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Kéfi S, Génin A, Garcia-Mayor A, Guirado E, Cabral JS, Berdugo M, Guerber J, Solé R, Maestre FT. Self-organization as a mechanism of resilience in dryland ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2305153121. [PMID: 38300860 PMCID: PMC10861902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305153121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-organized spatial patterns are a common feature of complex systems, ranging from microbial communities to mussel beds and drylands. While the theoretical implications of these patterns for ecosystem-level processes, such as functioning and resilience, have been extensively studied, empirical evidence remains scarce. To address this gap, we analyzed global drylands along an aridity gradient using remote sensing, field data, and modeling. We found that the spatial structure of the vegetation strengthens as aridity increases, which is associated with the maintenance of a high level of soil multifunctionality, even as aridity levels rise up to a certain threshold. The combination of these results with those of two individual-based models indicate that self-organized vegetation patterns not only form in response to stressful environmental conditions but also provide drylands with the ability to adapt to changing conditions while maintaining their functioning, an adaptive capacity which is lost in degraded ecosystems. Self-organization thereby plays a vital role in enhancing the resilience of drylands. Overall, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between spatial vegetation patterns and dryland resilience. They also represent a significant step forward in the development of indicators for ecosystem resilience, which are critical tools for managing and preserving these valuable ecosystems in a warmer and more arid world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kéfi
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), CNRS, Univ. de Montpellier, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Montpellier 34095, France
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
- Ecosystem Modeling Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Génin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), CNRS, Univ. de Montpellier, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Montpellier 34095, France
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508TC, The Netherlands
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Las Cruces 2690000, Chile
| | - Angeles Garcia-Mayor
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508TC, The Netherlands
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Emilio Guirado
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramón Margalef," Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - Juliano S Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Josquin Guerber
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), CNRS, Univ. de Montpellier, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Montpellier 34095, France
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Univ., 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ricard Solé
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramón Margalef," Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
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2
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Paligi SS, Link RM, Isasa E, Bittencourt P, Cabral JS, Jansen S, Oliveira RS, Pereira L, Schuldt B. Assessing the agreement between the pneumatic and the flow-centrifuge method for estimating xylem safety in temperate diffuse-porous tree species. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2023; 25:1171-1185. [PMID: 37703535 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency of global change-type droughts has created a need for fast, accurate and widely applicable techniques for estimating xylem embolism resistance to improve forecasts of future forest changes. We used data from 12 diffuse-porous temperate tree species covering a wide range of xylem safety to compare the pneumatic and flow-centrifuge method, two rapid methods used for constructing xylem vulnerability curves. We evaluated the agreement between parameters estimated with both methods and the sensitivity of pneumatic measurements to the duration of air discharge (AD) measurements. There was close agreement between xylem water potentials at 50% air discharged (PAD), estimated with the Pneumatron, and 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC), estimated with the flow-centrifuge method (mean signed deviation: 0.12 MPa, Pearson correlation: 0.96 after 15 s of gas extraction). However, the relationship between the estimated slopes was more variable, resulting in lower agreement in the xylem water potential at 12% and 88% PAD/PLC. The agreement between the two methods was not affected by species-specific vessel length distributions. All pneumatic parameters were sensitive to AD time. Overall agreement was highest at relatively short AD times, with an optimum at 16 s. Our results highlight the value of the Pneumatron as an easy and reliable tool to estimate 50% embolism thresholds for a wide range of diffuse-porous temperate angiosperms. Further, our study provides a set of useful metrics for methodological comparisons of vulnerability curves in terms of systematic and random deviations, as well as overall agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Paligi
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - R M Link
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - E Isasa
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - P Bittencourt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - J S Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - R S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L Pereira
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Schuldt
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
