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Frangedakis E, Marron AO, Waller M, Neubauer A, Tse SW, Yue Y, Ruaud S, Waser L, Sakakibara K, Szövényi P. What can hornworts teach us? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1108027. [PMID: 36968370 PMCID: PMC10030945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The hornworts are a small group of land plants, consisting of only 11 families and approximately 220 species. Despite their small size as a group, their phylogenetic position and unique biology are of great importance. Hornworts, together with mosses and liverworts, form the monophyletic group of bryophytes that is sister to all other land plants (Tracheophytes). It is only recently that hornworts became amenable to experimental investigation with the establishment of Anthoceros agrestis as a model system. In this perspective, we summarize the recent advances in the development of A. agrestis as an experimental system and compare it with other plant model systems. We also discuss how A. agrestis can help to further research in comparative developmental studies across land plants and to solve key questions of plant biology associated with the colonization of the terrestrial environment. Finally, we explore the significance of A. agrestis in crop improvement and synthetic biology applications in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan O. Marron
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Neubauer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sze Wai Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuling Yue
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Ruaud
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Waser
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Lv C, Hu Z, Wei J, Wang Y. Transgenerational effects of elevated CO 2 on rice photosynthesis and grain yield. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:413-424. [PMID: 35763210 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Lv
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghua Hu
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Edwards D, Morris JL, Axe L, Duckett JG, Pressel S, Kenrick P. Piecing together the eophytes - a new group of ancient plants containing cryptospores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1440-1455. [PMID: 34806774 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The earliest evidence for land plants comes from dispersed cryptospores from the Ordovician, which dominated assemblages for 60 million years. Direct evidence of their parent plants comes from minute fossils in Welsh Borderland Upper Silurian to Lower Devonian rocks. We recognize a group that had forking, striated axes with rare stomata terminating in valvate sporangia containing permanent cryptospores, but their anatomy was unknown especially regarding conducting tissues. Charcoalified fossils extracted from the rock using HF were selected from macerates and observed using scanning electron microscopy. Promising examples were split for further examination and compared with electron micrographs of the anatomy of extant bryophytes. Fertile fossil axes possess central elongate cells with thick walls bearing globules, occasional strands and plasmodesmata-sized pores. The anatomy of these cells best matches desiccation-tolerant food-conducting cells (leptoids) of bryophytes. Together with thick-walled epidermal cells and extremely small size, these features suggest that these plants were poikilohydric. Our new data on conducting cells confirms a combination of characters that distinguish the permanent cryptospore-producers from bryophytes and tracheophytes. We therefore propose the erection of a new group, here named the Eophytidae (eophytes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Edwards
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jennifer L Morris
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Lindsey Axe
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Paul Kenrick
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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4
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Kubásek J, Hájek T, Duckett J, Pressel S, Šantrůček J. Moss stomata do not respond to light and CO 2 concentration but facilitate carbon uptake by sporophytes: a gas exchange, stomatal aperture, and 13 C-labelling study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1815-1828. [PMID: 33458818 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomata exert control on fluxes of CO2 and water (H2 O) in the majority of vascular plants and thus are pivotal for planetary fluxes of carbon and H2 O. However, in mosses, the significance and possible function of the sporophytic stomata are not well understood, hindering understanding of the ancestral function and evolution of these key structures of land plants. Infrared gas analysis and 13 CO2 labelling, with supporting data from gravimetry and optical and scanning electron microscopy, were used to measure CO2 assimilation and water exchange on young, green, ± fully expanded capsules of 11 moss species with a range of stomatal numbers, distributions, and aperture sizes. Moss sporophytes are effectively homoiohydric. In line with their open fixed apertures, moss stomata, contrary to those in tracheophytes, do not respond to light and CO2 concentration. Whereas the sporophyte cuticle is highly impermeable to gases, stomata are the predominant sites of 13 CO2 entry and H2 O loss in moss sporophytes, and CO2 assimilation is closely linked to total stomatal surface areas. Higher photosynthetic autonomy of moss sporophytes, consequent on the presence of numerous stomata, may have been the key to our understanding of evolution of large, gametophyte-independent sporophytes at the onset of plant terrestrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
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5
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McAdam SAM, Duckett JG, Sussmilch FC, Pressel S, Renzaglia KS, Hedrich R, Brodribb TJ, Merced A. Stomata: the holey grail of plant evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:366-371. [PMID: 33687736 PMCID: PMC8175006 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Frances C Sussmilch
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Amelia Merced
- USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, San Juan, PR, 00926, USA
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Abstract
