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Veltman MA, Anthoons B, Schrøder-Nielsen A, Gravendeel B, de Boer HJ. Orchidinae-205: A new genome-wide custom bait set for studying the evolution, systematics, and trade of terrestrial orchids. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13986. [PMID: 38899721 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial orchids are a group of genetically understudied, yet culturally and economically important plants. The Orchidinae tribe contains many species that produce edible tubers that are used for the production of traditional delicacies collectively called 'salep'. Overexploitation of wild orchids in the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia threatens to drive many of these species to extinction, but cost-effective tools for monitoring their trade are currently lacking. Here we present a custom bait kit for target enrichment and sequencing of 205 novel genetic markers that are tailored to phylogenomic applications in Orchidinae s.l. A subset of 31 markers capture genes putatively involved in the production of glucomannan, a water-soluble polysaccharide that gives salep its distinctive properties. We tested the kit on 73 taxa native to the area, demonstrating universally high locus recovery irrespective of species identity, that exceeds the total sequence length obtained with alternative kits currently available. Phylogenetic inference with concatenation and coalescent approaches was robust and showed high levels of support for most clades, including some which were previously unresolved. Resolution for hybridizing and recently radiated lineages remains difficult, but could be further improved by analysing multiple haplotypes and the non-exonic sequences captured by our kit, with the promise to shed new light on the evolution of enigmatic taxa with a complex speciation history. Offering a step-up from traditional barcoding and universal markers, the genome-wide custom loci targeted by Orchidinae-205 are a valuable new resource to study the evolution, systematics and trade of terrestrial orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Veltman
- Natural History Museum, Oslo, Norway
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Russo A, Alessandrini M, El Baidouri M, Frei D, Galise TR, Gaidusch L, Oertel HF, Garcia Morales SE, Potente G, Tian Q, Smetanin D, Bertrand JAM, Onstein RE, Panaud O, Frey JE, Cozzolino S, Wicker T, Xu S, Grossniklaus U, Schlüter PM. Genome of the early spider-orchid Ophrys sphegodes provides insights into sexual deception and pollinator adaptation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6308. [PMID: 39060266 PMCID: PMC11282089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pollinator-driven evolution of floral traits is thought to be a major driver of angiosperm speciation and diversification. Ophrys orchids mimic female insects to lure male pollinators into pseudocopulation. This strategy, called sexual deception, is species-specific, thereby providing strong premating reproductive isolation. Identifying the genomic architecture underlying pollinator adaptation and speciation may shed light on the mechanisms of angiosperm diversification. Here, we report the 5.2 Gb chromosome-scale genome sequence of Ophrys sphegodes. We find evidence for transposable element expansion that preceded the radiation of the O. sphegodes group, and for gene duplication having contributed to the evolution of chemical mimicry. We report a highly differentiated genomic candidate region for pollinator-mediated evolution on chromosome 2. The Ophrys genome will prove useful for investigations into the repeated evolution of sexual deception, pollinator adaptation and the genomic architectures that facilitate evolutionary radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Russo
- Department of Plant Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Mattia Alessandrini
- Department of Plant Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moaine El Baidouri
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, Perpignan, France
- EMR269 MANGO, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Perpignan, France
| | - Daniel Frei
- Department of Methods Development and Analytics, Agroscope, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Lara Gaidusch
- Department of Plant Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hannah F Oertel
- Department of Plant Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sara E Garcia Morales
- Department of Plant Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giacomo Potente
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qin Tian
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Dmitry Smetanin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joris A M Bertrand
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, Perpignan, France
- EMR269 MANGO, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Perpignan, France
| | - Renske E Onstein
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olivier Panaud
- Université Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, Perpignan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, Perpignan, France
- EMR269 MANGO, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Perpignan, France
| | - Jürg E Frey
- Department of Methods Development and Analytics, Agroscope, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp M Schlüter
- Department of Plant Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Francisco A, Ascensão L. Osmophore Structure and Labellum Micromorphology in Ophrys speculum (Orchidaceae): New Interpretations of Floral Features and Implications for a Specific Sexually Deceptive Pollination Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1413. [PMID: 38794483 PMCID: PMC11125028 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Pollination by sexual deception specifically attracts male insects, through the floral scent and particular morphological features of the flower that serve as visual and tactile stimuli. The unique bond between the Ophrys speculum orchid and the male Dasyscolia ciliata wasp primarily stems from a few distinctive semiochemicals that mimic the female wasp's sex pheromone, although the floral scent comprises a variety of compounds. An osmophore producing highly volatile compounds has been documented in four close relatives of O. speculum and is now being also investigated in this species. Given the existing debates regarding the structure of the labellum and stigmatic cavity in O. speculum, this study details their micromorphology. Additionally, comparisons of O. speculum flowers and female D. ciliata wasps under stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are conducted to seek new evidence of visual and tactile mimicry. The findings confirm that (i) an osmophore is present at the apical margin of the labellum in O. speculum flowers; (ii) the labellum features a distinct basal field homologous to those found in other Ophrys species; and (iii) the basal labellum region closely mimics the female wasp's thorax and wings. The implications of these novel floral features are discussed within an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Francisco
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lia Ascensão
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Phillips RD, Bohman B, Peakall R, Reiter N. Sexual attraction with pollination during feeding behaviour: implications for transitions between specialized strategies. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:273-286. [PMID: 37963103 PMCID: PMC11005785 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding the origin of pollination by sexual deception has proven challenging, as sexually deceptive flowers are often highly modified, making it hard to resolve how any intermediate forms between sexual deception and an ancestral strategy might have functioned. Here, we report the discovery in Caladenia (Orchidaceae) of sexual attraction with pollination during feeding behaviour, which may offer important clues for understanding shifts in pollination strategy. METHODS For Caladenia robinsonii, we observed the behaviour of its male wasp pollinator, Phymatothynnus aff. nitidus (Thynnidae), determined the site of release of the sexual attractant, and experimentally evaluated if the position of the attractant influences rates of attempted copulation and feeding behaviour. We applied GC-MS to test for surface sugar on the labellum. To establish if this pollination strategy is widespread in Caladenia, we conducted similar observations and experiments for four other Caladenia species. KEY RESULTS In C. robinsonii, long-range sexual attraction of the pollinator is via semiochemicals emitted from the glandular sepal tips. Of the wasps landing on the flower, 57 % attempted copulation with the sepal tips, while 27 % attempted to feed from the base of the labellum, the behaviour associated with pollen transfer. A similar proportion of wasps exhibited feeding behaviour when the site of odour release was manipulated. A comparable pollination strategy occurs in another phylogenetically distinct clade of Caladenia. CONCLUSIONS We document a previously overlooked type of sexual deception for orchids involving long-distance sexual attraction, but with pollination occurring during feeding behaviour at the labellum. We show this type of sexual deception operates in other Caladenia species and predict that it is widespread across the genus. Our findings may offer clues about how an intermediate transitional strategy from a food-rewarding or food-deceptive ancestor operated during the evolution of sexual deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Department of Environment and Genetics and the Research Centre for Future Landscapes, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, The Botanic Garden and Parks Authority, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
| | - Björn Bohman
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 23422, Sweden
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia Crawley, WA 6009Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Noushka Reiter
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
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Lanzino M, Palermo AM, Pellegrino G. Pollination mechanism in Serapias with no pollinaria reconfiguration. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad054. [PMID: 37899971 PMCID: PMC10601389 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae, one of the most numerous families in the world's flora, have evolved various pollination strategies to favour cross-pollination, such as deceptive pollination and pollinarium reconfiguration. Among the terrestrial orchids of the Mediterranean, only species belonging to the genus Serapias show a strategy defined as shelter imitation. The floral elements form a tubular structure that insects use during their resting phases. The purpose of this article was to clarify the mechanisms that guarantee pollination with particular attention to the morphological interactions between orchids and pollinators and whether pollinaria reconfiguration is necessary in the promotion of cross-pollination in Serapias. Breeding system experiments and hand-pollination treatments indicated that Serapias was highly self-compatible, shows low value of natural fruit set and is pollinator limited. Time-lapse photos showed that the pollinarium had no refolding of the stipe or caudicle after its removal from the flower. The morphology of the flower determined the attack of the pollinarium on the occiput/vertex of insect. When the insect left the flower, the pollinarium was unable to encounter the stigma. When the insect made a second visit to another flower, the pollen masses of the first pollinarium ended up on the stigma and at the same time, the insect picked up a second pollinarium. Our observations and analyses suggested that morphological interactions between flower and pollinator are crucial to the success of pollination and to prevent self-pollination and thus that pollinarium reconfiguration is unnecessary in shelter deceptive orchids, such as Serapias species, for the promotion of cross-pollination. Serapias represent a case of interactions between plant and pollinator; the formation of the tubular shape of the flower is an essential preadaptation for the development of resting site mimicry originating exclusively in Serapias among Mediterranean orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lanzino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Palermo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Tsaballa A, Kelesidis G, Krigas N, Sarropoulou V, Bagatzounis P, Grigoriadou K. Taxonomic Identification and Molecular DNA Barcoding of Collected Wild-Growing Orchids Used Traditionally for Salep Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3038. [PMID: 37687285 PMCID: PMC10489719 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular DNA barcoding combined with botanical taxonomy can be used for the identification and conservation of collected Greek orchids used for salep production as well as in the regulation of fair salep trade. A modified CTAB protocol was used for DNA extraction, amplification of barcoding regions (ITS, matK, rbcL, trnH-psbA), and sequencing. Sequencing data were assembled using Bioedit software, and the BLAST algorithm was used on the NCBI database for species identification at the genus level. Molecular barcoding data based on genetic similarity identification was in full coherence with taxonomic classification based on morphological data. The combination of ITS and matK exhibited a greater capacity to identify a species among the Greek salep samples. Out of the 53 samples examined, 52.9% were classified as Dactylorhiza spp. and 33.3% as Anacamptis spp., whereas only 6 samples were identified as Orchis spp. (11.8%). Given that a superior-quality salep beverage comes from tubers of the latter, the number of samples classified as such in northwestern Greece is unexpectedly low. A database of 53 original reference sequences from wild-growing samples of Greek origin was generated, providing a valuable resource for the identification of other salep samples from different regions. The DNA barcoding results unveiled that salep samples from northwestern Greece are related to nine members of four different genera of Orchidaceae. All species are nationally protected and covered by the CITES convention, while many of these orchids are included in the EU Directive 92/43/EEC appendix as "Other Important Species". Thus, expedited coordinated management actions are needed to ensure their survival in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite Tsaballa
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (ELGO-DIMITRA), Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (G.K.); (N.K.); (V.S.)
