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Zhang Y, He J, Qin G, Yang K, Chen P, Niu C, Li X, Mei C, Wang J, Guan Q, Bao C. Apple MdZAT5 mediates root development under drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108833. [PMID: 38879984 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Root plays an important role in plant drought tolerance, especially in horticultural crops like apples. However, the crucial regulator and molecular mechanism in root development of apple trees under drought are not well unknown. Cys2/His2-type Zinc-finger proteins are essential for plant response to drought, while the members of C2H2 Zinc-finger proteins in apple are largely unknown. In this study, we identified the members of the C1-2i subclass family of C2H2 Zinc-finger proteins in apple (Malus × domestica). Among them, MdZAT5 is significantly induced in apple roots under drought conditions and positively regulates apple root development under drought. Further investigation revealed that MdZAT5 positively regulates root development and root hydraulic conductivity by mediating the transcription level of MdMYB88 under drought stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate the importance of MdZAT5 in root development under drought in apple trees. This finding provides a new candidate direction for apple breeding for drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jieqiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gege Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Pengxiang Chen
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China
| | - Chundong Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chuang Mei
- Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Xinjiang Fruit Science Experiment Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiangbo Wang
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Aral, 843300, China.
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Chana Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Qi F, Wang F, Xiaoyang C, Wang Z, Lin Y, Peng Z, Zhang J, Wang N, Zhang J. Gene Expression Analysis of Different Organs and Identification of AP2 Transcription Factors in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3260. [PMID: 37765422 PMCID: PMC10535939 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oilseed crop widely cultivated for its oil and fiber. This study conducted transcriptome analysis to analyze the gene expression profiles of roots, leaves, stamens, pistils, and fruits in the flax cultivar Longya10. A total of 43,471 genes were detected in the RNA-seq data, with 34,497 genes showing differential expression levels between different organs. Gene expression patterns varied across different organs, with differences observed in expression-regulating genes within specific organs. However, 23,448 genes were found to be commonly expressed across all organs. Further analysis revealed organ-specific gene expressions, with 236, 690, 544, 909, and 1212 genes identified in pistils, fruits, leaves, roots, and stamens, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed on these organ-specific genes, and significant enrichment was observed in various biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions, providing new insights for the specific growth patterns of flax organs. Furthermore, we investigated the expression differences of AP2 transcription factors in various tissues and organs of Longya10. We identified 96 AP2 genes that were differentially expressed in different organs and annotated them into various biological pathways. Our results suggest that AP2 transcription factors may play important roles in regulating the growth and development of flax organs including stress response. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive analysis of gene expression patterns in different organs and tissues of flax plant and identifies potential critical regulators of flax organ growth and development. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying flax organ development and may have important implications for the genetic improvement of flax crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qi
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (F.Q.); (F.W.); (C.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fu Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (F.Q.); (F.W.); (C.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chunxiao Xiaoyang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (F.Q.); (F.W.); (C.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (F.Q.); (F.W.); (C.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yujie Lin
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (F.Q.); (F.W.); (C.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhanwu Peng
- Information Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China;
| | - Jun Zhang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (F.Q.); (F.W.); (C.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ningning Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (F.Q.); (F.W.); (C.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (F.Q.); (F.W.); (C.X.); (Z.W.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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Natural selection under conventional and organic cropping systems affect root architecture in spring barley. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20095. [PMID: 36418861 PMCID: PMC9684413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A beneficial root system is crucial for efficient nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Therefore, evaluating the root system variation for breeding crop plants towards stress adaptation is critically important. Here, we phenotyped root architectural traits of naturally adapted populations from organic and conventional cropping systems under hydroponic and field trails. Long-term natural selection under these two cropping systems resulted in a microevolution of root morphological and anatomical traits. Barley lines developed under an organic system possessed longer roots with narrow root angle, larger surface area, increased root mass density, and a thinner root diameter with an increased number of metaxylem vessels. In contrast, lines adapted to the conventional system tend to have a shorter and wider root system with a larger root volume with a thicker diameter but fewer metaxylem vessels. Allometry analysis established a relationship between root traits and plant size among barley genotypes, which specifies that root angle could be a good candidate among studied root traits to determine root-borne shoot architecture. Further, multivariate analyses showed a strong tendency towards increased variability of the organically adapted population's root morphological and anatomical traits. The genotyping of ancestor populations validated the observations made in these experiments. Collectively, this results indicate significant differences in root phenotypes between conventional and organic populations, which could be useful in comparative genomics and breeding.