Plants often experience multiple stresses in a given day or season, and it is self-evident that given functional traits can provide tolerances of multiple stresses. Yet, the multiple functions of individual traits are rarely explicitly considered in ecology and evolution due to a lack of a quantitative framework. We present a theory for considering the combined importance of the several functions that a single trait can contribute to alleviating multiple stresses. We derive five inter-related general predictions: (1) that trait multifunctionality is overall highly beneficial to fitness; (2) that species possessing multifunctional traits should increase in abundance and in niche breadth; (3) that traits are typically optimized for multiple functions and thus can be far from optimal for individual functions; (4) that the relative importance of each function of a multifunctional trait depends on the environment; and (5) that traits will be often "co-opted" for additional functions during evolution and community assembly. We demonstrate how the theory can be applied quantitatively by examining the multiple functions of leaf trichomes (hairs) using heuristic model simulations, substantiating the general principles. We identify avenues for further development and applications of the theory of trait multifunctionality in ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Caine RS, Chater CCC, Fleming AJ, Gray JE. Stomata and Sporophytes of the Model Moss Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:643. [PMID: 32523599 PMCID: PMC7261847 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosses are an ancient land plant lineage and are therefore important in studying the evolution of plant developmental processes. Here, we describe stomatal development in the model moss species Physcomitrium patens (previously known as Physcomitrella patens) over the duration of sporophyte development. We dissect the molecular mechanisms guiding cell division and fate and highlight how stomatal function might vary under different environmental conditions. In contrast to the asymmetric entry divisions described in Arabidopsis thaliana, moss protodermal cells can enter the stomatal lineage directly by expanding into an oval shaped guard mother cell (GMC). We observed that when two early stage P. patens GMCs form adjacently, a spacing division can occur, leading to separation of the GMCs by an intervening epidermal spacer cell. We investigated whether orthologs of Arabidopsis stomatal development regulators are required for this spacing division. Our results indicated that bHLH transcription factors PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1 are required for GMC formation. Moreover, the ligand and receptor components PpEPF1 and PpTMM are also required for orientating cell divisions and preventing single or clustered early GMCs from developing adjacent to one another. The identification of GMC spacing divisions in P. patens raises the possibility that the ability to space stomatal lineage cells could have evolved before mosses diverged from the ancestral lineage. This would have enabled plants to integrate stomatal development with sporophyte growth and could underpin the adoption of multiple bHLH transcription factors and EPF ligands to more precisely control stomatal patterning in later diverging plant lineages. We also observed that when P. patens sporophyte capsules mature in wet conditions, stomata are typically plugged whereas under drier conditions this is not the case; instead, mucilage drying leads to hollow sub-stomatal cavities. This appears to aid capsule drying and provides further evidence for early land plant stomata contributing to capsule rupture and spore release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Caine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Caspar C. C. Chater
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Fleming
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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8
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Duckett J. Towards completing understanding of genome size characters in plants. A commentary on: 'Genome size and endopolyploidy evolution across the moss phylogeny'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:iv-v. [PMID: 32073607 PMCID: PMC7102991 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Major differences between moss and vascular plant genome sizes have major implications for stomatal biology whilst an absence of endopolyploidy in Sphagnum is most probably related to the unique development of the capitulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Duckett
- Life Sciences, Plants Division, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
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9
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Brodribb TJ, Sussmilch F, McAdam SAM. From reproduction to production, stomata are the master regulators. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:756-767. [PMID: 31596990 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The best predictor of leaf level photosynthetic rate is the porosity of the leaf surface, as determined by the number and aperture of stomata on the leaf. This remarkable correlation between stomatal porosity (or diffusive conductance to water vapour gs ) and CO2 assimilation rate (A) applies to all major lineages of vascular plants (Figure 1) and is sufficiently predictable that it provides the basis for the model most widely used to predict water and CO2 fluxes from leaves and canopies. Yet the Ball-Berry formulation is only a phenomenological approximation that captures the emergent character of stomatal behaviour. Progressing to a more mechanistic prediction of plant gas exchange is challenging because of the diversity of biological components regulating stomatal action. These processes are the product of more than 400 million years of co-evolution between stomatal, vascular and photosynthetic tissues. Both molecular and structural components link the abiotic world of the whole plant with the turgor pressure of the epidermis and guard cells, which ultimately determine stomatal pore size and porosity to water and CO2 exchange (New Phytol., 168, 2005, 275). In this review we seek to simplify stomatal behaviour by using an evolutionary perspective to understand the principal selective pressures involved in stomatal evolution, thus identifying the primary regulators of stomatal aperture. We start by considering the adaptive process that has locked together the regulation of water and carbon fluxes in vascular plants, finally examining specific evidence for evolution in the proteins responsible for regulating guard cell turgor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Frances Sussmilch
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wurzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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10