| | - George Kelesidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (ELGO-DIMITRA), Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (G.K.); (N.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Nikos Krigas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (ELGO-DIMITRA), Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (G.K.); (N.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Virginia Sarropoulou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (ELGO-DIMITRA), Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (G.K.); (N.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Panagiotis Bagatzounis
- ‘Spices Bagatzounis’ Company: El Greco, Natural Herbs & Teas, Vatero, 50100 Kozani, Greece;
| | - Katerina Grigoriadou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (ELGO-DIMITRA), Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (G.K.); (N.K.); (V.S.)
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7
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Turco A, Albano A, Medagli P, Wagensommer RP, D’Emerico S. Comparative Cytogenetic of the 36-Chromosomes Genera of Orchidinae Subtribe (Orchidaceae) in the Mediterranean Region: A Summary and New Data. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2798. [PMID: 37570952 PMCID: PMC10421308 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the current knowledge on the cytogenetics of four genera, which are all composed of 36 chromosomes, within the Orchidinae subtribe (Orchidaceae). Previous classical studies have revealed differences in karyomorphology among these genera, indicating genomic diversity. The current study includes an analysis of the current knowledge with an update of the karyotype of 47 species with 36 chromosomes from the genera Anacamptis, Serapias, Himantoglossum, and Ophrys. The study discusses comparisons of karyotypes among these genera that used traditional techniques as well as karyotype asymmetry relationships with various asymmetry indices. Additionally, the study reports new findings on polyploidy in Anacamptis pyramidalis and Serapias lingua, which were observed through karyotype and meiotic metaphase analyses in EMC. Moreover, the study detected B chromosomes for the first time in A. papilionacea and A. palustris. The article also describes the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization in some specimens of A. papilionacea and A. collina to locate different sites of the 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA and 5S rDNA ribosomal complexes on chromosomes. The information derived from these cytogenetic analyses was used to refine the classification of these orchids and identify evolutionary relationships among different species and genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Turco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.T.); (A.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonella Albano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.T.); (A.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Pietro Medagli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.T.); (A.A.); (P.M.)
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Djordjević V, Tsiftsis S, Kindlmann P, Stevanović V. Orchid diversity along an altitudinal gradient in the central Balkans. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.929266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding patterns of species diversity along an altitudinal gradient is the major topic of much biogeographical and ecological research. The aim of this study was to explore how richness and density of orchid species and subspecies in terms of different categories of underground organ systems and pollination systems vary along an altitudinal gradient in the central Balkans. The altitudinal gradient of the study area was divided into 21 100-m vertical intervals. Data were analyzed using both non-linear and linear regressions with three data sets (total orchids, orchids of forest habitats, orchids of non-forest habitats) in the case of species richness and three data sets (total orchids—total area, forest orchids—forest area, and orchids of non-forest habitats—non-forest area) in the case of species density. The results showed a hump-shaped pattern of orchid richness and density, peaking at 900–1,000 m. The richness and density of orchids of forest habitats are generally slightly greater than the richness and density of orchids of non-forest habitats in lowland areas, whereas the orchids of herbaceous vegetation types dominating at high altitudes. Tuberous orchids dominate in low and mid-altitude areas, orchids with palmately lobed and fusiform tubers (“intermediate orchids”) dominate at high altitudes, while rhizomatous orchids are predominate in mid-altitude forest stands. Both deceptive and self-pollinated orchids show a unimodal trend with a peak at mid-altitude areas. This study underlines the importance of low and mid-altitude areas for the survival of deceptive orchids and the importance of mid- and high-altitude areas for the survival of rewarding orchids. In addition, forest habitats at mid-altitudes have been shown to be crucial for the survival of self-pollinated orchids. The results suggest that the altitudinal patterns of orchid richness and density in the central Balkans are determined by mechanisms related to land area size and habitat cover, partially confirming the species-area relationship (SAR) hypothesis. This study contributes significantly to a better understanding of the potential impacts of habitat changes on orchid diversity, thereby facilitating more effective conservation planning.
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Eriksson MC, Mandáková T, McCann J, Temsch EM, Chase MW, Hedrén M, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Paun O. Repeat dynamics across timescales: a perspective from sibling allotetraploid marsh orchids (Dactylorhiza majalis s.l.). Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6651906. [PMID: 35904928 PMCID: PMC9366187 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide insights into the fate of transposable elements (TEs) across timescales in a post-polyploidization context, we comparatively investigate five sibling Dactylorhiza allotetraploids (Orchidaceae) formed independently and sequentially between 500 and 100K generations ago by unidirectional hybridization between diploids D. fuchsii and D. incarnata. Our results first reveal that the paternal D. incarnata genome shows a marked increased content of LTR retrotransposons compared to the maternal species, reflected in its larger genome size and consistent with a previously hypothesized bottleneck. With regard to the allopolyploids, in the youngest D. purpurella both genome size and TE composition appear to be largely additive with respect to parents, whereas for polyploids of intermediate ages we uncover rampant genome expansion on a magnitude of multiple entire genomes of some plants such as Arabidopsis. The oldest allopolyploids in the series are not larger than the intermediate ones. A putative tandem repeat, potentially derived from a non-autonomous miniature inverted-repeat TE (MITE) drives much of the genome dynamics in the allopolyploids. The highly dynamic MITE-like element is found in higher proportions in the maternal diploid, D. fuchsii, but is observed to increase in copy number in both subgenomes of the allopolyploids. Altogether, the fate of repeats appears strongly regulated and therefore predictable across multiple independent allopolyploidization events in this system. Apart from the MITE-like element, we consistently document a mild genomic shock following the allopolyploidizations investigated here, which may be linked to their relatively large genome sizes, possibly associated with strong selection against further genome expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi C Eriksson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- Plant Cytogenomics Research Group, CEITEC-Central - European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jamie McCann
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva M Temsch
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark W Chase
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London TW9 3AE, United Kingdom.,Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mikael Hedrén
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Are some species ‘robust’ to exploitation? Explaining persistence in deceptive relationships. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnimals and plants trick others in an extraordinary diversity of ways to gain fitness benefits. Mimicry and deception can, for example, lure prey, reduce the costs of parental care or aid in pollination–in ways that impose fitness costs on the exploited party. The evolutionary maintenance of such asymmetric relationships often relies on these costs being mitigated through counter-adaptations, low encounter rates, or indirect fitness benefits. However, these mechanisms do not always explain the evolutionary persistence of some classic deceptive interactions.Sexually deceptive pollination (in which plants trick male pollinators into mating with their flowers) has evolved multiple times independently, mainly in the southern hemisphere and especially in Australasia and Central and South America. This trickery imposes considerable costs on the males: they miss out on mating opportunities, and in some cases, waste their limited sperm on the flower. These relationships appear stable, yet in some cases there is little evidence suggesting that their persistence relies on counter-adaptations, low encounter rates, or indirect fitness benefits. So, how might these relationships persist?Here, we introduce and explore an additional hypothesis from systems biology: that some species are robust to exploitation. Robustness arises from a species’ innate traits and means they are robust against costs of exploitation. This allows species to persist where a population without those traits would not, making them ideal candidates for exploitation. We propose that this mechanism may help inform new research approaches and provide insight into how exploited species might persist.
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11
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Contribution to the taxonomic revision of Brachycorythis-complex (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae). BIODIVERSITY: RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/biorc-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present materials towards the taxonomic revision of Brachycorythis-complex (Orchidinae, Orchidaceae), which constitutes seven terrestrial genera and forty-eight species distributed in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and SW Asia. The detailed morphological descriptions, together with distribution data and ecological preferences for particular taxa are provided. Artificial keys for taxa identification were prepared. A molecular timescale for Brachycorythis species on a background of the subtribe Orchidinae was reconstructed using nuclear and plastid molecular markers. The results show that representatives of Brachycorythis separated from its last common ancestor presumably ca 20 Mya and the youngest taxa within the group seem to be its Asiatic representatives.
