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Hultine KR, Hernández-Hernández T, Williams DG, Albeke SE, Tran N, Puente R, Larios E. Global change impacts on cacti (Cactaceae): current threats, challenges and conservation solutions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:671-683. [PMID: 36861500 PMCID: PMC10799997 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant family Cactaceae provides some of the most striking examples of adaptive evolution, expressing undeniably the most spectacular New World radiation of succulent plants distributed across arid and semi-arid regions of the Americas. Cacti are widely regarded for their cultural, economic and ecological value, yet they are also recognized as one of the most threatened and endangered taxonomic groups on the planet. SCOPE This paper reviews current threats to species of cacti that have distributions in arid to semi-arid subtropical regions. Our review focuses primarily on four global change forces: (1) increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations; (2) increases in mean annual temperatures and heat waves; (3) increases in the duration, frequency and intensity of droughts; and (4) and increases in competition and wildfire frequency from invasion by non-native species. We provide a broad range of potential priorities and solutions for stemming the extinction risk of cacti species and populations. CONCLUSIONS Mitigating ongoing and emerging threats to cacti will require not only strong policy initiatives and international cooperation, but also new and creative approaches to conservation. These approaches include determining species at risk from climate extremes, enhancing habitat quality after disturbance, approaches and opportunities for ex situ conservation and restoration, and the potential use of forensic tools for identifying plants that have been removed illegally from the wild and sold on open markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - David G Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Shannon E Albeke
- Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Newton Tran
- Center of Tree Science, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
| | - Raul Puente
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - Eugenio Larios
- Programa Educativo de Licenciado en Ecología, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora 83100, México
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Shishkova S, Huang L, Rodríguez RE, Ristova D, Dello Ioio R. Editorial: Root development: Towards understanding regulatory networks and complex interactions between cell populations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1108367. [PMID: 36684758 PMCID: PMC9854129 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1108367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shishkova
- Departamento de Biologa Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ling Huang
- Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ramiro Esteban Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniela Ristova
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Kościelniak P, Glazińska P, Kȩsy J, Zadworny M. Formation and Development of Taproots in Deciduous Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:772567. [PMID: 34925417 PMCID: PMC8675582 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.772567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trees are generally long-lived and are therefore exposed to numerous episodes of external stimuli and adverse environmental conditions. In certain trees e.g., oaks, taproots evolved to increase the tree's ability to acquire water from deeper soil layers. Despite the significant role of taproots, little is known about the growth regulation through internal factors (genes, phytohormones, and micro-RNAs), regulating taproot formation and growth, or the effect of external factors, e.g., drought. The interaction of internal and external stimuli, involving complex signaling pathways, regulates taproot growth during tip formation and the regulation of cell division in the root apical meristem (RAM). Assuming that the RAM is the primary regulatory center responsible for taproot growth, factors affecting the RAM function provide fundamental information on the mechanisms affecting taproot development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek Kȩsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