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Kéfi S, Saade C, Berlow EL, Cabral JS, Fronhofer EA. Scaling up our understanding of tipping points. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210386. [PMID: 35757874 PMCID: PMC9234815 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are increasingly affecting ecosystems across the globe. Meanwhile, empirical and theoretical evidence suggest that natural systems can exhibit abrupt collapses in response to incremental increases in the stressors, sometimes with dramatic ecological and economic consequences. These catastrophic shifts are faster and larger than expected from the changes in the stressors and happen once a tipping point is crossed. The primary mechanisms that drive ecosystem responses to perturbations lie in their architecture of relationships, i.e. how species interact with each other and with the physical environment and the spatial structure of the environment. Nonetheless, existing theoretical work on catastrophic shifts has so far largely focused on relatively simple systems that have either few species and/or no spatial structure. This work has laid a critical foundation for understanding how abrupt responses to incremental stressors are possible, but it remains difficult to predict (let alone manage) where or when they are most likely to occur in more complex real-world settings. Here, we discuss how scaling up our investigations of catastrophic shifts from simple to more complex-species rich and spatially structured-systems could contribute to expanding our understanding of how nature works and improve our ability to anticipate the effects of global change on ecological systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological complexity and the biosphere: the next 30 years'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kéfi
- ISEM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Camille Saade
- ISEM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Juliano S. Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling Group, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Hagen O, Flück B, Fopp F, Cabral JS, Hartig F, Pontarp M, Rangel TF, Pellissier L. gen3sis: A general engine for eco-evolutionary simulations of the processes that shape Earth's biodiversity. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001340. [PMID: 34252071 PMCID: PMC8384074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origins of biodiversity has been an aspiration since the days of early naturalists. The immense complexity of ecological, evolutionary, and spatial processes, however, has made this goal elusive to this day. Computer models serve progress in many scientific fields, but in the fields of macroecology and macroevolution, eco-evolutionary models are comparatively less developed. We present a general, spatially explicit, eco-evolutionary engine with a modular implementation that enables the modeling of multiple macroecological and macroevolutionary processes and feedbacks across representative spatiotemporally dynamic landscapes. Modeled processes can include species' abiotic tolerances, biotic interactions, dispersal, speciation, and evolution of ecological traits. Commonly observed biodiversity patterns, such as α, β, and γ diversity, species ranges, ecological traits, and phylogenies, emerge as simulations proceed. As an illustration, we examine alternative hypotheses expected to have shaped the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) during the Earth's Cenozoic era. Our exploratory simulations simultaneously produce multiple realistic biodiversity patterns, such as the LDG, current species richness, and range size frequencies, as well as phylogenetic metrics. The model engine is open source and available as an R package, enabling future exploration of various landscapes and biological processes, while outputs can be linked with a variety of empirical biodiversity patterns. This work represents a key toward a numeric, interdisciplinary, and mechanistic understanding of the physical and biological processes that shape Earth's biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Hagen
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Flück
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Fopp
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliano S. Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg,
Germany
| | | | - Thiago F. Rangel
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal
University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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5
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Shoemaker LG, Sullivan LL, Donohue I, Cabral JS, Williams RJ, Mayfield MM, Chase JM, Chu C, Harpole WS, Huth A, HilleRisLambers J, James ARM, Kraft NJB, May F, Muthukrishnan R, Satterlee S, Taubert F, Wang X, Wiegand T, Yang Q, Abbott KC. Integrating the underlying structure of stochasticity into community ecology. Ecology 2020; 101:e02922. [PMID: 31652337 PMCID: PMC7027466 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stochasticity is a core component of ecology, as it underlies key processes that structure and create variability in nature. Despite its fundamental importance in ecological systems, the concept is often treated as synonymous with unpredictability in community ecology, and studies tend to focus on single forms of stochasticity rather than taking a more holistic view. This has led to multiple narratives for how stochasticity mediates community dynamics. Here, we present a framework that describes how different forms of stochasticity (notably demographic and environmental stochasticity) combine to provide underlying and predictable structure in diverse communities. This framework builds on the deep ecological understanding of stochastic processes acting at individual and population levels and in modules of a few interacting species. We support our framework with a mathematical model that we use to synthesize key literature, demonstrating that stochasticity is more than simple uncertainty. Rather, stochasticity has profound and predictable effects on community dynamics that are critical for understanding how diversity is maintained. We propose next steps that ecologists might use to explore the role of stochasticity for structuring communities in theoretical and empirical systems, and thereby enhance our understanding of community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Shoemaker