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Seethepalli A, Dhakal K, Griffiths M, Guo H, Freschet GT, York LM. RhizoVision Explorer: open-source software for root image analysis and measurement standardization. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab056. [PMID: 34804466 PMCID: PMC8598384 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Roots are central to the function of natural and agricultural ecosystems by driving plant acquisition of soil resources and influencing the carbon cycle. Root characteristics like length, diameter and volume are critical to measure to understand plant and soil functions. RhizoVision Explorer is an open-source software designed to enable researchers interested in roots by providing an easy-to-use interface, fast image processing and reliable measurements. The default broken roots mode is intended for roots sampled from pots and soil cores, washed and typically scanned on a flatbed scanner, and provides measurements like length, diameter and volume. The optional whole root mode for complete root systems or root crowns provides additional measurements such as angles, root depth and convex hull. Both modes support providing measurements grouped by defined diameter ranges, the inclusion of multiple regions of interest and batch analysis. RhizoVision Explorer was successfully validated against ground truth data using a new copper wire image set. In comparison, the current reference software, the commercial WinRhizo™, drastically underestimated volume when wires of different diameters were in the same image. Additionally, measurements were compared with WinRhizo™ and IJ_Rhizo using a simulated root image set, showing general agreement in software measurements, except for root volume. Finally, scanned root image sets acquired in different labs for the crop, herbaceous and tree species were used to compare results from RhizoVision Explorer with WinRhizo™. The two software showed general agreement, except that WinRhizo™ substantially underestimated root volume relative to RhizoVision Explorer. In the current context of rapidly growing interest in root science, RhizoVision Explorer intends to become a reference software, improve the overall accuracy and replicability of root trait measurements and provide a foundation for collaborative improvement and reliable access to all.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kundan Dhakal
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | | | - Haichao Guo
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | | | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
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Murren CJ, Alt CHS, Kohler C, Sancho G. Natural variation on whole-plant form in the wild is influenced by multivariate soil nutrient characteristics: natural selection acts on root traits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:319-328. [PMID: 32002983 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE In the complex soil nutrient environments of wild populations of annual plants, in general, low nutrient availability restricts growth and alters root-shoot relationships. However, our knowledge of natural selection on roots in field settings is limited. We sought to determine whether selection acts directly on root traits and to identify which components of the soil environment were potential agents of selection. METHODS We studied wild native populations of Arabidopsis thaliana across 4 years, measuring aboveground and belowground traits and analyzing soil nutrients. Using multivariate methods, we examined patterns of natural selection and identified soil attributes that contributed to whole-plant form. In a common garden experiment at two field sites with contrasting soil texture, we examined patterns of selection on root and shoot traits. RESULTS In wild populations, we uncovered selection for above- and belowground size and architectural traits. We detected variation through time and identified soil components that influenced fruit production. In the garden experiment, we detected a distinct positive selection for total root length at the site with greater water-holding capacity and negative selection for measures of root architecture at the field site with reduced nutrient availability and water holding capacity. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of natural selection on belowground traits varied through time, across field sites and experimental gardens. Simultaneous investigations of above- and belowground traits reveal trait functional relationships on which natural selection can act, highlighting the influence of edaphic features on evolutionary processes in wild annual plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J Murren
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Claudia H S Alt
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare Kohler
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
- Environmental Sciences Initiative, CUNY ASRC, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Gorka Sancho
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
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Lux A, Lukačová Z, Vaculík M, Švubová R, Kohanová J, Soukup M, Martinka M, Bokor B. Silicification of Root Tissues. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E111. [PMID: 31952260 PMCID: PMC7020167 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is not considered an essential element, however, its tissue concentration can exceed that of many essential elements in several evolutionary distant plant species. Roots take up Si using Si transporters and then translocate it to aboveground organs. In some plant species, root tissues are also places where a high accumulation of Si can be found. Three basic modes of Si deposition in roots have been identified so far: (1) impregnation of endodermal cell walls (e.g., in cereals, such as Triticum (wheat)); (2) formation of Si-aggregates associated with endodermal cell walls (in the Andropogoneae family, which includes Sorghum and Saccharum (sugarcane)); (3) formation of Si aggregates in "stegmata" cells, which form a sheath around sclerenchyma fibers e.g., in some palm species (Phoenix (date palm)). In addition to these three major and most studied modes of Si deposition in roots, there are also less-known locations, such as deposits in xylem cells and intercellular deposits. In our research, the ontogenesis of individual root cells that accumulate Si is discussed. The documented and expected roles of Si deposition in the root is outlined mostly as a reaction of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Lukačová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Renáta Švubová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Jana Kohanová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Milan Soukup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Li J, Guo C, Jian S, Deng Q, Yu CL, Dzantor KE, Hui D. Nitrogen Fertilization Elevated Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen in Switchgrass and Gamagrass Croplands. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1734. [PMID: 29379027 PMCID: PMC5788856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of intensive nitrogen (N) fertilizations on spatial distributions of soil microbes in bioenergy croplands remain unknown. To quantify N fertilization effect on spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN), we sampled top mineral horizon soils (0-15 cm) using a spatially explicit design within two 15-m2 plots under three fertilization treatments in two bioenergy croplands in a three-year long fertilization experiment in Middle Tennessee, USA. The three fertilization treatments were no N input (NN), low N input (LN: 84 kg N ha−1 in urea) and high N input (HN: 168 kg N ha−1 in urea). The two crops were switchgrass (SG: Panicum virgatum L.) and gamagrass (GG: Tripsacum dactyloides L.). Results showed that N fertilizations little altered central tendencies of microbial variables but relative to LN, HN significantly increased MBC and MBC:MBN (GG only). HN possessed the greatest within-plot variances except for MBN (GG only). Spatial patterns were generally evident under HN and LN plots and much less so under NN plots. Substantially contrasting spatial variations were also identified between croplands (GG > SG) and among variables (MBN, MBC:MBN > MBC). This study demonstrated that spatial heterogeneity is elevated in microbial biomass of fertilized soils likely by uneven fertilizer application in bioenergy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, United States.
| | - Chunlan Guo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, United States.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Forestry College, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Siyang Jian
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, United States
| | - Qi Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, United States
| | - Chih-Li Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, United States
| | - Kudjo E Dzantor
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, United States
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, 37209, United States
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Popper ZA, Ralet MC, Domozych DS. Plant and algal cell walls: diversity and functionality. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1043-8. [PMID: 25453142 PMCID: PMC4195566 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although plants and many algae (e.g. the Phaeophyceae, brown, and Rhodophyceae, red) are only very distantly related they are united in their possession of carbohydrate-rich cell walls, which are of integral importance being involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore,wall components have applications within food, fuel, pharmaceuticals, fibres (e.g. for textiles and paper) and building materials and have long been an active topic of research. As shown in the 27 papers in this Special Issue, as the major deposit of photosynthetically fixed carbon, and therefore energy investment, cell walls are of undisputed importance to the organisms that possess them, the photosynthetic eukaryotes ( plants and algae). The complexities of cell wall components along with their interactions with the biotic and abiotic environment are becoming increasingly revealed. SCOPE The importance of plant and algal cell walls and their individual components to the function and survival of the organism, and for a number of industrial applications, are illustrated by the breadth of topics covered in this issue, which includes papers concentrating on various plants and algae, developmental stages, organs, cell wall components, and techniques. Although we acknowledge that there are many alternative ways in which the papers could be categorized (and many would fit within several topics), we have organized them as follows: (1) cell wall biosynthesis and remodelling, (2) cell wall diversity, and (3) application of new technologies to cell walls. Finally, we will consider future directions within plant cell wall research. Expansion of the industrial uses of cell walls and potentially novel uses of cell wall components are both avenues likely to direct future research activities. Fundamentally, it is the continued progression from characterization (structure, metabolism, properties and localization) of individual cell wall components through to defining their roles in almost every aspect of plant and algal physiology that will present many of the major challenges in future cell wall research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë A. Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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Rewald B, Godbold DL, Falik O, Rachmilevitch S. Root and rhizosphere processes-high time to dig deeper. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:278. [PMID: 24971085 PMCID: PMC4054653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU)Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas L. Godbold
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU)Vienna, Austria
| | - Omer Falik
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Shimon Rachmilevitch
- Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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