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Dubrovsky JG, Ivanov VB. The quiescent centre of the root apical meristem: conceptual developments from Clowes to modern times. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6687-6707. [PMID: 34161558 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the concepts of the quiescent centre (QC) of the root apical meristem (RAM) and their change over time, from their formulation by F.A.L. Clowes to the present. This review is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Clowes, and we present his short biography and a full bibliography of Clowes' work. Over time, the concept of the QC proved to be useful for the understanding of RAM organization and behaviour. We focus specifically on conceptual developments, from the organization of the QC to understanding its functions in RAM maintenance and activity, ranging from a model species, Arabidopsis thaliana, to crops. Concepts of initial cells, stem cells, and heterogeneity of the QC cells in the context of functional and structural stem cells are considered. We review the role of the QC in the context of cell flux in the RAM and the nature of quiescence of the QC cells. We discuss the origin of the QC and fluctuation of its size in ontogenesis and why the QC cells are more resistant to stress. Contemporary concepts of the organizer and stem cell niche are also considered. We also propose how the stem cell niche in the RAM can be defined in roots of a non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Victor B Ivanov
- Department of Root Physiology, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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González-Sánchez JDJ, Santiago-Sandoval I, Lara-González JA, Colchado-López J, Cervantes CR, Vélez P, Reyes-Santiago J, Arias S, Rosas U. Growth Patterns in Seedling Roots of the Pincushion Cactus Mammillaria Reveal Trends of Intra- and Inter-Specific Variation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:750623. [PMID: 34691127 PMCID: PMC8531529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.750623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms controlling root development are well-understood in plant model species, and emerging frontier research is currently dissecting how some of these mechanisms control root development in cacti. Here we show the patterns of root architecture development in a gradient of divergent lineages, from populations to species in Mammillaria. First, we show the patterns of variation in natural variants of the species Mammillaria haageana. Then we compare this variation to closely related species within the Series Supertexta in Mammillaria (diverging for the last 2.1 million years) in which M. haageana is inserted. Finally, we compared these patterns of variation to what is found in a set of Mammillaria species belonging to different Series (diverging for the last 8 million years). When plants were grown in controlled environments, we found that the variation in root architecture observed at the intra-specific level, partially recapitulates the variation observed at the inter-specific level. These phenotypic outcomes at different evolutionary time-scales can be interpreted as macroevolution being the cumulative outcome of microevolutionary phenotypic divergence, such as the one observed in Mammillaria accessions and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de Jesús González-Sánchez
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Itzel Santiago-Sandoval
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Joel Colchado-López
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristian R. Cervantes
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Vélez
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jerónimo Reyes-Santiago
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salvador Arias
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ulises Rosas
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kirschner GK, Xiao TT, Blilou I. Rooting in the Desert: A Developmental Overview on Desert Plants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050709. [PMID: 34068546 PMCID: PMC8151154 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, have evolved a remarkable developmental plasticity to cope with their changing environment. When growing in hostile desert conditions, plants have to grow and thrive in heat and drought. This review discusses how desert plants have adapted their root system architecture (RSA) to cope with scarce water availability and poor nutrient availability in the desert soil. First, we describe how some species can survive by developing deep tap roots to access the groundwater while others produce shallow roots to exploit the short rain seasons and unpredictable rainfalls. Then, we discuss how desert plants have evolved unique developmental programs like having determinate meristems in the case of cacti while forming a branched and compact root system that allows efficient water uptake during wet periods. The remote germination mechanism in date palms is another example of developmental adaptation to survive in the dry and hot desert surface. Date palms have also designed non-gravitropic secondary roots, termed pneumatophores, to maximize water and nutrient uptake. Next, we highlight the distinct anatomical features developed by desert species in response to drought like narrow vessels, high tissue suberization, and air spaces within the root cortex tissue. Finally, we discuss the beneficial impact of the microbiome in promoting root growth in desert conditions and how these characteristics can be exploited to engineer resilient crops with a greater ability to deal with salinity induced by irrigation and with the increasing drought caused by global warming.
