic germline mutations in Non-BRCA genes. Hum Pathol 2024; 146:49-56. [PMID: 38608781 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Deleterious germline mutations in multiple genes confer an increased breast cancer (BC) risk. Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of protein products of mutated high-risk genes has not been investigated in BC. We hypothesized that pathogenic mutations may lead to an abnormal IHC expression pattern in the tumor cells. BCs with deleterious germline mutations in CHEK2, ATM, PALB2 & PTEN were identified. Immunohistochemistry was performed using Dako staining platform on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissue. Primary antibodies for PALB2 (ab202970), ATM [2C1(1A10)}, CHK2 (EPR4325), and PTEN (138G6) proteins were used for BCs with respective deleterious mutations. IHC expression was assessed in tumor and adjacent benign breast tissue. Total 27 BCs with 10 CHEK2, 9 ATM, 6 PALB2 & 2 PTEN deleterious germline mutations were identified. IHC staining was performed on 8 CHEK2, 7 ATM, 6 PALB2 & 2 PTEN cases. Abnormal CHEK2 IHC staining was identified in 7/8(88%) BCs. Three distinct CHK2 IHC patterns were noted: 1) Strong diffuse nuclear positivity (5 BC), 2) Null-pattern (2 BC), & 3) Normal breast-like staining in 1 BC Four of 5 (80%) strong CHK2 staining BC had missense CHEK2 mutations. Null-pattern was present with a missense & a frameshift mutation. Normal breast-like CHEK2 IHC staining pattern was present in 1 BC with CHEK2 frameshift mutation. Loss of nuclear/cytoplasmic PTEN IHC expression was noted in 2 in-situ carcinomas. Abnormal PTEN and CHK2 IHC were present in atypical ductal hyperplasia and flat epithelial atypia. ATM and PALB2 IHC expression patterns were similar in tumor cells and benign breast epithelium: mild to moderate intensity nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. We report abnormal CHEK2 IHC expression in 88% of BCs with pathogenic CHEK2 mutations. With PTEN and CHEK2 pathogenic mutations, abnormal IHC patterns are seen in early atypical proliferative lesions. IHC may be applied to identify CHEK2 & PTEN mutated BCs and precursor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljeet Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Staff Pathologist, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Jennifer Scalia
- Genetics, Breast Health Center, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Robert Legare
- Medical Oncology, Westerly Hospital, 25 Wells Street, Westerly, RI, 02903, USA
| | - M Ruhul Quddus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Staff Pathologist, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - C James Sung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Staff Pathologist, Women & Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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2
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Miser-Salihoglu E, Demokan S, Karanlik H, Karahalil B, Önder S, Cömert S, Yardim-Akaydin S. Investigation of mRNA Expression Levels of Tip60 and Related DNA Repair Genes in Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2023; 23:125-134. [PMID: 36463002 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies in breast cancer (BC) have been shown that many tumor cells carry mutations that disrupt the DNA damage response mechanism. In eukaryotic cells, the overexpression or deprivation of DSBs repair genes is linked closely to a higher risk of cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, mRNA expression levels of some genes, such as Tip60, ATM, p53, CHK2, BRCA1, H2AX, which are associated with DNA damage repair, were measured using RT-PCR method in tumor and matched-normal tissues of 58 patients with BC. RESULTS According to the study results, 55% in Tip60, 59% in ATM, 57% in BRCA1, 48% in H2AX, 66% in CHK2, and 43% in p53 decreased in tumor tissue of patients compared to the matched normal tissue. When evaluated according to molecular subtypes, expression of all genes in the pathway was found significantly higher in normal tissues than in tumor tissues especially in Luminal B and Luminal B+HER2 groups. One of the most important results of the study is that CHK2 mRNA expressions in normal tissues were higher than tumor tissue in 90% of patients in Luminal B and Luminal B-HER2 + groups. This is the first study showing DNA repair genes' expressions in molecular subtypes of breast cancer. In general, the decrease in the expression of DNA damage repair genes in tumor tissue indicates that these genes may have a role in the development of BC. Our study results also suggest that CHK2 may be a candidate marker in the molecular classification of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Miser-Salihoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Semra Demokan
- Department of Basic Oncology, Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Karanlik
- Department of Surgery, Istanbul University, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bensu Karahalil
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semen Önder
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevde Cömert
- Department of Basic Oncology, Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Yardim-Akaydin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Park W, O'Connor CA, Bandlamudi C, Forman D, Chou JF, Umeda S, Reyngold M, Varghese AM, Keane F, Balogun F, Yu KH, Kelsen DP, Crane C, Capanu M, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, O'Reilly EM. Clinico-genomic Characterization of ATM and HRD in Pancreas Cancer: Application for Practice. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4782-4792. [PMID: 36040493 PMCID: PMC9634347 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Characterizing germline and somatic ATM variants (gATMm, sATMm) zygosity and their contribution to homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is important for therapeutic strategy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Clinico-genomic data for patients with PDAC and other cancers with ATM variants were abstracted. Genomic instability scores (GIS) were derived from ATM-mutant cancers and overall survival (OS) was evaluated. RESULTS Forty-six patients had PDAC and pathogenic ATM variants including 24 (52%) stage III/IV: gATMm (N = 24), and sATMm (N = 22). Twenty-seven (59%) had biallelic, 15 (33%) monoallelic, and 4 indeterminate (8%) variants. Median OS for advanced-stage cohort at diagnosis (N = 24) was 19.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.3-not reached (NR)], 27.1 months (95% CI: 22.7-NR) for gATMm (n = 11), and 12.3 months for sATMm (n = 13; 95% CI: 11.9-NR; P = 0.025). GIS was computed for 33 patients with PDAC and compared with other ATM-mutant cancers enriched for HRD. The median was lower (median, 11; range, 2-29) relative to breast (18, 3-55) or ovarian (25, 3-56) ATM-mutant cancers (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Interestingly, biallelic pathogenic ATM variants were mutually exclusive with TP53. Other canonical driver gene (KRAS, CDKN2A, SMAD4) variants were less frequent in ATM-mutant PDAC. CONCLUSIONS ATM variants in PDAC represent a distinct biologic group and appear to have favorable OS. Nonetheless, pathogenic ATM variants do not confer an HRD signature in PDAC and ATM should be considered as a non-core HR gene in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wungki Park
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Parker Institute of Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Catherine A O'Connor
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Chaitanya Bandlamudi
- Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniella Forman
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joanne F Chou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shigeaki Umeda
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York
| | - Marsha Reyngold
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anna M Varghese
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Fergus Keane
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Fiyinfolu Balogun
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kenneth H Yu
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David P Kelsen
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Crane
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marinela Capanu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christine Iacobuzio-Donahue
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York
| | - Eileen M O'Reilly
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Predictive and Prognostic Value of Non-Coding RNA in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122952. [PMID: 35740618 PMCID: PMC9221286 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades since the central dogma, cancer biology research has been focusing on the involvement of genes encoding proteins. It has been not until more recent times that a new molecular class has been discovered, named non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which has been shown to play crucial roles in shaping the activity of cells. An extraordinary number of studies has shown that ncRNAs represent an extensive and prevalent group of RNAs, including both oncogenic or tumor suppressive molecules. Henceforth, various clinical trials involving ncRNAs as extraordinary biomarkers or therapies have started to emerge. In this review, we will focus on the prognostic and diagnostic role of ncRNAs for breast cancer.
