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Edwards‐Calma K, Jiménez L, Zenil‐Ferguson R, Heyduk K, Thomas MK, Tribble CM. Conservation applications of niche modeling: Native and naturalized ferns may compete for limited Hawaiian dryland habitat. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2024; 12:e11598. [PMID: 38912653 PMCID: PMC11192160 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Premise Competition from naturalized species and habitat loss are common threats to native biodiversity and may act synergistically to increase competition for decreasing habitat availability. We use Hawaiian dryland ferns as a model for the interactions between land-use change and competition from naturalized species in determining habitat availability. Methods We used fine-resolution climatic variables and carefully curated occurrence data from herbaria and community science repositories to estimate the distributions of Hawaiian dryland ferns. We quantified the degree to which naturalized ferns tend to occupy areas suitable for native species and mapped the remaining available habitat given land-use change. Results Of all native species, Doryopteris angelica had the lowest percentage of occurrences of naturalized species in its suitable area while D. decora had the highest. However, all Doryopteris spp. had a higher percentage overlap, while Pellaea ternifolia had a lower percentage overlap, than expected by chance. Doryopteris decora and D. decipiens had the lowest proportions (<20%) of suitable area covering native habitat. Discussion Areas characterized by shared environmental preferences of native and naturalized ferns may decrease due to human development and fallowed agricultural lands. Our study demonstrates the value of place-based application of a recently developed correlative ecological niche modeling approach for conservation risk assessment in a rapidly changing and urbanized island ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jiménez
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hawaiʻi at MānoaHonoluluHawaiʻi 96822USA
- Centro de Modelamiento MatemáticoUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | | | - Karolina Heyduk
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hawaiʻi at MānoaHonoluluHawaiʻi 96822USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrs06269ConnecticutUSA
| | - Miles K. Thomas
- Herbarium Pacificum, Bernice Pauahi Bishop MuseumHonoluluHawaiʻi 96813USA
| | - Carrie M. Tribble
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Hawaiʻi at MānoaHonoluluHawaiʻi 96822USA
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Suetsugu K, Hirota SK, Shitara T, Ishida K, Nakato N, Hayakawa H, Suyama Y. The absence of bumblebees on an oceanic island blurs the species boundary of two closely related orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1321-1333. [PMID: 37847353 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic islands offer valuable natural laboratories for studying evolution. The Izu Islands, with their recent geological origin, provide an exceptional opportunity to explore the initial evolution on oceanic islands. Another noteworthy aspect is the absence of bumblebee species on most Izu Islands. We used ecological, morphological, and molecular data to investigate the impact of bumblebee absence on the evolution of two closely related orchid species, Goodyera henryi and Goodyera similis, focusing on Kozu Island, the Izu Islands. Our investigation revealed that while G. henryi exclusively relies on a bumblebee species for pollination on the mainland, G. similis is pollinated by scoliid wasps on both the mainland and the island. Intriguingly, all specimens initially categorized as G. henryi on Kozu Island are hybrids of G. henryi and G. similis, leading to the absence of pure G. henryi distribution on the island. These hybrids are pollinated by the scoliid wasp species that also pollinates G. similis on the island. The absence of bumblebees might result in sporadic and inefficient pollination of G. henryi by scoliid wasps, consequently promoting hybrid proliferation on the island. Our findings suggest that the absence of bumblebees can blur plant species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shun K Hirota
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
- Botanical Gardens, Osaka Metropolitan University, 2000 Kisaichi, Katano City, Osaka, 576-0004, Japan
| | - Takuto Shitara
- Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1833-81 Todori-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 193-0843, Japan
| | | | - Narumi Nakato
- Narahashi 1-363, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo, 207-0031, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayakawa
- Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, 5762 Oya, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8017, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
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Santos AS, Almeida EM, Aecyo P, Costa L, Wanderley A, Batalha-Filho H, Vaio M, Chase MW, Christenhusz MJM, Felix LP, Souza G. Macroevolutionary trends of the Neotropical genus Ameroglossum (Linderniaceae) in rocky outcrop environments. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 189:107929. [PMID: 37726037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Ameroglossum is a rare plant genus endemic to northeastern of Brazil, initially monospecific (A. pernambucense) and recently expanded by the description of eight new species and two related genera. The genus was initially placed in the family Scrophulariaceae, but this has never been phylogenetically tested. This group is ecologically restricted to rocky inselberg habitats that function as island-like systems (ILS) with spatial fragmentation, limited area, environmental heterogeneity, temporal isolation and low connectivity. Here we use a phylogenetic perspective to test the hypothesis that Ameroglossum diversification was related to island-like radiation in inselbergs. Our results support that Ameroglossum is monophyletic only with the inclusion of Catimbaua and Isabelcristinia (named here as Ameroglossum sensu lato) and this group was well-supported in the family Linderniaceae. Biogeographic analyses suggest that the ancestral of Ameroglossum and related genus arrived in South America c.a. 15 million years ago by long-distance dispersal, given the ancestral distribution of Linderniaceae in Africa. In rocky outcrop habitats, Ameroglossum s.l. developed floral morphological specialization associated with pollinating hummingbirds, compatible with an island-like model. However, no increase in speciation rate was detected, which may be related to high extinction rates and/or slow diversification rate in this ecologically restrictive environment. Altogether, in Ameroglossum key innovations involving flowers seem to have offered opportunities for evolution of greater phenotypic diversity and occupation of new niches in rocky outcrop environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Santos
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Postgraduate Program Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Erton M Almeida
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Postgraduate Program Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo Aecyo
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Postgraduate Program Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Genomic of Plants, Postgraduate Program in Plant Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Postgraduate Program Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Artur Wanderley
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Postgraduate Program Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Henrique Batalha-Filho
- Laboratory of Evolution and Biogeography, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Vaio
- Laboratory of Plant Genome Evolution and Domestication, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mark W Chase
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten J M Christenhusz
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo P Felix
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Postgraduate Program Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Postgraduate Program Agronomy, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Postgraduate Program Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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Trethowan LA, Arvidsson C, Bramley GLC. Environmental stress influences Malesian Lamiaceae distributions. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9467. [PMID: 36340815 PMCID: PMC9627225 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual effects of spatial distance and environment shape archipelagic floras. In Malesia, there are multiple environmental stressors associated with increasing uplands, drought, and metal‐rich ultramafic soils. Here, we examine the contrasting impacts of multifactorial environmental stress and spatial distance upon Lamiaceae species distributions. We used a phylogenetic generalized mixed effects model of species occurrence across Malesia's taxonomic database working group areas from Peninsular Malaysia to New Guinea. Predictor variables were environmental stress, spatial distance between areas and two trait principal component axes responsible for increasing fruit and leaf size and a negative correlation between flower size and plant height. We found that Lamiaceae species with smaller fruits and leaves are more likely to tolerate environmental stress and become widely distributed across megadiverse Malesian islands. How global species distribution and diversification are shaped by multifactorial environmental stress requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilla Arvidsson
- Herbarium Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Kew London UK
- Department of Biosciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
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Kimura K, Chiba S, Prozorova L, Pak JH. Long-distance dispersal from island to island: colonisation of an oceanic island in the vicinity of the Asian continent by the land snail genus Karaftohelix (Gastropoda: Camaenidae). MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2022.2066454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kimura
- Research Institute for Ulleung-do and Dok-do islands, Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Larisa Prozorova
- Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Scientific Centre of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Jae Hong Pak
