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Levins J, Dierschke T, Bowman JL. A subclass II bHLH transcription factor in Marchantia polymorpha gives insight into the ancestral land plant trait of spore formation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:895-901.e5. [PMID: 38280380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Sporopollenin is often said to be one of the toughest biopolymers known to man. The shift in dormancy cell wall deposition from around the diploid zygotes of charophycean algae to sporopollenin around the haploid spores of land plants essentially imparted onto land plants the gift of passive motility, a key acquisition that contributed to their vast and successful colonization across terrestrial habitats.1,2 A putative transcription factor controlling the land plant mode of sporopollenin deposition is the subclass II bHLHs, which are conserved and novel to land plants, with mutants of genes in angiosperms and mosses divulging roles relating to tapetum degeneration and spore development.3,4,5,6,7 We demonstrate that a subclass II bHLH gene, MpbHLH37, regulates sporopollenin biosynthesis and deposition in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Mpbhlh37 sporophytes show a striking loss of secondary wall deposits of the capsule wall, the elaters, and the spore exine, all while maintaining spore viability, identifying MpbHLH37 as a master regulator of secondary wall deposits of the sporophyte. Localization of MpbHLH37 to the capsule wall and elaters of the sporophyte directly designates these tissue types as a bona fide tapetum in liverworts, giving support to the notion that the presence of a tapetum is an ancestral land plant trait. Finally, as early land plant spore walls exhibit evidence of tapetal deposition,8,9,10,11,12 a tapetal capsule wall could have provided these plants with a developmental mechanism for sporopollenin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tom Dierschke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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2
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Renzaglia K, Duran E, Sagwan-Barkdoll L, Henry J. Callose in leptoid cell walls of the moss Polytrichum and the evolution of callose synthase across bryophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1357324. [PMID: 38384754 PMCID: PMC10879339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1357324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Leptoids, the food-conducting cells of polytrichaceous mosses, share key structural features with sieve elements in tracheophytes, including an elongated shape with oblique end walls containing modified plasmodesmata or pores. In tracheophytes, callose is instrumental in developing the pores in sieve elements that enable efficient photoassimilate transport. Aside from a few studies using aniline blue fluorescence that yielded confusing results, little is known about callose in moss leptoids. Methods Callose location and abundance during the development of leptoid cell walls was investigated in the moss Polytrichum commune using aniline blue fluorescence and quantitative immunogold labeling (label density) in the transmission electron microscope. To evaluate changes during abiotic stress, callose abundance in leptoids of hydrated plants was compared to plants dried for 14 days under field conditions. A bioinformatic study to assess the evolution of callose within and across bryophytes was conducted using callose synthase (CalS) genes from 46 bryophytes (24 mosses, 15 liverworts, and 7 hornworts) and one representative each of five tracheophyte groups. Results Callose abundance increases around plasmodesmata from meristematic cells to end walls in mature leptoids. Controlled drying resulted in a significant increase in label density around plasmodesmata and pores over counts in hydrated plants. Phylogenetic analysis of the CalS protein family recovered main clades (A, B, and C). Different from tracheophytes, where the greatest diversity of homologs is found in clade A, the majority of gene duplication in bryophytes is in clade B. Discussion This work identifies callose as a crucial cell wall polymer around plasmodesmata from their inception to functioning in leptoids, and during water stress similar to sieve elements of tracheophytes. Among bryophytes, mosses exhibit the greatest number of multiple duplication events, while only two duplications are revealed in hornwort and none in liverworts. The absence in bryophytes of the CalS 7 gene that is essential for sieve pore development in angiosperms, reveals that a different gene is responsible for synthesizing the callose associated with leptoids in mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Renzaglia
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Department of Plant Biology, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Emily Duran
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Department of Plant Biology, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Laxmi Sagwan-Barkdoll
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Department of Plant Biology, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Jason Henry
- Southeast Missouri University, Department of Biology, Cape Girardeau, MO, United States
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Ušák D, Haluška S, Pleskot R. Callose synthesis at the center point of plant development-An evolutionary insight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:54-69. [PMID: 37165709 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar callose deposition into the extracellular matrix is tightly controlled in time and space. Its presence in the cell wall modifies the properties of the surrounding area, which is fundamental for the correct execution of numerous processes such as cell division, male gametophyte development, intercellular transport, or responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Previous studies have been invaluable in characterizing specific callose synthases (CalSs) during individual cellular processes. However, the complex view of the relationships between a particular CalS and a specific process is still lacking. Here we review the recent proceedings on the role of callose and individual CalSs in cell wall remodelling from an evolutionary perspective and with a particular focus on cytokinesis. We provide a robust phylogenetic analysis of CalS across the plant kingdom, which implies a 3-subfamily distribution of CalS. We also discuss the possible linkage between the evolution of CalSs and their function in specific cell types and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ušák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
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Sangi S, Olimpio GV, Coelho FS, Alexandrino CR, Da Cunha M, Grativol C. Flagellin and mannitol modulate callose biosynthesis and deposition in soybean seedlings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13877. [PMID: 36811487 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Callose is a polymer deposited on the cell wall and is necessary for plant growth and development. Callose is synthesized by genes from the glucan synthase-like family (GSL) and dynamically responds to various types of stress. Callose can inhibit pathogenic infection, in the case of biotic stresses, and maintain cell turgor and stiffen the plant cell wall in abiotic stresses. Here, we report the identification of 23 GSL genes (GmGSL) in the soybean genome. We performed phylogenetic analyses, gene structure prediction, duplication patterns, and expression profiles on several RNA-Seq libraries. Our analyses show that WGD/Segmental duplication contributed to expanding this gene family in soybean. Next, we analyzed the callose responses in soybean under abiotic and biotic stresses. The data show that callose is induced by both osmotic stress and flagellin 22 (flg22) and is related to the activity of β-1,3-glucanases. By using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the expression of GSL genes during the treatment of soybean roots with mannitol and flg22. The GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22, showing the essential role of this gene in the soybean defense response to pathogenic organisms and osmotic stress. Our results provide an important understanding of the role of callose deposition and regulation of GSL genes in response to osmotic stress and flg22 infection in soybean seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sangi
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Geovanna Vitória Olimpio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Coelho
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Camilla R Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Clícia Grativol