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Cardoso AA, McAdam SAM. Misleading conclusions from exogenous ABA application: a cautionary tale about the evolution of stomatal responses to changes in leaf water status. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1610307. [PMID: 31032706 PMCID: PMC6619974 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1610307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal responses to changes in leaf water status are critical for minimizing excessive water loss during soil drought. A major debate has surrounded the evolution of stomatal responses to water status and this debate has particularly focused on the evolution of the regulatory role of the drought hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Studies relying on the application of high levels of exogenous ABA have occasionally concluded that all stomata respond to ABA and that stomatal regulation in response to this hormone has not evolved over the past 450 million years. In contrast, studies which have investigated stomatal function in intact plants, as well as the role of endogenous ABA in regulating stomatal aperture, have found major evolutionary transitions in the functional regulation of stomata across land plant lineages. We show that endogenous ABA plays no role in closing the stomata of the fern Nephrolepis exaltata during natural soil drought, in contrast to a recent finding using isolated epidermis and exceptionally high levels of exogenous ABA. We conclude that stomatal behavior in intact plants has evolved over time, and may have shaped the evolutionary and ecological success of successive land plant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A. Cardoso
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Scott A. M. McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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11
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Sussmilch FC, Schultz J, Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG. Acquiring Control: The Evolution of Stomatal Signalling Pathways. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:342-351. [PMID: 30797685 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vascular plants, stomata balance two opposing functions: they open to facilitate CO2 uptake and close to prevent excessive water loss. Here, we discuss the evolution of three major signalling pathways that are known to control stomatal movements in angiosperms in response to light, CO2, and abscisic acid (ABA). We examine the evolutionary origins of key signalling genes involved in these pathways, and compare their expression patterns between an angiosperm and moss. We propose that variation in stomatal sensitivity to stimuli between plant groups are rooted in differences in: (i) gene presence/absence, (ii) specificity of gene spatial expression pattern, and (iii) protein characteristics and functional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Sussmilch
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schultz
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97218 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Bertolino LT, Caine RS, Gray JE. Impact of Stomatal Density and Morphology on Water-Use Efficiency in a Changing World. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:225. [PMID: 30894867 PMCID: PMC6414756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and associated precipitation changes will negatively impact on many agricultural ecosystems. Major food production areas are expected to experience reduced water availability and increased frequency of drought over the coming decades. In affected areas, this is expected to reduce the production of important food crops including wheat, rice, and maize. The development of crop varieties able to sustain or improve yields with less water input is, therefore, a priority for crop research. Almost all water used for plant growth is lost to the atmosphere by transpiration through stomatal pores on the leaf epidermis. By altering stomatal pore apertures, plants are able to optimize their CO2 uptake for photosynthesis while minimizing water loss. Over longer periods, stomatal development may also be adjusted, with stomatal size and density being adapted to suit the prevailing conditions. Several approaches to improve drought tolerance and water-use efficiency through the modification of stomatal traits have been tested in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, there is surprisingly little known about the stomata of crop species. Here, we review the current understanding of how stomatal number and morphology are involved in regulating water-use efficiency. Moreover, we discuss the potential and limitations of manipulating stomatal development to increase drought tolerance and to reduce water loss in crops as the climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia T. Bertolino
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Caine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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13
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Brunetti C, Sebastiani F, Tattini M. Review: ABA, flavonols, and the evolvability of land plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:448-454. [PMID: 30824025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that the ABA signaling pathway has greatly contributed to increase the complexity of land plants, thereby sustaining their ability to adapt in an ever-changing environment. The regulatory functions of the ABA signaling pathway go well beyond the movements of stomata and the dormancy of seeds. For instance, the ABA signaling regulates the flavonoid biosynthesis, consistent with the high integration of ABA and light signaling pathways, which occurs at the level of key signaling components, such as the bZIP transcription factors HY5 and ABI5. Here we focus on the regulation of 'colorless' (UV-absorbing) flavonol biosynthesis by the ABA signaling and, about how flavonols may regulate, in turn, the ABA signaling network. We discuss very recent findings that quercetin regulates the ABA signaling pathway, and hypothesize this might occur at the level of second messenger and perhaps of primary signaling components as well. We critically review old and recent suggestions of the primary roles played by flavonols, the ancient class of flavonoids already present in bryophytes, in the evolution of terrestrial plants. Our reasoning strongly supports the view that the ABA-flavonol relationship may represent a robust trait of land plants, and might have contributed to their adaptation on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Trees and Timber Institute, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy; Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Sebastiani
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy.