- Research Institute for Ulleung-do and Dok-do islands, Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Baldwin BG, Wood KR, Freyman WA. Directionally biased habitat shifts and biogeographically informative cytonuclear discordance in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2015-2037. [PMID: 34694624 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Expanded phylogenetic analyses of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, Wilkesia; Compositae) were undertaken to assess evolutionary and biogeographic informativeness of cytonuclear discordance and any biases in evolutionary directionality of ecological transitions within this prominent example of adaptive radiation. METHODS Samples spanning the geographic and ecological distributions of all recognized taxa were included in phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and cpDNA sequences. Bayesian model testing approaches were used to model ecological evolution and the evolution of nuclear chromosomal arrangements while accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty. RESULTS Cytonuclear discordance detected previously appears to reflect chloroplast capture, at least in part, with nrDNA trees being largely congruent with nuclear chromosomal structural data and fine-scale taxonomy. Comparison of biogeographic histories estimated from the posterior distributions of nrDNA and cpDNA trees, including inferred chloroplast-capture events, provides additional resolution of dispersal history, including a back-dispersal to Maui Nui from Hawai'i. A newly resolved major nrDNA clade of endemic Kaua'i taxa that mostly were described as new-to-science since the 1980s strengthens the earlier hypothesis that diversification on Kaua'i has not waned since the island began to decline in area through subsidence and erosion. Bias in habitat shifts was estimated, with transitions from dry-to-mesic or -wet and from wet-to-mesic or -bog habitats dominating diversification of the silversword alliance from a dry-adapted tarweed ancestor. CONCLUSIONS The habitat-transition biases estimated here may indicate more limited pathways of ecological evolution than proposed previously for an adaptive radiation involving such major ecological shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Baldwin
- Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-2465, USA
| | - Kenneth R Wood
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, Hawaii, 96741, USA
| | - William A Freyman
- Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-2465, USA
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Levin RA, Miller JS. Molecular signatures of long-distance oceanic dispersal and the colonization of Pacific islands in Lycium carolinianum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:694-710. [PMID: 33811320 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Long-distance dispersal has been important in explaining the present distributions of many plant species. Despite being infrequent, such dispersal events have considerable evolutionary consequences, because bottlenecks during colonization can result in reduced genetic diversity. We examined the phylogeographic history of Lycium carolinianum, a widespread taxon that ranges from southeastern North America to several Pacific islands, with intraspecific diversity in sexual and mating systems. METHODS We used Bayesian, likelihood, and coalescent approaches with nuclear and plastid sequence data and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to reconstruct the dispersal history of this species. We also compared patterns of genetic variation in mainland and island populations using single nucleotide polymorphisms and allelic diversity at the S-RNase mating system gene. RESULTS Lycium carolinianum is monophyletic and dispersed once from the North American mainland, colonizing the Pacific islands ca. 40,100 years ago. This dispersal was accompanied by a loss of genetic diversity in SNPs and the S-RNase locus due to a colonization bottleneck and the loss of self-incompatibility. Additionally, we documented at least two independent transitions to gynodioecy: once following the colonization of the Hawaiian Islands and loss of self-incompatibility, and a second time associated with polyploidy in the Yucatán region of Mexico. CONCLUSIONS Long-distance dispersal via fleshy, bird dispersed fruits best explains the unusually widespread distribution of L. carolinianum. The collapse of diversity at the S-RNase locus in island populations suggests that self-fertilization may have facilitated the subsequent colonization of Pacific islands following a single dispersal from mainland North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Levin
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01002, USA
| | - Jill S Miller
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01002, USA
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Hancock JF, Prince HH. Long-distance dispersal of the beach strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, from North America to Chile and Hawaii. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:223-229. [PMID: 32914164 PMCID: PMC7789105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The beach strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, is found in a narrow coastal band from the Aleutian Islands to central California and then jumps thousands of kilometres all the way to Hawaii and Chile. As it probably had a North American origin, it must have been introduced to the other locations by long-distance dispersal. The aim of this study was to determine which agent carried the beach strawberry to its Pacific and South American locations. METHODS A deductive framework was constructed to separate between the possible modes of long-distance dispersal involving animals, wind and ocean currents. Bird migration was subsequently identified as the most likely scenario, and then the routes, habitats, feeding preferences and flight distances of all the shorebird species were evaluated to determine the most likely carrier. KEY RESULTS Six species migrate between North America and Chile and feed on the beaches and rocky shores where F. chiloensis grows naturally: Black-bellied Plovers, Greater Yellowlegs, Ruddy Turnstones, Sanderlings, Whimbrels and Willets. Of these, only two eat fruit and migrate in long continuous flight: Ruddy Turnstones and Whimbrels. Two species travel between North America and Hawaii, eat fruit and forage on the beaches and rocky shores where F. chiloensis grows naturally: Pacific Golden-plovers and Ruddy Turnstones. Ruddy Turnstones eat far less fruit than Pacific Golden-plovers and Whimbrels, making them less likely to have introduced the beach strawberry to either location. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that F. chiloesis seeds were probably dispersed to Hawaii by Pacific Golden-plovers and to Chile by Whimbrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Hancock
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Harold H Prince
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Pouchon C, Lavergne S, Fernández Á, Alberti A, Aubert S, Mavárez J. Phylogenetic signatures of ecological divergence and leapfrog adaptive radiation in Espeletia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:113-128. [PMID: 33426651 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Events of accelerated species diversification represent one of Earth's most celebrated evolutionary outcomes. Northern Andean high-elevation ecosystems, or páramos, host some plant lineages that have experienced the fastest diversification rates, likely triggered by ecological opportunities created by mountain uplifts, local climate shifts, and key trait innovations. However, the mechanisms behind rapid speciation into the new adaptive zone provided by these opportunities have long remained unclear. METHODS We address this issue by studying the Venezuelan clade of Espeletia, a species-rich group of páramo-endemics showing a dazzling ecological and morphological diversity. We performed several comparative analyses to study both lineage and trait diversification, using an updated molecular phylogeny of this plant group. RESULTS We showed that sets of either vegetative or reproductive traits have conjointly diversified in Espeletia along different vegetation belts, leading to adaptive syndromes. Diversification in vegetative traits occurred earlier than in reproductive ones. The rate of species and morphological diversification showed a tendency to slow down over time, probably due to diversity dependence. We also found that closely related species exhibit significantly more overlap in their geographic distributions than distantly related taxa, suggesting that most events of ecological divergence occurred at close geographic proximity within páramos. CONCLUSIONS These results provide compelling support for a scenario of small-scale ecological divergence along multiple ecological niche dimensions, possibly driven by competitive interactions between species, and acting sequentially over time in a leapfrog pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Pouchon
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ángel Fernández
- Herbario IVIC. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Alberti
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Serge Aubert
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, SAJF, Station Alpine Joseph Fourier, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jesús Mavárez
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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Cássia-Silva C, Freitas CG, Lemes LP, Paterno GB, Dias PA, Bacon CD, Collevatti RG. Higher evolutionary rates in life-history traits in insular than in mainland palms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21125. [PMID: 33273647 PMCID: PMC7713303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated islands, due to the reduced interspecific competition compared to mainland habitats, present ecological opportunities for colonizing lineages. As a consequence, island lineages may be expected to experience higher rates of trait evolution than mainland lineages. However, island effects on key life-history traits of vascular plants remain underexplored at broad spatiotemporal scales, even for emblematic island clades such as palms. Here, we used phylogenetic comparative methods to evaluate potential differences in size and macroevolutionary patterns of height and fruit diameter among mainland, continental, and volcanic island palms. Further, phylogenetic beta-diversity was used to determine if lineage turnover supported an adaptive radiation scenario on volcanic islands. Volcanic island palms were taller than their continental island and mainland counterparts, whereas continental island palms exhibited smaller fruit size. Height and fruit size of palms evolved under evolutionary constraints towards an optimal value. However, scenarios of adaptive radiation and niche conservatism were not supported for the height and fruit size of volcanic and mainland palm clades, respectively, as expected. Instead, continental island palms exhibited higher evolutionary rates for height and fruit size. Insular palm assemblages (continental and volcanic) are composed of unique lineages. Beyond representing evolutionary sources of new palm lineages, our results demonstrate that insular habitats are important in shaping palm trait diversity. Also, the higher phenotypic evolutionary rates of continental island palms suggest disparate selection pressures on this habitat type, which can be an important driver of trait diversification over time. Taken together, these results stress the importance of insular habitats for conservation of functional, phylogenetic, and taxonomic diversity of palms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Cássia-Silva
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil.