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Bruno L, Ostinelli A, Waisberg F, Enrico D, Ponce C, Rivero S, Blanco A, Zarba M, Loza M, Fabiano V, Amat M, Pombo MT, Noro L, Chacón M, Coló F, Chacón R, Nadal J, Nervo A, Costanzo V. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor Outcomes in Patients With Advanced Breast Cancer Carrying Germline Pathogenic Variants in DNA Repair-Related Genes. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2100140. [PMID: 35235412 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, unprecedented benefits have been observed with the development of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6 inhibitors for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer. However, there is scarce evidence of their value in specific populations, such as patients carrying germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair-related genes. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied the efficacy of CDK 4/6 inhibitors plus endocrine therapy in patients with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative advanced breast cancer. Three cohorts were compared, including patients harboring germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair-related genes (gBRCA1/2-ATM-CHEK2 mutated), those tested without these mutations (wild type [WT]), and the nontested subgroup. Relevant prognostic factors including age, metastatic site (visceral v nonvisceral), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, and prior treatment with CDK 4/6 inhibitors were stratified by univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS Among the total population (n = 217), 15 (6.9%) patients carried gBRCA1/2 (n = 10)-ATM (n = 4)-CHEK2 (n = 1) pathogenic variants, 45 (20.7%) were WT, and 157 (72.4%) were nontested. Gene pathogenic variant carriers were younger (P < .001). Most patients (164, 75.6%) had not received prior endocrine therapy in the advanced setting. Median progression-free survival was shorter in patients with evaluated germline pathogenic variants (10.2 months [95% CI, 5.7 to 14.7]), compared with WT and nontested patients (15.6 months [95% CI, 7.8 to 23.4], and (17.6 months [95% CI, 12.9 to 22.2]; P = .002). Consistently, a worse median overall survival was observed in the subgroup with germline pathogenic variants than in the WT group (P = .006). Multivariable analysis showed that mutation status was an independent prognostic factor of progression-free survival (P = .020) and overall survival (P = .012). CONCLUSION In this retrospective real-world study, gBRCA1/2-ATM-CHEK2 pathogenic variants were independently associated with poor outcomes in patients with advanced breast cancer treated with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisina Bruno
- Genetic Counselling Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexis Ostinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Waisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Research Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Enrico
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Research Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Ponce
- Genetic Counselling Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Breast Surgery, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Rivero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albano Blanco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Zarba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Loza
- Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Breast Surgery, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Fabiano
- Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Breast Surgery, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mora Amat
- Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Pathology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Teresa Pombo
- Department of Pathology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Noro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Chacón
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Research Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Coló
- Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Breast Surgery, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Reinaldo Chacón
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Nadal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Nervo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Costanzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Breast Cancer Unit, Alexander Fleming Cancer Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Prognostic Biomarkers in Uveal Melanoma: The Status Quo, Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010096. [PMID: 35008260 PMCID: PMC8749988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although rare, uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common cancer that develops inside adult eyes. The prognosis is poor, since 50% of patients will develop lethal metastases in the first decade, especially to the liver. Once metastases are detected, life expectancy is limited, given that the available treatments are mostly unsuccessful. Thus, there is a need to find methods that can accurately predict UM prognosis and also effective therapeutic strategies to treat this cancer. In this manuscript, we initially compile the current knowledge on epidemiological, clinical, pathological and molecular features of UM. Then, we cover the most relevant prognostic factors currently used for the evaluation and follow-up of UM patients. Afterwards, we highlight emerging molecular markers in UM published over the last three years. Finally, we discuss the problems preventing meaningful advances in the treatment and prognostication of UM patients, as well as forecast new roadblocks and paths of UM-related research. Abstract Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common malignant intraocular tumour in the adult population. It is a rare cancer with an incidence of nearly five cases per million inhabitants per year, which develops from the uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes in the choroid (≈90%), ciliary body (≈6%) or iris (≈4%). Patients initially present either with symptoms like blurred vision or photopsia, or without symptoms, with the tumour being detected in routine eye exams. Over the course of the disease, metastases, which are initially dormant, develop in nearly 50% of patients, preferentially in the liver. Despite decades of intensive research, the only approach proven to mildly control disease spread are early treatments directed to ablate liver metastases, such as surgical excision or chemoembolization. However, most patients have a limited life expectancy once metastases are detected, since there are limited therapeutic approaches for the metastatic disease, including immunotherapy, which unlike in cutaneous melanoma, has been mostly ineffective for UM patients. Therefore, in order to offer the best care possible to these patients, there is an urgent need to find robust models that can accurately predict the prognosis of UM, as well as therapeutic strategies that effectively block and/or limit the spread of the metastatic disease. Here, we initially summarized the current knowledge about UM by compiling the most relevant epidemiological, clinical, pathological and molecular data. Then, we revisited the most important prognostic factors currently used for the evaluation and follow-up of primary UM cases. Afterwards, we addressed emerging prognostic biomarkers in UM, by comprehensively reviewing gene signatures, immunohistochemistry-based markers and proteomic markers resulting from research studies conducted over the past three years. Finally, we discussed the current hurdles in the field and anticipated the future challenges and novel avenues of research in UM.
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Karamat U, Ejaz S, Hameed Y. In Silico-Analysis of the Multi-Omics Data Identified the Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Gene as a Potential Biomarker of Breast Invasive Carcinoma. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:263-275. [PMID: 33877897 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The elevated global burden of the breast invasive carcinoma (BRIC) and lack of appropriate biomarkers for its early detection and treatment requires extensive investigation to enhance understanding regarding BRIC associated molecular alterations. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a multifunctional tumor suppressor gene, which participates in the DNA damage response pathway and cellular checkpoint activation. Several studies have reported the reduction of ATM expression as a reliable biomarker of BRIC. However, its role as a clinicopathological feature-specific biomarker still needs to be explored. Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the mutational spectrum and expression variations of ATM in BRIC patients exhibiting various clinicopathological features. Furthermore, we also performed a correlational analysis of clinicopathological feature-specific ATM expression with its promoter methylation, status genetic alterations, copy number variation (CNVs), overall survival (OS), and effectiveness of various anticancerous drugs in BRIC patients. Methods: We utilized multiple online platforms, including UALCN, cBioportal, and CCLE GDSC tool kit. Results: The ATM exhibited decreased expression in the majority of the BRIC patients, and its promoter was hypermethylated compared to healthy controls. Hence, the degree of promoter methylation and ATM expression level were inversely correlated in BRIC. In addition, we also investigated if BRIC patients that had higher ATM expression had lower OS. We found that elevated expression of ATM was found to promoted or decreased the effectiveness of various anticancer drugs. Conclusion: This study revealed the overall and clinicopathological feature-specific role of the ATM, gene, however, these findings need to be validated via larger scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Karamat
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Samina Ejaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Hameed
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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8
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Stucci LS, Internò V, Tucci M, Perrone M, Mannavola F, Palmirotta R, Porta C. The ATM Gene in Breast Cancer: Its Relevance in Clinical Practice. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050727. [PMID: 34068084 PMCID: PMC8152746 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular alterations of the Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) gene are frequently detected in breast cancer (BC), with an incidence ranging up to 40%. The mutated form, the Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, is involved in cell cycle control, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and telomere maintenance, and its role as a risk factor for cancer development is well established. Recent studies have confirmed that some variants of ATM are associated with an increased risk of BC development and a worse prognosis. Thus, many patients harboring ATM mutations develop intermediate- and high-grade disease, and there is a higher rate of lymph node metastatic involvement. The evidence concerning a correlation of ATM gene mutations and the efficacy of therapeutic strategies in BC management are controversial. In fact, ATM mutations may sensitize cancer cells to platinum-derived drugs, as BRCA1/2 mutations do, whereas their implications in objective responses to hormonal therapy or target-based agents are not well defined. Herein, we conducted a review of the role of ATM gene mutations in BC development, prognosis, and different treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Stefania Stucci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeria Internò
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Marco Tucci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
- National Cancer Research Center, Tumori Institute IRCCS Giovanni Paolo II, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Martina Perrone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Sciences and Technologies of Laboratory Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Camillo Porta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (V.I.); (M.T.); (M.P.); (F.M.); (C.P.)