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14
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Pressel S, Renzaglia KS, Dicky Clymo RS, Duckett JG. Hornwort stomata do not respond actively to exogenous and environmental cues. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:45-57. [PMID: 29897395 PMCID: PMC6025193 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Backgrounds and Aims Because stomata in bryophytes occur on sporangia, they are subject to different developmental and evolutionary constraints from those on leaves of tracheophytes. No conclusive experimental evidence exists on the responses of hornwort stomata to exogenous stimulation. Methods Responses of hornwort stomata to abscisic acid (ABA), desiccation, darkness and plasmolysis were compared with those in tracheophyte leaves. Potassium ion concentrations in the guard cells and adjacent cells were analysed by X-ray microanalysis, and the ontogeny of the sporophytic intercellular spaces was compared with those of tracheophytes by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Key Results The apertures in hornwort stomata open early in development and thereafter remain open. In hornworts, the experimental treatments, based on measurements of >9000 stomata, produced only a slight reduction in aperture dimensions after desiccation and plasmolysis, and no changes following ABA treatments and darkness. In tracheophytes, all these treatments resulted in complete stomatal closure. Potassium concentrations are similar in hornwort guard cells and epidermal cells under all treatments at all times. The small changes in hornwort stomatal dimensions in response to desiccation and plasmolysis are probably mechanical and/or stress responses of all the epidermal and spongy chlorophyllose cells, affecting the guard cells. In contrast to their nascent gas-filled counterparts across tracheophytes, sporophytic intercellular spaces in hornworts are initially liquid filled. Conclusions Our experiments demonstrate a lack of physiological regulation of opening and closing of stomata in hornworts compared with tracheophytes, and support accumulating developmental and structural evidence that stomata in hornworts are primarily involved in sporophyte desiccation and spore discharge rather than the regulation of photosynthesis-related gaseous exchange. Our results run counter to the notion of the early acquisition of active control of stomatal movements in bryophytes as proposed from previous experiments on mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pressel
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Plant Biology Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
| | - Richard S Dicky Clymo
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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15
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Mozdzer TJ, Caplan JS. Complementary responses of morphology and physiology enhance the stand‐scale production of a model invasive species under elevated
CO
2
and nitrogen. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Mozdzer
- Department of Biology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland
| | - Joshua S. Caplan
- Department of Biology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr Pennsylvania
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland
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Carella P, Gogleva A, Tomaselli M, Alfs C, Schornack S. Phytophthora palmivora establishes tissue-specific intracellular infection structures in the earliest divergent land plant lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3846-E3855. [PMID: 29615512 DOI: 10.1101/188912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of plants onto land was a formative event that brought forth profound changes to the earth's geochemistry and biota. Filamentous eukaryotic microbes developed the ability to colonize plant tissues early during the evolution of land plants, as demonstrated by intimate, symbiosis-like associations in >400 million-year-old fossils. However, the degree to which filamentous microbes establish pathogenic interactions with early divergent land plants is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the broad host-range oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora colonizes liverworts, the earliest divergent land plant lineage. We show that P. palmivora establishes a complex tissue-specific interaction with Marchantia polymorpha, where it completes a full infection cycle within air chambers of the dorsal photosynthetic layer. Remarkably, P. palmivora invaginates M. polymorpha cells with haustoria-like structures that accumulate host cellular trafficking machinery and the membrane syntaxin MpSYP13B, but not the related MpSYP13A. Our results indicate that the intracellular accommodation of filamentous microbes is an ancient plant trait that is successfully exploited by pathogens like P. palmivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Carella
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Gogleva
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Tomaselli
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Alfs
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Phytophthora palmivora establishes tissue-specific intracellular infection structures in the earliest divergent land plant lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3846-E3855. [PMID: 29615512 PMCID: PMC5910834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of liverworts as the earliest diverging land plant lineage to support fungal symbiosis, it is unknown whether filamentous pathogens can establish intracellular interactions within living cells of these nonvascular plants. Here, we demonstrate that an oomycete pathogen invades Marchantia polymorpha and related liverworts to form intracellular infection structures inside cells of the photosynthetic layer. Plants lacking this tissue layer display enhanced resistance to infection, revealing an architectural susceptibility factor in complex thalloid liverworts. Moreover, we show that dedicated host cellular trafficking proteins are recruited to pathogen interfaces within liverwort cells, supporting the idea that intracellular responses to microbial invasion originated in nonvascular plants. The expansion of plants onto land was a formative event that brought forth profound changes to the earth’s geochemistry and biota. Filamentous eukaryotic microbes developed the ability to colonize plant tissues early during the evolution of land plants, as demonstrated by intimate, symbiosis-like associations in >400 million-year-old fossils. However, the degree to which filamentous microbes establish pathogenic interactions with early divergent land plants is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the broad host-range oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora colonizes liverworts, the earliest divergent land plant lineage. We show that P. palmivora establishes a complex tissue-specific interaction with Marchantia polymorpha, where it completes a full infection cycle within air chambers of the dorsal photosynthetic layer. Remarkably, P. palmivora invaginates M. polymorpha cells with haustoria-like structures that accumulate host cellular trafficking machinery and the membrane syntaxin MpSYP13B, but not the related MpSYP13A. Our results indicate that the intracellular accommodation of filamentous microbes is an ancient plant trait that is successfully exploited by pathogens like P. palmivora.