| | - Cíntia G Freitas
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pereira Lemes
- Laboratório de Ecologia Teórica e Síntese, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Brant Paterno
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Priscila A Dias
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Christine D Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rosane G Collevatti
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
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Gramazio P, Jaén-Molina R, Vilanova S, Prohens J, Marrero Á, Caujapé-Castells J, Anderson GJ. Fostering Conservation via an Integrated Use of Conventional Approaches and High-Throughput SPET Genotyping: A Case Study Using the Endangered Canarian Endemics Solanum lidii and S. vespertilio (Solanaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:757. [PMID: 32754166 PMCID: PMC7381301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Islands provide unique opportunities to integrated research approaches to study evolution and conservation because boundaries are circumscribed, geological ages are often precise, and many taxa are greatly imperiled. We combined morphological and hybridization studies with high-throughput genotyping platforms to streamline relationships in the endangered monophyletic and highly diverse lineage of Solanum in the Canarian archipelago, where three endemic taxa are currently recognized. Inter-taxa hybridizations were performed, and morphological expression was assessed with a common-garden approach. Using the eggplant Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) platform with 5,093 probes, 74 individuals of three endemic taxa (Solanum lidii, S. vespertilio subsp. vespertilio, and S. vespertilio subsp. doramae) were sampled for SNPs. While morphological and breeding studies showed clear distinctions and some continuous variation, inter-taxon hybrids were fertile and heterotic for vigor traits. SPET genotyping revealed 1,421 high-quality SNPs and supported four, not three, distinct taxonomic entities associated with post-emergence geological, ecological and geographic factors of the islands. Given the lack of barriers to hybridization among all the taxa and their molecular differences, great care must be taken in population management. Conservation strategies must take account of the sexual and breeding systems and genotypic distribution among populations to successfully conserve and restore threatened/endangered island taxa, as exemplified by Solanum on the Canary Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Gramazio
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ruth Jaén-Molina
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo” – Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Santiago Vilanova
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Prohens
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Águedo Marrero
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo” – Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juli Caujapé-Castells
- Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Clavijo” – Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Gregory J. Anderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Naciri Y, Linder HP. The genetics of evolutionary radiations. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1055-1072. [PMID: 32233014 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the realization that much of the biological diversity on Earth has been generated by discrete evolutionary radiations, there has been a rapid increase in research into the biotic (key innovations) and abiotic (key environments) circumstances in which such radiations took place. Here we focus on the potential importance of population genetic structure and trait genetic architecture in explaining radiations. We propose a verbal model describing the stages of an evolutionary radiation: first invading a suitable adaptive zone and expanding both spatially and ecologically through this zone; secondly, diverging genetically into numerous distinct populations; and, finally, speciating. There are numerous examples of the first stage; the difficulty, however, is explaining how genetic diversification can take place from the establishment of a, presumably, genetically depauperate population in a new adaptive zone. We explore the potential roles of epigenetics and transposable elements (TEs), of neutral process such as genetic drift in combination with trait genetic architecture, of gene flow limitation through isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by ecology and isolation by colonization, the possible role of intra-specific competition, and that of admixture and hybridization in increasing the genetic diversity of the founding populations. We show that many of the predictions of this model are corroborated. Most radiations occur in complex adaptive zones, which facilitate the establishment of many small populations exposed to genetic drift and divergent selection. We also show that many radiations (especially those resulting from long-distance dispersal) were established by polyploid lineages, and that many radiating lineages have small genome sizes. However, there are several other predictions which are not (yet) possible to test: that epigenetics has played a role in radiations, that radiations occur more frequently in clades with small gene flow distances, or that the ancestors of radiations had large fundamental niches. At least some of these may be testable in the future as more genome and epigenome data become available. The implication of this model is that many radiations may be hard polytomies because the genetic divergence leading to speciation happens within a very short time, and that the divergence history may be further obscured by hybridization. Furthermore, it suggests that only lineages with the appropriate genetic architecture will be able to radiate, and that such a radiation will happen in a meta-population environment. Understanding the genetic architecture of a lineage may be an essential part of accounting for why some lineages radiate, and some do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamama Naciri
- Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant biology of the University of Geneva, 1 Chemin de l'Impératrice, CH-1292, Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Peter Linder
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Ainsworth A, Drake DR. Classifying Hawaiian plant species along a habitat generalist-specialist continuum: Implications for species conservation under climate change. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228573. [PMID: 32032387 PMCID: PMC7006925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant communities on tropical high islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, are predicted to experience rapid climate change, resulting in novel climates. If increased temperature and/or drought exceed plant species' current tolerances, species that are unable to adapt or shift ranges risk extinction. By definition, habitat generalists have a wide niche breadth and thrive in a variety of habitats, whereas habitat specialists have a narrow niche breadth, and typically thrive under more specific climatic characteristics (e.g., cold). The objectives of this study were to: (1) classify plant species in the Hawaiian Islands along a habitat generalist-specialist continuum; (2) independently test the validity of species rankings, using environmental and biogeographic ranges; and (3) identify species' life-history traits that predict species location along the continuum. We quantified specialization for 170 plant species using species co-occurrence data from over one thousand plots to rank species' realized habitat niche breadth using the Jaccard index. The distribution of species along this continuum differed by species biogeographic origin, with endemic plant species ranked on the specialist end and non-native plant species ranked on the generalist end. Habitat specialization rankings also differed for four of nine tested variables (while controlling for biogeographic origin): number of habitat moisture types, minimum elevation, number of Hawaiian Islands, and life form. Life form was the only trait tested that differed across the continuum, with woody species ranked as stronger generalists than herbaceous species; this pattern was particularly evident for non-native species. This indirect method of estimating species' potential climatic flexibility uses increasingly available large plant community data sets with output rankings which represent species' realized habitat niches. Identifying species and plant communities that are on the habitat specialist end of the continuum allows for their prioritization in conservation planning, as globally the loss of specialists is an indication of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ainsworth
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pacific Island Network Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, Volcano, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Drake
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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14
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Huang X, Deng T, Moore MJ, Wang H, Li Z, Lin N, Yusupov Z, Tojibaev KS, Wang Y, Sun H. Tropical Asian Origin, boreotropical migration and long-distance dispersal in Nettles (Urticeae, Urticaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 137:190-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Xu K, Zhang L, Rothfels CJ, Smith AR, Viane R, Lorence D, Wood KR, Chen C, Knapp R, Zhou L, Lu NT, Zhou X, Wei H, Fan Q, Chen S, Cicuzza D, Gao X, Liao W, Zhang L. A global plastid phylogeny of the fern genusAsplenium(Aspleniaceae). Cladistics 2019; 36:22-71. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ke‐Wang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou
- Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw Blvd St. Louis MO 63110
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
| | - Carl J. Rothfels
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Alan R. Smith
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology University of California 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building Berkeley CA 94720
| | - Ronald Viane
- Department of Biology Ghent University 9000 Gent
| | - David Lorence
- National Tropical Botanical Garden 3530 Papalina Road Kalāheo HI 96741
| | - Kenneth R. Wood
- National Tropical Botanical Garden 3530 Papalina Road Kalāheo HI 96741
| | - Cheng‐Wei Chen
- Division of Silviculture Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Taipei
| | - Ralf Knapp
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France) Steigestrasse 78 69412 Eberbach
| | - Lin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing
- Department of Biology Vietnam National Museum of Nature Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road Ha Noi
| | - Xin‐Mao Zhou
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in Yunnan Yunnan University Kunming
| | - Hong‐Jin Wei
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden Shanghai 201602
| | - Qiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou
| | - Su‐Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou
| | - Daniele Cicuzza
- Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei Darussalam Bandar Seri Begawan
| | - Xin‐Fen Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
| | - Wen‐Bo Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou
| | - Li‐Bing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 416 Chengdu
- Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw Blvd St. Louis MO 63110
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16
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Abrahamczyk S. Comparison of the ecology and evolution of plants with a generalist bird pollination system between continents and islands worldwide. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1658-1671. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees‐Institute for Biodiversity of PlantsUniversity of Bonn 53115 Bonn Germany