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9
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Murashko MM, Stasevich EM, Schwartz AM, Kuprash DV, Uvarova AN, Demin DE. The Role of RNA in DNA Breaks, Repair and Chromosomal Rearrangements. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040550. [PMID: 33918762 PMCID: PMC8069526 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorrect reparation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) leading to chromosomal rearrangements is one of oncogenesis's primary causes. Recently published data elucidate the key role of various types of RNA in DSB formation, recognition and repair. With growing interest in RNA biology, increasing RNAs are classified as crucial at the different stages of the main pathways of DSB repair in eukaryotic cells: nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). Gene mutations or variation in expression levels of such RNAs can lead to local DNA repair defects, increasing the chromosome aberration frequency. Moreover, it was demonstrated that some RNAs could stimulate long-range chromosomal rearrangements. In this review, we discuss recent evidence demonstrating the role of various RNAs in DSB formation and repair. We also consider how RNA may mediate certain chromosomal rearrangements in a sequence-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matvey Mikhailovich Murashko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
| | - Ekaterina Mikhailovna Stasevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
| | - Anton Markovich Schwartz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Department of Molecular and Biological Physics, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Vladimirovich Kuprash
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
| | - Aksinya Nicolaevna Uvarova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
| | - Denis Eriksonovich Demin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.M.); (E.M.S.); (A.M.S.); (D.V.K.); (A.N.U.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Rieunier G, Wu X, Harris LE, Mills JV, Nandakumar A, Colling L, Seraia E, Hatch SB, Ebner DV, Folkes LK, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Bogenrieder T, Ryan AJ, Macaulay VM. Targeting IGF Perturbs Global Replication through Ribonucleotide Reductase Dysfunction. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2128-2141. [PMID: 33509941 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of IGF receptor (IGF1R) delays repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), prompting us to investigate whether IGF1R influences endogenous DNA damage. Here we demonstrate that IGF1R inhibition generates endogenous DNA lesions protected by 53BP1 bodies, indicating under-replicated DNA. In cancer cells, inhibition or depletion of IGF1R delayed replication fork progression accompanied by activation of ATR-CHK1 signaling and the intra-S-phase checkpoint. This phenotype reflected unanticipated regulation of global replication by IGF1 mediated via AKT, MEK/ERK, and JUN to influence expression of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit RRM2. Consequently, inhibition or depletion of IGF1R downregulated RRM2, compromising RNR function and perturbing dNTP supply. The resulting delay in fork progression and hallmarks of replication stress were rescued by RRM2 overexpression, confirming RRM2 as the critical factor through which IGF1 regulates replication. Suspecting existence of a backup pathway protecting from toxic sequelae of replication stress, targeted compound screens in breast cancer cells identified synergy between IGF inhibition and ATM loss. Reciprocal screens of ATM-proficient/deficient fibroblasts identified an IGF1R inhibitor as the top hit. IGF inhibition selectively compromised growth of ATM-null cells and spheroids and caused regression of ATM-null xenografts. This synthetic-lethal effect reflected conversion of single-stranded lesions in IGF-inhibited cells into toxic DSBs upon ATM inhibition. Overall, these data implicate IGF1R in alleviating replication stress, and the reciprocal IGF:ATM codependence we identify provides an approach to exploit this effect in ATM-deficient cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies regulation of ribonucleotide reductase function and dNTP supply by IGFs and demonstrates that IGF axis blockade induces replication stress and reciprocal codependence on ATM. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/8/2128/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoning Wu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Letitia E Harris
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jack V Mills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashwin Nandakumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Colling
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Seraia
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie B Hatch
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel V Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa K Folkes
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- AMAL Therapeutics, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Miao T, Peng C, Tang Z, Zeng M, Wang S, Wang X, Guo L, Wang X, Zhao J, Zhao M, Chen J, Liu C. Implication of Ataxia-Telangiectasia-mutated kinase in epithelium-mesenchyme transition. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:640-649. [PMID: 33417668 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of genome instability drives the development of cancer by disrupting anti-cancer barriers. Upon genotoxic insults, DNA damage responsive factors, notably ATM kinase, is crucial to protect genomic integrity while promoting cell death. Meanwhile, cytotoxic therapy-inducing DNA lesions is double-edged sword by causing cancer metastasis based on animal models and clinical observations. The underlying mechanisms for the procancer effect of cytotoxic therapies are poorly understood. Here, we report that cancer cells subjected to cytotoxic treatments elicit dramatic alteration of gene expression controlling the potential of epithelium-mesenchyme transition (EMT). Resultantly, EMT-dependent cell mobility is potently induced upon DNA damage. This stimulation of EMT is mainly Ataxia-Telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)-dependent, as the chemical inhibitor specifically inhibiting ATM kinase activity can suppress the EMT gene expression and thus cell mobility. At last, we show that cancer cells with ATM activation display increased metastatic potential in ovarian cancer tissues. Taken together, we reveal a novel role of ATM in promoting metastatic potential of cancer cells by favoring EMT gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Miao
- Vascular Surgery of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Changsheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zizhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Liandi Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jichun Zhao
- Vascular Surgery of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Mingcai Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Cong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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12
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Gachechiladze M, Skarda J, Bouchalova K, Soltermann A, Joerger M. Predictive and Prognostic Value of DNA Damage Response Associated Kinases in Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581217. [PMID: 33224881 PMCID: PMC7670868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional DNA repair with subsequent genome instability and high mutational burden represents a major hallmark of cancer. In established malignant tumors, increased DNA repair capacity mediates resistance to DNA-damaging therapeutics, including cytotoxic drugs, radiotherapy, and selected small molecules including inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), and Wee1 kinase (Wee1). In addition, DNA repair deficiency is not only associated with sensitivity to selected anticancer drugs, but also with increased mutagenicity and increased neoantigen load on tumor cells, resulting in increased immunogenicity and improved response to CTLA4- or PD-(L)1 targeting monoclonal antibodies. DNA damage response (DDR) is composed of complex signalling pathways, including the sensing of the DNA damage, signal transduction, cellular response pathways to DNA damage, and activation of DNA repair. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most dangerous form of DNA damage. Tumor cells are characterised by frequent accumulation of DSBs caused by either endogenous replication stress or the impact of cancer treatment, most prominently chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, response of cancer cells to DSBs represents a crucial mechanism for how tumors respond to systemic treatment or radiotherapy, and how resistance develops. Ample clinical evidence supports the importance of DDR associated kinases as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in cancer patients. The ATM-CHK2 and ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathways initiate DNA DSB repair. In the current review, we focus on major DDR associated kinases including ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2, and WEE1, and discuss their potential prognostic and predictive value in solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Gachechiladze
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Josef Skarda
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | | | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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13
