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Zhu QQ, Xue C, Sun L, Zhong X, Zhu XX, Ren Y, Zhang XH. The diversity of elaborate petals in Isopyreae (Ranunculaceae): a special focus on nectary structure. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:437-451. [PMID: 35760912 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Elaborate petals are highly diverse in morphology, structure, and epidermal differentiation and play a key role in attracting pollinators. There have been few studies on the elaborate structure of petals in the tribe Isopyreae (Ranunculaceae). Seven genera in Isopyreae (Aquilegia, Semiaquilegia, Urophysa, Isopyrum, Paraquilegia, Dichocarpum, and Leptopyrum) have petals that vary in morphology, and two genera (Enemion and Thalictrum) have no petals. The petals of nine species belonged to 7 genera in the tribe were studied to reveal their nectary structure, epidermal micromorphology and ancestral traits. The petal nectaries of Isopyreae examined in this study were located at the tip of spurs (Aquilegia yabeana and A. rockii), or the bottom of shallow sacs (Semiaquilegia adoxoides, Urophysa henryi, Isopyrum manshuricum, and Paraquilegia microphylla), a cup-shaped structure (Dichocarpum fargesii) and a bilabiate structure (Leptopyrum fumarioides). The petal nectary of eight species in Isopyreae (except A. ecalcarata) was composed of secretory epidermis, nectary parenchyma, and vascular tissues, and some sieve tubes reached the secretory parenchyma cells. Among the eight species with nectaries examined in the present study, A. yabeana had the most developed nectaries, with 10-15 layers of secretory parenchyma cells. The epidermal cells of mature petals of the nine species were divided into 11 types. Among these 11 types, there were two types of secretory cells and two types of trichomes. Aquilegia yabeana and A. rockii had the highest number of cell types (eight types), and I. manshuricum and L. fumarioides had the lowest number of cell types (three types). Aquilegia ecalcarata had no secretory cells, and the papillose conical polygonal secretory cells of D. fargesii were different from those of the other seven species with nectaries. Trichomes were found only in Aquilegia, Semiaquilegia, Urophysa, and Paraquilegia. The ancestral mode of nectar presentation in Isopyreae was petals with hidden nectar (70.58%). The different modes of nectar presentation in petals may reflect adaptations to different pollinators in Isopyreae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 46400, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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Rushworth CA, Wagner MR, Mitchell-Olds T, Anderson JT. The Boechera model system for evolutionary ecology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1939-1961. [PMID: 36371714 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Model systems in biology expand the research capacity of individuals and the community. Closely related to Arabidopsis, the genus Boechera has emerged as an important ecological model owing to the ability to integrate across molecular, functional, and eco-evolutionary approaches. Boechera species are broadly distributed in relatively undisturbed habitats predominantly in western North America and provide one of the few experimental systems for identification of ecologically important genes through genome-wide association studies and investigations of selection with plants in their native habitats. The ecologically, evolutionarily, and agriculturally important trait of apomixis (asexual reproduction via seeds) is common in the genus, and field experiments suggest that abiotic and biotic environments shape the evolution of sex. To date, population genetic studies have focused on the widespread species B. stricta, detailing population divergence and demographic history. Molecular and ecological studies show that balancing selection maintains genetic variation in ~10% of the genome, and ecological trade-offs contribute to complex trait variation for herbivore resistance, flowering phenology, and drought tolerance. Microbiome analyses have shown that host genotypes influence leaf and root microbiome composition, and the soil microbiome influences flowering phenology and natural selection. Furthermore, Boechera offers numerous opportunities for investigating biological responses to global change. In B. stricta, climate change has induced a shift of >2 weeks in the timing of first flowering since the 1970s, altered patterns of natural selection, generated maladaptation in previously locally-adapted populations, and disrupted life history trade-offs. Here we review resources and results for this eco-evolutionary model system and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maggie R Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | | | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Cabin Z, Derieg NJ, Garton A, Ngo T, Quezada A, Gasseholm C, Simon M, Hodges SA. Non-pollinator selection for a floral homeotic mutant conferring loss of nectar reward in Aquilegia coerulea. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1332-1341.e5. [PMID: 35176226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a polymorphic population of Aquilegia coerulea with a naturally occurring floral homeotic mutant, A. coerulea var. daileyae, where the characteristic petals with nectar spurs are replaced with a second set of sepals. Although it would be expected that this loss of pollinator reward would be disadvantageous to the mutant, we find that it has reached relatively high frequency (∼25%) and is under strong, positive selection across multiple seasons (s = 0.17-0.3) primarily due to reduced floral herbivory. We identify the underlying locus (APETALA3-3) and multiple causal loss-of-function mutations indicating an ongoing soft sweep. Elevated linkage disequilibrium around the two most common causal alleles indicates that positive selection has been occurring for many generations. Lastly, genotypic frequencies at AqAP3-3 indicate a degree of positive assortative mating by morphology. Together, these data provide both a compelling example that large-scale discontinuous morphological changes differentiating taxa can occur due to single mutations and a particularly clear example of linking genotype, phenotype, and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Cabin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Nathan J Derieg