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17
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Iwanycki Ahlstrand N, Verstraete B, Hassemer G, Dunbar‐Co S, Hoggard R, Meudt HM, Rønsted N. Ancestral range reconstruction of remote oceanic island species of Plantago (Plantaginaceae) reveals differing scales and modes of dispersal. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2019; 46:706-722. [PMID: 31217659 PMCID: PMC6559316 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to resolve the phylogenetic placement of island taxa, reconstruct ancestral origins and resolve competing hypotheses of dispersal patterns and biogeographical histories for oceanic island endemic taxa within subgenus Plantago (Plantaginaceae). LOCATION Juan Fernández Islands, the Auckland Islands, Lord Howe Island, New Amsterdam Island, New Zealand, Tasmania, Falkland Islands, Rapa Iti and the Hawaiian Islands. TAXON Island endemics within Plantago (Plantaginaceae), a globally distributed taxonomic group comprising approximately 250 species. METHODS We use Bayesian phylogenetic and divergence time analyses and historical biogeographical analysis of molecular sequence data to infer the ancestral origins of the oceanic island species in Plantago. RESULTS Taxa within subgenus Plantago form clades based on geographic proximities and challenge previous phylogenetic relationships and classification based on morphology. We infer that biogeographic histories of oceanic island taxa from multiple islands were shaped by dispersal at different scales and possibly by different types of birds. The highly remote Hawaiian Islands and Rapa Iti were colonized from North American taxa in a pattern corresponding to known migration routes of large marine birds, rather than from New Zealand as previously hypothesized. The island endemics of Juan Fernández, the Falkland Islands, Lord Howe, Auckland Islands and New Zealand are found to have sources in the nearest continental areas. The analyses confirm recent speciation within subgenus Plantago - which is particularly heightened in island lineages in Hawaii and Rapa Iti - but show slightly older divergence times than previous molecular dating studies. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Using molecular data to infer ancestral ranges for plants with uncertain taxonomic relationships can greatly improve our understanding of biogeographical histories and help elucidate origins, dispersal modes and routes in widespread lineages with complex distribution patterns such as Plantago. We improve understanding of important floristic exchange areas between continents and islands as a result of long-distance dispersal. We infer that a combination of both stepping stone dispersal and extreme long-distance dispersal can shape insular floras, and that multiple floristic areas can be the sources of closely related island taxa. However, despite the successful dispersal of Plantago, radiation in island archipelagos is generally limited suggesting specific traits may limit diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Hassemer
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - R. Hoggard
- Department of Microbiology and Plant BiologyUniversity of OklahomaTulsaOklahomaUSA
| | - H. M. Meudt
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa TongarewaWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - N. Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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18
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Vigalondo B, Patiño J, Draper I, Mazimpaka V, Shevock JR, Losada-Lima A, González-Mancebo JM, Garilleti R, Lara F. The long journey of Orthotrichum shevockii (Orthotrichaceae, Bryopsida): From California to Macaronesia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211017. [PMID: 30759110 PMCID: PMC6373912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogeography, systematics and taxonomy are complementary scientific disciplines. To understand a species’ origin, migration routes, distribution and evolutionary history, it is first necessary to establish its taxonomic boundaries. Here, we use an integrative approach that takes advantage of complementary disciplines to resolve an intriguing scientific question. Populations of an unknown moss found in the Canary Islands (Tenerife Island) resembled two different Californian endemic species: Orthotrichum shevockii and O. kellmanii. To determine whether this moss belongs to either of these species and, if so, to explain its presence on this distant oceanic island, we combined the evaluation of morphological qualitative characters, statistical morphometric analyses of quantitative traits, and molecular phylogenetic inferences. Our results suggest that the two Californian mosses are conspecific, and that the Canarian populations belong to this putative species, with only one taxon thus involved. Orthotrichum shevockii (the priority name) is therefore recognized as a morphologically variable species that exhibits a transcontinental disjunction between western North America and the Canary Islands. Within its distribution range, the area of occupancy is limited, a notable feature among bryophytes at the intraspecific level. To explain this disjunction, divergence time and ancestral area estimation analyses are carried out and further support the hypothesis of a long-distance dispersal event from California to Tenerife Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vigalondo
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Isabel Draper
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Mazimpaka
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - James R. Shevock
- Department of Botany, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana Losada-Lima
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juana M. González-Mancebo
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ricardo Garilleti
- Departamento de Botánica y Geología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Lara
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Shaw AJ, Carter BE, Aguero B, da Costa DP, Crowl AA. Range change evolution of peat mosses (Sphagnum) within and between climate zones. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:108-120. [PMID: 30346105 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peat mosses (Sphagnum) hold exceptional importance in the control of global carbon fluxes and climate because of the vast stores of carbon bound up in partially decomposed biomass (peat). This study tests the hypothesis that the early diversification of Sphagnum was in the Northern Hemisphere, with subsequent range expansions to tropical latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere. A phylogenetic analysis of 192 accessions representing the moss class Sphagnopsida based on four plastid loci was conducted in conjunction with biogeographic analyses using BioGeoBEARS to investigate the tempo and mode of geographic range evolution. Analyses support the hypothesis that the major intrageneric clades of peat-forming species accounting for >90% of peat moss diversity originated and diversified at northern latitudes. The genus underwent multiple range expansions into tropical and Southern Hemisphere regions. Range evolution in peat mosses was most common within latitudinal zones, attesting to the relative difficulty of successfully invading new climate zones. Allopolyploidy in Sphagnum (inferred from microsatellite heterozygosity) does not appear to be biased with regard to geographic region nor intrageneric clade. The inference that Sphagnum diversified in cool-or cold-climate regions and repeatedly expanded its range into tropical regions makes the genus an excellent model for studying morphological, physiological, and genomic traits associated with adaptation to warming climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin E Carter
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California
| | - Blanka Aguero
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Andrew A Crowl
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Landis MJ, Freyman WA, Baldwin BG. Retracing the Hawaiian silversword radiation despite phylogenetic, biogeographic, and paleogeographic uncertainty. Evolution 2018; 72:2343-2359. [PMID: 30198108 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) is an iconic adaptive radiation. However, like many island plant lineages, no fossils have been assigned to the clade. As a result, the clade's age and diversification rate are not known precisely, making it difficult to test biogeographic hypotheses about the radiation. In lieu of fossils, paleogeographically structured biogeographic processes may inform species divergence times; for example, an island must first exist for a clade to radiate upon it. We date the silversword clade and test biogeographic hypotheses about its radiation across the Hawaiian Archipelago by modeling interactions between species relationships, molecular evolution, biogeographic scenarios, divergence times, and island origination times using the Bayesian phylogenetic framework, RevBayes. The ancestor of living silverswords most likely colonized the modern Hawaiian Islands once from the mainland approximately 5.1 Ma, with the most recent common ancestor of extant silversword lineages first appearing approximately 3.5 Ma. Applying an event-based test of the progression rule of island biogeography, we found strong evidence that the dispersal process favors old-to-young directionality, but strong evidence for diversification continuing unabated into later phases of island ontogeny, particularly for Kaua'i. This work serves as a general example for how diversification studies benefit from incorporating biogeographic and paleogeographic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Landis
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - William A Freyman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.,Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Bruce G Baldwin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720.,Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Rundel PW, Arroyo MTK, Cowling RM, Keeley JE, Lamont BB, Pausas JG, Vargas P. Fire and Plant Diversification in Mediterranean-Climate Regions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:851. [PMID: 30018621 PMCID: PMC6038726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of broad interest in global patterns of biodiversity, little attention has been given to understanding the remarkable levels of plant diversity present in the world's five Mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions, all of which are considered to be biodiversity hotspots. Comprising the Mediterranean Basin, California, central Chile, the Cape Region of South Africa, and southwestern Australia, these regions share the unusual climatic regime of mild wet winters and warm dry summers. Despite their small extent, covering only about 2.2% of world land area, these regions are home to approximately one-sixth of the world vascular plant flora. The onset of MTCs in the middle Miocene brought summer drought, a novel climatic condition, but also a regime of recurrent fire. Fire has been a significant agent of selection in assembling the modern floras of four of the five MTC regions, with central Chile an exception following the uplift of the Andes in the middle Miocene. Selection for persistence in a fire-prone environment as a key causal factor for species diversification in MTC regions has been under-appreciated or ignored. Mechanisms for fire-driven speciation are diverse and may include both directional (novel traits) and stabilizing selection (retained traits) for appropriate morphological and life-history traits. Both museum and nursery hypotheses have important relevance in explaining the extant species richness of the MTC floras, with fire as a strong stimulant for diversification in a manner distinct from other temperate floras. Spatial and temporal niche separation across topographic, climatic and edaphic gradients has occurred in all five regions. The Mediterranean Basin, California, and central Chile are seen as nurseries for strong but not spectacular rates of Neogene diversification, while the older landscapes of southwestern Australia and the Cape Region show significant components of both Paleogene and younger Neogene speciation in their diversity. Low rates of extinction suggesting a long association with fire more than high rates of speciation have been key to the extant levels of species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Rundel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary T. K. Arroyo