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Yin M, Grivas P, Wang QE, Mortazavi A, Emamekhoo H, Holder SL, Drabick JJ, Woo MSA, Pal S, Vasekar M, Folefac E, Clinton SK, Monk P, Joshi M. Prognostic Value of DNA Damage Response Genomic Alterations in Relapsed/Advanced Urothelial Cancer. Oncologist 2020; 25:680-688. [PMID: 32275806 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA damage response (DDR) genomic alterations may play an important role in clinical outcomes of patients with urothelial cancer (UC). However, data on the prognostic role of DDR gene alterations in patients with advanced UC remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively collected data of three independent patient cohorts with relapsed or advanced UC including 81 and 91 patients from four institutions who underwent FoundationOne genomic sequencing as well as 129 patients selected from The Cancer Genome Atlas bladder cohort. Fisher's exact test was used to determine differences of mutation frequency among the three cohorts. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Overall survival (OS) was measured from time of initial diagnosis and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI. RESULTS DDR genomic alterations were present in 76.5% (62/81), 40.7% (37/91), and 51.2% (66/129) of the three cohorts. ATM alterations consistently correlated with significantly shorter OS, whereas other DDR alterations (excluding ATM) were associated with better prognosis. In 152 patients treated with platinum pooled from the three cohorts, the prognostic value of alterations in ATM as compared with other predefined DDR genes was substantially different (ATM: adjusted HR [HR], 2.03; 95% CI, 1.03-4; p = .04; other DDR: adjusted HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.31-0.8; p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Genomic alterations in ATM and other DDR genes may have opposite prognostic value in relapsed and/or advanced UC. ATM may have a complex role in UC progression. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Somatic mutations of DNA damage response (DDR) genes are frequently found in urothelial cancer and appear to play an important role in tumorigenesis, progression, treatment response, and outcomes. In a set of DDR genes, ATM alterations were associated with worse survival, while other alterations were associated with better survival in advanced urothelial cancer. The results of this study suggest a complex role of ATM in tumor progression and call for further studies to determine the underlying mechanisms and biomarker clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yin
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Petros Grivas
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Qi-En Wang
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hamid Emamekhoo
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Edmund Folefac
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Monk
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Monika Joshi
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Xu P, Sun Y, Song Y, Jiao J, Shen B, Li W, Jiang C, Li Y, Zhang X, Yu J, Fu L, Guo X. ATM kinase regulates tumor immunoreactions in lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer through modulation of NKG2D ligand and TNF cytokines on tumor cells. Med Mol Morphol 2020; 53:210-220. [PMID: 32067111 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-020-00247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To explore impact of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase on immunoreactions in lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer (LPBC), particularly its role in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), 194 cases of LPBC were identified with pertinent clinical information retrieved. The expressions of ATM, activated ATM (P-ATM), Fas ligand (FASL), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL), major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related protein A (MICA), CD8, and Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) were assessed by immunohistochemically. We found that ATM expressed on tumor cells was correlated with upregulated expression of P-ATM and MICA (P < 0.05), down-regulated expression of FASL and TRAIL (P < 0.01), and decreased Ki-67 tumor labeling (P < 0.05). However, within the TNBC group, only a negative correlation with FASL expression was found (P = 0.001). ATM and MICA expressions were significantly down -regulated in TNBC (P < 0.01) compared to non-TNBC, while TRAIL was significantly upregulated (P < 0.01). Tregs were increased in TNBC (P < 0.05), with CD8 + TILs decreased (P < 0.01). Ki-67 index was higher in TNBC than in non-TNBC (P < 0.01). ATM may play an important role in immunoreaction of LPBC, probably through upregulation of MICA and down-regulation of FASL and TRAIL. The down-regulated ATM expression in TNBC might be responsible for impaired tumor immunoactivity, rapid tumor growth, and aggressive clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yuanming Song
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Beibei Shen
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Chengying Jiang
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Jinpu Yu
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostics Core, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Breast Pathology and Lab, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, West Huanhu Road, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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15
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Xiao W, Zheng S, Zou Y, Yang A, Xie X, Tang H, Xie X. CircAHNAK1 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by modulating miR-421 and RASA1. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12043-12056. [PMID: 31857500 PMCID: PMC6949091 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence that circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in regulating cancer progression. However, the function and potential molecular mechanisms of circRNA in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are currently largely unclear. Results: We found that circAHNAK1 was significantly down-regulated in TNBC, and its expression was negatively associated with RFS and OS. Overexpression of circAHNAK1 can inhibit TNBC proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. In vivo studies confirmed that circAHNAK1 inhibited TNBC tumor growth and metastasis. Mechanistic analysis indicated that circAHNAK1 acted as a miR-421 ceRNA (competitive endogenous RNA) to attenuate the inhibitory effect of miR-421 on its target gene RASA1. Conclusions: In conclusion, CircAHNAK1 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of TNBC by modulating miR-421 and RASA1. Methods: CircRNA microarrays were used to screen for differential circRNA expression profiles. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of circRNAs. The effect of circAHNAK1 on recurrence -free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with TNBC was subsequently analyzed. The role of circAHNKA1 in the progression of TNBC was further evaluated by multiple in vivo and in vitro assays. Finally, we focused on the regulation of circAHNAK1 on miR-421 and its targeted gene RASA1 in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Xiao
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoquan Zheng
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zou
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Anli Yang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
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16
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Jha J, Singh MK, Singh L, Pushker N, Bajaj MS, Sen S, Kashyap S. Expression of BAP1 and ATM proteins: Association with AJCC tumor category in uveal melanoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2019; 44:151432. [PMID: 31864162 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.151432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim is to detect the association of BAP1 with ATM protein with AJCC tumor category and its prognostic significance. METHODS Based on AJCC tumor category, 69 patients samples were categorized into group A (LBD > 15 mm & tumor thickness ≥ 8 mm) and group B (LBD ≤ 15 mm & tumor thickness < 8 mm) subjected to immunohistochemistry to assess the nuclear expression of ATM and BAP1 proteins. Mutational analysis of BAP1 was performed on five samples from each group. RESULTS Group A tumors showed insertion mutation of BAP1 gene while there was no mutation seen in group B tumor. At translational level loss of ATM and BAP1 was found in 65% and 66% of cases respectively. Loss of ATM with BAP1 was seen in 55% of cases which was more frequent in group A which was statically significant with metastasis (p = 0.006), advanced tumor staging (p = 0.021) and reduced metastasis-free survival (p = 0.048). On multivariate analysis loss of ATM along with BAP1 came out to be an independent prognostic marker (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that loss of BAP1 along with ATM might serve as a potential prognostic indicator in patients with an advanced AJCC tumor category, which leads to an increased risk of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanti Jha
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr.R.P.Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Mithalesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr.R.P.Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Lata Singh
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr.R.P.Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Mandeep Singh Bajaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr.R.P.Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr.R.P.Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr.R.P.Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India.