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Jiang M, Zhu Y, Wu Q, Zhang H. Complete chloroplast genome of a rare and endangered plant species Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis: genomic features and phylogenetic relationship within Orchidaceae. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:2872-2879. [PMID: 34532575 PMCID: PMC8439234 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1972049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis is a rare and endangered plant species with extremely small populations. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of P. zhejiangensis was assembled, its structural organization was described and comparative genomic analyses was carried out. The cp genome of P. zhejiangensis is 143,547 bp in length, with a GC content of 37.2%, which includes a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 24,464 bp separated by a small single-copy region of 10,764 bp and a large single-copy region of 83,856 bp. The cp genome contains 126 genes, consisting of 80 protein-coding genes, 38 transfer RNAs, and eight ribosomal RNAs. Six protein-coding genes, including ψndhB (two copies), ψndhD, ψndhG, ψndhK, and ψndhI, are identified as pseudogenes. Another six ndh genes, ndhA, ndhC, ndhE, ndhF, ndhH, and ndhJ, are missing from the plastid genome. A total of 41 cp simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified, including 40 mono-nucleotides and one di-nucleotides. Phylogenic analysis revealed P. zhejiangensis was nested inside the Phalaenopsis species and sister to P. wilsonii. The assembly and analysis of P. zhejiangensis cp genome will provide essential data for further study of taxonomy and systematics of Orchidaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
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Cohen C, Liltved WR, Colville JF, Shuttleworth A, Weissflog J, Svatoš A, Bytebier B, Johnson SD. Sexual deception of a beetle pollinator through floral mimicry. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1962-1969.e6. [PMID: 33770493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual mimicry is a complex multimodal strategy used by some plants to lure insects to flowers for pollination.1-4 It is notable for being highly species-specific and is typically mediated by volatiles belonging to a restricted set of chemical compound classes.3,4 Well-documented cases involve exploitation of bees and wasps (Hymenoptera)5,6 and flies (Diptera).7-9 Although beetles (Coleoptera) are the largest insect order and are well known as pollinators of both early and modern plants,10,11 it has been unclear whether they are sexually deceived by plants during flower visits.12,13 Here we report the discovery of an unambiguous case of sexual deception of a beetle: male longhorn beetles (Chorothyse hessei, Cerambycidae) pollinate the elaborate insectiform flowers of a rare southern African orchid (Disa forficaria), while exhibiting copulatory behavior including biting the antennae-like petals, curving the abdomen into the hairy lip cleft, and ejaculating sperm. The beetles are strongly attracted by (16S,9Z)-16-ethyl hexadec-9-enolide, a novel macrolide that we isolated from the floral scent. Structure-activity studies14,15 confirmed that chirality and other aspects of the structural geometry of the macrolide are critical for the attraction of the male beetles. These results demonstrate a new biological function for plant macrolides and confirm that beetles can be exploited through sexual deception to serve as pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callan Cohen
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - William R Liltved
- Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Newlands, Cape Town 7735, South Africa
| | - Jonathan F Colville
- Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Newlands, Cape Town 7735, South Africa; Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Adam Shuttleworth
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Jerrit Weissflog
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benny Bytebier
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
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14
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Bartish IV, Ozinga WA, Bartish MI, Wamelink GW, Hennekens SM, Yguel B, Prinzing A. Anthropogenic threats to evolutionary heritage of angiosperms in the Netherlands through an increase in high-competition environments. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:1536-1548. [PMID: 32463531 PMCID: PMC7754312 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Present biodiversity comprises the evolutionary heritage of Earth's epochs. Lineages from particular epochs are often found in particular habitats, but whether current habitat decline threatens the heritage from particular epochs is unknown. We hypothesized that within a given region, humans threaten specifically habitats that harbor lineages from a particular geological epoch. We expect so because humans threaten environments that dominated and lineages that diversified during these epochs. We devised a new approach to quantify, per habitat type, diversification of lineages from different epochs. For Netherlands, one of the floristically and ecologically best-studied regions, we quantified the decline of habitat types and species in the past century. We defined habitat types based on vegetation classification and used existing ranking of decline of vegetation classes and species. Currently, most declining habitat types and the group of red-listed species are characterized by increased diversification of lineages dating back to Paleogene, specifically to Paleocene-Eocene and Oligocene. Among vulnerable habitat types with large representation of lineages from these epochs were sublittoral and eulittoral zones of temperate seas and 2 types of nutrient-poor, open habitats. These losses of evolutionary heritage would go unnoticed with classical measures of evolutionary diversity. Loss of heritage from Paleocene-Eocene became unrelated to decline once low competition, shade tolerance, and low proportion of non-Apiaceae were accounted for, suggesting that these variables explain the loss of heritage from Paleocene-Eocene. Losses of heritage from Oligocene were partly explained by decline of habitat types occupied by weak competitors and shade-tolerant species. Our results suggest a so-far unappreciated human threat to evolutionary heritage: habitat decline threatens descendants from particular epochs. If the trends persist into the future uncontrolled, there may be no habitats within the region for many descendants of evolutionary ancient epochs, such as Paleogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Bartish
- Department of Genetic Ecology, Institute of BotanyAcademy of Sciences of Czech RepublicZamek 1Průhonice25243Czech Republic
| | - Wim A. Ozinga
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra)P.O. Box 47WageningenNL‐6700 AAThe Netherlands
- Experimental Plant EcologyRadboud University NijmegenP.O. Box 9010Nijmegen6500 GLThe Netherlands
| | | | - G.W. Wieger Wamelink
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra)P.O. Box 47WageningenNL‐6700 AAThe Netherlands
| | - Stephan M. Hennekens
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra)P.O. Box 47WageningenNL‐6700 AAThe Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Yguel
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO‐UMR 7204)Sorbonne Universités‐MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMCCP51, 55‐61 rue BuffonParis75005France
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- University Rennes 1Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit "Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution"Evolution (UMR 6553), Campus Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14 ARennes35042France
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15
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Ngugi G, Le Péchon T, Martos F, Pailler T, Bellstedt DU, Bytebier B. Phylogenetic relationships amongst the African genera of subtribe Orchidinae s.l. (Orchidaceae; Orchideae): Implications for subtribal and generic delimitations. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 153:106946. [PMID: 32860974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships within the Orchideae sensu Pridgeon et al, remain one of the biggest unresolved issues in our understanding of the taxonomy of the orchids. Members of the Orchideae are numerous and widespread in Africa but remain poorly represented in phylogenetic research. In this study we included a broad sampling of African taxa for which we sequenced three plastid (rbcl, matK and trnL + trnL-F) and two nuclear regions (ITS and 18S). We used 368 sequences representing 278 species and 49 genera to infer relationships using the Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood method. Our results show strong support for three clades, two of which almost entirely match the historical circumscription of Orchidinae and Habenariinae, and the third, Bartholininae, sister to the former two, includes the genera Holothrix and Bartholina. Stenoglottis should be assigned to Orchidinae and not to Habenariinae. Several genera such as Habenaria, Cynorkis and Benthamia are shown to be para- or polyphyletic: Bonatea, Centrostigma, Platycoryne and Roeperocharis are all embedded in Habenaria; Physoceras, Arnottia and part of Benthamia are embedded in Cynorkis. We propose a subdivision of Orchideae sensu lato into nine subtribes, but refrain from making generic re-arrangements until more extensive or more in-depth studies have been done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ngugi
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Timothée Le Péchon
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium; Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service Général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Rue A. Lavalée, 1, 1080 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Florent Martos
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Thierry Pailler
- Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, UMR C53, Université de La Réunion, Avenue René Cassin, 97715 Saint Denis Cedex, Reunion.