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Calleja-Cabrera J, Boter M, Oñate-Sánchez L, Pernas M. Root Growth Adaptation to Climate Change in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:544. [PMID: 32457782 PMCID: PMC7227386 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is threatening crop productivity worldwide and new solutions to adapt crops to these environmental changes are urgently needed. Elevated temperatures driven by climate change affect developmental and physiological plant processes that, ultimately, impact on crop yield and quality. Plant roots are responsible for water and nutrients uptake, but changes in soil temperatures alters this process limiting crop growth. With the predicted variable climatic forecast, the development of an efficient root system better adapted to changing soil and environmental conditions is crucial for enhancing crop productivity. Root traits associated with improved adaptation to rising temperatures are increasingly being analyzed to obtain more suitable crop varieties. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the effect of increasing temperatures on root growth and their impact on crop yield. First, we will describe the main alterations in root architecture that different crops undergo in response to warmer soils. Then, we will outline the main coordinated physiological and metabolic changes taking place in roots and aerial parts that modulate the global response of the plant to increased temperatures. We will discuss on some of the main regulatory mechanisms controlling root adaptation to warmer soils, including the activation of heat and oxidative pathways to prevent damage of root cells and disruption of root growth; the interplay between hormonal regulatory pathways and the global changes on gene expression and protein homeostasis. We will also consider that in the field, increasing temperatures are usually associated with other abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought, salinity, nutrient deficiencies, and pathogen infections. We will present recent advances on how the root system is able to integrate and respond to complex and different stimuli in order to adapt to an increasingly changing environment. Finally, we will discuss the new prospects and challenges in this field as well as the more promising pathways for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Pernas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Roots provide the primary mechanism that plants use to absorb water and nutrients from their environment. These functions are dependent on developmental mechanisms that direct root growth and branching into regions of soil where these resources are relatively abundant. Water is the most limiting factor for plant growth, and its availability is determined by the weather, soil structure, and salinity. In this review, we define the developmental pathways that regulate the direction of growth and branching pattern of the root system, which together determine the expanse of soil from which a plant can access water. The ability of plants to regulate development in response to the spatial distribution of water is a focus of many recent studies and provides a model for understanding how biological systems utilize positional cues to affect signaling and morphogenesis. A better understanding of these processes will inform approaches to improve crop water use efficiency to more sustainably feed a growing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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9
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Rodriguez-Alonso G, Matvienko M, López-Valle ML, Lázaro-Mixteco PE, Napsucialy-Mendivil S, Dubrovsky JG, Shishkova S. Transcriptomics insights into the genetic regulation of root apical meristem exhaustion and determinate primary root growth in Pachycereus pringlei (Cactaceae). Sci Rep 2018; 8:8529. [PMID: 29867103 PMCID: PMC5986787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Cactaceae species exhibit determinate growth of the primary root as a consequence of root apical meristem (RAM) exhaustion. The genetic regulation of this growth pattern is unknown. Here, we de novo assembled and annotated the root apex transcriptome of the Pachycereus pringlei primary root at three developmental stages, with active or exhausted RAM. The assembled transcriptome is robust and comprehensive, and was used to infer a transcriptional regulatory network of the primary root apex. Putative orthologues of Arabidopsis regulators of RAM maintenance, as well as putative lineage-specific transcripts were identified. The transcriptome revealed putative orthologues of most proteins involved in housekeeping processes, hormone signalling, and metabolic pathways. Our results suggest that specific transcriptional programs operate in the root apex at specific developmental time points. Moreover, the transcriptional state of the P. pringlei root apex as the RAM becomes exhausted is comparable to the transcriptional state of cells from the meristematic, elongation, and differentiation zones of Arabidopsis roots along the root axis. We suggest that the transcriptional program underlying the drought stress response is induced during Cactaceae root development, and that lineage-specific transcripts could contribute to RAM exhaustion in Cactaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Rodriguez-Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Marta Matvienko
- Tecan Systems, 2450 Zanker Rd, San Jose, CA, 95131, United States
| | - Mayra L López-Valle
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Pedro E Lázaro-Mixteco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Selene Napsucialy-Mendivil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Svetlana Shishkova
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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11