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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Renzaglia KS, Ashton NW, Suh DY. Sporogenesis in Physcomitrium patens: Intergenerational collaboration and the development of the spore wall and aperture. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1165293. [PMID: 37123413 PMCID: PMC10133578 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1165293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the evolution of spores was critical to the diversification of plants on land, sporogenesis is incompletely characterized for model plants such as Physcomitrium patens. In this study, the complete process of P. patens sporogenesis is detailed from capsule expansion to mature spore formation, with emphasis on the construction of the complex spore wall and proximal aperture. Both diploid (sporophytic) and haploid (spores) cells contribute to the development and maturation of spores. During capsule expansion, the diploid cells of the capsule, including spore mother cells (SMCs), inner capsule wall layer (spore sac), and columella, contribute a locular fibrillar matrix that contains the machinery and nutrients for spore ontogeny. Nascent spores are enclosed in a second matrix that is surrounded by a thin SMC wall and suspended in the locular material. As they expand and separate, a band of exine is produced external to a thin foundation layer of tripartite lamellae. Dense globules assemble evenly throughout the locule, and these are incorporated progressively onto the spore surface to form the perine external to the exine. On the distal spore surface, the intine forms internally, while the spiny perine ornamentation is assembled. The exine is at least partially extrasporal in origin, while the perine is derived exclusively from outside the spore. Across the proximal surface of the polar spores, an aperture begins formation at the onset of spore development and consists of an expanded intine, an annulus, and a central pad with radiating fibers. This complex aperture is elastic and enables the proximal spore surface to cycle between being compressed (concave) and expanded (rounded). In addition to providing a site for water intake and germination, the elastic aperture is likely involved in desiccation tolerance. Based on the current phylogenies, the ancestral plant spore contained an aperture, exine, intine, and perine. The reductive evolution of liverwort and hornwort spores entailed the loss of perine in both groups and the aperture in liverworts. This research serves as the foundation for comparisons with other plant groups and for future studies of the developmental genetics and evolution of spores across plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen S. Renzaglia,
| | - Neil W. Ashton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Dae-Yeon Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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Pfeifer L, Mueller KK, Classen B. The cell wall of hornworts and liverworts: innovations in early land plant evolution? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4454-4472. [PMID: 35470398 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An important step for plant diversification was the transition from freshwater to terrestrial habitats. The bryophytes and all vascular plants share a common ancestor that was probably the first to adapt to life on land. A polysaccharide-rich cell wall was necessary to cope with newly faced environmental conditions. Therefore, some pre-requisites for terrestrial life have to be shared in the lineages of modern bryophytes and vascular plants. This review focuses on hornwort and liverwort cell walls and aims to provide an overview on shared and divergent polysaccharide features between these two groups of bryophytes and vascular plants. Analytical, immunocytochemical, and bioinformatic data were analysed. The major classes of polysaccharides-cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins-seem to be present but have diversified structurally during evolution. Some polysaccharide groups show structural characteristics which separate hornworts from the other bryophytes or are too poorly studied in detail to be able to draw absolute conclusions. Hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein backbones are found in hornworts and liverworts, and show differences in, for example, the occurrence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored arabinogalactan-proteins, while glycosylation is practically unstudied. Overall, the data are an appeal to researchers in the field to gain more knowledge on cell wall structures in order to understand the changes with regard to bryophyte evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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7
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Cao P, Tang C, Wu X, Qian M, Lv S, Gao H, Qiao X, Chen G, Wang P, Zhang S, Wu J. PbrCalS5, a callose synthase protein, is involved in pollen tube growth in Pyrus bretschneideri. PLANTA 2022; 256:22. [PMID: 35767158 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Identification of CalS genes in seven Rosaceae species and functional characterization of PbrCalS5 in pear pollen tube growth by regulating callose deposition. Callose exists widely in angiosperms and has significant functions in a range of developmental processes. Callose is synthesized by callose synthase (CalS). However, the members of the callose synthase gene family and their evolutionary profiles, along with their biological functions, in species of the Rosaceae remain unknown. In this study, a total of 69 members of the CalS gene family in seven Rosaceae species (Fragaria vesca, Malus × domestica, Prunus avium, Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus mume, Prunus persica and Rubus occidentalis) were identified and divided into six clades. Different types of gene duplication events contributed to the expansions of the CalS gene family in the seven species, with purifying selection playing a key role in the evolution of the CalS genes. Tissue-specific expression patterns analysis revealed that PbrCalS5 was highly expressed in the pear pollen tube and was selected for further functional analysis. Subcellular localization indicated that PbrCalS5 was localized in the plasma membrane and cell wall. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) assays resulted in the inhibition of PbrCalS5 expression, leading to the decreased callose deposition in the pollen tube wall and subsequent inhibition of pear pollen tube growth. These results provide the theoretical basis for exploring the functional roles of CalS genes in pear pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shouzheng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongru Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China.
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8
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Muller A, Fujita T, Coudert Y. Callose Detection and Quantification at Plasmodesmata in Bryophytes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:177-187. [PMID: 35349140 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In bryophytes (i.e., mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), extant representatives of early land plants, plasmodesmata have been described in a wide range of tissues. Although their contribution to bryophyte morphogenesis remains largely unexplored, several recent studies have suggested that the deposition of callose around plasmodesmata might regulate developmental and physiological responses in mosses. In this chapter, we provide a protocol to image and quantify callose levels in the filamentous body of the model moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens and discuss possible alternatives and pitfalls. More generally, this protocol establishes a framework to explore the distribution of callose in other bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Muller
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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9
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The placenta of Physcomitrium patens: transfer cell wall polymers compared across the three bryophyte groups. DIVERSITY 2021; 13. [PMID: 35273462 PMCID: PMC8905678 DOI: 10.3390/d13080378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Following similar studies of cell wall constituents in the placenta of Phaeoceros and Marchantia, we conducted immunogold labeling TEM studies of Physcomitrium patens to determine the composition of cell wall polymers in transfer cells on both sides of the placenta. 16 monoclonal antibodies were used to localize cell wall epitopes in the basal walls and wall ingrowths in this moss. In general, placental transfer cell walls of P. patens contain fewer pectins and far fewer AGPs than those of the hornwort and liverwort. P. patens also lacks the differential labeling that is pronounced between generations in the other bryophytes. In contrast, transfer cell walls on either side of the placenta of P. patens are relatively similar in composition with slight variation in HG pectins. Compositional similarities between wall ingrowths and primary cell walls in P. patens suggest that wall ingrowths may simply be extensions of the primary cell wall. Considerable variability in occurrence, abundance, and types of polymers among the three bryophytes and between the two generations suggests that similarity in function and morphology of cell walls does not require a common cell wall composition. We propose that the specific developmental and life history traits of these plants may provide even more important clues in understanding the basis for these differences. This study significantly builds on our knowledge of cell wall composition in bryophytes in general and transfer cells across plants.