| | - Dirk U Bellstedt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Benny Bytebier
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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16
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Orchid-pollinator network in Euro-Mediterranean region: What we know, what we think we know, and what remains to be done. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Dorin A, Ren ZX, Burd M. Rewardlessness in orchids: how frequent and how rewardless? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:555-561. [PMID: 32181557 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
About one-third of orchid species are thought to offer no floral reward and therefore attract pollinators through deception. Statements of this idea are common in the botanical literature, but the empirical basis of the estimate is rarely mentioned. We traced citation pathways for the one-third estimate in a sample of the literature and found that the paths lead to empirical foundations that are surprisingly narrow. Moreover, recent measurements have detected minute quantities of sugar available to insect visitors in some orchids thought to be rewardless, raising the possibility of a pollination strategy that is largely deceitful but different to absolute rewardlessness. The orchids are a well-studied group and there is no doubt that rewardlessness is common in the family. However, greater empirical effort is needed to verify rewardlessness in orchids and to explore geographic and environmental variation in the proportion of rewardless species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shrestha
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A G Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Dorin
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Z-X Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
| | - M Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Brandrud MK, Baar J, Lorenzo MT, Athanasiadis A, Bateman RM, Chase MW, Hedrén M, Paun O. Phylogenomic Relationships of Diploids and the Origins of Allotetraploids in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae). Syst Biol 2020; 69:91-109. [PMID: 31127939 PMCID: PMC6902629 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disentangling phylogenetic relationships proves challenging for groups that have evolved recently, especially if there is ongoing reticulation. Although they are in most cases immediately isolated from diploid relatives, sets of sibling allopolyploids often hybridize with each other, thereby increasing the complexity of an already challenging situation. Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae) is a genus much affected by allopolyploid speciation and reticulate phylogenetic relationships. Here, we use genetic variation at tens of thousands of genomic positions to unravel the convoluted evolutionary history of Dactylorhiza. We first investigate circumscription and relationships of diploid species in the genus using coalescent and maximum likelihood methods, and then group 16 allotetraploids by maximum affiliation to their putative parental diploids, implementing a method based on genotype likelihoods. The direction of hybrid crosses is inferred for each allotetraploid using information from maternally inherited plastid RADseq loci. Starting from age estimates of parental taxa, the relative ages of these allotetraploid entities are inferred by quantifying their genetic similarity to the diploids and numbers of private alleles compared with sibling allotetraploids. Whereas northwestern Europe is dominated by young allotetraploids of postglacial origins, comparatively older allotetraploids are distributed further south, where climatic conditions remained relatively stable during the Pleistocene glaciations. Our bioinformatics approach should prove effective for the study of other naturally occurring, nonmodel, polyploid plant complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Brandrud
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Baar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria T Lorenzo
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Athanasiadis
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mark W Chase
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Mikael Hedrén
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Piñeiro Fernández L, Byers KJR.P, Cai J, Sedeek KEM, Kellenberger RT, Russo A, Qi W, Aquino Fournier C, Schlüter PM. A Phylogenomic Analysis of the Floral Transcriptomes of Sexually Deceptive and Rewarding European Orchids, Ophrys and Gymnadenia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1553. [PMID: 31850034 PMCID: PMC6895147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The orchids (Orchidaceae) constitute one of the largest and most diverse families of flowering plants. They have evolved a great variety of adaptations to achieve pollination by a diverse group of pollinators. Many orchids reward their pollinators, typically with nectar, but the family is also well-known for employing deceptive pollination strategies in which there is no reward for the pollinator, in the most extreme case by mimicking sexual signals of pollinators. In the European flora, two examples of these different pollination strategies are the sexually deceptive genus Ophrys and the rewarding genus Gymnadenia, which differ in their level of pollinator specialization; Ophrys is typically pollinated by pseudo-copulation of males of a single insect species, whilst Gymnadenia attracts a broad range of floral visitors. Here, we present and describe the annotated floral transcriptome of Ophrys iricolor, an Andrena-pollinated representative of the genus Ophrys that is widespread throughout the Aegean. Furthermore, we present additional floral transcriptomes of both sexually deceptive and rewarding orchids, specifically the deceptive Ophrys insectifera, Ophrys aymoninii, and an updated floral transcriptome of Ophrys sphegodes, as well as the floral transcriptomes of the rewarding orchids Gymnadenia conopsea, Gymnadenia densiflora, Gymnadenia odoratissima, and Gymnadenia rhellicani (syn. Nigritella rhellicani). Comparisons of these novel floral transcriptomes reveal few annotation differences between deceptive and rewarding orchids. Since together, these transcriptomes provide a representative sample of the genus-wide taxonomic diversity within Ophrys and Gymnadenia (Orchidoideae: Orchidinae), we employ a phylogenomic approach to address open questions of phylogenetic relationships within the genera. Specifically, this includes the controversial placement of O. insectifera within the Ophrys phylogeny and the placement of "Nigritella"-type morphologies within the phylogeny of Gymnadenia. Whereas in Gymnadenia, several conflicting topologies are supported by a similar number of gene trees, a majority of Ophrys gene topologies clearly supports a placement of O. insectifera as sister to a clade containing O. sphegodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piñeiro Fernández
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kelsey J. R .P. Byers
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Khalid E. M. Sedeek
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agriculture Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Roman T. Kellenberger
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Russo
- Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Weihong Qi
- Functional Genomics Centre Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Raskoti BB, Ale R. Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal a new epiphytic species of Habenaria (Orchidaceae; Orchideae; Orchidinae) from Nepal. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223355. [PMID: 31644547 PMCID: PMC6808328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Habenaria is almost cosmopolitan in distribution having predominantly terrestrial orchids, however; a remarkable epiphytic species with some unique morphological characters was collected from Nepal. We conducted a molecular phylogeny of this unusual Habenaria species using nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (matK, rbcl) DNA sequence regions to infer its systematic position. Our molecular analyses and morphological treatment recognized this newly collected plant as an undescribed species. This species is described here which is closely related to Habenaria plurifoliata but can be distinguished by having its multiple growing callus-shaped tuber, smaller stature with short stem, longer and wider oblanceolate leaves, peduncle with a foliaceous bract and only one sterile bract, lateral sepals oblong, obtuse, petal apex obtuse, lateral lobes of lip spreading upwards, spur not exceeding the ovary and pedicel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Bahadur Raskoti
- Nature Research and Conservation Initiatives, Pokharathok, Arghakhanchi, Nepal
- Nepal Bioscience Research Laboratory, Banasthali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rita Ale
- Nature Research and Conservation Initiatives, Pokharathok, Arghakhanchi, Nepal
- Nepal Bioscience Research Laboratory, Banasthali, Kathmandu, Nepal
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21
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The genus Bilabrella Lindl. (Orchidaceae, Habenariinae): materials to the taxonomic revision. BIODIVERSITY: RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/biorc-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to present materials to the taxonomic revision of the African orchid genus Bilabrella Lindl., based on herbarium materials, specimens conserved in FAA as well as literature. It was compiled using classical taxonomic methods. The research involved determining differences between Bilabrella and other genera of Habenariinae in Africa. Its morphological structure was analysed and key features for the generic taxonomy defined. An infrageneric classification is proposed. A full description of each species and distribution data are provided. The ecological requirements and phenology of all species have been assembled and systematized.
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22
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Wróblewska A, Szczepaniak L, Bajguz A, Jędrzejczyk I, Tałałaj I, Ostrowiecka B, Brzosko E, Jermakowicz E, Mirski P. Deceptive strategy in Dactylorhiza orchids: multidirectional evolution of floral chemistry. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:1005-1016. [PMID: 30753414 PMCID: PMC6589506 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The deception strategies of orchids remain poorly understood, especially in regard to the chemical compounds emitted from their flowers and their interaction with various taxonomic groups of pollinators. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships and compared the variation of floral chemical compounds between food-deceptive Dactylorhiza taxa (D. incarnata var. incarnata and D. incarnata var. ochroleuca, D. fuchsii and D. majalis) from populations in north-eastern Poland. We propose a model of the evolution of deception based on floral chemical signals in this genus. METHODS A Bayesian approach based on polymorphic plastid DNA (trnL, trnF and psbC-trnK), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and flow cytometry data was applied to confirm the taxonomic status of the studied orchids. We also identified and classified the pollinators and flower visitors in each Dactylorhiza population to the taxonomic level and compared our results with literature data. The chemical composition of pentane and diethyl ether extracts from the flowers was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Variation of the floral chemical components was visualized by non-metric multidimensional scaling based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. KEY RESULTS The genetic distinctiveness of D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis was confirmed. No hybrids between them were found, but the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), ITS haplotypes and flow cytometry showed genetic similarity between D. incarnata var. incarnata and D. incarnata var. ochroleuca. We determined that Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera) was the only shared pollinator of these taxa. Strangalia attenuata and Alosterna tabacicolor (Coleoptera) and Volucella pellucens and V. bombylans (Hymenoptera) were observed pollinating D. fuchsii. Visualization of the emission rates of the 61 floral chemical compounds detected from pentane extracts (mainly hydrocarbons and aldehydes) and the 51 from diethyl extracts (with abundant groups of benzenoids and non-aromatic acids) strongly differentiated D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis, while those of the two varieties of D. incarnata (var. incarnata and var. ochroleuca) were almost identical. CONCLUSIONS While the genetic data clearly supported the distinct lineages of D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis, the patterns of emission of their flower chemical compounds were more complex within the series of shared compounds (alkanes and aldehydes) and taxon-specific compounds (benzenoids and esters). Their floral bouquet can influence the sexual, social and feeding behaviour of pollinators in different ways. We observed that the floral chemical compounds attracted both shared and species-specific pollinators to Dactylorhiza, confirming the multidirectional character of floral chemical signals in these food-deceptive taxa. Reduction of species-specific pollination levels in Dactylorhiza orchid taxa may promote hybridization between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Wróblewska