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wyoming1000 E. University Ave.LaramieWyoming82017USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota1987 Upper Buford CircleSaint PaulMinnesota55108USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado1900 Pleasant StreetBoulderColorado80309USA
| | - Lauren L. Sullivan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota1987 Upper Buford CircleSaint PaulMinnesota55108USA
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of Missouri105 Tucker HallColumbiaMissouri65211USA
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural SciencesTrinity CollegeCollege Green Dublin 2Ireland
| | - Juliano S. Cabral
- Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (sDiv) Halle-Jena-LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eLeipzig04103Germany
- Ecosystem Modeling, Center of Computation and Theoretical BiologyUniversity of WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Strasse 3297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ryan J. Williams
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of Missouri105 Tucker HallColumbiaMissouri65211USA
| | - Margaret M. Mayfield
- The University of QueenslandSchool of Biological SciencesGoddard BuildingBrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Deutscher Platz 5eLeipzig04103Germany
- Institute for Computer ScienceMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle06099Germany
| | - Chengjin Chu
- Department of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life SciencesSun Yat-sen University510275GuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - W. Stanley Harpole
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Deutscher Platz 5eLeipzig04103Germany
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZPermoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 106108Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Andreas Huth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Deutscher Platz 5eLeipzig04103Germany
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZPermoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Environmental Research SystemsUniversity of OsnabrückP.O. Box 44 69,49069OsnabrückGermany
| | | | - Aubrie R. M. James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityE145 Corson HallIthacaNew York14853USA
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles621 Charles E. Young Drive East, P.O. Box 957246Los AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Felix May
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Deutscher Platz 5eLeipzig04103Germany
- Institute for Computer ScienceMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle06099Germany
- Center for MethodologyLeuphana University LüneburgUniversitätsallee 1D‐21335LüneburgGermany
| | - Ranjan Muthukrishnan
- Environmental Resilience InstituteIndiana University717 E 8th StBloomingtonIndiana 47408USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of Minnesota2003 Upper Buford CircleSt. PaulMinnesota55108USA
| | - Sean Satterlee
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State University251 Bessey HallAmesIowa50011USA
| | - Franziska Taubert
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZPermoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)Deutscher Platz 5eLeipzig04103Germany
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research–UFZPermoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural SciencesTrinity CollegeCollege Green Dublin 2Ireland
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstraße 1078464KonstanzGermany
| | - Karen C. Abbott
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
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Kalinkat G, Cabral JS, Darwall W, Ficetola GF, Fisher JL, Giling DP, Gosselin MP, Grossart HP, Jähnig SC, Jeschke JM, Knopf K, Larsen S, Onandia G, Pätzig M, Saul WC, Singer G, Sperfeld E, Jarić I. Flagship umbrella species needed for the conservation of overlooked aquatic biodiversity. Conserv Biol 2017; 31:481-485. [PMID: 27558876 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Kalinkat
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Seestrasse 79, 6047, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Juliano S Cabral
- Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Ecosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland Nord 32, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - William Darwall
- Global Species Programme, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - G Francesco Ficetola
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, 38000, France
- CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, 38000, France
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Judith L Fisher
- University of Western Australia, Crawley Western Australia 6009, and IUCN CEM Chair Ecosystems and Invasive Species, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
| | - Darren P Giling
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre Gosselin
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Uni Research Miljø LFI, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 34, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja C Jähnig
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Jeschke
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 34, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Knopf
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Larsen
- Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriela Onandia
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Marlene Pätzig
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute of Landscape Hydrology, Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Wolf-Christian Saul
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Altensteinstr. 34, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Singer
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Sperfeld
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivan Jarić