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Gömann J, Herrfurth C, Zienkiewicz A, Ischebeck T, Haslam TM, Hornung E, Feussner I. Sphingolipid long-chain base hydroxylation influences plant growth and callose deposition in Physcomitrium patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:297-314. [PMID: 33720428 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are enriched in microdomains in the plant plasma membrane (PM). Hydroxyl groups in the characteristic long-chain base (LCB) moiety might be essential for the interaction between sphingolipids and sterols during microdomain formation. Investigating LCB hydroxylase mutants in Physcomitrium patens might therefore reveal the role of certain plant sphingolipids in the formation of PM subdomains. Physcomitrium patens mutants for the LCB C-4 hydroxylase S4H were generated by homologous recombination. Plants were characterised by analysing their sphingolipid and steryl glycoside (SG) profiles and by investigating different gametophyte stages. s4h mutants lost the hydroxyl group at the C-4 position of their LCB moiety. Loss of this hydroxyl group caused global changes in the moss sphingolipidome and in SG composition. Changes in membrane lipid composition may trigger growth defects by interfering with the localisation of membrane-associated proteins that are crucial for growth processes such as signalling receptors or callose-modifying enzymes. Loss of LCB-C4 hydroxylation substantially changes the P. patens sphingolipidome and reveals a key role for S4H during development of nonvascular plants. Physcomitrium patens is a valuable model for studying the diversification of plant sphingolipids. The simple anatomy of P. patens facilitates visualisation of physiological processes in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Gömann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
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Henry JS, Ligrone R, Vaughn KC, Lopez RA, Renzaglia KS. Cell wall polymers in the Phaeoceros placenta reflect developmental and functional differences across generations. BRYOPHYTE DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION 2021; 43:265-283. [PMID: 34532591 PMCID: PMC8443004 DOI: 10.11646/bde.43.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The placenta of hornworts is unique among bryophytes in the restriction of transfer cells that are characterized by elaborate wall labyrinths to the gametophyte generation. During development, cells around the periphery of the sporophyte foot elongate, forming smooth-walled haustorial cells that interdigitate with gametophyte cells. Using immunogold labeling with 22 antibodies to diverse cell wall polymers, we examined compositional differences in the developmentally and morphologically distinct cell walls of gametophyte transfer cells and sporophyte haustorial cells in the placenta of Phaeoceros. As detected by Calcofluor White fluorescence, cellulose forms the cell wall scaffolding in cells on both sides of the placenta. Homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) pectins are abundant in both cell types, and haustrorial cells are further enriched in methyl-esterified HGs. The abundance of pectins in placental cell walls is consistent with the postulated roles of these polymers in cell wall porosity and in maintaining an acidic apoplastic pH favorable to solute transport. Xyloglucan hemicellulose, but not mannans or glucuronoxylans, are present in cell walls at the interface between the two generations with a lower density in gametophytic wall ingrowths. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are diverse along the plasmalemma of placental cells and are absent in surrounding cells in both generations. AGPs in placental cell walls may play a role in calcium binding and release associated with signal transduction as has been speculated for these glycoproteins in other plants. Callose is restricted to thin areas in cell walls of gametophyte transfer cells. In contrast to studies of transfer cells in other systems, no reaction to the JIM12 antibody against extensin was observed in Phaeoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Henry
- Department of Plant Biology, MC:6509, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | | | | | - Renee A Lopez
- Department of Plant Biology, MC:6509, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, MC:6509, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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12
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Henry JS, Lopez RA, Renzaglia KS. Differential localization of cell wall polymers across generations in the placenta of Marchantia polymorpha. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:911-924. [PMID: 33106966 PMCID: PMC8192078 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To further knowledge on cell wall composition in early land plants, we localized cell wall constituents in placental cells of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in the transmission electron microscope and histochemical staining. The placenta of M. polymorpha is similar to the majority of bryophytes in that both generations contain transfer cells with extensive wall ingrowths. Although the four major cell wall polymers, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and arabinogalactan proteins, are present, there are variations in the richness and specificity across generations. An abundance of homogalacturonan pectins in all placental cell walls is consistent with maintaining cell wall permeability and an acidic apoplastic pH necessary for solute transport. Although similar in ultrastructure, transfer cell walls on the sporophyte side in M. polymorpha are enriched with xyloglucans and diverse AGPs not detected on the gametophyte side of the placenta. Gametophyte wall ingrowths are more uniform in polymer composition. Lastly, extensins and callose are not components of transfer cell walls of M. polymorpha, which deviates from studies on transfer cells in other plants. The difference in polymer localizations in transfer cell walls between generations is consistent with directional movement from gametophyte to sporophyte in this liverwort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Henry
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, MC:6509, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Renee A Lopez
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, MC:6509, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, MC:6509, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Ks R, Ra L, Rd W, Ha O, A M. Callose in sporogenesis: Novel composition of the inner spore wall in hornworts. PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION = ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE UND SYSTEMATIK DER PFLANZEN 2020; 306:16. [PMID: 34079158 PMCID: PMC8167838 DOI: 10.1007/s00606-020-01631-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sporogenesis is a developmental process that defines embryophytes and involves callose, especially in the production of the highly protective and recalcitrant spore/pollen wall. Until now, hornworts, leptosporangiate ferns and homosporous lycophytes are the only major plant groups in which the involvement of callose in spore development is equivocal. Through aniline blue fluorescence and immunogold labeling in the transmission electron microscope, we provide indisputable evidence for the presence of callose in the spore wall of five hornwort genera, but not in the derived Dendroceros, an epiphyte that produces multicellular spores. We present evidence that callose appears in the developing spore wall and is retained throughout development as a wall constituent of the intine or inner spore wall, a novel location for this polysaccharide in embryophytes. In endosporic and multicellular spores/pollen of Dendroceros, the liverwort Pellia, and Arabidopsis, callose appears in the newly formed cell walls only following the first mitotic division. Further probing for other wall polymers in hornworts reveals the presence of cellulose (Calcofluor fluorescence) in the spore intine, aperture and around the equatorial girdle. Further immunogold labeling with monoclonal antibodies identifies pectin and hemicellulose in hornwort intines. The persistence of callose, a typically transient cell wall constituent, with cellulose, pectins and hemicellulose in the intine, supports specialized functions of callose in spores of hornworts that include reduced water loss when spores are dry and mechanical flexibility to withstand desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzaglia Ks
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Lopez Ra
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Welsh Rd
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Owen Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Merced A
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
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14
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Arif MA, Hiss M, Tomek M, Busch H, Meyberg R, Tintelnot S, Reski R, Rensing SA, Frank W. ABA-Induced Vegetative Diaspore Formation in Physcomitrella patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:315. [PMID: 30941155 PMCID: PMC6433873 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is a pivotal regulator of gene expression in response to various environmental stresses such as desiccation, salt and cold causing major changes in plant development and physiology. Here we show that in the moss Physcomitrella patens exogenous application of ABA triggers the formation of vegetative diaspores (brachycytes or brood cells) that enable plant survival in unfavorable environmental conditions. Such diaspores are round-shaped cells characterized by the loss of the central vacuole, due to an increased starch and lipid storage preparing these cells for growth upon suitable environmental conditions. To gain insights into the gene regulation underlying these developmental and physiological changes, we analyzed early transcriptome changes after 30, 60, and 180 min of ABA application and identified 1,030 differentially expressed genes. Among these, several groups can be linked to specific morphological and physiological changes during diaspore formation, such as genes involved in cell wall modifications. Furthermore, almost all members of ABA-dependent signaling and regulation were transcriptionally induced. Network analysis of transcription-associated genes revealed a large overlap of our study with ABA-dependent regulation in response to dehydration, cold stress, and UV-B light, indicating a fundamental function of ABA in diverse stress responses in moss. We also studied the evolutionary conservation of ABA-dependent regulation between moss and the seed plant Arabidopsis thaliana pointing to an early evolution of ABA-mediated stress adaptation during the conquest of the terrestrial habitat by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Asif Arif
- Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biocenter, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Manuel Hiss
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marta Tomek
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rabea Meyberg
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tintelnot
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan A. Rensing, Wolfgang Frank,
| | - Wolfgang Frank
- Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biocenter, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan A. Rensing, Wolfgang Frank,
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Dehors J, Mareck A, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Lehner A, Mollet JC. Evolution of Cell Wall Polymers in Tip-Growing Land Plant Gametophytes: Composition, Distribution, Functional Aspects and Their Remodeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 31057570 PMCID: PMC6482432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of land plants, the first colonizing species presented leafy-dominant gametophytes, found in non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Today, bryophytes include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. In the first seedless vascular plants (lycophytes), the sporophytic stage of life started to be predominant. In the seed producing plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms , the gametophytic stage is restricted to reproduction. In mosses and ferns, the haploid spores germinate and form a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophyte producing rhizoids for anchorage, water and nutrient uptakes. The basal gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo) reproduce by zooidogamy. Their pollen grains develop a multi-branched pollen tube that penetrates the nucellus and releases flagellated sperm cells that swim to the egg cell. The pollen grain of other gymnosperms (conifers and gnetophytes) as well as angiosperms germinates and produces a pollen tube that directly delivers the sperm cells to the ovule (siphonogamy). These different gametophytes, which are short or long-lived structures, share a common tip-growing mode of cell expansion. Tip-growth requires a massive cell wall deposition to promote cell elongation, but also a tight spatial and temporal control of the cell wall remodeling in order to modulate the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The growth rate of these cells is very variable depending on the structure and the species, ranging from very slow (protonemata, rhizoids, and some gymnosperm pollen tubes), to a slow to fast-growth in other gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition, the structural diversity of the female counterparts in angiosperms (dry, semi-dry vs wet stigmas, short vs long, solid vs hollow styles) will impact the speed and efficiency of sperm delivery. As the evolution and diversity of the cell wall polysaccharides accompanied the diversification of cell wall structural proteins and remodeling enzymes, this review focuses on our current knowledge on the biochemistry, the distribution and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, callose, arabinogalactan-proteins and extensins), during the tip-expansion of gametophytes from bryophytes, pteridophytes (lycophytes and monilophytes), gymnosperms and the monocot and eudicot angiosperms.
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Liu F, Zou Z, Fernando WGD. Characterization of Callose Deposition and Analysis of the Callose Synthase Gene Family of Brassica napus in Response to Leptosphaeria maculans. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123769. [PMID: 30486431 PMCID: PMC6320764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Callose plays a critical role in different biological processes including development as well as in the response to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we characterized the callose deposition in cotyledons of different Brassica napus varieties post-inoculated with different Leptosphaeria maculans isolates. Further, members of the callose synthase gene were identified from the whole genome of B. napus using the 12 Arabidopsis thaniana callose synthase protein sequences, and were then classified into three groups based on their phylogenetic relationships. Chromosomal location and duplication patterns indicated uneven distribution and segmental duplication patterns of BnCalS genes in the B. napus genome. Subsequently, gene structures, conserved domains analysis, and protein properties were analyzed for BnCalS genes. In addition, 12 B. napus orthologs of the AtCalS were selected for investigating the tissue expression pattern, indicating diverse expression patterns for these BnCalS genes. Responses of the selected 12 orthologs and all the BnCalS genes were characterized in the different types (AvrLm1-Rlm1, AvrLm4-Rlm4, AvrLepR1-LepR1) of B. napus–L. maculans interactions and B. napus-Leptosphaeria biglobosa interactions, implying their potential roles in response to Leptosphaeria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Benítez M, Hernández-Hernández V, Newman SA, Niklas KJ. Dynamical Patterning Modules, Biogeneric Materials, and the Evolution of Multicellular Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:871. [PMID: 30061903 PMCID: PMC6055014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analyses of developmental processes across a broad spectrum of organisms are required to fully understand the mechanisms responsible for the major evolutionary transitions among eukaryotic photosynthetic lineages (defined here as the polyphyletic algae and the monophyletic land plants). The concepts of dynamical patterning modules (DPMs) and biogeneric materials provide a framework for studying developmental processes in the context of such comparative analyses. In the context of multicellularity, DPMs are defined as sets of conserved gene products and molecular networks, in conjunction with the physical morphogenetic and patterning processes they mobilize. A biogeneric material is defined as mesoscale matter with predictable morphogenetic capabilities that arise from complex cellular conglomerates. Using these concepts, we outline some of the main events and transitions in plant evolution, and describe the DPMs and biogeneric properties associated with and responsible for these transitions. We identify four primary DPMs that played critical roles in the evolution of multicellularity (i.e., the DPMs responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion, identifying the future cell wall, cell differentiation, and cell polarity). Three important conclusions emerge from a broad phyletic comparison: (1) DPMs have been achieved in different ways, even within the same clade (e.g., phycoplastic cell division in the Chlorophyta and phragmoplastic cell division in the Streptophyta), (2) DPMs had their origins in the co-option of molecular species present in the unicellular ancestors of multicellular plants, and (3) symplastic transport mediated by intercellular connections, particularly plasmodesmata, was critical for the evolution of complex multicellularity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Benítez
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad – Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Lyon, France
| | - Stuart A. Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Záveská Drábková L, Honys D. Evolutionary history of callose synthases in terrestrial plants with emphasis on proteins involved in male gametophyte development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187331. [PMID: 29131847 PMCID: PMC5683620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Callose is a plant-specific polysaccharide (β-1,3-glucan) playing an important role in angiosperms in many developmental processes and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Callose is synthesised at the plasma membrane of plant cells by callose synthase (CalS) and, among others, represents the main polysaccharide in the callose wall surrounding the tetrads of developing microspores and in the growing pollen tube wall. CalS proteins involvement in spore development is a plesiomorphic feature of terrestrial plants, but very little is known about their evolutionary origin and relationships amongst the members of this protein family. We performed thorough comparative analyses of callose synthase family proteins from major plant lineages to determine their evolutionary history across the plant kingdom. A total of 1211 candidate CalS sequences were identified and compared amongst diverse taxonomic groups of plants, from bryophytes to angiosperms. Phylogenetic analyses identified six main clades of CalS proteins and suggested duplications during the evolution of specialised functions. Twelve family members had previously been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. We focused on five CalS subfamilies directly linked to pollen function and found that proteins expressed in pollen evolved twice. CalS9/10 and CalS11/12 formed well-defined clades, whereas pollen-specific CalS5 was found within subfamilies that mostly did not express in mature pollen vegetative cell, although were found in sperm cells. Expression of five out of seven mature pollen-expressed CalS genes was affected by mutations in bzip transcription factors. Only three subfamilies, CalS5, CalS10, and CalS11, however, formed monophyletic, mostly conserved clades. The pairs CalS9/CalS10, CalS11/CalS12 and CalS3 may have diverged after angiosperms diversified from lycophytes and bryophytes. Our analysis of fully sequenced plant proteins identified new evolutionary lineages of callose synthase subfamilies and has established a basis for understanding their functional evolution in terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Záveská Drábková
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (LZD); (DH)
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, Praha 6, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (LZD); (DH)
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Jill Harrison C. Development and genetics in the evolution of land plant body plans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20150490. [PMID: 27994131 PMCID: PMC5182422 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization of land by plants shaped the terrestrial biosphere, the geosphere and global climates. The nature of morphological and molecular innovation driving land plant evolution has been an enigma for over 200 years. Recent phylogenetic and palaeobotanical advances jointly demonstrate that land plants evolved from freshwater algae and pinpoint key morphological innovations in plant evolution. In the haploid gametophyte phase of the plant life cycle, these include the innovation of mulitcellular forms with apical growth and multiple growth axes. In the diploid phase of the life cycle, multicellular axial sporophytes were an early innovation priming subsequent diversification of indeterminate branched forms with leaves and roots. Reverse and forward genetic approaches in newly emerging model systems are starting to identify the genetic basis of such innovations. The data place plant evo-devo research at the cusp of discovering the developmental and genetic changes driving the radiation of land plant body plans.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jill Harrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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20