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Lech Szczepaniak
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Jędrzejczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Plant Genetics, Physiology and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Izabela Tałałaj
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Beata Ostrowiecka
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Emilia Brzosko
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Edyta Jermakowicz
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Mirski
- University of Bialystok, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, Białystok, Poland
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23
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Brandrud MK, Paun O, Lorenz R, Baar J, Hedrén M. Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing supports a sister group relationship of Nigritella and Gymnadenia (Orchidaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 136:21-28. [PMID: 30914398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The orchid genus Nigritella is closely related to Gymnadenia and has from time to time been merged with the latter. Although Nigritella is morphologically distinct, it has been suggested that the separating characters are easily modifiable and subject to rapid evolutionary change. So far, molecular phylogenetic studies have either given support for the inclusion of Nigritella in Gymnadenia, or for their separation as different genera. To resolve this issue, we analysed data obtained from Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, RADseq, which provides a large number of SNPs distributed across the entire genome. To analyse samples of different ploidies, we take an analytical approach of building a reduced genomic reference based on de novo RADseq loci reconstructed from diploid accessions only, which we further use to map and call variants across both diploid and polyploid accessions. We found that Nigritella is distinct from Gymnadenia forming a well-supported separate clade, and that genetic diversity within Gymnadenia is high. Within Gymnadenia, taxa characterized by an ITS-E ribotype (G. conopsea s.str. (early flowering) and G. odoratissima), are divergent from taxa characterized by ITS-L ribotype (G. frivaldii, G. densiflora and late flowering G. conopsea). Gymnigritella runei is confirmed to have an allopolyploid origin from diploid Gymnadenia conopsea and tetraploid N. nigra ssp. nigra on the basis of RADseq data. Within Nigritella the aggregation of polyploid members into three clear-cut groups as suggested by allozyme and nuclear microsatellite data was further supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie K Brandrud
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Lorenz
- AHO Baden-Württemberg, Leibnizstrasse 1, D-69459 Weinheim, Germany
| | - Juliane Baar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael Hedrén
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Cardoso-Gustavson P, Saka MN, Pessoa EM, Palma-Silva C, Pinheiro F. Unidirectional transitions in nectar gain and loss suggest food deception is a stable evolutionary strategy in Epidendrum (Orchidaceae): insights from anatomical and molecular evidence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:179. [PMID: 30180799 PMCID: PMC6122447 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nectar gain and loss are important flower transitions observed in angiosperms, and are particularly common in orchids. To understand such transitions, the availability of detailed anatomical data and species-level phylogenies are crucial. We investigated the evolution of food deception in Epidendrum, one of the largest orchid genera, using genus phylogeny to map transitions between nectar gain and loss among different clades. Associations between anatomical and histochemical changes and nectar gain and loss were examined using fresh material available from 27 species. The evolution of nectar presence/absence in Epidendrum species was investigated in a phylogenetic framework of 47 species, using one nuclear and five plastid DNA regions available from GenBank and sequenced in this study. RESULTS The presence or absence of nectar was strongly associated with changes in the inner epidermal tissues of nectaries. Nectar-secreting species have unornamented epidermal tissue, in contrast to the unicellular trichomes found on the epidermis of food deceptive species. Bayesian tests confirmed that transitions occurred preferentially from nectar presence to nectar absence across the Epidendrum phylogeny. In addition, independent nectar loss events were found across the phylogeny, suggesting a lack of constraint for these transitions. CONCLUSIONS Ornamented nectaries may play an important role in the deceptive pollination strategy by secreting volatile organic compounds and providing tactile stimuli to pollinators. The recurrent and apparently irreversible pattern of nectar loss in Epidendrum suggests that food deception may constitute an alternative evolutionarily stable strategy, as observed in other orchid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Naomi Saka
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900 Brazil
| | - Edlley Max Pessoa
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-420 Brazil
| | - Clarisse Palma-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Fabio Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862 Brazil
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Bateman RM, Sramkó G, Paun O. Integrating restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) with morphological cladistic analysis clarifies evolutionary relationships among major species groups of bee orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:85-105. [PMID: 29325077 PMCID: PMC5786241 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bee orchids (Ophrys) have become the most popular model system for studying reproduction via insect-mediated pseudo-copulation and for exploring the consequent, putatively adaptive, evolutionary radiations. However, despite intensive past research, both the phylogenetic structure and species diversity within the genus remain highly contentious. Here, we integrate next-generation sequencing and morphological cladistic techniques to clarify the phylogeny of the genus. METHODS At least two accessions of each of the ten species groups previously circumscribed from large-scale cloned nuclear ribosomal internal transcibed spacer (nrITS) sequencing were subjected to restriction site-associated sequencing (RAD-seq). The resulting matrix of 4159 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 34 accessions was used to construct an unrooted network and a rooted maximum likelihood phylogeny. A parallel morphological cladistic matrix of 43 characters generated both polymorphic and non-polymorphic sets of parsimony trees before being mapped across the RAD-seq topology. KEY RESULTS RAD-seq data strongly support the monophyly of nine out of ten groups previously circumscribed using nrITS and resolve three major clades; in contrast, supposed microspecies are barely distinguishable. Strong incongruence separated the RAD-seq trees from both the morphological trees and traditional classifications; mapping of the morphological characters across the RAD-seq topology rendered them far more homoplastic. CONCLUSIONS The comparatively high level of morphological homoplasy reflects extensive convergence, whereas the derived placement of the fusca group is attributed to paedomorphic simplification. The phenotype of the most recent common ancestor of the extant lineages is inferred, but it post-dates the majority of the character-state changes that typify the genus. RAD-seq may represent the high-water mark of the contribution of molecular phylogenetics to understanding evolution within Ophrys; further progress will require large-scale population-level studies that integrate phenotypic and genotypic data in a cogent conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Bateman
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Gábor Sramkó
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Egyetem, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE ‘Lendület’ Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Egyetem, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg, Vienna, Austria
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Staedler YM, Kreisberger T, Manafzadeh S, Chartier M, Handschuh S, Pamperl S, Sontag S, Paun O, Schönenberger J. Novel computed tomography-based tools reliably quantify plant reproductive investment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:525-535. [PMID: 29294036 PMCID: PMC5853293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The flower is a bisexual reproductive unit where both genders compete for resources. Counting pollen and ovules in flowers is essential to understand how much is invested in each gender. Classical methods to count very numerous pollen grains and ovules are inefficient when pollen grains are tightly aggregated, and when fertilization rates of ovules are unknown. In this study we have therefore developed novel counting techniques based on computed tomography. In order to demonstrate the potential of our methods in very difficult cases, we counted pollen and ovules across inflorescences of deceptive and rewarding species of European orchids, which possess both very large numbers of pollen grains (tightly aggregated) and ovules. Pollen counts did not significantly vary across inflorescences and pollination strategies, whereas deceptive flowers had significantly more ovules than rewarding flowers. The within-inflorescence variance of pollen-to-ovule ratios in rewarding flowers was four times higher than in deceptive flowers, possibly demonstrating differences in the constraints acting on both pollination strategies. We demonstrate the inaccuracies and limitations of previously established methods, and the broad applicability of our new techniques: they allow measurement of reproductive investment without restriction on object number or aggregation, and without specimen destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - T Kreisberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - S Manafzadeh
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - M Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - S Handschuh
- VetCORE – Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Pamperl
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - S Sontag
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - O Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - J Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, Austria
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Jin WT, Schuiteman A, Chase MW, Li JW, Chung SW, Hsu TC, Jin XH. Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae s.l. (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae) based on seven markers (plastid matK, psaB, rbcL, trnL-F, trnH-psba, and nuclear nrITS, Xdh): implications for generic delimitation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:222. [PMID: 29178835 PMCID: PMC5702240 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) are a nearly cosmopolitan taxon of terrestrial orchids, comprising about 1800 species in 47 to 60 genera. Although much progress has been made in recent years of phylogenetics of Orchidinae, considerable problems remain to be addressed. Based on molecular phylogenetics, we attempt to illustrate the phylogenetic relationships and discuss generic delimitation within Orchidinae. Seven DNA markers (five plastid and two nuclear), a broad sampling of Orchidinae (400 species in 52 genera) and three methods of phylogenetic analysis (maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference) were used. RESULTS Orchidinae s.l. are monophyletic. Satyrium is sister to the rest of Orchidinae s.l. Brachycorythis and Schizochilus are successive sister to Asian-European Orchidinae s.s. Sirindhornia and Shizhenia are successive sister to clade formed by Tsaiorchis-Hemipilia-Ponerorchis alliance. Stenoglottis is sister to the Habenaria-Herminium-Peristylus alliance. Habenaria, currently the largest genus in Orchidinae, is polyphyletic and split into two distant clades: one Asian-Australian and the other African-American-Asian. Diplomeris is sister to Herminium s.l. plus Asian-Australian Habenaria. CONCLUSIONS We propose to recognize five genera in the Ponerorchis alliance: Hemipilia, Ponerorchis s.l., Sirindhornia, Shizhenia and Tsaiorchis. Splitting Habenaria into two genera based on morphological characters and geographical distribution may be the least disruptive approach, and it is reasonable to keep Satyrium in Orchidinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10093 China
| | - André Schuiteman
- Identification and Naming Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB UK
| | - Mark W. Chase
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, 6009 Australia
| | - Jian-Wu Li
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Township, Mengla County, Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Shih-Wen Chung
- Botanical Garden Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nanhai Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10066 China
| | - Tian-Chuan Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013 China