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, KnezaViseslava 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Moraes AP, Koehler S, Cabral JS, Gomes SSL, Viccini LF, Barros F, Felix LP, Guerra M, Forni-Martins ER. Karyotype diversity and genome size variation in Neotropical Maxillariinae orchids. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:298-308. [PMID: 27917576 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is a widely distributed plant family with very diverse vegetative and floral morphology, and such variability is also reflected in their karyotypes. However, since only a low proportion of Orchidaceae has been analysed for chromosome data, greater diversity may await to be unveiled. Here we analyse both genome size (GS) and karyotype in two subtribes recently included in the broadened Maxillariinea to detect how much chromosome and GS variation there is in these groups and to evaluate which genome rearrangements are involved in the species evolution. To do so, the GS (14 species), the karyotype - based on chromosome number, heterochromatic banding and 5S and 45S rDNA localisation (18 species) - was characterised and analysed along with published data using phylogenetic approaches. The GS presented a high phylogenetic correlation and it was related to morphological groups in Bifrenaria (larger plants - higher GS). The two largest GS found among genera were caused by different mechanisms: polyploidy in Bifrenaria tyrianthina and accumulation of repetitive DNA in Scuticaria hadwenii. The chromosome number variability was caused mainly through descending dysploidy, and x=20 was estimated as the base chromosome number. Combining GS and karyotype data with molecular phylogeny, our data provide a more complete scenario of the karyotype evolution in Maxillariinae orchids, allowing us to suggest, besides dysploidy, that inversions and transposable elements as two mechanisms involved in the karyotype evolution. Such karyotype modifications could be associated with niche changes that occurred during species evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - S Koehler
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - J S Cabral
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Synthesis Centre, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, Ecosystem Modeling, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S S L Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - L F Viccini
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - F Barros
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa Orquidário do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L P Felix
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rodovia, Areias, Brazil
| | - M Guerra
- Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - E R Forni-Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Zurell D, Thuiller W, Pagel J, Cabral JS, Münkemüller T, Gravel D, Dullinger S, Normand S, Schiffers KH, Moore KA, Zimmermann NE. Benchmarking novel approaches for modelling species range dynamics. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:2651-64. [PMID: 26872305 PMCID: PMC4972146 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Increasing biodiversity loss due to climate change is one of the most vital challenges of the 21st century. To anticipate and mitigate biodiversity loss, models are needed that reliably project species' range dynamics and extinction risks. Recently, several new approaches to model range dynamics have been developed to supplement correlative species distribution models (SDMs), but applications clearly lag behind model development. Indeed, no comparative analysis has been performed to evaluate their performance. Here, we build on process-based, simulated data for benchmarking five range (dynamic) models of varying complexity including classical SDMs, SDMs coupled with simple dispersal or more complex population dynamic models (SDM hybrids), and a hierarchical Bayesian process-based dynamic range model (DRM). We specifically test the effects of demographic and community processes on model predictive performance. Under current climate, DRMs performed best, although only marginally. Under climate change, predictive performance varied considerably, with no clear winners. Yet, all range dynamic models improved predictions under climate change substantially compared to purely correlative SDMs, and the population dynamic models also predicted reasonable extinction risks for most scenarios. When benchmarking data were simulated with more complex demographic and community processes, simple SDM hybrids including only dispersal often proved most reliable. Finally, we found that structural decisions during model building can have great impact on model accuracy, but prior system knowledge on important processes can reduce these uncertainties considerably. Our results reassure the clear merit in using dynamic approaches for modelling species' response to climate change but also emphasize several needs for further model and data improvement. We propose and discuss perspectives for improving range projections through combination of multiple models and for making these approaches operational for large numbers of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Zurell
- Dynamic Macroecology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR-CNRS 5553 Université J. Fourier BP 53, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR-CNRS 5553 Université J. Fourier BP 53, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jörn Pagel
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, August-v.Hartmann-Str. 3, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juliano S Cabral
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tamara Münkemüller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR-CNRS 5553 Université J. Fourier BP 53, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR-CNRS 5553 Université J. Fourier BP 53, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Université de Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Canada. G5L 3A1
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Signe Normand
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Katja H. Schiffers
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR-CNRS 5553 Université J. Fourier BP 53, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR-CNRS 5553 Université J. Fourier BP 53, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg Voigt-Straße 14-16, D-60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Kara A. Moore
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Niklaus E. Zimmermann