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Busta L, Budke JM, Jetter R. The moss Funaria hygrometrica has cuticular wax similar to vascular plants, with distinct composition on leafy gametophyte, calyptra and sporophyte capsule surfaces. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:511-22. [PMID: 27489161 PMCID: PMC4998987 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aerial surfaces of land plants are covered with a waxy cuticle to protect against water loss. The amount and composition of cuticular waxes on moss surfaces had rarely been investigated. Accordingly, the degree of similarity between moss and vascular plant waxes, and between maternal and offspring moss structure waxes is unknown. To resolve these issues, this study aimed at providing a comprehensive analysis of the waxes on the leafy gametophyte, gametophyte calyptra and sporophyte capsule of the moss Funaria hygrometrica METHODS Waxes were extracted from the surfaces of leafy gametophytes, gametophyte calyptrae and sporophyte capsules, separated by gas chromatography, identified qualitatively with mass spectrometry, and quantified with flame ionization detection. Diagnostic mass spectral peaks were used to determine the isomer composition of wax esters. KEY RESULTS The surfaces of the leafy gametophyte, calyptra and sporophyte capsule of F. hygrometrica were covered with 0·94, 2·0 and 0·44 μg cm(-2) wax, respectively. While each wax mixture was composed of mainly fatty acid alkyl esters, the waxes from maternal and offspring structures had unique compositional markers. β-Hydroxy fatty acid alkyl esters were limited to the leafy gametophyte and calyptra, while alkanes, aldehydes and diol esters were restricted to the sporophyte capsule. Ubiquitous fatty acids, alcohols, fatty acid alkyl esters, aldehydes and alkanes were all found on at least one surface. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to determine wax coverage (μg cm(-2)) on a moss surface, enabling direct comparisons with vascular plants, which were shown to have an equal amount or more wax than F. hygrometrica Wax ester biosynthesis is of particular importance in this species, and the ester-forming enzyme(s) in different parts of the moss may have different substrate preferences. Furthermore, the alkane-forming wax biosynthesis pathway, found widely in vascular plants, is active in the sporophyte capsule, but not in the leafy gametophyte or calyptra. Overall, wax composition and coverage on F. hygrometrica were similar to those reported for some vascular plant species, suggesting that the underlying biosynthetic processes in plants of both lineages were inherited from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jessica M Budke
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California - Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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21
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Berry EA, Tran ML, Dimos CS, Budziszek MJ, Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Roberts AW. Immuno and Affinity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:248. [PMID: 27014284 PMCID: PMC4781868 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to homeohydric vascular plants, mosses employ a poikilohydric strategy for surviving in the dry aerial environment. A detailed understanding of the structure, composition, and development of moss cell walls can contribute to our understanding of not only the evolution of overall cell wall complexity, but also the differences that have evolved in response to selection for different survival strategies. The model moss species Physcomitrella patens has a predominantly haploid lifecycle consisting of protonemal filaments that regenerate from protoplasts and enlarge by tip growth, and leafy gametophores composed of cells that enlarge by diffuse growth and differentiate into several different types. Advantages for genetic studies include methods for efficient targeted gene modification and extensive genomic resources. Immuno and affinity cytochemical labeling were used to examine the distribution of polysaccharides and proteins in regenerated protoplasts, protonemal filaments, rhizoids, and sectioned gametophores of P. patens. The cell wall composition of regenerated protoplasts was also characterized by flow cytometry. Crystalline cellulose was abundant in the cell walls of regenerating protoplasts and protonemal cells that developed on media of high osmolarity, whereas homogalactuonan was detected in the walls of protonemal cells that developed on low osmolarity media and not in regenerating protoplasts. Mannan was the major hemicellulose detected in all tissues tested. Arabinogalactan proteins were detected in different cell types by different probes, consistent with structural heterogneity. The results reveal developmental and cell type specific differences in cell wall composition and provide a basis for analyzing cell wall phenotypes in knockout mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode IslandKingston, RI, USA
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Daku RM, Rabbi F, Buttigieg J, Coulson IM, Horne D, Martens G, Ashton NW, Suh DY. PpASCL, the Physcomitrella patens Anther-Specific Chalcone Synthase-Like Enzyme Implicated in Sporopollenin Biosynthesis, Is Needed for Integrity of the Moss Spore Wall and Spore Viability. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146817. [PMID: 26752629 PMCID: PMC4709238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporopollenin is the main constituent of the exine layer of spore and pollen walls. The anther-specific chalcone synthase-like (ASCL) enzyme of Physcomitrella patens, PpASCL, has previously been implicated in the biosynthesis of sporopollenin, the main constituent of exine and perine, the two outermost layers of the moss spore cell wall. We made targeted knockouts of the corresponding gene, PpASCL, and phenotypically characterized ascl sporophytes and spores at different developmental stages. Ascl plants developed normally until late in sporophytic development, when the spores produced were structurally aberrant and inviable. The development of the ascl spore cell wall appeared to be arrested early in microspore development, resulting in small, collapsed spores with altered surface morphology. The typical stratification of the spore cell wall was absent with only an abnormal perine recognisable above an amorphous layer possibly representing remnants of compromised intine and/or exine. Equivalent resistance of the spore walls of ascl mutants and the control strain to acetolysis suggests the presence of chemically inert, defective sporopollenin in the mutants. Anatomical abnormalities of late-stage ascl sporophytes include a persistent large columella and an air space incompletely filled with spores. Our results indicate that the evolutionarily conserved PpASCL gene is needed for proper construction of the spore wall and for normal maturation and viability of moss spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys M. Daku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Fazle Rabbi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Josef Buttigieg
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ian M. Coulson
- Department of Geology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derrick Horne
- BioImaging Facility, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Garnet Martens
- BioImaging Facility, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Neil W. Ashton
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (DYS); (NWA)
| | - Dae-Yeon Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (DYS); (NWA)
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Sporoderm ultrastructure of Oedipodium griffithianum (Oedipodiopsida, Bryophyta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15298/arctoa.24.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schuette S, Piatkowski B, Corley A, Lang D, Geisler M. Predicted protein-protein interactions in the moss Physcomitrella patens: a new bioinformatic resource. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:89. [PMID: 25885037 PMCID: PMC4384322 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physcomitrella patens, a haploid dominant plant, is fast becoming a useful molecular genetics and bioinformatics tool due to its key phylogenetic position as a bryophyte in the post-genomic era. Genome sequences from select reference species were compared bioinformatically to Physcomitrella patens using reciprocal blasts with the InParanoid software package. A reference protein interaction database assembled using MySQL by compiling BioGrid, BIND, DIP, and Intact databases was queried for moss orthologs existing for both interacting partners. This method has been used to successfully predict interactions for a number of angiosperm plants. Results The first predicted protein-protein interactome for a bryophyte based on the interolog method contains 67,740 unique interactions from 5,695 different Physcomitrella patens proteins. Most conserved interactions among proteins were those associated with metabolic processes. Over-represented Gene Ontology categories are reported here. Conclusion Addition of moss, a plant representative 200 million years diverged from angiosperms to interactomic research greatly expands the possibility of conducting comparative analyses giving tremendous insight into network evolution of land plants. This work helps demonstrate the utility of “guilt-by-association” models for predicting protein interactions, providing provisional roadmaps that can be explored using experimental approaches. Included with this dataset is a method for characterizing subnetworks and investigating specific processes, such as the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0524-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Schuette
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
| | - Brian Piatkowski
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
| | - Aaron Corley
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
| | - Daniel Lang
- University of Freiburg, Plant Biotechnology Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Matt Geisler
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA.