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard M. Cowling
- African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Jon E. Keeley
- Sequoia Field Station, Western Ecological Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA, United States
| | - Byron B. Lamont
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Juli G. Pausas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación, University of Valencia, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Vargas
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Yeung NW, Hayes KA. Biodiversity and Extinction of Hawaiian Land Snails: How Many Are Left Now and What Must We Do To Conserve Them—A Reply to Solem (1990). Integr Comp Biol 2018; 58:1157-1169. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Norine W Yeung
- Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2500 Campus Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Kenneth A Hayes
- Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2500 Campus Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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23
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Mandáková T, Pouch M, Harmanová K, Zhan SH, Mayrose I, Lysak MA. Multispeed genome diploidization and diversification after an ancient allopolyploidization. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6445-6462. [PMID: 29024107 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization and genome doubling (allopolyploidy) have led to evolutionary novelties as well as to the origin of new clades and species. Despite the importance of allopolyploidization, the dynamics of postpolyploid diploidization (PPD) at the genome level has been only sparsely studied. The Microlepidieae (MICR) is a crucifer tribe of 17 genera and c. 56 species endemic to Australia and New Zealand. Our phylogenetic and cytogenomic analyses revealed that MICR originated via an intertribal hybridization between ancestors of Crucihimalayeae (n = 8; maternal genome) and Smelowskieae (n = 7; paternal genome), both native to the Northern Hemisphere. The reconstructed ancestral allopolyploid genome (n = 15) originated probably in northeastern Asia or western North America during the Late Miocene (c. 10.6-7 million years ago) and reached the Australian mainland via long-distance dispersal. In Australia, the allotetraploid genome diverged into at least three main subclades exhibiting different levels of PPD and diversity: 1.25-fold descending dysploidy (DD) of n = 15 → n = 12 (autopolyploidy → 24) in perennial Arabidella (3 species), 1.5-fold DD of n = 15 → n = 10 in the perennial Pachycladon (11 spp.) and 2.1-3.75-fold DD of n = 15 → n = 7-4 in the largely annual crown-group genera (42 spp. in 15 genera). These results are among the first to demonstrate multispeed genome evolution in taxa descending from a common allopolyploid ancestor. It is suggested that clade-specific PPD can operate at different rates and efficacies and can be tentatively linked to life histories and the extent of taxonomic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terezie Mandáková
- RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pouch
- RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Harmanová
- RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Shing Hei Zhan
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Itay Mayrose
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Martin A Lysak
- RG Plant Cytogenomics, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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Zahn G, Amend AS. Foliar microbiome transplants confer disease resistance in a critically-endangered plant. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4020. [PMID: 29134155 PMCID: PMC5683046 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been very little effort to incorporate foliar microbiomes into plant conservation efforts even though foliar endophytes are critically important to the fitness and function of hosts. Many critically endangered plants that have been extirpated from the wild are dependent on regular fungicidal applications in greenhouses that cannot be maintained for remote out-planted populations, which quickly perish. These fungicides negatively impact potentially beneficial fungal symbionts, which may reduce plant defenses to pathogens once fungicide treatments are stopped. Using the host/parasite system of Phyllostegia kaalaensis and Neoerysiphe galeopsidis, we conducted experiments to test total foliar microbiome transplants from healthy wild relatives onto fungicide-dependent endangered plants in an attempt to mitigate disease and reduce dependency on fungicides. Plants were treated with total microbiome transplants or cultured subsets of this community and monitored for disease severity. High-throughput DNA screening of fungal ITS1 rDNA was used to track the leaf-associated fungal communities and evaluate the effectiveness of transplantation methods. Individuals receiving traditionally isolated fungal treatments showed no improvement, but those receiving applications of a simple leaf slurry containing an uncultured fungal community showed significant disease reduction, to which we partially attribute an increase in the mycoparasitic Pseudozyma aphidis. These results were replicated in two independent experimental rounds. Treated plants have since been moved to a native habitat and, as of this writing, remain disease-free. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of a simple low-tech method for transferring beneficial microbes from healthy wild plants to greenhouse-raised plants with reduced symbiotic microbiota. This technique was effective at reducing disease, and in conferring increased survival to an out-planted population of critically endangered plants. It was not effective in a closely related plant. Plant conservation efforts should strive to include foliar microbes as part of comprehensive management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Zahn
- Biology Department, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT, United States of America
| | - Anthony S. Amend
- Botany Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
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25
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Johnson MA, Clark JR, Wagner WL, McDade LA. A molecular phylogeny of the Pacific clade of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) reveals a Fijian origin, recent diversification, and the importance of founder events. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 116:30-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Meier JI, Marques DA, Mwaiko S, Wagner CE, Excoffier L, Seehausen O. Ancient hybridization fuels rapid cichlid fish adaptive radiations. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14363. [PMID: 28186104 PMCID: PMC5309898 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding why some evolutionary lineages generate exceptionally high species diversity is an important goal in evolutionary biology. Haplochromine cichlid fishes of Africa's Lake Victoria region encompass >700 diverse species that all evolved in the last 150,000 years. How this 'Lake Victoria Region Superflock' could evolve on such rapid timescales is an enduring question. Here, we demonstrate that hybridization between two divergent lineages facilitated this process by providing genetic variation that subsequently became recombined and sorted into many new species. Notably, the hybridization event generated exceptional allelic variation at an opsin gene known to be involved in adaptation and speciation. More generally, differentiation between new species is accentuated around variants that were fixed differences between the parental lineages, and that now appear in many new combinations in the radiation species. We conclude that hybridization between divergent lineages, when coincident with ecological opportunity, may facilitate rapid and extensive adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana I. Meier
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - David A. Marques
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salome Mwaiko
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E. Wagner
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
- Biodiversity Institute & Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - Laurent Excoffier
- Computational and Molecular Population Genetics Lab, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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Weller SG, Sakai AK, Campbell DR, Powers JM, Peña SR, Keir MJ, Loomis AK, Heintzman SM, Weisenberger L. An enigmatic Hawaiian moth is a missing link in the adaptive radiation of Schiedea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1533-1542. [PMID: 28079938 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in pollination may drive adaptive diversification of reproductive systems within plant lineages. The monophyletic genus Schiedea is a Hawaiian lineage of 32 extant species, with spectacular diversity in reproductive systems. Biotic pollination is the presumed ancestral condition, but this key element of the life history and its role in shaping reproductive systems has remained undocumented. We observed floral visitors to two species of Schiedea and conducted field experiments to test pollinator effectiveness. We used choice tests to compare attraction of pollinators to species hypothesized to be biotically vs wind-pollinated. Pseudoschrankia brevipalpis (Erebidae), a recently described moth species known only from O'ahu, visited hermaphroditic Schiedea kaalae and S. hookeri and removed nectar from their unique tubular nectary extensions. Pseudoschrankia brevipalpis effectively pollinates S. kaalae; single visits to emasculated flowers resulted in pollen transfer. In choice tests, P. brevipalpis strongly preferred these hermaphroditic species over two subdioecious species capable of wind pollination. A shift from biotic to abiotic pollination is clearly implicated in the diversification of reproductive systems within Schiedea. Abundant pollination by a previously unknown native moth in experimental and restored populations suggests the potential for restoration to re-establish native plant-pollinator interactions critical for production of outcrossed individuals with high fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ann K Sakai
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Diane R Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Sean R Peña
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Matthew J Keir
- O'ahu Army Natural Resources Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Alexander K Loomis
- O'ahu Army Natural Resources Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Scott M Heintzman
- O'ahu Army Natural Resources Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Lauren Weisenberger
- O'ahu Army Natural Resources Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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28