- Dynamic Macroecology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Borregaard MK, Amorim IR, Borges PAV, Cabral JS, Fernández-Palacios JM, Field R, Heaney LR, Kreft H, Matthews TJ, Olesen JM, Price J, Rigal F, Steinbauer MJ, Triantis KA, Valente L, Weigelt P, Whittaker RJ. Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:830-853. [PMID: 26923215 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography (GDM) has added a new dimension to theoretical island biogeography in recognizing that geological processes are key drivers of the evolutionary processes of diversification and extinction within remote islands. It provides a dynamic and essentially non-equilibrium framework generating novel predictions for emergent diversity properties of oceanic islands and archipelagos. Its publication in 2008 coincided with, and spurred on, renewed attention to the dynamics of remote islands. We review progress, both in testing the GDM's predictions and in developing and enhancing ecological-evolutionary understanding of oceanic island systems through the lens of the GDM. In particular, we focus on four main themes: (i) macroecological tests using a space-for-time rationale; (ii) extensions of theory to islands following different patterns of ontogeny; (iii) the implications of GDM dynamics for lineage diversification and trait evolution; and (iv) the potential for downscaling GDM dynamics to local-scale ecological patterns and processes within islands. We also consider the implications of the GDM for understanding patterns of non-native species diversity. We demonstrate the vitality of the field of island biogeography by identifying a range of potentially productive lines for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Borregaard
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, National Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel R Amorim
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Juliano S Cabral
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José M Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206, Spain
| | - Richard Field
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Lawrence R Heaney
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas J Matthews
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience - Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114.2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Price
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, HI, 96720, U.S.A
| | - Francois Rigal
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.,Environment and Microbiology Team, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, 64013, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos A Triantis
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.,Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University, GR-15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Luis Valente
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, National Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zurell D, Berger U, Cabral JS, Jeltsch F, Meynard CN, Münkemüller T, Nehrbass N, Pagel J, Reineking B, Schröder B, Grimm V. The virtual ecologist approach: simulating data and observers. OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Koehler S, Cabral JS, Whitten WM, Williams NH, Singer RB, Neubig KM, Guerra M, Souza AP, Amaral MDCE. Molecular phylogeny of the neotropical genus Christensonella (Orchidaceae, Maxillariinae): species delimitation and insights into chromosome evolution. Ann Bot 2008; 102:491-507. [PMID: 18687799 PMCID: PMC2701775 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Species' boundaries applied within Christensonella have varied due to the continuous pattern of variation and mosaic distribution of diagnostic characters. The main goals of this study were to revise the species' delimitation and propose a more stable classification for this genus. In order to achieve these aims phylogenetic relationships were inferred using DNA sequence data and cytological diversity within Christensonella was examined based on chromosome counts and heterochromatin patterns. The results presented describe sets of diagnostic morphological characters that can be used for species' identification. METHODS Phylogenetic studies were based on sequence data of nuclear and plastid regions, analysed using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. Cytogenetic observations of mitotic cells were conducted using CMA and DAPI fluorochromes. KEY RESULTS Six of 21 currently accepted species were recovered. The results also support recognition of the 'C. pumila' clade as a single species. Molecular phylogenetic relationships within the 'C. acicularis-C. madida' and 'C. ferdinandiana-C. neowiedii' species' complexes were not resolved and require further study. Deeper relationships were incongruent between plastid and nuclear trees, but with no strong bootstrap support for either, except for the position of C. vernicosa. Cytogenetic data indicated chromosome numbers of 2n = 36, 38 and 76, and with substantial variation in the presence and location of CMA/DAPI heterochromatin bands. CONCLUSIONS The recognition of ten species of Christensonella is proposed according to the molecular and cytogenetic patterns observed. In addition, diagnostic morphological characters are presented for each recognized species. Banding patterns and chromosome counts suggest the occurrence of centric fusion/fission events, especially for C. ferdinandiana. The results suggest that 2n = 36 karyotypes evolved from 2n = 38 through descendent dysploidy. Patterns of heterochromatin distribution and other karyotypic data proved to be a valuable source of information to understand evolutionary patterns within Maxillariinae orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Koehler
- Department of Botany, Biology Institute, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Cabral JS, Felix LP, Guerra M. Heterochromatin diversity and its co-localization with 5S and 45S rDNA sites in chromosomes of four Maxillaria species (Orchidaceae). Genet Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572006000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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