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Renzaglia KS, Lopez RA, Johnson EE. Callose is integral to the development of permanent tetrads in the liverwort Sphaerocarpos. PLANTA 2015; 241:615-27. [PMID: 25408505 PMCID: PMC7252457 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A striking feature of the liverwort Sphaerocarpos is that pairs of male and female spores remain united in permanent tetrads. To identify the nature of this phenomenon and to test the hypothesis that callose is involved, we examined spore wall development in Sphaerocarpos miche lii, with emphasis on the appearance, location and fate of callose vis-à-vis construction of the sculptoderm. All stages of sporogenesis were examined using differential interference contrast optics, and aniline blue fluorescence to locate callose. For precise localization, specimens were immunogold labeled with anti-callose antibody and observed in the transmission electron microscope. Callose plays a role in Sphaerocarpos spore wall development not described in any other plant, including other liverworts. A massive callose matrix forms outside of the sculptured sporocyte plasmalemma that predicts spore wall ornamentation. Consequently, layers of exine form across adjacent spores uniting them. Spore wall development occurs entirely within the callose and involves the production of six layers of prolamellae that give rise to single or stacked tripartite lamellae (TPL). Between spores, an anastomosing network of exine layers forms in lieu of intersporal septum development. As sporopollenin assembles on TPL, callose progressively disappears from the inside outward leaving layers of sporopollenin impregnated exine, the sculptoderm, overlying a thick fibrillar intine. This developmental mechanism provides a direct pathway from callose deposition to sculptured exine that does not involve the intermediary primexine found in pollen wall development. The resulting tetrad, encased in a single wall, provides a simple model for development of permanent dyads and tetrads in the earliest fossil plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, MC: 6509, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA,
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Kitagawa M, Fujita T. A model system for analyzing intercellular communication through plasmodesmata using moss protonemata and leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:63-72. [PMID: 25516502 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and environmental responses require the proper regulation of intercellular movement of signals and nutrients. For this, plants have specialized cytoplasmic channels, the plasmodesmata (PD), which allow the symplasmic movement of micro- and macromolecules between neighboring cells. Internal and external signals spatio-temporally regulate the movement of molecules through the PD to control plant development and environmental responses. Although some aspects of targeted movement of molecules have been revealed, the mechanisms of non-targeted, diffusible flow of molecules through PD, and its regulation and function, remain poorly understood, particularly at the cellular level. Previously, we developed a system to quantitatively analyze non-targeted movement of a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, Dendra2, at the single-cell level in the filamentous protonemata tissue of the moss Physcomitrella patens. In protonemata, one-dimensional intercellular communication can be easily observed and quantitatively analyzed at the cellular level. In this review, we describe how protonemata and leaves of P. patens can be used to study symplasmic movement through PD, and discuss how this system can help improve our understanding of PD regulation and function in development and environmental responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan,
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Gaudioso-Pedraza R, Benitez-Alfonso Y. A phylogenetic approach to study the origin and evolution of plasmodesmata-localized glycosyl hydrolases family 17. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:212. [PMID: 24904609 PMCID: PMC4033164 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of the land by plants required major modifications in cellular structural composition and metabolism. Intercellular communication through plasmodesmata (PD) plays a critical role in the coordination of growth and cell activities. Changes in the form, regulation or function of these channels are likely linked to plant adaptation to the terrestrial environments. Constriction of PD aperture by deposition of callose is the best-studied mechanism in PD regulation. Glycosyl hydrolases family 17 (GHL17) are callose degrading enzymes. In Arabidopsis this is a large protein family, few of which have been PD-localized. The objective here is to identify correlations between evolution of this protein family and their role at PD and to use this information as a tool to predict the localization of candidates isolated in a proteomic screen. With this aim, we studied phylogenetic relationship between Arabidopsis GHL17 sequences and those isolated from fungi, green algae, mosses and monocot representatives. Three distinct phylogenetic clades were identified. Clade alpha contained only embryophytes sequences suggesting that this subgroup appeared during land colonization in organisms with functional PD. Accordingly, all PD-associated GHL17 proteins identified so far in Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus are grouped in this 'embryophytes only' phylogenetic clade. Next, we tested the use of this knowledge to discriminate between candidates isolated in the PD proteome. Transient and stable expression of GFP protein fusions confirmed PD localization for candidates contained in clade alpha but not for candidates contained in clade beta. Our results suggest that GHL17 membrane proteins contained in the alpha clade evolved and expanded during land colonization to play new roles, among others, in PD regulation.