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Jha J, Singh MK, Singh L, Pushker N, Bajaj MS, Sen S, Kashyap S. Prognostic relevance of ATM protein in uveal melanoma and its association with clinicopathological factors. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:1526-1535. [PMID: 31377937 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveal melanoma (UM) is an intraocular malignancy commonly arising from choroid which can cause visual loss or metastasis. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein is an activator of DNA damage response and its role in uveal melanoma (UM) is still unexplored. Therefore, the study aims to detect the expression and localization of ATM protein and its association with clinicopathological parameters METHODS: Expression of nuclear ATM (nATM) was investigated on 69 formalin fixed paraffin embedded choroidal melanoma samples by immunohistochemistry and validated by western blotting. Results were then correlated with clinical and histopathological parameters. Prognostic significance was determined by the Kaplan-Meier analysis and the multivariate analysis by Cox's hazard proportional method. RESULTS Loss of nATM was observed in 65% of cases, which was statistically significant with the reduced disease-free survival (p = 0.042). This loss was more frequently found in cases with high-risk histopathological factors like epithelioid cell type, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and high pigmentation which might help in the progression of melanoma. On multivariate analysis, extraocular spread and loss of nATM were found to be independent prognostic factors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that loss of nATM protein might serve as a poor prognostic marker in the pathogenesis of uveal melanoma which may lead to increased risk of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanti Jha
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mithalesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lata Singh
- Department of Biosciences, JMI, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mandeep Singh Bajaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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18
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Ren W, Xue B, Chen M, Liu L, Zu X. Low Expression of ATM Indicates a Poor Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:e433-e439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Suh KJ, Ryu HS, Lee KH, Kim H, Min A, Kim TY, Yang Y, Lee HB, Moon HG, Han SW, Oh DY, Han W, Park IA, Noh DY, Im SA. Prognostic effects of abnormal DNA damage response protein expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 175:117-127. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Prevalence and characterization of ATM germline mutations in Chinese BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 174:639-647. [PMID: 30607632 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-05124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) gene is a moderate susceptibility gene for breast cancer. However, little is known about the breast cancer phenotypes associated with ATM mutation. We therefore investigated the spectrum and clinical characteristics of ATM germline mutations in Chinese breast cancer patients. METHODS A multi-gene panel was performed to screen for ATM germline mutations in 7657 BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer patients. All deleterious mutations were validated by independent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A total of 31 pathogenic mutations in the ATM gene across 30 carriers were identified, and the ATM mutation rate was 0.4% (30/7,657) in this cohort. The majority of the mutations (90.3%, 28/31) were nonsense or frameshift mutations. Of the total ATM mutations, 61.3% (19/31) were novel mutations and 13 recurrent mutations were found. ATM mutations carriers were significantly more likely to have a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer (26.7% in carriers vs. 8.6% in non-carriers, p < 0.001), as well as a family history of any cancer (60.0% in carriers vs. 31.5% in non-carriers, p = 0.001). In addition, ATM mutations carriers were significantly more likely to have oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive (p = 0.011), progesterone receptor (PR)-positive (p = 0.040), and lymph node-positive breast cancer (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of the ATM mutation is approximately 0.4% in Chinese BRCA1/2-negative breast cancer. ATM mutation carriers are significantly more likely to have a family history of cancer and to develop ER- and/or PR-positive breast cancer or lymph node-positive breast cancer.
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21
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Yin M, Grivas P, Emamekhoo H, Mendiratta P, Ali S, Hsu J, Vasekar M, Drabick JJ, Pal S, Joshi M. ATM/RB1 mutations predict shorter overall survival in urothelial cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16891-16898. [PMID: 29682192 PMCID: PMC5908293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of DNA repair genes, e.g. ATM/RB1, are frequently found in urothelial cancer (UC) and have been associated with better response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Further external validation of the prognostic value of ATM/RB1 mutations in UC can inform clinical decision making and trial designs. RESULTS In the discovery dataset, ATM/RB1 mutations were present in 24% of patients and were associated with shorter OS (adjusted HR 2.67, 95% CI, 1.45-4.92, p = 0.002). There was a higher mutation load in patients carrying ATM/RB1 mutations (median mutation load: 6.7 versus 5.5 per Mb, p = 0.072). In the validation dataset, ATM/RB1 mutations were present in 22.2% of patients and were non-significantly associated with shorter OS (adjusted HR 1.87, 95% CI, 0.97-3.59, p = 0.06) and higher mutation load (median mutation load: 8.1 versus 7.2 per Mb, p = 0.126). MATERIALS AND METHODS Exome sequencing data of 130 bladder UC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset were analyzed as a discovery cohort to determine the prognostic value of ATM/RB1 mutations. Results were validated in an independent cohort of 81 advanced UC patients. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to compare overall survival (OS). CONCLUSIONS ATM/RB1 mutations may be a biomarker of poor prognosis in unselected UC patients and may correlate with higher mutational load. Further studies are required to determine factors that can further stratify prognosis and evaluate predictive role of ATM/RB1 mutation status to immunotherapy and platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Petros Grivas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hamid Emamekhoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, WI, USA
| | - Prateek Mendiratta
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Siraj Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - JoAnn Hsu
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Monali Vasekar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joseph J. Drabick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sumanta Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Monika Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
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22
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Feng X, Li H, Kornaga EN, Dean M, Lees-Miller SP, Riabowol K, Magliocco AM, Morris D, Watson PH, Enwere EK, Bebb G, Paterson A. Low Ki67/high ATM protein expression in malignant tumors predicts favorable prognosis in a retrospective study of early stage hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85798-85812. [PMID: 27741524 PMCID: PMC5349875 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study was designed to investigate the combined influence of ATM and Ki67 on clinical outcome in early stage hormone receptor positive breast cancer (ES-HPBC), particularly in patients with smaller tumors (< 4 cm) and fewer than four positive lymph nodes. Methods 532 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of resected primary breast tumors were used to construct a tissue microarray. Samples from 297 patients were suitable for final statistical analysis. We detected ATM and Ki67 proteins using fluorescence and brightfield immunohistochemistry respectively, and quantified their expression with digital image analysis. Data on expression levels were subsequently correlated with clinical outcome. Results Remarkably, ATM expression was useful to stratify the low Ki67 group into subgroups with better or poorer prognosis. Specifically, in the low Ki67 subgroup defined as having smaller tumors and no positive nodes, patients with high ATM expression showed better outcome than those with low ATM, with estimated survival rates of 96% and 89% respectively at 15 years follow up (p = 0.04). Similarly, low-Ki67 patients with smaller tumors, 1-3 positive nodes and high ATM also had significantly better outcomes than their low ATM counterparts, with estimated survival rates of 88% and 46% respectively (p = 0.03) at 15 years follow up. Multivariable analysis indicated that the combination of high ATM and low Ki67 is prognostic of improved survival, independent of tumor size, grade, and lymph node status (p = 0.02). Conclusions These data suggest that the prognostic value of Ki67 can be improved by analyzing ATM expression in ES-HPBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Feng
- Department of Oncology, BC Cancer Agency-Vancouver Island Center, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haocheng Li
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Science, TRW Building, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth N Kornaga
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michelle Dean
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Building, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karl Riabowol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Building, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony M Magliocco
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Don Morris
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter H Watson
- Department of Pathology, BC Cancer Agency-Vancouver Island Center, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emeka K Enwere
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gwyn Bebb
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander Paterson
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Xu J, Sun T, Guo X, Wang Y, Jing M. Estrogen receptor-α promoter methylation is a biomarker for outcome prediction of cisplatin resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2855-2862. [PMID: 29456719 PMCID: PMC5778783 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of previous studies have indicated the presence of a link between estrogen receptor-α (ERα) methylation and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the association between ERα methylation and drug resistance during the treatment of TNBC remains unclear. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the methylation of ERα in the genomic DNA of 35 patients with TNBC who were defined as cisplatin-based chemotherapy-resistant using chemosensitivity testing. Survival probabilities by covariates were assessed using Kaplan-Meier estimator survival analysis and Cox's proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, menopausal status, tumor size, lymph node metastasis and ERα promoter DNA methylation. Of the 35 patients with TNBC analyzed, 8 exhibited ERα promoter DNA methylation. Cisplatin resistance was confirmed to be overwhelmingly associated with ERα methylation by univariate and multivariate analysis. Even in a limited analysis in patients with ERα methylation, the results generated from methylated tumor tissue and unmethylated tumor tissue revealed that expression of breast cancer type 1/2 susceptibility proteins was increased in ERα-methylated breast tumor tissue compared with in unmethylated tissue. The ERα methylation group tended to have significantly shorter progression-free (P=0.010) and overall (P=0.023) survival times compared with those in the unmethylated group. Similarly, shorter progression-free (P=0.024) and overall (P=0.018) survival times were observed in the cisplatin-resistant group compared with the cisplatin-non-resistant group. ERα methylation predicts a poor clinical outcome for patients with TNBC. The results of the present study indicated that ERα methylation may be a candidate surrogate biomarker for outcome prediction and cisplatin resistance in TNBC. Further investigation is required to identify potential biomarkers in a larger cohort in a prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Mingxi Jing
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
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24
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MicroRNA-421 regulated by HIF-1α promotes metastasis, inhibits apoptosis, and induces cisplatin resistance by targeting E-cadherin and caspase-3 in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:24466-82. [PMID: 27016414 PMCID: PMC5029715 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as crucial factors in carcinogenesis. However, the potential mechanisms of HIF-1α and miR-421 in gastric cancer have not been well elucidated. In this study, we found that miR-421 was up-regulated by HIF-1α. Overexpression of miR-421 promoted metastasis, inhibited apoptosis, and induced cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer in vivo and in vitro. E-cadherin and caspase-3 were identified as targets of miR-421. Besides, relative mRNA expression of miR-421 was significantly increased in gastric cancer tumor tissues compared with non-tumor tissues in a cohort of gastric cancer specimens (n=107). The expression of miR-421 was higher in advanced gastric cancers compared with localized ones. Moreover, Kaplan–Meier analysis illustrated that those patients with low levels of miR-421 had a significant longer overall survival (p = 0.006) and time to relapse (p = 0.007). Therefore, miR-421 could serve as an important prognostic marker and a potential molecular target for therapy in gastric cancer.