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Alexandra Garton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Timothy Ngo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ashley Quezada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Constantine Gasseholm
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Mark Simon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Scott A Hodges
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Ahmad S, Chen J, Chen G, Huang J, Zhou Y, Zhao K, Lan S, Liu Z, Peng D. Why Black Flowers? An Extreme Environment and Molecular Perspective of Black Color Accumulation in the Ornamental and Food Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:885176. [PMID: 35498642 PMCID: PMC9047182 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.885176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators are attracted to vibrant flower colors. That is why flower color is the key agent to allow successful fruit set in food or ornamental crops. However, black flower color is the least attractive to pollinators, although a number of plant species produce black flowers. Cyanidin-based anthocyanins are thought to be the key agents to induce black color in the ornamental and fruit crops. R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) play key roles for the tissue-specific accumulation of anthocyanin. MYB1 and MYB11 are the key TFs regulating the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes for black color accumulation. Post-transcriptional silencing of flavone synthase II (FNS) gene is the technological method to stimulate the accumulation of cyanidin-based anthocyanins in black cultivars. Type 1 promoter of DvIVS takes the advantage of FNS silencing to produce large amounts of black anthocyanins. Exogenous ethylene application triggers anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin at ripening. Environment cues have been the pivotal regulators to allow differential accumulation of anthocyanins to regulate black color. Heat stress is one of the most important environmental stimulus that regulates concentration gradient of anthocyanins in various plant parts, thereby affecting the color pattern of flowers. Stability of black anthocyanins in the extreme environments can save the damage, especially in fruits, caused by abiotic stress. White flowers without anthocyanin face more damages from abiotic stress than dark color flowers. The intensity and pattern of flower color accumulation determine the overall fruit set, thereby controlling crop yield and human food needs. This review paper presents comprehensive knowledge of black flower regulation as affected by high temperature stress, and the molecular regulators of anthocyanin for black color in ornamental and food crops. It also discusses the black color-pollination interaction pattern affected by heat stress for food and ornamental crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagheer Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinliao Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongjian Liu,
| | - Donghui Peng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Donghui Peng,
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DING G, LI B, LIU Z, MA W, JIA H, LIU X, ZHANG H, ZHAO Z, ZHANG X, ZHANG X. Effect of altitude on reproductive ingredient and sex allocation of different colors of Anemone obtusiloba in populations. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.34421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing LI
- Institute of Gansu Province Light Industrial Scientific Research, China
| | | | - WenJin MA
- Institute of Gansu Province Light Industrial Scientific Research, China
| | - HongZhen JIA
- Institute of Gansu Province Light Industrial Scientific Research, China
| | - XiaoBo LIU
- Institute of Gansu Province Light Industrial Scientific Research, China
| | - Hui ZHANG
- Lanzhou University of Technology, China
| | | | - XiaoXue ZHANG
- Institute of Gansu Province Light Industrial Scientific Research, China
| | - XiaoYan ZHANG
- Institute of Gansu Province Light Industrial Scientific Research, China
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6