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Lee JY. New and old roles of plasmodesmata in immunity and parallels to tunneling nanotubes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 221-222:13-20. [PMID: 24656331 PMCID: PMC4147083 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective cell-to-cell communication is critical for the survival of both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In multicellular plants, direct cell coupling across the cell wall boundaries is mediated by long membrane-lined cytoplasmic bridges, the plasmodesmata. Exciting recent discoveries suggest that the occurrence of such membrane-lined intercellular channels is not unique to plant lineages but more prevalent across biological kingdoms than previously assumed. Striking functional analogies exist among those channels, in that not only do they all facilitate the exchange of various forms of macromolecules, but also they are exploited by some opportunistic pathogens to spread infection from one host cell to another. However, host cells may have also evolved strategies to offset such exploitation of the critical cellular infrastructure by the pathogen. Indeed, recent studies support an emerging paradigm that cellular connectivity via plasmodesmata plays an important role in innate immune responses. Preliminary hypotheses are proposed as to how various regulatory mechanisms integrating plasmodesmata into immune signaling pathways may have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Carey RE, Hepler NK, Cosgrove DJ. Selaginella moellendorffii has a reduced and highly conserved expansin superfamily with genes more closely related to angiosperms than to bryophytes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:4. [PMID: 23286898 PMCID: PMC3680112 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expansins are plant cell wall loosening proteins encoded by a large superfamily of genes, consisting of four families named EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB. The evolution of the expansin superfamily is well understood in angiosperms, thanks to synteny-based evolutionary studies of the gene superfamily in Arabidopsis, rice, and Populus. Analysis of the expansin superfamily in the moss Physcomitrella patens revealed a superfamily without EXLA or EXLB genes that has evolved considerably and independently of angiosperm expansins. The sequencing of the Selaginella moellendorffii genome has allowed us to extend these analyses into an early diverging vascular plant. RESULTS The expansin superfamily in Selaginella moellendorffii has now been assembled from genomic scaffolds. A smaller (and less diverse) superfamily is revealed, consistent with studies of other gene families in Selaginella. Selaginella has an expansin superfamily, which, like Physcomitrella, lacks EXLA or EXLB genes, but does contain two EXPA genes that are related to a particular Arabidopsis-rice clade involved in root hair development. CONCLUSIONS From sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, most Selaginella expansins lie outside the Arabidopsis-rice clades, leading us to estimate the minimum number of expansins present in the last common ancestor of Selaginella and angiosperms at 2 EXPA genes and 1 EXPB gene. These results confirm Selaginella as an important intermediary between bryophytes and angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Carey
- Department of Biology, Lebanon Valley College, 101 N. College Ave., Annville, PA, 17003, USA
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nathan K Hepler
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lebanon Valley College, 101 N. College Ave., Annville, PA, 17003, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Roberts AW, Roberts EM, Haigler CH. Moss cell walls: structure and biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:166. [PMID: 22833752 PMCID: PMC3400098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequence of the moss Physcomitrella patens has stimulated new research examining the cell wall polysaccharides of mosses and the glycosyl transferases that synthesize them as a means to understand fundamental processes of cell wall biosynthesis and plant cell wall evolution. The cell walls of mosses and vascular plants are composed of the same classes of polysaccharides, but with differences in side chain composition and structure. Similarly, the genomes of P. patens and angiosperms encode the same families of cell wall glycosyl transferases, yet, in many cases these families have diversified independently in each lineage. Our understanding of land plant evolution could be enhanced by more complete knowledge of the relationships among glycosyl transferase functional diversification, cell wall structural and biochemical specialization, and the roles of cell walls in plant adaptation. As a foundation for these studies, we review the features of P. patens as an experimental system, analyses of cell wall composition in various moss species, recent studies that elucidate the structure and biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides in P. patens, and phylogenetic analysis of P. patens genes potentially involved in cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island,Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Eric M. Roberts
- Department of Biology, Rhodes Island College,Providence, RI, USA
| | - Candace H. Haigler
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University,Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University,Raleigh, NC, USA
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The Gibberellin perception system evolved to regulate a pre-existing GAMYB-mediated system during land plant evolution. Nat Commun 2011; 2:544. [PMID: 22109518 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) controls pollen development in flowering plants via the GAMYB transcription factor. Here we show that GAMYB is conserved in Selaginella moellendorffii (lycophyte) and Physcomitrella patens (moss), although the former contains the GA signalling pathway, the latter does not. In the lycophyte, GA treatment promotes the outer wall development on microspores, whereas treatment with GA biosynthesis inhibitors disturbs its development. Contrary, in the moss, GAMYB homologue knockouts also produce abnormal spores that resemble Selaginella microspores treated with GA biosynthesis inhibitors and pollen grains of rice gamyb mutant. Moreover, the knockouts fail to develop male organs, instead ectopically forming female organs. Thus, before the establishment of the GA signalling pathway, basal land plants, including mosses, contained a GAMYB-based system for spore and sexual organ development. Subsequently, during the evolution from mosses to basal vascular plants including lycophytes, GA signalling might have merged to regulate this pre-existing GAMYB-based system.
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Wallace S, Fleming A, Wellman CH, Beerling DJ. Evolutionary development of the plant and spore wall. AOB PLANTS 2011; 2011:plr027. [PMID: 22476497 PMCID: PMC3220415 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plr027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many key innovations were required to enable plants to colonize terrestrial habitats successfully. One of these was the acquisition of a durable spore/pollen wall capable of withstanding the harsh desiccating and UV-B-rich environment encountered on land. The spores of 'lower' spore-bearing plants and the pollen of 'higher' seed plants are homologous. In recent years, researchers have begun to investigate the molecular genetics of pollen wall development in angiosperms (including the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana). However, research into the molecular genetics of spore wall development in more basal plants has thus far been extremely limited. This review summarizes the literature on spore/pollen wall development, including the molecular genetics associated with pollen wall development in angiosperms, in a preliminary attempt to identify possible candidate genes involved in spore wall development in more basal plants. PRESENCE IN MOSS OF GENES INVOLVED IN POLLEN WALL DEVELOPMENT Bioinformatic studies have suggested that genes implicated in pollen wall development in angiosperms are also present in moss and lycopsids, and may therefore be involved in spore wall development in basal plants. This suggests that the molecular genetics of spore/pollen development are highly conserved, despite the large morphological and functional differences between spores and pollen. FUTURE WORK The use of high-throughput sequencing strategies and/or microarray experiments at an appropriate stage of 'lower' land plant sporogenesis will allow the identification of candidate genes likely to be involved in the development of the spore wall by way of comparison with those genes known to be involved in pollen wall development. Additionally, by conducting gene knock-out and gene swap experiments between 'lower' land plant species, such as the moss model species Physcomitrella patens, and the angiosperm model species arabidopsis it will be possible to test the role of these candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wallace