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25
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Powers B, Pal T, Laronga C. Considerations in Testing for Inherited Breast Cancer Predisposition in the Era of Personalized Medicine. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2017; 27:1-22. [PMID: 29132555 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances realized through next-generation sequencing technologies coupled with the loss of the ability to patent genes have led to reduction in costs for genetic testing. As a result, more people are being identified with inherited breast cancer syndromes that may affect recommendations for surveillance and risk reduction. Surgeons, at the forefront for patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer, must keep current with the changing landscape of genetics to continue to provide appropriate counsel and care. This article provides an overview of individuals at risk for inherited cancer predisposition and recommendations for surveillance and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Powers
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 10920 N. Mckinley Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tuya Pal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christine Laronga
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 10920 N. Mckinley Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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26
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Gao S, Li X, Ding X, Jiang L, Yang Q. Huaier extract restrains the proliferative potential of endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells through increased ATM by suppressing miR-203. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7313. [PMID: 28779143 PMCID: PMC5544732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy is one of the main treatments for breast cancer patients in the early stages. Tamoxifen and fulvestrant are the major drugs of endocrine therapy for breast cancer patients. However, acquired drug resistance often caused treatment failure and relapse for patients, which is a major clinical problem. We investigated whether Huaier extract had effects on endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells. In our study, we aimed to demonstrate the inhibitory effects of Huaier extract on tamoxifen-resistant cells (M7-TR) and fulvestrant-resistant cells (M7-FR). Using MTT and clone formation assays, we found that Huaier extract could inhibit the proliferation in M7-TR and M7-FR cells. Flow cytometry and western blotting illustrated that Huaier extract could induce G0/G1 arrest in both endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, we present that Huaier extract significantly increased ataxia telangiectasia mutation (ATM) via down-regulation of miR-203. Huaier extract also had the inhibitory effects on tumour growth in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. These results demonstrated that Huaier extract could inhibit the proliferation of M7-TR and M7-FR cells by increasing ATM via suppression of miR-203.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Xia Ding
- Department of Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Liyu Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China. .,Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.
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27
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Hallajian Z, Mahjoubi F, Nafissi N. Simultaneous ATM/BRCA1/RAD51 expression variations associated with prognostic factors in Iranian sporadic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer 2017; 24:624-634. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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de Gouvea ACRC, Garber JE. Breast Cancer Genetics. Breast Cancer 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48848-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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WSB1 overcomes oncogene-induced senescence by targeting ATM for degradation. Cell Res 2016; 27:274-293. [PMID: 27958289 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) or apoptosis through the DNA-damage response is an important barrier of tumorigenesis. Overcoming this barrier leads to abnormal cell proliferation, genomic instability, and cellular transformation, and finally allows cancers to develop. However, it remains unclear how the OIS barrier is overcome. Here, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase WD repeat and SOCS box-containing protein 1 (WSB1) plays a role in overcoming OIS. WSB1 expression in primary cells helps the bypass of OIS, leading to abnormal proliferation and cellular transformation. Mechanistically, WSB1 promotes ATM ubiquitination, resulting in ATM degradation and the escape from OIS. Furthermore, we identify CDKs as the upstream kinase of WSB1. CDK-mediated phosphorylation activates WSB1 by promoting its monomerization. In human cancer tissue and in vitro models, WSB1-induced ATM degradation is an early event during tumorigenic progression. We suggest that WSB1 is one of the key players of early oncogenic events through ATM degradation and destruction of the tumorigenesis barrier. Our work establishes an important mechanism of cancer development and progression in premalignant lesions.
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30
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Raposo-Ferreira TMM, Bueno RC, Terra EM, Avante ML, Tinucci-Costa M, Carvalho M, Cassali GD, Linde SD, Rogatto SR, Laufer-Amorim R. Downregulation of ATM Gene and Protein Expression in Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:1154-1159. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985816643367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated ( ATM) gene encodes a protein associated with DNA damage repair and maintenance of genomic integrity. In women, ATM transcript and protein downregulation have been reported in sporadic breast carcinomas, and the absence of ATM protein expression has been associated with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate ATM gene and protein expression in canine mammary tumors and their association with clinical outcome. ATM gene and protein expression was evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in normal mammary gland samples (n = 10), benign mammary tumors (n = 11), nonmetastatic mammary carcinomas (n = 19), and metastatic mammary carcinomas (n = 11). Lower ATM transcript levels were detected in benign mammary tumors and carcinomas compared with normal mammary glands ( P = .011). Similarly, lower ATM protein expression was observed in benign tumors ( P = .0003), nonmetastatic mammary carcinomas ( P < .0001), and the primary sites of metastatic carcinomas ( P < .0001) compared with normal mammary glands. No significant differences in ATM gene or protein levels were detected among benign tumors and nonmetastatic and metastatic mammary carcinomas ( P > .05). The levels of ATM gene or protein expression were not significantly associated with clinical and pathological features or with survival. Similar to human breast cancer, the data in this study suggest that ATM gene and protein downregulation is involved in canine mammary gland tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. C. Bueno
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E. M. Terra
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. L. Avante
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Tinucci-Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. D. Cassali
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - S. D. Linde
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S. R. Rogatto
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Neogene Laboratory, CIPE, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Suh KJ, Ryu HS, Lee KH, Kim H, Min A, Kim TY, Yang Y, Moon HG, Han SW, Oh DY, Han W, Park IA, Noh DY, Im SA. Loss of ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein expression correlates with poor prognosis but benefits from anthracycline-containing adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 158:233-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Cheng Y, Mai J, Hou T, Ping J. MicroRNA-421 induces hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice by inhibiting sirtuin 3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:57-63. [PMID: 27107702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in critical initiating or propagating events in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but its pathogenesis remains obscure. Recently, microRNAs have been found to affect oxidant stress and lipid metabolism. In this study, we elucidated the functions of microRNA-421 in the development of NAFLD and identified its potential targets. METHODS An experimental model for the study of NAFLD was constructed by feeding a high fat diet to C57BL/6J mice. Differentially expressed miRNA in livers of NAFLD mice compared with controls were identified by high-throughput sequencing. Relative repression of luciferase expression standardized to a transfection control was analyzed by luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS The microRNA profiling presented that microRNA-421 expression was significantly upregulated in hepatic tissues of NAFLD model mouse. The sirtuin 3 was identified as a functionally relevant target of microRNA-421. The microRNA-421 acts upstream of SIRT3/FOXO3 pathway in modulation the oxidant stress and lipid metabolism. Overexpression of microRNA-421 decreased SIRT3 and FOXO3 protein levels, and then led to MnSOD and CAT decrease, the downstream targets of SIRT3/FOXO3 pathway. On the contrary, suppression of microRNA-421 had adverse effects on performance of celluar oxidative damage. CONCLUSIONS Regulating or inhibiting hepatic microRNA-421 could decrease celluar oxidative damage and contribute to therapeutic potential in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cheng
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jingyin Mai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201299, China