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18
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Puttick MN, Morris JL, Williams TA, Cox CJ, Edwards D, Kenrick P, Pressel S, Wellman CH, Schneider H, Pisani D, Donoghue PCJ. The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte. Curr Biol 2018; 28:733-745.e2. [PMID: 29456145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of land plant body plans transformed the planet. However, our understanding of this formative episode is mired in the uncertainty associated with the phylogenetic relationships among bryophytes (hornworts, liverworts, and mosses) and tracheophytes (vascular plants). Here we attempt to clarify this problem by analyzing a large transcriptomic dataset with models that allow for compositional heterogeneity between sites. Zygnematophyceae is resolved as sister to land plants, but we obtain several distinct relationships between bryophytes and tracheophytes. Concatenated sequence analyses that can explicitly accommodate site-specific compositional heterogeneity give more support for a mosses-liverworts clade, "Setaphyta," as the sister to all other land plants, and weak support for hornworts as the sister to all other land plants. Bryophyte monophyly is supported by gene concatenation analyses using models explicitly accommodating lineage-specific compositional heterogeneity and analyses of gene trees. Both maximum-likelihood analyses that compare the fit of each gene tree to proposed species trees and Bayesian supertree estimation based on gene trees support bryophyte monophyly. Of the 15 distinct rooted relationships for embryophytes, we reject all but three hypotheses, which differ only in the position of hornworts. Our results imply that the ancestral embryophyte was more complex than has been envisaged based on topologies recognizing liverworts as the sister lineage to all other embryophytes. This requires many phenotypic character losses and transformations in the liverwort lineage, diminishes inconsistency between phylogeny and the fossil record, and prompts re-evaluation of the phylogenetic affinity of early land plant fossils, the majority of which are considered stem tracheophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Puttick
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jennifer L Morris
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Tom A Williams
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Cymon J Cox
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas, 8005-319 Faro, Portugal
| | - Dianne Edwards
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Paul Kenrick
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Charles H Wellman
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Harald Schneider
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Center of Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China.
| | - Davide Pisani
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
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Duckett JG, Pressel S. The evolution of the stomatal apparatus: intercellular spaces and sporophyte water relations in bryophytes-two ignored dimensions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20160498. [PMID: 29254963 PMCID: PMC5745334 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryo-scanning electron microscopy shows that nascent intercellular spaces (ICSs) in bryophytes are liquid-filled, whereas these are gas-filled from the outset in tracheophytes except in the gametophytes of Lycopodiales. ICSs are absent in moss gametophytes and remain liquid-filled in hornwort gametophytes and in both generations in liverworts. Liquid is replaced by gas following stomatal opening in hornworts and is ubiquitous in moss sporophytes even in astomate taxa. New data on moss water relations and sporophyte weights indicate that the latter are homiohydric while X-ray microanalysis reveals an absence of potassium pumps in the stomatal apparatus. The distribution of ICSs in bryophytes is strongly indicative of very ancient multiple origins. Inherent in this scenario is either the dual or triple evolution of stomata. The absence, in mosses, of any relationship between increases in sporophyte biomass and stomata numbers and absences, suggests that CO2 entry through the stomata, possible only after fluid replacement by gas in the ICSs, makes but a minor contribution to sporophyte nutrition. Save for a single claim of active regulation of aperture dimensions in mosses, all other functional and structural data point to the sporophyte desiccation, leading to spore discharge, as the primeval role of the stomatal apparatus.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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20
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Shtein I, Popper ZA, Harpaz-Saad S. Permanently open stomata of aquatic angiosperms display modified cellulose crystallinity patterns. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1339858. [PMID: 28718691 PMCID: PMC5586356 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1339858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Most floating aquatic plants have stomata on their upper leaf surfaces, and usually their stomata are permanently open. We previously identified 3 distinct crystallinity patterns in stomatal cell walls, with angiosperm kidney-shaped stomata having the highest crystallinity in the polar end walls as well as the adjacent polar regions of the guard cells. A numerical bio-mechanical model suggested that the high crystallinity areas are localized to regions where the highest stress is imposed. Here, stomatal cell wall crystallinity was examined in 4 floating plants from 2 different taxa: basal angiosperms from the ANITA grade and monocots. It appears that the non-functional stomata of floating plants display reduced crystallinity in the polar regions as compared with high crystallinity of the ventral (inner) walls. Thus their guard cells are both less flexible and less stress resistant. Our findings suggest that the pattern of cellulose crystallinity in stomata of floating plants from different families was altered as a consequence of similar evolutionary pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Zoë A. Popper
- Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- CONTACT Smadar Harpaz-Saad Plant Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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21
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Groszmann M, Osborn HL, Evans JR. Carbon dioxide and water transport through plant aquaporins. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:938-961. [PMID: 27739588 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins are channel proteins that function to increase the permeability of biological membranes. In plants, aquaporins are encoded by multigene families that have undergone substantial diversification in land plants. The plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) subfamily of aquaporins is of particular interest given their potential to improve plant water relations and photosynthesis. Flowering plants have between 7 and 28 PIP genes. Their expression varies with tissue and cell type, through development and in response to a variety of factors, contributing to the dynamic and tissue specific control of permeability. There are a growing number of PIPs shown to act as water channels, but those altering membrane permeability to CO2 are more limited. The structural basis for selective substrate specificities has not yet been resolved, although a few key amino acid positions have been identified. Several regions important for dimerization, gating and trafficking are also known. PIP aquaporins assemble as tetramers and their properties depend on the monomeric composition. PIPs control water flux into and out of veins and stomatal guard cells and also increase membrane permeability to CO2 in mesophyll and stomatal guard cells. The latter increases the effectiveness of Rubisco and can potentially influence transpiration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Groszmann
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hannah L Osborn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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22
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Renzaglia KS, Villarreal JC, Piatkowski BT, Lucas JR, Merced A. Hornwort Stomata: Architecture and Fate Shared with 400-Million-Year-Old Fossil Plants without Leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:788-797. [PMID: 28584065 PMCID: PMC5462037 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the earliest plant groups to evolve stomata, hornworts are key to understanding the origin and function of stomata. Hornwort stomata are large and scattered on sporangia that grow from their bases and release spores at their tips. We present data from development and immunocytochemistry that identify a role for hornwort stomata that is correlated with sporangial and spore maturation. We measured guard cells across the genera with stomata to assess developmental changes in size and to analyze any correlation with genome size. Stomata form at the base of the sporophyte in the green region, where they develop differential wall thickenings, form a pore, and die. Guard cells collapse inwardly, increase in surface area, and remain perched over a substomatal cavity and network of intercellular spaces that is initially fluid filled. Following pore formation, the sporophyte dries from the outside inwardly and continues to do so after guard cells die and collapse. Spore tetrads develop in spore mother cell walls within a mucilaginous matrix, both of which progressively dry before sporophyte dehiscence. A lack of correlation between guard cell size and DNA content, lack of arabinans in cell walls, and perpetually open pores are consistent with the inactivity of hornwort stomata. Stomata are expendable in hornworts, as they have been lost twice in derived taxa. Guard cells and epidermal cells of hornworts show striking similarities with the earliest plant fossils. Our findings identify an architecture and fate of stomata in hornworts that is ancient and common to plants without sporophytic leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509 (K.S.R., J.R.L.);
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6 (J.C.V.);
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama (J.C.V.); Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (B.T.P.); and
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901 (A.M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Villarreal
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509 (K.S.R., J.R.L.)
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6 (J.C.V.)
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama (J.C.V.); Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (B.T.P.); and
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901 (A.M.)
| | - Bryan T Piatkowski
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509 (K.S.R., J.R.L.)
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6 (J.C.V.)
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama (J.C.V.); Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (B.T.P.); and
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901 (A.M.)
| | - Jessica R Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509 (K.S.R., J.R.L.)
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6 (J.C.V.)
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama (J.C.V.); Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (B.T.P.); and
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901 (A.M.)
| | - Amelia Merced
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509 (K.S.R., J.R.L.)
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6 (J.C.V.)
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, 0843-03092 Panama, Republic of Panama (J.C.V.); Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (B.T.P.); and
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00901 (A.M.)