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Frenzke L, Goetghebeur P, Neinhuis C, Samain MS, Wanke S. Evolution of Epiphytism and Fruit Traits Act Unevenly on the Diversification of the Species-Rich Genus Peperomia (Piperaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1145. [PMID: 27555851 PMCID: PMC4977276 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The species-rich genus Peperomia (Black Pepper relatives) is the only genus among early diverging angiosperms where epiphytism evolved. The majority of fruits of Peperomia release sticky secretions or exhibit hook-shaped appendages indicative of epizoochorous dispersal, which is in contrast to other flowering plants, where epiphytes are generally characterized by fruit morphological adaptations for anemochory or endozoochory. We investigate fruit characters using Cryo-SEM. Comparative phylogenetic analyses are applied for the first time to include life form and fruit character information to study diversification in Peperomia. Likelihood ratio tests uncover correlated character evolution. We demonstrate that diversification within Peperomia is not homogenous across its phylogeny, and that net diversification rates increase by twofold within the most species-rich subgenus. In contrast to former land plant studies that provide general evidence for increased diversification in epiphytic lineages, we demonstrate that the evolution of epiphytism within Peperomia predates the diversification shift. An epiphytic-dependent diversification is only observed for the background phylogeny. An elevated frequency of life form transitions between epiphytes and terrestrials and thus evolutionary flexibility of life forms is uncovered to coincide with the diversification shift. The evolution of fruits showing dispersal related structures is key to diversification in the foreground region of the phylogeny and postdates the evolution of epiphytism. We conclude that the success of Peperomia, measured in species numbers, is likely the result of enhanced vertical and horizontal dispersal ability and life form flexibility but not the evolution of epiphytism itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Frenzke
- Department of Biology, Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Paul Goetghebeur
- Department of Biology, Research Group Spermatophytes, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Department of Biology, Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Wanke
- Department of Biology, Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
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29
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The quest to resolve recent radiations: Plastid phylogenomics of extinct and endangered Hawaiian endemic mints (Lamiaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 99:16-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Trait convergence and diversification arising from a complex evolutionary history in Hawaiian species of Scaevola. Oecologia 2016; 181:1083-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Borregaard MK, Amorim IR, Borges PAV, Cabral JS, Fernández-Palacios JM, Field R, Heaney LR, Kreft H, Matthews TJ, Olesen JM, Price J, Rigal F, Steinbauer MJ, Triantis KA, Valente L, Weigelt P, Whittaker RJ. Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:830-853. [PMID: 26923215 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography (GDM) has added a new dimension to theoretical island biogeography in recognizing that geological processes are key drivers of the evolutionary processes of diversification and extinction within remote islands. It provides a dynamic and essentially non-equilibrium framework generating novel predictions for emergent diversity properties of oceanic islands and archipelagos. Its publication in 2008 coincided with, and spurred on, renewed attention to the dynamics of remote islands. We review progress, both in testing the GDM's predictions and in developing and enhancing ecological-evolutionary understanding of oceanic island systems through the lens of the GDM. In particular, we focus on four main themes: (i) macroecological tests using a space-for-time rationale; (ii) extensions of theory to islands following different patterns of ontogeny; (iii) the implications of GDM dynamics for lineage diversification and trait evolution; and (iv) the potential for downscaling GDM dynamics to local-scale ecological patterns and processes within islands. We also consider the implications of the GDM for understanding patterns of non-native species diversity. We demonstrate the vitality of the field of island biogeography by identifying a range of potentially productive lines for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Borregaard
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, National Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel R Amorim
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Juliano S Cabral
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José M Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206, Spain
| | - Richard Field
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Lawrence R Heaney
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas J Matthews
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience - Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114.2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Price
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, HI, 96720, U.S.A
| | - Francois Rigal
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.,Environment and Microbiology Team, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, 64013, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos A Triantis
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.,Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University, GR-15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Luis Valente
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, National Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Gillespie RG. Island time and the interplay between ecology and evolution in species diversification. Evol Appl 2015; 9:53-73. [PMID: 27087839 PMCID: PMC4780372 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the dynamics of biodiversity has progressed tremendously over recent years, although in two separate directions – ecological, to determine change over space at a given time, and evolutionary, to understand change over time. Integration of these approaches has remained elusive. Archipelagoes with a known geological chronology provide an opportunity to study ecological interactions over evolutionary time. Here, I focus on the Hawaiian archipelago and summarize the development of ecological and evolutionary research; I emphasize spiders because they have attributes allowing analysis of ecological affinities in concert with diversification. Within this framework, I highlight recent insights from the island chronosequence, in particular the importance of (i) selection and genetic drift in generating diversity; (ii) fusion and fission in fostering diversification; and (iii) variability upon which selection can act. Insights into biodiversity dynamics at the nexus of ecology and evolution are now achievable by integrating new tools, in particular (i) ecological metrics (interaction networks, maximum entropy inference) across the chronosequence to uncover community dynamics and (ii) genomic tools to understand contemporaneous microevolutionary change. The work can inform applications of invasion and restoration ecology by elucidating the importance of changes in abundances, interaction strengths, and rates of evolutionary response in shaping biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California Berkeley CA USA
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33
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Medeiros MJ, Goldberg I, Gillespie RG. Geographic exploration within a highly niche-conserved moth in the Hawaiian archipelago. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Medeiros
- Urban School of San Francisco; San Francisco CA 94117 USA
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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34
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Guo YY, Luo YB, Liu ZJ, Wang XQ. Reticulate evolution and sea-level fluctuations together drove species diversification of slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum) in South-East Asia. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2838-55. [PMID: 25847454 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
South-East Asia covers four of the world's biodiversity hotspots, showing high species diversity and endemism. Owing to the successive expansion and contraction of distribution and the fragmentation by geographical barriers, the tropical flora greatly diversified in this region during the Tertiary, but the evolutionary tempo and mode of species diversity remain poorly investigated. Paphiopedilum, the largest genus of slipper orchids comprising nearly 100 species, is mainly distributed in South-East Asia, providing an ideal system for exploring how plant species diversity was shaped in this region. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of this genus with eight cpDNA regions and four low-copy nuclear genes. Discordance between gene trees and network analysis indicates that reticulate evolution occurred in the genus. Ancestral area reconstruction suggests that vicariance and long-distance dispersal together led to its current distribution. Diversification rate variation was detected and strongly correlated with the species diversity in subg. Paphiopedilum (~80 species). The shift of speciation rate in subg. Paphiopedilum was coincident with sea-level fluctuations in the late Cenozoic, which could have provided ecological opportunities for speciation and created bridges or barriers for gene flow. Moreover, some other factors (e.g. sympatric distribution, incomplete reproductive barriers and clonal propagation) might also be advantageous for the formation and reproduction of hybrid species. In conclusion, our study suggests that the interplay of reticulate evolution and sea-level fluctuations has promoted the diversification of the genus Paphiopedilum and sheds light into the evolution of Orchidaceae and the historical processes of plant species diversification in South-East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, No. 889, Wangtong Road, Shenzhen, 518114, China.,Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yi-Bo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation and Research Center of Shenzhen, No. 889, Wangtong Road, Shenzhen, 518114, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
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35