| | - Xiao-Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10093 China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS-SEABRI), Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
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Fantinato E, Del Vecchio S, Baltieri M, Fabris B, Buffa G. Are food-deceptive orchid species really functionally specialized for pollinators? Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Balao F, Trucchi E, Wolfe TM, Hao B, Lorenzo MT, Baar J, Sedman L, Kosiol C, Amman F, Chase MW, Hedrén M, Paun O. Adaptive sequence evolution is driven by biotic stress in a pair of orchid species (Dactylorhiza) with distinct ecological optima. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3649-3662. [PMID: 28370647 PMCID: PMC5518283 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The orchid family is the largest in the angiosperms, but little is known about the molecular basis of the significant variation they exhibit. We investigate here the transcriptomic divergence between two European terrestrial orchids, Dactylorhiza incarnata and Dactylorhiza fuchsii, and integrate these results in the context of their distinct ecologies that we also document. Clear signals of lineage-specific adaptive evolution of protein-coding sequences are identified, notably targeting elements of biotic defence, including both physical and chemical adaptations in the context of divergent pools of pathogens and herbivores. In turn, a substantial regulatory divergence between the two species appears linked to adaptation/acclimation to abiotic conditions. Several of the pathways affected by differential expression are also targeted by deviating post-transcriptional regulation via sRNAs. Finally, D. incarnata appears to suffer from insufficient sRNA control over the activity of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, resulting in increased activity of class I transposable elements and, over time, in larger genome size than that of D. fuchsii. The extensive molecular divergence between the two species suggests significant genomic and transcriptomic shock in their hybrids and offers insights into the difficulty of coexistence at the homoploid level. Altogether, biological response to selection, accumulated during the history of these orchids, appears governed by their microenvironmental context, in which biotic and abiotic pressures act synergistically to shape transcriptome structure, expression and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Balao
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y EcologíaUniversity of SevilleSevillaSpain
| | - Emiliano Trucchi
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Life Sciences and BiotechnologiesUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Thomas M. Wolfe
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Graduate School of Population GeneticsViennaAustria
| | - Bao‐Hai Hao
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Maria Teresa Lorenzo
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y EcologíaUniversity of SevilleSevillaSpain
| | - Juliane Baar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Laura Sedman
- Gregor Mendel Institute for Plant Molecular BiologyViennaAustria
| | - Carolin Kosiol
- Institut für PopulationsgenetikVetmeduni ViennaViennaAustria
- Centre of Biological DiversitySchool of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Fabian Amman
- Department of Chromosome BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Mark W. Chase
- Royal Botanic Gardens KewRichmondUK
- School of Plant BiologyUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawley, PerthWAAustralia
| | | | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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30
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Johnston MO, Bartkowska MP. Individual pollen limitation, phylogeny and selection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:909-912. [PMID: 28397359 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark O Johnston
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Bateman RM, Molnár V A, Sramkó G. In situ morphometric survey elucidates the evolutionary systematics of the Eurasian Himantoglossum clade (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae). PeerJ 2017; 5:e2893. [PMID: 28168103 PMCID: PMC5289109 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The charismatic Himantoglossum s.l. clade of Eurasian orchids contains an unusually large proportion of taxa that are of controversial circumscriptions and considerable conservation concern. Whereas our previously published study addressed the molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of every named taxon within the clade, here we use detailed morphometric data obtained from the same populations to compare genotypes with associated phenotypes, in order to better explore taxonomic circumscription and character evolution within the clade. Methods Between one and 12 plants found in 25 populations that encompassed the entire distribution of the Himantoglossum s.l. clade were measured in situ for 51 morphological characters. Results for 45 of those characters were subjected to detailed multivariate and univariate analyses. Key Results Multivariate analyses readily separate subgenus Barlia and subgenus Comperia from subgenus Himantoglossum, and also the early-divergent H. formosum from the less divergent remainder of subgenus Himantoglossum. The sequence of divergence of these four lineages is confidently resolved. Our experimental approach to morphometric character analysis demonstrates clearly that phenotypic evolution within Himantoglossum is unusually multi-dimensional. Conclusions Degrees of divergence between taxa shown by morphological analyses approximate those previously shown using molecular analyses. Himantoglossum s.l. is readily divisible into three subgenera. The three sections of subgenus Himantoglossum—hircinum, caprinum and formosum—are arrayed from west to east with only limited geographical overlap. At this taxonomic level, their juxtaposition combines with conflict between contrasting datasets to complicate attempts to distinguish between clinal variation and the discontinuities that by definition separate bona fide species. All taxa achieve allogamy via food deceit and have only weak pollinator specificity. Artificial crossing demonstrates that intrinsic sterility barriers are weak. Although we have found evidence of gene flow among and within the three sections of subgenus Himantoglossum, reports of natural hybrids are surprisingly rare, probably because putative parents are sufficiently similar to questionably warrant the status of species. Phenological separation and increased xeromorphy characterise the origin of subgenus Barlia. Several individual morphological characters show evidence of parallel acquisition, and loss of features is especially frequent in floral markings among members of section caprinum. Detailed patterns of gain and loss demonstrate that several different categories of flower markings are inherited independently. Along with the dimensions of labellar lobes, these pigmentation characters have been over-emphasised in previous taxonomic treatments. Increased plant vigour was a crucial element of the origin of the genus, but vegetative characters underwent remarkably little subsequent evolution. Attempts to reconstruct hypothetical ancestors at internal nodes of the phylogeny are weakened by (a) uncertain placement of Steveniella as sister to Himantoglossum s.l. and (b) uncertain relationships among subtly different putative species within section caprinum. Nonetheless, heterochronic/allometric trends, ultimately limited by functional constraints, clearly dictate transitions between contrasting flower sizes and complex labellum shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Molnár V
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
| | - Gábor Sramkó
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE "Lendület" Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
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Süngü Şeker Ş, Şenel G. Comparative seed micromorphology and morphometry of some orchid species (Orchidaceae) belong to the related Anacamptis, Orchis and Neotinea genera. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ghorbani A, Gravendeel B, Selliah S, Zarré S, de Boer H. DNA barcoding of tuberous Orchidoideae: a resource for identification of orchids used in Salep. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 17:342-352. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolbaset Ghorbani
- Department of Organismal Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
- Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; No 19, Tavanir Street, Hemmat Highway P.O. Box 14155-6153 Tehran Iran
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden The Netherlands
- University of Applied Sciences Leiden; Zernikedreef 11 2333 CK Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sugirthini Selliah
- The Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Shahin Zarré
- Department of Plant Sciences; School of Biology; College of Science; University of Tehran; 14155-6455 Tehran Iran
| | - Hugo de Boer
- Department of Organismal Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center; Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden The Netherlands
- The Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
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34
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Convergent evolution of sexual deception via chromatic and achromatic contrast rather than colour mimicry. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Joffard N, Buatois B, Schatz B. Integrative taxonomy of the fly orchid group: insights from chemical ecology. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cotrim H, Monteiro F, Sousa E, Pinto MJ, Fay MF. Marked hybridization and introgression in Ophrys sect. Pseudophrys in the western Iberian Peninsula. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:677-691. [PMID: 27056929 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Orchids in the genus Ophrys represent extraordinary cases of tight coevolution between plants and their pollinators, and as a result, they present opportunities for studying hybridization, or a lack thereof, during speciation. However, few studies assess the real effect of hybridization in diversification. The three most representative species of section Pseudophrys in the western Iberian Peninsula-O. dyris, O. fusca, and O. lutea-were chosen to study evolutionary relationships and examine speciation. METHODS Using eight specific nuclear microsatellite loci, 357 individuals from 28 locations were studied; 142 of these samples were also studied with four plastid microsatellite loci. Data were analyzed using Bayesian cluster analysis, a median-joint network, and multivariate analysis. KEY RESULTS Many O. dyris and O. fusca specimens had three or four alleles and were therefore treated as tetraploid. Ophrys dyris is poorly genetically separated from O. fusca, and pure populations are rare. Ophrys fusca and O. lutea are distinct, but hybrids/introgressed individuals were detected in most of the populations and supported by plastid haplotypes. Ophrys fusca is subdivided into three well-delimited genetic lineages with a strict geographic correspondence confirmed by plastid haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS Because postzygotic barriers are weak, leakage in this highly specialized orchid-pollinator system contributes to hybridization and introgression. These leakages may have occurred during periods of past climate change, promoting homogenization and the potential for generations of new biodiversity via production of novel genotypes/phenotypes interacting with pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Cotrim
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change (CE3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal Botanic Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, 1250-102 Lisbon, Portugal Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BIOISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Sousa
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BIOISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Pinto
- Botanic Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, 1250-102 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michael F Fay
- Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
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Breitkopf H, Onstein RE, Cafasso D, Schlüter PM, Cozzolino S. Multiple shifts to different pollinators fuelled rapid diversification in sexually deceptive Ophrys orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:377-389. [PMID: 25521237 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of rapid speciation provide unique insights into evolutionary processes underlying species radiations and patterns of biodiversity. Here we investigated the radiation of sexually deceptive bee orchids (Ophrys). Based on a time-calibrated phylogeny and by means of ancestral character reconstruction and divergence time estimation, we estimated the tempo and mode of this radiation within a state-dependent evolutionary framework. It appears that, in the Pleistocene, the evolution of Ophrys was marked by episodes of rapid diversification coinciding with shifts to different pollinator types: from wasps to Eucera bees to Andrena and other bees. An abrupt increase in net diversification rate was detected in three clades. Among these, two phylogenetically distant lineages switched from Eucera to Andrena and other bees in a parallel fashion and at about the same time in their evolutionary history. Lack of early radiation associated with the evolution of the key innovation of sexual deception suggests that Ophrys diversification was mainly driven by subsequent ecological opportunities provided by the exploitation of novel pollinator groups, encompassing many bee species slightly differing in their sex pheromone communication systems, and by spatiotemporal fluctuations in the pollinator mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Breitkopf