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23
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Chater CCC, Caine RS, Fleming AJ, Gray JE. Origins and Evolution of Stomatal Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:624-638. [PMID: 28356502 PMCID: PMC5462063 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fossil record suggests stomata-like pores were present on the surfaces of land plants over 400 million years ago. Whether stomata arose once or whether they arose independently across newly evolving land plant lineages has long been a matter of debate. In Arabidopsis, a genetic toolbox has been identified that tightly controls stomatal development and patterning. This includes the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, FAMA, and ICE/SCREAMs (SCRMs), which promote stomatal formation. These factors are regulated via a signaling cascade, which includes mobile EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) peptides to enforce stomatal spacing. Mosses and hornworts, the most ancient extant lineages to possess stomata, possess orthologs of these Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stomatal toolbox genes, and manipulation in the model bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has shown that the bHLH and EPF components are also required for moss stomatal development and patterning. This supports an ancient and tightly conserved genetic origin of stomata. Here, we review recent discoveries and, by interrogating newly available plant genomes, we advance the story of stomatal development and patterning across land plant evolution. Furthermore, we identify potential orthologs of the key toolbox genes in a hornwort, further supporting a single ancient genetic origin of stomata in the ancestor to all stomatous land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar C C Chater
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico (C.C.C.C.);
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (R.S.C., J.E.G.); and
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (A.J.F.)
| | - Robert S Caine
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico (C.C.C.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (R.S.C., J.E.G.); and
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (A.J.F.)
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico (C.C.C.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (R.S.C., J.E.G.); and
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (A.J.F.)
| | - Julie E Gray
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico (C.C.C.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (R.S.C., J.E.G.); and
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (A.J.F.)
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Brodribb TJ, McAdam SAM. Evolution of the Stomatal Regulation of Plant Water Content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:639-649. [PMID: 28404725 PMCID: PMC5462025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the function of stomata from the earliest bryophytes to derived angiosperms are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
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25
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Sussmilch FC, Brodribb TJ, McAdam SAM. What are the evolutionary origins of stomatal responses to abscisic acid in land plants? JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:240-260. [PMID: 28093875 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of active stomatal closure in response to leaf water deficit, mediated by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), has been the subject of recent debate. Two different models for the timing of the evolution of this response recur in the literature. A single-step model for stomatal control suggests that stomata evolved active, ABA-mediated control of stomatal aperture, when these structures first appeared, prior to the divergence of bryophyte and vascular plant lineages. In contrast, a gradualistic model for stomatal control proposes that the most basal vascular plant stomata responded passively to changes in leaf water status. This model suggests that active ABA-driven mechanisms for stomatal responses to water status instead evolved after the divergence of seed plants, culminating in the complex, ABA-mediated responses observed in modern angiosperms. Here we review the findings that form the basis for these two models, including recent work that provides critical molecular insights into resolving this intriguing debate, and find strong evidence to support a gradualistic model for stomatal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Sussmilch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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26
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Shtein I, Shelef Y, Marom Z, Zelinger E, Schwartz A, Popper ZA, Bar-On B, Harpaz-Saad S. Stomatal cell wall composition: distinctive structural patterns associated with different phylogenetic groups. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1021-1033. [PMID: 28158449 PMCID: PMC5604698 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Stomatal morphology and function have remained largely conserved throughout ∼400 million years of plant evolution. However, plant cell wall composition has evolved and changed. Here stomatal cell wall composition was investigated in different vascular plant groups in attempt to understand their possible effect on stomatal function. Methods A renewed look at stomatal cell walls was attempted utilizing digitalized polar microscopy, confocal microscopy, histology and a numerical finite-elements simulation. The six species of vascular plants chosen for this study cover a broad structural, ecophysiological and evolutionary spectrum: ferns ( Asplenium nidus and Platycerium bifurcatum ) and angiosperms ( Arabidopsis thaliana and Commelina erecta ) with kidney-shaped stomata, and grasses (angiosperms, family Poaceae) with dumbbell-shaped stomata ( Sorghum bicolor and Triticum aestivum ). Key Results Three distinct patterns of cellulose crystallinity in stomatal cell walls were observed: Type I (kidney-shaped stomata, ferns), Type II (kidney-shaped stomata, angiosperms) and Type III (dumbbell-shaped stomata, grasses). The different stomatal cell wall attributes investigated (cellulose crystallinity, pectins, lignin, phenolics) exhibited taxon-specific patterns, with reciprocal substitution of structural elements in the end-walls of kidney-shaped stomata. According to a numerical bio-mechanical model, the end walls of kidney-shaped stomata develop the highest stresses during opening. Conclusions The data presented demonstrate for the first time the existence of distinct spatial patterns of varying cellulose crystallinity in guard cell walls. It is also highly intriguing that in angiosperms crystalline cellulose appears to have replaced lignin that occurs in the stomatal end-walls of ferns serving a similar wall strengthening function. Such taxon-specific spatial patterns of cell wall components could imply different biomechanical functions, which in turn could be a consequence of differences in environmental selection along the course of plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yaniv Shelef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ziv Marom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- The Interdepartmental Equipment Unit, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Amnon Schwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Zoë A. Popper
- Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Smadar Harpaz-Saad
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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27
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Abscisic acid controlled sex before transpiration in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12862-12867. [PMID: 27791082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606614113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in animals and plants shares common elements, including sperm and egg production, but unlike animals, little is known about the regulatory pathways that determine the sex of plants. Here we use mutants and gene silencing in a fern species to identify a core regulatory mechanism in plant sexual differentiation. A key player in fern sex differentiation is the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which regulates the sex ratio of male to hermaphrodite tissues during the reproductive cycle. Our analysis shows that in the fern Ceratopteris richardii, a gene homologous to core ABA transduction genes in flowering plants [SNF1-related kinase2s (SnRK2s)] is primarily responsible for the hormonal control of sex determination. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this ABA-SnRK2 signaling pathway has transitioned from determining the sex of ferns to controlling seed dormancy in the earliest seed plants before being co-opted to control transpiration and CO2 exchange in derived seed plants. By tracing the evolutionary history of this ABA signaling pathway from plant reproduction through to its role in the global regulation of plant-atmosphere gas exchange during the last 450 million years, we highlight the extraordinary effect of the ABA-SnRK2 signaling pathway in plant evolution and vegetation function.