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Roy T, Cole LW, Chang TH, Lindqvist C. Untangling reticulate evolutionary relationships among New World and Hawaiian mints (Stachydeae, Lamiaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 89:46-62. [PMID: 25888973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of polyploidy and hybridization usually results in novel genetic combinations, leading to complex, reticulate evolution and incongruence among gene trees, which in turn may show different phylogenetic histories than the inherent species tree. The largest tribe within the subfamily Lamioideae (Lamiaceae), Stachydeae, which includes the globally distributed Stachys, and one of the largest Hawaiian angiosperm radiations, the endemic mints, is a widespread and taxonomically challenging lineage displaying a wide spectrum of morphological and chromosomal diversity. Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have showed that while the Hawaiian mints group with Mexican-South American Stachys based on chloroplast DNA sequence data, nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences suggest that they are most closely related to temperate North American Stachys. Here, we have utilized five independently inherited, low-copy nuclear loci, and a variety of phylogenetic methods, including multi-locus coalescence-based tree reconstructions, to provide insight into the complex origins and evolutionary relationships between the New World Stachys and the Hawaiian mints. Our results demonstrate incongruence between individual gene trees, grouping the Hawaiian mints with both temperate North American and Meso-South American Stachys clades. However, our multi-locus coalescence tree is concurrent with previous nrDNA results placing them within the temperate North American Stachys clade. Our results point toward a possible allopolyploid hybrid origin of the Hawaiian mints arising from temperate North American and Meso-South American ancestors, as well as a reticulate origin for South American Stachys. As such, our study is another significant step toward further understanding the putative parentage and the potential influence of hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting in giving rise to this insular plant lineage, which following colonization underwent rapid morphological and ecological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilottama Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Logan W Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Tien-Hao Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Charlotte Lindqvist
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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36
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Baldwin BG. Origins of Plant Diversity in the California Floristic Province. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent biogeographic and evolutionary studies have led to improved understanding of the origins of exceptionally high plant diversity in the California Floristic Province (CA-FP). Spatial analyses of Californian plant diversity and endemism reinforce the importance of geographically isolated areas of high topographic and edaphic complexity as floristic hot spots, in which the relative influence of factors promoting evolutionary divergence and buffering of lineages against extinction has gained increased attention. Molecular phylogenetic studies spanning the flora indicate that immediate sources of CA-FP lineages bearing endemic species diversity have been mostly within North America—especially within the west and southwest—even for groups of north temperate affinity, and that most diversification of extant lineages in the CA-FP has occurred since the mid-Miocene, with the transition toward summer-drying. Process-focused studies continue to implicate environmental heterogeneity at local or broad geographic scales in evolutionary divergence within the CA-FP, often associated with reproductive or life-history shifts or sometimes hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G. Baldwin
- Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-2465
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Clouse RM, Janda M, Blanchard B, Sharma P, Hoffmann BD, Andersen AN, Czekanski-Moir JE, Krushelnycky P, Rabeling C, Wilson EO, Economo EP, Sarnat EM, General DM, Alpert GD, Wheeler WC. Molecular phylogeny of Indo-Pacific carpenter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae,Camponotus) reveals waves of dispersal and colonization from diverse source areas. Cladistics 2014; 31:424-437. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M. Clouse
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics; University of North Carolina at Charlotte; 9201 University City Blvd Charlotte NC 28223 USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th St. New York City NY 10024 USA
| | - Milan Janda
- Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; Branisovska 31 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Benjamin Blanchard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Michigan; 2019 Kraus Natural Science Building Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Prashant Sharma
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th St. New York City NY 10024 USA
| | | | | | - Jesse E. Czekanski-Moir
- Department of Biology; Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Oklahoma; Norman OK 73019 USA
| | - Paul Krushelnycky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences; University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa; 3050 Maile Way Room 310 Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Christian Rabeling
- Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Edward O. Wilson
- Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology; 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son Kunigami gun Okinawa Japan 904-0495
| | - Eli M. Sarnat
- Department of Entomology; University of Illinois; 320 Morrill Hall 505 South Goodwin Avenue Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - David M. General
- University of the Philippines at Los Baños; Museum of Natural History; Los Baños 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Gary D. Alpert
- Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Ward C. Wheeler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th St. New York City NY 10024 USA
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Linder HP, Barker NP. Does polyploidy facilitate long-distance dispersal? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:1175-83. [PMID: 24694830 PMCID: PMC4030813 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ability of plant lineages to reach all continents contributes substantially to their evolutionary success. This is exemplified by the Poaceae, one of the most successful angiosperm families, in which most higher taxa (tribes, subfamilies) have global distributions. Due to the old age of the ocean basins relative to the major angiosperm radiations, this is only possible by means of long-distance dispersal (LDD), yet the attributes of lineages with successful LDD remain obscure. Polyploid species are over-represented in invasive floras and in the previously glaciated Arctic regions, and often have wider ecological tolerances than diploids; thus polyploidy is a candidate attribute of successful LDD. METHODS The link between polyploidy and LDD was explored in the globally distributed grass subfamily Danthonioideae. An almost completely sampled and well-resolved species-level phylogeny of the danthonioids was used, and the available cytological information was assembled. The cytological evolution in the clade was inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) as implemented in ChromEvol. The biogeographical evolution in the clade was reconstructed using ML and Bayesian approaches. KEY RESULTS Numerous increases in ploidy level are demonstrated. A Late Miocene-Pliocene cycle of polyploidy is associated with LDD, and in two cases (the Australian Rytidosperma and the American Danthonia) led to secondary polyploidy. While it is demonstrated that successful LDD is more likely in polyploid than in diploid lineages, a link between polyploidization events and LDD is not demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that polyploids are more successful at LDD than diploids, and that the frequent polyploidy in the grasses might have facilitated the extensive dispersal among continents in the family, thus contributing to their evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peter Linder
- Institute for Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich CH8008, Switzerland
| | - Nigel P Barker
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Sugai K, Setsuko S, Nagamitsu T, Murakami N, Kato H, Yoshimaru H. Genetic differentiation in Elaeocarpus photiniifolia (Elaeocarpaceae) associated with geographic distribution and habitat variation in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:763-774. [PMID: 23748372 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gene flow between populations in different environmental conditions can be limited due to divergent natural selection, thus promoting genetic differentiation. Elaeocarpus photiniifolia, an endemic tree species in the Bonin Islands, is distributed in two types of habitats, dry scrubs and mesic forests. We aim to elucidate the genetic differentiation in E. photiniifolia within and between islands and between the habitat types. We investigated genotypes of 639 individuals from 19 populations of E. photiniifolia and its closely-related E. sylvestris at 24 microsatellite loci derived from expressed sequence tags. The data revealed genetic differentiation (1) between E. photiniifolia and E. sylvestris (0.307 ≤ F ST ≤ 0.470), (2) between the E. photiniifolia populations of the Chichijima and Hahajima Island Groups in the Bonin Islands (0.033 ≤ F ST ≤ 0.121) and (3) between E. photiniifolia populations associated with dry scrubs and mesic forests in the Chichijima Island Group (0.005 ≤ F ST ≤ 0.071). Principal coordinate analysis and Bayesian clustering analysis also showed that genetically distinct groups were associated with the habitat types, and isolation by distance was not responsible for the genetic differentiation. These findings suggest that E. photiniifolia is divided into genetically differentiated groups associated with different environmental conditions in the Bonin Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Sugai
- Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan,
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Roy T, Chang TH, Lan T, Lindqvist C. Phylogeny and biogeography of New World Stachydeae (Lamiaceae) with emphasis on the origin and diversification of Hawaiian and South American taxa. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:218-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cohen D. Conceptual models of the processes and patterns of the ecological, evolutionary and bio-geographical consequences of global climate changes. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2013.929276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A unifying conceptual model is constructed for the major effects of alternating periods of global warming and cooling and sea-level changes on the geographical distributions and the ecological and genetic characteristics of species and ecological communities.
The main results found are:
The species in the interior of continuous global latitude and altitude temperature gradients are expected to follow the moving temperature zones without any major extinctions or any major changes in their physiological and ecological characteristics and adaptive roles during both global warming and global cooling periods, with competitive replacement of resident species by zonally dispersing pre-adapted species.
Many or all of the existing species at all the global cold boundary zones of both latitude and altitude temperature gradients are expected to become extinct during periods of global warming, which would be caused by competitive displacement by immigrating pre-adapted species from adjacent warmer zones.
Most existing species in the warm boundary zones of all the global temperature gradients are predicted to persist and adapt without competition to the increased temperature during periods of global warming, and to diversify by adaptations to newly created ecological opportunities.
Periods of global cooling are predicted to cause analogous opposite effects to the effects of global warming in the cold and warm boundaries of temperature gradients: that is, extinctions at the warm boundaries and persistence and adaptations at the cold boundaries:
Existing species in all islands and island-like isolated areas are predicted to persist in the absence of competitive displacement by immigrating pre-adapted species, and gradually adapt to the changing temperatures during periods of both global warming and global cooling.
During periods of global cooling, many more diverse opportunities for new adaptations and for invasions by pre-adapted species are expected and predicted in the large diversity of the newly open heterogeneous coldest and highest altitude zones of all the global altitude temperature gradients.