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Renske E Onstein
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donata Cafasso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Philipp M Schlüter
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Raskoti BB, Jin WT, Xiang XG, Schuiteman A, Li DZ, Li JW, Huang WC, Jin XH, Huang LQ. A phylogenetic analysis of molecular and morphological characters ofHerminium(Orchidaceae, Orchideae): evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution. Cladistics 2015; 32:198-210. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Bahadur Raskoti
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei-Tao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Xiao-Guo Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - André Schuiteman
- Science Directorate; Royal Botanical Gardens; Richmond Surrey TW9 3AB UK
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
| | - Jian-Wu Li
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Mengla County Yunnan 666303 China
| | - Wei-Chang Huang
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden; Songjiang Shanghai 201602 China
| | - Xiao-Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- National Resource Centre for Chinese Material Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Science; Beijing 100700 China
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Tang Y, Yukawa T, Bateman RM, Jiang H, Peng H. Phylogeny and classification of the East Asian Amitostigma alliance (Orchidaceae: Orchideae) based on six DNA markers. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:96. [PMID: 26006185 PMCID: PMC4479074 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tribe Orchideae dominates the orchid flora of the temperate Northern Hemisphere but its representatives in East Asia had been subject to less intensive phylogenetic study than those in Eurasia and North America. Although this situation was improved recently by the molecular phylogenetic study of Jin et al., comparatively few species were analyzed from the species-rich and taxonomically controversial East Asian Amitostigma alliance. Here, we present a framework nrITS tree of 235 accessions of Orchideae plus an in-depth analysis of 110 representative accessions, encompassing most widely recognized species within the alliance, to elucidate their relationships. RESULTS We used parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian approaches to generate trees from data for two nuclear (nrITS, low-copy Xdh) and four chloroplast (matK, psbA-trnH, trnL-F, trnS-trnG) markers. Nuclear and plastid data were analyzed separately due to a few hard incongruences that most likely reflect chloroplast capture. Our results suggest key phylogenetic placements for Sirindhornia and Brachycorythis, and confirm previous assertions that the Amitostigma alliance is monophyletic and sister to the Eurasian plus European clades of subtribe Orchidinae. Seven robust clades are evident within the alliance, but none corresponds precisely with any of the traditional genera; the smaller and more morphologically distinct genera Tsaiorchis, Hemipilia, Neottianthe and Hemipiliopsis are monophyletic but each is nested within a polyphyletic plexus of species attributed to either Ponerorchis or the most plesiomorphic genus, Amitostigma. Two early-divergent clades that escaped analysis by Jin et al. undermine their attempt to circumscribe an expanded monophyletic genus Ponerorchis. CONCLUSIONS We provide a new framework on the complex phylogenetic relationships between Amitostigma and other genera traditionally included in its alliance; based on which, we combine the entire Amitostigma alliance into a morphologically and molecularly circumscribed Amitostigma sensu latissimo that also contains seven molecularly circumscribed sections. Our molecular trees imply unusually high levels of morphological homoplasy, but these will need to be quantified via a future group-wide review of the alliance based on living plants if morphology is to be fully integrated into our classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan.
| | - Richard M Bateman
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry/Yunnan Laboratory for Conservation of Rare, Endangered and Endemic Forest Plants, State Forestry Administration, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Scopece G, Schiestl FP, Cozzolino S. Pollen transfer efficiency and its effect on inflorescence size in deceptive pollination strategies. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:545-550. [PMID: 25040501 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pollination systems differ in pollen transfer efficiency, a variable that may influence the evolution of flower number. Here we apply a comparative approach to examine the link between pollen transfer efficiency and the evolution of inflorescence size in food and sexually deceptive orchids. We examined pollination performance in nine food-deceptive, and eight sexually deceptive orchids by recording pollen removal and deposition in the field. We calculated correlations between reproductive success and flower number (as a proxy for resources allocated during reproductive process), and directional selection differentials were estimated on flower number for four species. Results indicate that sexually deceptive species experience decreased pollen loss compared to food-deceptive species. Despite producing fewer flowers, sexually deceptive species attained levels of overall pollination success (through male and female function) similar to food-deceptive species. Furthermore, a positive correlation between flower number and pollination success was observed in food-deceptive species, but this correlation was not detected in sexually deceptive species. Directional selection differentials for flower number were significantly higher in food compared to sexually deceptive species. We suggest that pollination systems with more efficient pollen transfer and no correlation between pollination success and number of flowers produced, such as sexual deception, may allow the production of inflorescences with fewer flowers that permit the plant to allocate fewer resources to floral displays and, at the same time, limit transpiration. This strategy can be particularly important for ecological success in Mediterranean water-deprived habitats, and might explain the high frequency of sexually deceptive species in these specialised ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Scopece
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, Naples, Italy; Institute for Plant Protection, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Sramkó G, Attila MV, Hawkins JA, Bateman RM. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Eurasiatic orchid genus Himantoglossum s.l. (Orchidaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1609-26. [PMID: 25294871 PMCID: PMC4649687 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lizard orchids of the genus Himantoglossum include many of Eurasia's most spectacular orchids, producing substantial spikes of showy flowers. However, until recently the genus had received only limited, and entirely traditional, systematic study. The aim of the current work was to provide a more robust molecular phylogeny in order to better understand the evolutionary relationships among species of particular conservation concern. METHODS All putative species of Himantoglossum s.l. were sampled across its geographical range. A large subsample of the 153 populations studied contributed to an initial survey of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) ribotypes. Smaller subsets were then sequenced for four plastid regions and the first intron of the low-copy-number nuclear gene LEAFY. Rooted using Steveniella as outgroup, phylogenetic trees were generated using parsimony and Bayesian methods from each of the three datasets, supplemented with a ribotype network. KEY RESULTS The resulting trees collectively determined the order of branching of the early divergent taxa as Himantoglossum comperianum > H. robertianum group > H. formosum, events that also involved significant morphological divergence. Relaxed molecular clock dating suggested that these divergences preceded the Pleistocene glaciations (the origin of the H. robertianum group may have coincided with the Messinian salinity crisis) and occurred in Asia Minor and/or the Caucasus. Among more controversial taxa of the H. hircinum-jankae clade, which are only subtly morphologically divergent, topological resolution was poorer and topological incongruence between datasets was consequently greater. CONCLUSIONS Plastid sequence divergence is broadly consistent with prior, morphologically circumscribed taxa and indicates a division between H. hircinum-adriaticum to the west of the Carpathians and H. jankae-caprinum (plus local endemics) to the east, a distinction also suggested by nrITS ribotypes. LEAFY phylogenies are less congruent with prior taxonomic arrangements and include one likely example of paralogy. Himantoglossum metlesicsianum fully merits its IUCN Endangered status. Potentially significant genetic variation was detected within Steveniella satyrioides, H. robertianum and H. hircinum. However, confident circumscription of the more derived species of Himantoglossum s.s., including local endemics of hybrid origin, must await future morphometric and population-genetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Sramkó
- MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Pázmány P. sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Molnár V Attila
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Julie A Hawkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Richard M Bateman
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
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Sedeek KEM, Scopece G, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Cozzolino S, Schiestl FP, Schlüter PM. Genic rather than genome‐wide differences between sexually deceptive
O
phrys
orchids with different pollinators. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:6192-205. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid E. M. Sedeek
- Institute of Systematic Botany University of Zurich Zollikerstr. 107 CH‐8008 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Scopece
- Department of Biology University of Naples Federico II Complesso Universitario MSA Via Cinthia I‐80126 Naples Italy
| | - Yannick M. Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Rennweg 14 A‐1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Rennweg 14 A‐1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Salvatore Cozzolino
- Department of Biology University of Naples Federico II Complesso Universitario MSA Via Cinthia I‐80126 Naples Italy
| | - Florian P. Schiestl
- Institute of Systematic Botany University of Zurich Zollikerstr. 107 CH‐8008 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Philipp M. Schlüter
- Institute of Systematic Botany University of Zurich Zollikerstr. 107 CH‐8008 Zurich Switzerland
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Eugenol synthase genes in floral scent variation in Gymnadenia species. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 14:779-88. [PMID: 25239559 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Floral signaling, especially through floral scent, is often highly complex, and little is known about the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary causes of this complexity. In this study, we focused on the evolution of "floral scent genes" and the associated changes in their functions in three closely related orchid species of the genus Gymnadenia. We developed a benchmark repertoire of 2,571 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in Gymnadenia odoratissima. For the functional characterization and evolutionary analysis, we focused on eugenol synthase, as eugenol is a widespread and important scent compound. We obtained complete coding complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of two copies of putative eugenol synthase genes in each of the three species. The proteins encoded by these cDNAs were characterized by expression and testing for activity in Escherichia coli. While G. odoratissima and Gymnadenia conopsea enzymes were found to catalyze the formation of eugenol only, the Gymnadenia densiflora proteins synthesize eugenol, as well as a smaller amount of isoeugenol. Finally, we showed that the eugenol and isoeugenol producing gene copies of G. densiflora are evolutionarily derived from the ancestral genes of the other species producing only eugenol. The evolutionary switch from production of one to two compounds evolved under relaxed purifying selection. In conclusion, our study shows the molecular bases of eugenol and isoeugenol production and suggests that an evolutionary transition in a single gene can lead to an increased complexity in floral scent emitted by plants.