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Tylová E, Pecková E, Blascheová Z, Soukup A. Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in exodermis of lateral roots: an important trait of roots system response to abiotic stress factors. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:71-85. [PMID: 28605408 PMCID: PMC5737840 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Root absorptive characteristics rely on the presence of apoplastic barriers. However, little is known about the establishment of these barriers within a complex root system, particularly in a major portion of them - the lateral roots. In Zea mays L., the exodermis differentiates under the influence of growth conditions. Therefore, the species presents a suitable model to elucidate the cross-talk among environmental conditions, branching pattern and the maturation of barriers within a complex root system involved in the definition of the plant-soil interface. The study describes the extent to which lateral roots differentiate apoplastic barriers in response to changeable environmental conditions. Methods The branching, permeability of the outer cell layers and differentiation of the endo- and exodermis were studied in primary roots and various laterals under different types of stress of agronomic importance (salinity, heavy metal toxicity, hypoxia, etc.). Histochemical methods, image analysis and apoplastic tracer assays were utilized. Key Results The results show that the impact of growth conditions on the differentiation of both the endodermis and exodermis is modulated according to the type/diameter of the root. Fine laterals clearly represent that portion of a complex root system with a less advanced state of barrier differentiation, but with substantial ability to modify exodermis differentiation in response to environmental conditions. In addition, some degree of autonomy in exodermal establishment of Casparian bands (CBs) vs. suberin lamellae (SLs) was observed, as the absence of lignified exodermal CBs did not always fit with the lack of SLs. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of lateral roots, and provides a first look into the developmental variations of apoplastic barriers within a complex root system. It emphasizes that branching and differentiation of barriers in fine laterals may substantially modulate the root system-rhizosphere interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Tylová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pecková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Blascheová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Reyes-Hernández BJ, Srivastava AC, Ugartechea-Chirino Y, Shishkova S, Ramos-Parra PA, Lira-Ruan V, Díaz de la Garza RI, Dong G, Moon JC, Blancaflor EB, Dubrovsky JG. The root indeterminacy-to-determinacy developmental switch is operated through a folate-dependent pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1223-1236. [PMID: 24635769 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Roots have both indeterminate and determinate developmental programs. The latter is preceded by the former. It is not well understood how the indeterminacy-to-determinacy switch (IDS) is regulated. We isolated a moots koom2 (mko2; 'short root' in Mayan) Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with determinate primary root growth and analyzed the root apical meristem (RAM) behavior using various marker lines. Deep sequencing and genetic and pharmacological complementation permitted the identification of a point mutation in the FOLYLPOLYGLUTAMATE SYNTHETASE1 (FPGS1) gene responsible for the mko2 phenotype. Wild-type FPGS1 is required to maintain the IDS in the 'off' state. When FPGS1 function is compromised, the IDS is turned on and the RAM becomes completely consumed. The polyglutamate-dependent pathway of the IDS involves activation of the quiescent center independently of auxin gradients and regulatory modules participating in RAM maintenance (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 (WOX5), PLETHORA, and SCARECROW (SCR)). The mko2 mutation causes drastic changes in folate metabolism and also affects lateral root primordium morphogenesis but not initiation. We identified a metabolism-dependent pathway involved in the IDS in roots. We suggest that the root IDS represents a specific developmental pathway that regulates RAM behaviour and is a different level of regulation in addition to RAM maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Jazmín Reyes-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Avinash C Srivastava
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yamel Ugartechea-Chirino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Svetlana Shishkova
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Perla A Ramos-Parra
- Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos, Centro de Biotecnología - FEMSA, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico
| | - Verónica Lira-Ruan
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Gaofeng Dong
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jun-Cheol Moon
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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White PJ, George TS, Gregory PJ, Bengough AG, Hallett PD, McKenzie BM. Matching roots to their environment. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:207-22. [PMID: 23821619 PMCID: PMC3698393 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants form the base of the terrestrial food chain and provide medicines, fuel, fibre and industrial materials to humans. Vascular land plants rely on their roots to acquire the water and mineral elements necessary for their survival in nature or their yield and nutritional quality in agriculture. Major biogeochemical fluxes of all elements occur through plant roots, and the roots of agricultural crops have a significant role to play in soil sustainability, carbon sequestration, reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses, and in preventing the eutrophication of water bodies associated with the application of mineral fertilizers. SCOPE This article provides the context for a Special Issue of Annals of Botany on 'Matching Roots to Their Environment'. It first examines how land plants and their roots evolved, describes how the ecology of roots and their rhizospheres contributes to the acquisition of soil resources, and discusses the influence of plant roots on biogeochemical cycles. It then describes the role of roots in overcoming the constraints to crop production imposed by hostile or infertile soils, illustrates root phenotypes that improve the acquisition of mineral elements and water, and discusses high-throughput methods to screen for these traits in the laboratory, glasshouse and field. Finally, it considers whether knowledge of adaptations improving the acquisition of resources in natural environments can be used to develop root systems for sustainable agriculture in the future.
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