Long-term sequences of alternating periods of global warming and global cooling are expected to cancel and eliminate most of the ecological and adaptive changes which have occurred during the previous periods at all the latitude and altitude boundary zones. The species at the interior of continuous temperature gradients are expected to persist unchanged over long evolutionary time during repeated sequences of alternating periods of global warming and global cooling.
The effects of higher and lower global sea levels on the sea shore and intertidal species and communities during periods of global warming or cooling are expected to be analogous to the bio-geographical, ecological and genetic changes caused or predicted by global warming or cooling in the species and communities in terrestrial or marine temperature gradients.
Global sea-level changes which cause higher or lower shifting of the levels of the ecological zones in continuous sea shore gradients are expected therefore to cause continuous tracking and moving of the populations of the unchanged zonally adapted species. On the other hand, zonally adapted sea shore species are expected to be displaced or become extinct during periods of sea-level changes at the higher or lower boundary zones of the sea-level gradients in semi-isolated marine basins, and in locally discontinuous, fragmented or truncated sea shore ecological gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cohen
- Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences
- The Center for Rationality and Interactive Decisions, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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Karlin EF, Hotchkiss SC, Boles SB, Stenøien HK, Hassel K, Flatberg KI, Shaw AJ. High genetic diversity in a remote island population system: sans sex. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:1088-1097. [PMID: 22188609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that long-distance dispersal of mosses to the Hawaiian Islands rarely occurs and that the Hawaiian population of the allopolyploid peat moss Sphagnum palustre probably resulted from a single dispersal event. Here, we used microsatellites to investigate whether the Hawaiian population of the dioicous S. palustre had a single founder and to compare its genetic diversity to that found in populations of S. palustre in other regions. The genetic diversity of the Hawaiian population is comparable to that of larger population systems. Several lines of evidence, including a lack of sporophytes and an apparently restricted natural distribution, suggest that sexual reproduction is absent in the Hawaiian plants. In addition, all samples of Hawaiian S. palustre share a genetic trait rare in other populations. Time to most recent ancestor (TMRCA) analysis indicates that the Hawaiian population was probably founded 49-51 kyr ago. It appears that all Hawaiian plants of S. palustre descend from a single founder via vegetative propagation. The long-term viability of this clonal population coupled with the development of significant genetic diversity suggests that vegetative propagation in a moss does not necessarily preclude evolutionary success in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric F Karlin
- Environmental Science Program, Ramapo College, Mahwah, NJ 07430, USA
| | - Sara C Hotchkiss
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sandra B Boles
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Hans K Stenøien
- Systematics and Evolution Group, Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Hassel
- Systematics and Evolution Group, Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell I Flatberg
- Systematics and Evolution Group, Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Bacon CD, McKenna MJ, Simmons MP, Wagner WL. Evaluating multiple criteria for species delimitation: an empirical example using Hawaiian palms (Arecaceae: Pritchardia). BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:23. [PMID: 22353848 PMCID: PMC3356231 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust species delimitations are fundamental for conservation, evolutionary, and systematic studies, but they can be difficult to estimate, particularly in rapid and recent radiations. The consensus that species concepts aim to identify evolutionarily distinct lineages is clear, but the criteria used to distinguish evolutionary lineages differ based on the perceived importance of the various characteristics of evolving populations. We examined three different species-delimitation criteria (monophyly, absence of genetic intermediates, and diagnosability) to determine whether currently recognized species of Hawaiian Pritchardia are distinct lineages. RESULTS Data from plastid and nuclear genes, microsatellite loci, and morphological characters resulted in various levels of lineage subdivision that were likely caused by differing evolutionary rates between data sources. Additionally, taxonomic entities may be confounded because of the effects of incomplete lineage sorting and/or gene flow. A coalescent species tree was largely congruent with the simultaneous analysis, consistent with the idea that incomplete lineage sorting did not mislead our results. Furthermore, gene flow among populations of sympatric lineages likely explains the admixture and lack of resolution between those groups. CONCLUSIONS Delimiting Hawaiian Pritchardia species remains difficult but the ability to understand the influence of the evolutionary processes of incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization allow for mechanisms driving species diversity to be inferred. These processes likely extend to speciation in other Hawaiian angiosperm groups and the biota in general and must be explicitly accounted for in species delimitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Bacon
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Miles J McKenna
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA
| | - Mark P Simmons
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA
| | - Warren L Wagner
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA
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Bacon CD, Baker WJ, Simmons MP. Miocene dispersal drives island radiations in the palm tribe Trachycarpeae (Arecaceae). Syst Biol 2012; 61:426-42. [PMID: 22223444 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syr123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of three island groups of the palm tribe Trachycarpeae (Arecaceae/Palmae) permits both the analysis of each independent radiation and comparisons across the tribe to address general processes that drive island diversification. Phylogenetic relationships of Trachycarpeae were inferred from three plastid and three low-copy nuclear genes. The incongruent topological position of Brahea in CISP5 was hypothesized to be caused by a gene duplication event and was addressed using uninode coding. The resulting phylogenetic trees were well-resolved and the genera were all highly supported except for Johannesteijsmannia and Serenoa. Divergence time analysis estimated the stem of the tribe to be approximately 86 Ma and the crown to be 38 Ma, indicating that significant extinction may have occurred along this branch. Historical biogeographic analysis suggested that Trachycarpeae are of southern North American, Central American, or Caribbean origin and supports previous hypotheses of a Laurasian origin. The biogeography and disjunctions within the tribe were interpreted with respect to divergence times, the fossil record, and geological factors such as the formation of the Greater Antilles--Aves Ridge, the Bering and the North Atlantic land bridges, tectonic movement in Southeast Asia, climatic shifts between the Eocene and Pliocene, and volcanism in the Pacific basin. In considering the three major island radiations within Trachycarpeae, Miocene dispersal appears to have been the driving force in allopatric speciation and is highlighted here as an emerging pattern across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Bacon
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA.
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Swenson U, Nylinder S, Wagstaff SJ. Are Asteraceae 1.5 billion years old? A reply to heads. Syst Biol 2012; 61:522-32. [PMID: 22213711 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syr121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Swenson
- Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Long-distance dispersal: a framework for hypothesis testing. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 27:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Marcussen T, Jakobsen KS, Danihelka J, Ballard HE, Blaxland K, Brysting AK, Oxelman B. Inferring species networks from gene trees in high-polyploid North American and Hawaiian violets (Viola, Violaceae). Syst Biol 2011; 61:107-26. [PMID: 21918178 PMCID: PMC3243738 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syr096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenies of allopolyploids take the shape of networks and cannot be adequately represented as bifurcating trees. Especially for high polyploids (i.e., organisms with more than six sets of nuclear chromosomes), the signatures of gene homoeolog loss, deep coalescence, and polyploidy may become confounded, with the result that gene trees may be congruent with more than one species network. Herein, we obtained the most parsimonious species network by objective comparison of competing scenarios involving polyploidization and homoeolog loss in a high-polyploid lineage of violets (Viola, Violaceae) mostly or entirely restricted to North America, Central America, or Hawaii. We amplified homoeologs of the low-copy nuclear gene, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), by single-molecule polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the chloroplast trnL-F region by conventional PCR for 51 species and subspecies. Topological incongruence among GPI homoeolog subclades, owing to deep coalescence and two instances of putative loss (or lack of detection) of homoeologs, were reconciled by applying the maximum tree topology for each subclade. The most parsimonious species network and the fossil-based calibration of the homoeolog tree favored monophyly of the high polyploids, which has resulted from allodecaploidization 9-14 Ma, involving sympatric ancestors from the extant Viola sections Chamaemelanium (diploid), Plagiostigma (paleotetraploid), and Viola (paleotetraploid). Although two of the high-polyploid lineages (Boreali-Americanae, Pedatae) remained decaploid, recurrent polyploidization with tetraploids of section Plagiostigma within the last 5 Ma has resulted in two 14-ploid lineages (Mexicanae, Nosphinium) and one 18-ploid lineage (Langsdorffianae). This implies a more complex phylogenetic and biogeographic origin of the Hawaiian violets (Nosphinium) than that previously inferred from rDNA data and illustrates the necessity of considering polyploidy in phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marcussen
- 1Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
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