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Xu Z, Jiang Y, Jia B, Zhou G. Elevated-CO2 Response of Stomata and Its Dependence on Environmental Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:657. [PMID: 27242858 PMCID: PMC4865672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control the flow of gases between plants and the atmosphere. This review is centered on stomatal responses to elevated CO2 concentration and considers other key environmental factors and underlying mechanisms at multiple levels. First, an outline of general responses in stomatal conductance under elevated CO2 is presented. Second, stomatal density response, its development, and the trade-off with leaf growth under elevated CO2 conditions are depicted. Third, the molecular mechanism regulating guard cell movement at elevated CO2 is suggested. Finally, the interactive effects of elevated CO2 with other factors critical to stomatal behavior are reviewed. It may be useful to better understand how stomata respond to elevated CO2 levels while considering other key environmental factors and mechanisms, including molecular mechanism, biochemical processes, and ecophysiological regulation. This understanding may provide profound new insights into how plants cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yanling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Bingrui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing, China
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Merced A, Renzaglia KS. Patterning of stomata in the moss Funaria: a simple way to space guard cells. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:985-94. [PMID: 27107413 PMCID: PMC4866314 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies on stomatal development and the molecular mechanisms controlling patterning have provided new insights into cell signalling, cell fate determination and the evolution of these processes in plants. To fill a major gap in knowledge of stomatal patterning, this study describes the pattern of cell divisions that give rise to stomata and the underlying anatomical changes that occur during sporophyte development in the moss Funaria. METHODS Developing sporophytes at different stages were examined using light, fluorescence and electron microscopy; immunogold labelling was used to investigate the presence of pectin in the newly formed cavities. KEY RESULTS Substomatal cavities are liquid-filled when formed and drying of spaces is synchronous with pore opening and capsule expansion. Stomata in mosses do not develop from a self-generating meristemoid as in Arabidopsis, but instead they originate from a protodermal cell that differentiates directly into a guard mother cell. Epidermal cells develop from protodermal or other epidermal cells, i.e. there are no stomatal lineage ground cells. CONCLUSIONS Development of stomata in moss occurs by differentiation of guard mother cells arranged in files and spaced away from each other, and epidermal cells that continue to divide after stomata are formed. This research provides evidence for a less elaborated but effective mechanism for stomata spacing in plants, and we hypothesize that this operates by using some of the same core molecular signalling mechanism as angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Merced
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Xu Z, Jiang Y, Jia B, Zhou G. Elevated-CO2 Response of Stomata and Its Dependence on Environmental Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27242858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.20116.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control the flow of gases between plants and the atmosphere. This review is centered on stomatal responses to elevated CO2 concentration and considers other key environmental factors and underlying mechanisms at multiple levels. First, an outline of general responses in stomatal conductance under elevated CO2 is presented. Second, stomatal density response, its development, and the trade-off with leaf growth under elevated CO2 conditions are depicted. Third, the molecular mechanism regulating guard cell movement at elevated CO2 is suggested. Finally, the interactive effects of elevated CO2 with other factors critical to stomatal behavior are reviewed. It may be useful to better understand how stomata respond to elevated CO2 levels while considering other key environmental factors and mechanisms, including molecular mechanism, biochemical processes, and ecophysiological regulation. This understanding may provide profound new insights into how plants cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Bingrui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing, China
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