| | - Tianlu Hou
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Ping
- Institute of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Meng D, Yang S, Wan X, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zhao P, Li T, Wang L, Huang Y, Li T, Li Y. A transcriptional target of androgen receptor, miR-421 regulates proliferation and metabolism of prostate cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 73:30-40. [PMID: 26827675 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies, and microRNAs have been recognized to be involved in tumorigenesis of various kinds of cancer including prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen receptor (AR) plays a core role in prostate cancer progression and is responsible for regulation of numerous downstream targets including microRNAs. This study identified an AR-repressed microRNA, miR-421, in prostate cancer. Expression of miR-421 was significantly suppressed by androgen treatment, and correlated to AR expression in different prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, androgen-activated AR could directly bind to androgen responsive element (ARE) of miR-421, as predicted by bioinformatics resources and demonstrated by ChIP and luciferase reporter assays. In addition, over-expression of miR-421 markedly supressed cell viability, delayed cell cycle, reduced glycolysis and inhibited migration in prostate cancer cells. According to the result of miR-421 target genes searching, we focused on 4 genes NRAS, PRAME, CUL4B and PFKFB2 based on their involvement in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and metabolism. The expression of these 4 downstream targets were significantly repressed by miR-421, and the binding sites were verified by luciferase assay. Additionally, we explored the expression of miR-421 and its target genes in human prostate cancer tissues, both in shared microarray data and in our own cohort. Significant differential expression and inverse correlation were found in PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuechao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqing Zhao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianqing Wang
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong Province, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shangdong Province, China.
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Feng X, Li H, Dean M, Wilson HE, Kornaga E, Enwere EK, Tang P, Paterson A, Lees-Miller SP, Magliocco AM, Bebb G. Low ATM protein expression in malignant tumor as well as cancer-associated stroma are independent prognostic factors in a retrospective study of early-stage hormone-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:65. [PMID: 25935535 PMCID: PMC4453198 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The serine/threonine protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is critical in maintaining genomic integrity. Upon DNA double-strand breaks, ATM phosphorylates key downstream proteins including p53 and BRCA1/2, thereby orchestrating complex signaling pathways involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence and apoptosis. Although sporadic mutation of ATM occurs rarely in breast cancer, the status of its protein expression and its clinical significance in breast cancer remain not well established. Our study was designed to investigate the influence of ATM protein in both tumor and cancer-associated stroma on clinical outcome in hormone-positive (HPBC) and hormone-negative (HNBC) early-stage breast cancer (EBC). METHODS Tissue microarrays (TMAs), containing formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded resected tumors from two cohorts of patients (HPBC cohort: n=130; HNBC cohort: n=168) diagnosed at the Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada, were analyzed for ATM protein expression using fluorescence immunohistochemistry (IHC) and automated quantitative analysis (AQUA). ATM expression levels were measured within the tumor as a whole (tATM) as indicated by pan-cytokeratin expression, tumor nuclear compartment (nATM) as indicated by both DAPI and pan-cytokeratin-positive results, and cancer-associated stroma (csATM) as indicated by vimentin-positive and pan-cytokeratin-negative results. ATM expression levels within these compartments were correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS While tATM and nATM were significantly lower in tumors compared to normal breast epithelial tissues, csATM was significantly higher than the corresponding normal tissue compartment. In addition, the median expression level of both tATM and nATM were two- to threefold lower (P<0.001) in HNBC than in HPBC. In both HNBC and HPBC cohorts, patients with low tATM, nATM and csATM tumors had significantly poorer survival outcomes than those with a high tATM, nATM and csATM, but this effect was more pronounced in HNBC. A multivariate analysis demonstrates that these biomarkers predict survival independent of tumor size and lymph node status, but only in the HNBC cohort (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Low ATM protein expression in both malignant tumor and stromal compartments likely contributes to the aggressive nature of breast cancer and is an independent prognostic factor associated with worse survival in HNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
| | - Haocheng Li
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
- Department of Community Health Science, TRW Building, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Michelle Dean
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
- Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
| | - Holly E Wilson
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
- Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth Kornaga
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
- Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
| | - Emeka K Enwere
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
- Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
| | - Patricia Tang
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
| | - Alexander Paterson
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Building, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N1, Canada.
| | - Anthony M Magliocco
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
- Functional Tissue Imaging Unit, Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
- Translational Research Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Gwyn Bebb
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, 1331 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4 N2, Canada.
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Rondeau S, Vacher S, De Koning L, Briaux A, Schnitzler A, Chemlali W, Callens C, Lidereau R, Bièche I. ATM has a major role in the double-strand break repair pathway dysregulation in sporadic breast carcinomas and is an independent prognostic marker at both mRNA and protein levels. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1059-66. [PMID: 25742469 PMCID: PMC4366900 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a kinase that has a central role in the maintenance of genomic integrity by activating cell cycle checkpoints and promoting repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). In breast cancer, a low level of ATM was correlated with poor outcome; however, the molecular mechanism of this downregulation is still unclear. METHODS We used qRT-PCR assay to quantify mRNA levels of ATM gene in 454 breast tumours from patients with known clinical/pathological status and outcome; reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA) were used to assess the levels of ATM and 14 proteins in 233 breast tumours. RESULTS ATM mRNA was associated with poor metastasis-free survival (MFS) (P=0.00012) on univariate analysis. ATM mRNA and protein levels were positively correlated (P=0.00040). A low level of ATM protein was correlated with poorer MFS (P=0.000025). ATM expression at mRNA or protein levels are independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis (P=0.00046 and P=0.00037, respectively). The ATM protein level was positively correlated with the levels of six proteins of the DSB repair pathway: H2AX (P<0.0000001), XRCC5 (P<0.0000001), NBN (P<0.0000001), Mre11 (P=0.0000029), Rad50 (P=0.0064), and TP53BP1 (P=0.026), but not with proteins involved in other pathways that are altered in cancer. Low expression of ATM protein was significantly associated with high miR-203 expression (P=0.011). CONCLUSION We confirmed that ATM expression is an independent prognostic marker at both RNA and protein levels. We showed that alteration of ATM is involved in dysregulation of the DSB repair pathway. Finally, miR-203 may be responsible for downregulation of ATM in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rondeau
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - S Vacher
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - L De Koning
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - A Briaux
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - A Schnitzler
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - W Chemlali
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - C Callens
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - R Lidereau
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
| | - I Bièche
- Pharmacogenomics Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 75005, France
- EA7331, University of Paris Descartes, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris 75006, France