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Molecular systematics of subtribe Orchidinae and Asian taxa of Habenariinae (Orchideae, Orchidaceae) based on plastid matK, rbcL and nuclear ITS. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 77:41-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jin XH, Ren ZX, Xu SZ, Wang H, Li DZ, Li ZY. The evolution of floral deception in Epipactis veratrifolia (Orchidaceae): from indirect defense to pollination. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:63. [PMID: 24621377 PMCID: PMC4007573 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is estimated that floral deception has evolved in at least 7500 species of angiosperms, of which two thirds are orchids. Epipactis veratrifolia (Orchidaceae) is a model system of aphid mimicry as aphidophagous hoverflies lay eggs on false brood sites on their flowers. To understand the evolutionary ecology of floral deception, we investigated the pollination biology of E. veratrifolia across 10 populations in the Eastern Himalayas. We reconstructed the phylogeny of Epipactis and mapped the known pollination systems of previously studied species onto the tree. RESULTS Some inflorescences of E. veratrifolia were so infested with aphids while they were still in bud that the some larvae of hoverflies developed to the third instar while flower buds opened. This indicated that adult female hoverflies were partly rewarded for oviposition. Although flowers failed to secrete nectar, they mimicked both alarm pheromones and aphid coloring of to attract female hoverflies as their exclusive pollinators. Phylogenetic mapping indicate that pollination by aphidophagous hoverflies is likely an ancestral condition in the genus Epipactis. We suggest that the biological interaction of aphid (prey), orchid (primary producer) and hoverfly (predator) may represent an intermediate stage between mutualism and deception in the evolution of pollination-by-deceit in E. veratrifolia. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses indicate that this intermediate stage may be used as a model system to interpret the origin of oviposition (brood site) mimicry in Epipactis. We propose the hypothesis that some deceptive pollination systems evolved directly from earlier (partly) mutualistic systems that maintained the fidelity of the original pollinator(s) even though rewards (nectar/ brood site) were lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Song-Zhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Xiang XG, Jin WT, Li DZ, Schuiteman A, Huang WC, Li JW, Jin XH, Li ZY. Phylogenetics of tribe Collabieae (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) based on four chloroplast genes with morphological appraisal. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87625. [PMID: 24498156 PMCID: PMC3909211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Collabieae (Orchidaceae) is a long neglected tribe with confusing tribal and generic delimitation and little-understood phylogenetic relationships. Using plastid matK, psaB, rbcL, and trnH-psbA DNA sequences and morphological evidence, the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Collabieae were assessed as a basis for revising their tribal and generic delimitation. Collabieae (including the previously misplaced mycoheterotrophic Risleya) is supported as monophyletic and nested within a superclade that also includes Epidendreae, Podochileae, Cymbidieae and Vandeae. Risleya is nested in Collabiinae and sister to Chrysoglossum, a relationship which, despite their great vegetative differences, is supported by floral characters. Ania is a distinct genus supported by both morphological and molecular evidence, while redefined Tainia includes Nephelaphyllum and Mischobulbum. Calanthe is paraphyletic and consists four clades; the genera Gastrorchis, Phaius and Cephalantheropsis should be subsumed within Calanthe. Calanthe sect. Ghiesbreghtia is nested within sect. Calanthe, to which the disputed Calanthe delavayi belongs as well. Our results indicate that, in Collabieae, habit evolved from being epiphytic to terrestrial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guo Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Tao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - André Schuiteman
- Herbarium, Library, Art and Archives Directorate, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Chang Huang
- Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Songjiang, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wu Li
- Herbarium, Xishuanbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Township, Mengla County, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XHJ); (ZYL)
| | - Zhen-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XHJ); (ZYL)
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Chartier M, Gibernau M, Renner SS. The evolution of pollinator-plant interaction types in the Araceae. Evolution 2013; 68:1533-43. [PMID: 24274161 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most plant-pollinator interactions are mutualistic, involving rewards provided by flowers or inflorescences to pollinators. Antagonistic plant-pollinator interactions, in which flowers offer no rewards, are rare and concentrated in a few families including Araceae. In the latter, they involve trapping of pollinators, which are released loaded with pollen but unrewarded. To understand the evolution of such systems, we compiled data on the pollinators and types of interactions, and coded 21 characters, including interaction type, pollinator order, and 19 floral traits. A phylogenetic framework comes from a matrix of plastid and new nuclear DNA sequences for 135 species from 119 genera (5342 nucleotides). The ancestral pollination interaction in Araceae was reconstructed as probably rewarding albeit with low confidence because information is available for only 56 of the 120-130 genera. Bayesian stochastic trait mapping showed that spadix zonation, presence of an appendix, and flower sexuality were correlated with pollination interaction type. In the Araceae, having unisexual flowers appears to have provided the morphological precondition for the evolution of traps. Compared with the frequency of shifts between deceptive and rewarding pollination systems in orchids, our results indicate less lability in the Araceae, probably because of morphologically and sexually more specialized inflorescences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Chartier
- Department of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Johnson SD, Hobbhahn N, Bytebier B. Ancestral deceit and labile evolution of nectar production in the African orchid genus Disa. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130500. [PMID: 23904568 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An outstanding feature of the orchid family is that approximately 30-40% of the species have non-rewarding flowers and deploy various modes of deception to attract pollinators, whereas the remaining species engage in pollination mutualisms based on provision of floral rewards. Here, we explore the direction, frequency and reversibility of transitions between deceptive and rewarding pollination systems in the radiation of the large African genus Disa, and test whether these transitions had consequences for diversification. By optimizing nectar production data for 111 species on a well-resolved phylogeny, we confirmed that floral deception was the ancestral condition and that nectar production evolved at least nine times and was lost at least once. Transitions to nectar production first occurred ca 17 million years ago but did not significantly affect either speciation or extinction rates. Nectar evolved independently of a spur, which was lost and gained multiple times. These results show that nectar production can be a highly labile trait and highlight the need for further studies of the genetic architecture of nectar production and the selective factors underlying transitions between deception and mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
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Sedeek KEM, Qi W, Schauer MA, Gupta AK, Poveda L, Xu S, Liu ZJ, Grossniklaus U, Schiestl FP, Schlüter PM. Transcriptome and proteome data reveal candidate genes for pollinator attraction in sexually deceptive orchids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64621. [PMID: 23734209 PMCID: PMC3667177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys mimic the mating signals of their pollinator females to attract males as pollinators. This mode of pollination is highly specific and leads to strong reproductive isolation between species. This study aims to identify candidate genes responsible for pollinator attraction and reproductive isolation between three closely related species, O. exaltata, O. sphegodes and O. garganica. Floral traits such as odour, colour and morphology are necessary for successful pollinator attraction. In particular, different odour hydrocarbon profiles have been linked to differences in specific pollinator attraction among these species. Therefore, the identification of genes involved in these traits is important for understanding the molecular basis of pollinator attraction by sexually deceptive orchids. RESULTS We have created floral reference transcriptomes and proteomes for these three Ophrys species using a combination of next-generation sequencing (454 and Solexa), Sanger sequencing, and shotgun proteomics (tandem mass spectrometry). In total, 121 917 unique transcripts and 3531 proteins were identified. This represents the first orchid proteome and transcriptome from the orchid subfamily Orchidoideae. Proteome data revealed proteins corresponding to 2644 transcripts and 887 proteins not observed in the transcriptome. Candidate genes for hydrocarbon and anthocyanin biosynthesis were represented by 156 and 61 unique transcripts in 20 and 7 genes classes, respectively. Moreover, transcription factors putatively involved in the regulation of flower odour, colour and morphology were annotated, including Myb, MADS and TCP factors. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive data set generated by combining transcriptome and proteome technologies allowed identification of candidate genes for pollinator attraction and reproductive isolation among sexually deceptive orchids. This includes genes for hydrocarbon and anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation, and the development of floral morphology. These data will serve as an invaluable resource for research in orchid floral biology, enabling studies into the molecular mechanisms of pollinator attraction and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid E M Sedeek
- Institute of Systematic Botany & Zürich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Triponez Y, Arrigo N, Pellissier L, Schatz B, Alvarez N. Morphological, ecological and genetic aspects associated with endemism in the Fly Orchid group. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1431-46. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Triponez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology; University of Neuchâtel; Emile-Argand 11 CH-2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Nils Arrigo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore Dorigny; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore Dorigny; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; CNRS Montpellier; UMR 5175; 1919 Route de Mende F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore Dorigny; University of Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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