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Abercrombie JM, O'Meara BC, Moffatt AR, Williams JH. Developmental evolution of flowering plant pollen tube cell walls: callose synthase (CalS) gene expression patterns. EvoDevo 2011; 2:14. [PMID: 21722365 PMCID: PMC3146827 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of innovations underlie the origin of rapid reproductive cycles in angiosperms. A critical early step involved the modification of an ancestrally short and slow-growing pollen tube for faster and longer distance transport of sperm to egg. Associated with this shift are the predominantly callose (1,3-β-glucan) walls and septae (callose plugs) of angiosperm pollen tubes. Callose synthesis is mediated by callose synthase (CalS). Of 12 CalS gene family members in Arabidopsis, only one (CalS5) has been directly linked to pollen tube callose. CalS5 orthologues are present in several monocot and eudicot genomes, but little is known about the evolutionary origin of CalS5 or what its ancestral function may have been. RESULTS We investigated expression of CalS in pollen and pollen tubes of selected non-flowering seed plants (gymnosperms) and angiosperms within lineages that diverged below the monocot/eudicot node. First, we determined the nearly full length coding sequence of a CalS5 orthologue from Cabomba caroliniana (CcCalS5) (Nymphaeales). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated low CcCalS5 expression within several vegetative tissues, but strong expression in mature pollen. CalS transcripts were detected in pollen tubes of several species within Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales, and comparative analyses with a phylogenetically diverse group of sequenced genomes indicated homology to CalS5. We also report in silico evidence of a putative CalS5 orthologue from Amborella. Among gymnosperms, CalS5 transcripts were recovered from germinating pollen of Gnetum and Ginkgo, but a novel CalS paralog was instead amplified from germinating pollen of Pinus taeda. CONCLUSION The finding that CalS5 is the predominant callose synthase in pollen tubes of both early-diverging and model system angiosperms is an indicator of the homology of their novel callosic pollen tube walls and callose plugs. The data suggest that CalS5 had transient expression and pollen-specific functions in early seed plants and was then recruited to novel expression patterns and functions within pollen tube walls in an ancestor of extant angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Abercrombie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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Albert B, Ressayre A, Nadot S. Correlation between pollen aperture pattern and callose deposition in late tetrad stage in three species producing atypical pollen grains. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:189-96. [PMID: 21613108 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Pollen grains of flowering plants display a fascinating diversity of forms, in spite of their minute size. The observed diversity is determined by the developmental mechanisms implicated in the establishment of pollen morphological features. Pollen grains are generally surrounded by an extremely resistant wall interrupted in places by apertures that play a key role in reproduction, being the places at which pollen tube growth is initiated. Aperture shape, number, and position are determined during microsporogenesis (male meiosis), the earliest step in pollen ontogeny. We investigate in detail the unfolding of microsporogenesis in three species that present uncommon aperture pattern (i.e., disulculate in Calycanthus floridus [Calycanthaceae, magnoliids], tetraporate in Hohenbergia stellata [Bromeliaceae, monocots], and monoporate in Typha latifolia [Typhaceae, monocots]). METHODS We performed a comparative analysis of microsporogenesis and aperture distribution within tetrads in these species with contrasting aperture arrangements. This was done using aniline blue coloration and UV light microscope observations. KEYS RESULTS: We show that aperture localization and features of callose deposition on intersporal walls produced during cytokinesis coincide in all three species examined. Such a correlation suggests that patterns of callose deposition are strongly involved in determining aperture localization. CONCLUSION In flowering plants, patterns of male meiosis and especially callose deposition following meiosis may be implicated in the diversity of pollen aperture patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Albert
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, Orsay, F-91405, France.
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Barratt DHP, Kölling K, Graf A, Pike M, Calder G, Findlay K, Zeeman SC, Smith AM. Callose synthase GSL7 is necessary for normal phloem transport and inflorescence growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:328-41. [PMID: 21098675 PMCID: PMC3075753 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.166330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One isoform of callose synthase, Glucan Synthase-Like7 (GSL7), is tightly coexpressed with two isoforms of sucrose synthase (SUS5 and SUS6) known to be confined to phloem sieve elements in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Investigation of the phenotype of gsl7 mutants of Arabidopsis revealed that the sieve plate pores of stems and roots lack the callose lining seen in wild-type plants. Callose synthesis in other tissues of the plant appears to be unaffected. Although gsl7 plants show only minor phenotypic alterations during vegetative growth, flowering stems are reduced in height and all floral parts are smaller than those of wild-type plants. Several lines of evidence suggest that the reduced growth of the inflorescence is a result of carbohydrate starvation. Levels of sucrose, hexoses, and starch are lower in the terminal bud clusters of gsl7 than in those of wild-type plants. Transcript levels of "starvation" genes expressed in response to low sugars are elevated in the terminal bud clusters of gsl7 plants, at the end of the night, and during an extended night. Pulse-chase experiments with (14)CO(2) show that transport of assimilate in the flowering stem is much slower in gsl7 mutants than in wild-type plants. We suggest that the callose lining of sieve plate pores is essential for normal phloem transport because it confers favorable flow characteristics on the pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Paul Barratt
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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Galatis B, Apostolakos P. A new callose function: involvement in differentiation and function of fern stomatal complexes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1359-64. [PMID: 21045558 PMCID: PMC3115234 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Callose in polypodiaceous ferns performs multiple roles during stomatal development and function. This highly dynamic (1→3)-β-D-glucan, in cooperation with the cytoskeleton, is involved in: (a) stomatal pore formation, (b) deposition of local GC wall thickenings, and (c) the mechanism of stomatal pore opening and closure. This behavior of callose, among others, probably relies on the particular mechanical properties as well as on the ability to form and degrade rapidly, to create a scaffold or to serve as a matrix for deposition of other cell wall materials, and to produce fibrillar deposits in the periclinal GC walls, radially arranged around the stomatal pore. The local callose deposition in closing stomata is an immediate response of the external periclinal GC walls experiencing strong mechanical forces induced by the neighboring cells. The radial callose fibrils transiently co-exist with radial cellulose microfibrils and, like the latter, seem to be oriented via cortical MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Structure of styles and pollen tubes of distylous Turnera joelii and T. scabra (Turneraceae): are there different mechanisms of incompatibility between the morphs? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 23:225-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-010-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Apostolakos P, Livanos P, Nikolakopoulou TL, Galatis B. The role of callose in guard-cell wall differentiation and stomatal pore formation in the fern Asplenium nidus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:1373-87. [PMID: 19825878 PMCID: PMC2778399 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The pattern of callose deposition was followed in developing stomata of the fern Asplenium nidus to investigate the role of this polysaccharide in guard cell (GC) wall differentiation and stomatal pore formation. METHODS Callose was localized by aniline blue staining and immunolabelling using an antibody against (1 --> 3)-beta-d-glucan. The study was carried out in stomata of untreated material as well as of material treated with: (1) 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DDG) or tunicamycin, which inhibit callose synthesis; (2) coumarin or 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), which block cellulose synthesis; (3) cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), which disturbs cytoplasmic Ca(2+) homeostasis; and (d) cytochalasin B or oryzalin, which disintegrate actin filaments and microtubules, respectively. RESULTS In post-cytokinetic stomata significant amounts of callose persisted in the nascent ventral wall. Callose then began degrading from the mid-region of the ventral wall towards its periphery, a process which kept pace with the formation of an 'internal stomatal pore' by local separation of the partner plasmalemmata. In differentiating GCs, callose was consistently localized in the developing cell-wall thickenings. In 2-DDG-, tunicamycin- and CPA-affected stomata, callose deposition and internal stomatal pore formation were inhibited. The affected ventral walls and GC wall thickenings contained membranous elements. Stomata recovering from the above treatments formed a stomatal pore by a mechanism different from that in untreated stomata. After coumarin or dichlobenil treatment, callose was retained in the nascent ventral wall for longer than in control stomata, while internal stomatal pore formation was blocked. Actin filament disintegration inhibited internal stomatal pore formation, without any effect on callose deposition. CONCLUSIONS In A. nidus stomata the time and pattern of callose deposition and degradation play an essential role in internal stomatal pore formation, and callose participates in deposition of the local GC wall thickenings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B. Galatis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
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