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Mangone FR, Miracca EC, Feilotter HE, Mulligan LM, Nagai MA. ATM gene mutations in sporadic breast cancer patients from Brazil. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:23. [PMID: 25625042 PMCID: PMC4298590 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene encodes a multifunctional kinase, which is linked to important cellular functions. Women heterozygous for ATM mutations have an estimated relative risk of developing breast cancer of 3.8. However, the pattern of ATM mutations and their role in breast cancer etiology has been controversial and remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the frequency and spectrum of ATM mutations in a series of sporadic breast cancers and controls from the Brazilian population. Methods Using PCR-Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct DNA sequencing, we screened a panel of 100 consecutive, unselected sporadic breast tumors and 100 matched controls for all 62 coding exons and flanking introns of the ATM gene. Results Several polymorphisms were detected in 12 of the 62 coding exons of the ATM gene. These polymorphisms were observed in both breast cancer patients and the control population. In addition, evidence of potential ATM mutations was observed in 7 of the 100 breast cancer cases analyzed. These potential mutations included six missense variants found in exon 13 (p.L546V), exon 14 (p.P604S), exon 20 (p.T935R), exon 42 (p.G2023R), exon 49 (p.L2307F), and exon 50 (p.L2332P) and one nonsense mutation in exon 39 (p.R1882X), which was predicted to generate a truncated protein. Conclusions Our results corroborate the hypothesis that sporadic breast tumors may occur in carriers of low penetrance ATM mutant alleles and these mutations confer different levels of breast cancer risk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0787-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Rotea Mangone
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabete C Miracca
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harriet E Feilotter
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Richardson Laboratory, Queen's University, 88 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, 10 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Maria Aparecida Nagai
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251, 8th Floor, CEP 01246-000 São Paulo, Brazil ; Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo, 455, 4th Floor, CEP 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
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Economopoulou P, Dimitriadis G, Psyrri A. Beyond BRCA: New hereditary breast cancer susceptibility genes. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abdel-Fatah TM, Arora A, Alsubhi N, Agarwal D, Moseley PM, Perry C, Doherty R, Chan SY, Green AR, Rakha E, Ball G, Ellis IO, Madhusudan S. Clinicopathological significance of ATM-Chk2 expression in sporadic breast cancers: a comprehensive analysis in large cohorts. Neoplasia 2014; 16:982-91. [PMID: 25425972 PMCID: PMC4240925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ATM-Chk2 network is critical for genomic stability, and its deregulation may influence breast cancer pathogenesis. We investigated ATM and Chk2 protein levels in two cohorts [cohort 1 (n = 1650) and cohort 2 (n = 252)]. ATM and Chk2 mRNA expression was evaluated in the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium cohort (n = 1950). Low nuclear ATM protein level was significantly associated with aggressive breast cancer including larger tumors, higher tumor grade, higher mitotic index, pleomorphism, tumor type, lymphovascular invasion, estrogen receptor (ER)-, PR -, AR -, triple-negative, and basal-like phenotypes (Ps < .05). Breast cancer 1, early onset negative, low XRCC1, low SMUG1, high FEN1, high MIB1, p53 mutants, low MDM2, low Bcl-2, low p21, low Bax, high CDK1, and low Chk2 were also more frequent in tumors with low nuclear ATM level (Ps < .05). Low ATM protein level was significantly associated with poor survival including in patients with ER-negative tumors who received adjuvant anthracycline or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy (Ps < .05). Low nuclear Chk2 protein was likely in ER -/PR -/AR -; HER-2 positive; breast cancer 1, early onset negative; low XRCC1; low SMUG1; low APE1; low polβ; low DNA-PKcs; low ATM; low Bcl-2; and low TOPO2A tumors (P < .05). In patients with ER + tumors who received endocrine therapy or ER-negative tumors who received chemotherapy, nuclear Chk2 levels did not significantly influence survival. In p53 mutant tumors, low ATM (P < .000001) or high Chk2 (P < .01) was associated with poor survival. When investigated together, low-ATM/high-Chk2 tumors have the worst survival (P = .0033). Our data suggest that ATM-Chk2 levels in sporadic breast cancer may have prognostic and predictive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arvind Arora
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Nouf Alsubhi
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Devika Agarwal
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Paul M. Moseley
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Christina Perry
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Rachel Doherty
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Stephen Y.T. Chan
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Andrew R. Green
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ian O. Ellis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
- Academic Unit of Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1 PB, UK
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Multifunctional role of ATM/Tel1 kinase in genome stability: from the DNA damage response to telomere maintenance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:787404. [PMID: 25247188 PMCID: PMC4163350 DOI: 10.1155/2014/787404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a key regulator of the DNA double-strand-break response and belongs to the evolutionary conserved phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related protein kinases. ATM deficiency causes ataxia telangiectasia (AT), a genetic disorder that is characterized by premature aging, cerebellar neuropathy, immunodeficiency, and predisposition to cancer. AT cells show defects in the DNA damage-response pathway, cell-cycle control, and telomere maintenance and length regulation. Likewise, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, haploid strains defective in the TEL1 gene, the ATM ortholog, show chromosomal aberrations and short telomeres. In this review, we outline the complex role of ATM/Tel1 in maintaining genomic stability through its control of numerous aspects of cellular survival. In particular, we describe how ATM/Tel1 participates in the signal transduction pathways elicited by DNA damage and in telomere homeostasis and its importance as a barrier to cancer development.
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Winkler J, Hofmann K, Chen S. Novel targets for ATM-deficient malignancies. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e29905. [PMID: 27308314 PMCID: PMC4905167 DOI: 10.4161/mco.29905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemo- and radiotherapies for the treatment of cancer target rapidly dividing cells in both tumor and non-tumor tissues and can exhibit severe cytotoxicity in normal tissue and impair the patient's immune system. Novel targeted strategies aim for higher efficacy and tumor specificity. The role of ATM protein in the DNA damage response is well known and ATM deficiency frequently plays a role in tumorigenesis and development of malignancy. In addition to contributing to disease development, ATM deficiency also renders malignant cells heavily dependent on other pathways that cooperate with the ATM-mediated DNA damage response to ensure tumor cell survival. Disturbing those cooperative pathways by inhibiting critical protein components allows specific targeting of tumors while sparing healthy cells with normal ATM status. We review druggable candidate targets for the treatment of ATM-deficient malignancies and the mechanisms underlying such targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute for Genetics; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
| | - Shuhua Chen
- Institute for Genetics; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
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Kubota E, Williamson CT, Ye R, Elegbede A, Peterson L, Lees-Miller SP, Bebb DG. Low ATM protein expression and depletion of p53 correlates with olaparib sensitivity in gastric cancer cell lines. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2129-37. [PMID: 24841718 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have shown considerable promise in the treatment of homologous recombination (HR)-defective tumors, such as BRCA1- and BRCA2-deficient breast and ovarian cancers. We previously reported that mantle cell lymphoma cells with deficiency in ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) are sensitive to PARP-1 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. Here, we report that PARP inhibitors can potentially target ATM deficiency arising in a solid malignancy. We show that ATM protein expression varies between gastric cancer cell lines, with NUGC4 having significantly reduced protein levels. Significant correlation was found between ATM protein expression and sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor olaparib, with NUGC4 being the most sensitive. Moreover, reducing ATM kinase activity using a small-molecule inhibitor (KU55933) or shRNA-mediated depletion of ATM protein enhanced olaparib sensitivity in gastric cancer cell lines with depletion or inactivation of p53. Our results demonstrate that ATM is a potential predictive biomarker for PARP-1 inhibitor activity in gastric cancer harboring disruption of p53, and that combined inhibition of ATM and PARP-1 is a rational strategy for expanding the utility of PARP-1 inhibitors to gastric cancer with p53 disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher T Williamson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruiqiong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anifat Elegbede
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Tom Baker Cancer Center; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lars Peterson
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Tom Baker Cancer Center; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Gwyn Bebb
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Tom Baker Cancer Center; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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