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Floral morphs of Justicia adhatoda L. differ in fruit and seed, but not floral, traits or pollinator visitation. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fragoso FP, Jiang Q, Clayton MK, Brunet J. Patch selection by bumble bees navigating discontinuous landscapes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8986. [PMID: 33903682 PMCID: PMC8076261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen and nectar resources are unevenly distributed over space and bees must make routing decisions when navigating patchy resources. Determining the patch selection process used by bees is crucial to understanding bee foraging over discontinuous landscapes. To elucidate this process, we developed four distinct probability models of bee movement where the size and the distance to the patch determined the attractiveness of a patch. A field experiment with a center patch and four peripheral patches of two distinct sizes and distances from the center was set up in two configurations. Empirical transition probabilities from the center to each peripheral patch were obtained at two sites and two years. The best model was identified by comparing observed and predicted transition probabilities, where predicted values were obtained by incorporating the spatial dimensions of the field experiment into each model's mathematical expression. Bumble bees used both patch size and isolation distance when selecting a patch and could assess the total amount of resources available in a patch. Bumble bees prefer large, nearby patches. This information will facilitate the development of a predictive framework to the study of bee movement and of models that predict the movement of genetically engineered pollen in bee-pollinated crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana P. Fragoso
- grid.410547.30000 0001 1013 9784Agricultural Research Service Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 455 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711 USA
| | - Qi Jiang
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA ,grid.467375.40000 0004 0443 827XPresent Address: Goldman Sachs, 200 West Street, New York, NY 10282 USA
| | - Murray K. Clayton
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Johanne Brunet
- grid.508983.fUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 455 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711 USA
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8
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Kurata S, Sakaguchi S, Mishima H, Tsuchimatsu T, Ito M. Development and characterization of nuclear microsatellite markers to reveal the neutral demographic background of flower color polymorphism in Geranium thunbergii (Geraniaceae). Genes Genet Syst 2021; 96:99-104. [PMID: 33883325 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.20-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear microsatellite markers were developed for Geranium thunbergii, an herbaceous plant characterized by petal color polymorphism. Utilizing RNA sequencing data obtained by next-generation sequencing techniques, we developed and characterized 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers with two to 12 alleles in the nuclear genome. These markers will be used to reveal the genetic structure and demographic history of G. thunbergii in the Japanese archipelago, which will elucidate the genetic background of flower color polymorphism among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seikan Kurata
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | - Shota Sakaguchi
- Department Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
| | - Hitomi Mishima
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | - Takashi Tsuchimatsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo
| | - Motomi Ito
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
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Buide ML, Del Valle JC, Prado-Comesaña A, Narbona E. The effects of pollination, herbivory and autonomous selfing on the maintenance of flower colour variation in Silenelittorea. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:275-284. [PMID: 33179369 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific flower colour variation has been generally proposed to evolve as a result of selection driven by biotic or abiotic agents. In a polymorphic population of Silene littorea with pink- and white-flowered plants, we studied pollinators, analysed flower colour perception and tested for differences in pollinator visitation. We also experimentally analysed pollinator limitation in fruit and seed set, and the degree of autonomous selfing. The incidence of florivory and leaf herbivory was compared over 3-4 years. Silene littorea is mainly pollinated by bees and butterflies. Pollinators preferred pink flowers, which did not show pollinator limitation. On the contrary, white flowers showed pollinator limitation in fruit set. White-flowered plants had less floral display and higher levels of florivory than pink plants. Flower colour morphs of S. littorea can reproduce in the absence of pollinators by autonomous selfing, setting 20% and 12% of fruit and seeds in the pink morph and 27% and 20% in the white morph, respectively. Fruit set of white flowers produced by autonomous selfing did not differ from open-pollinated flowers. In conclusion, S. littorea is pollinated by insects of different orders that more frequently visit pink flowers, which is reflected in pollinator limitation of fruit set in white flowers. Moreover, this species has a mixed mating system in which both colour morphs can reproduce in the absence of pollinators by autonomous selfing, although white flowers mainly produce fruits by autogamy. We suggest that reproductive assurance by autonomous selfing helps to maintain flower colour polymorphism in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - J C Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - A Prado-Comesaña
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - E Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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Koski MH, Galloway LF. Geographic Variation in Floral Color and Reflectance Correlates With Temperature and Colonization History. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:991. [PMID: 32714360 PMCID: PMC7340105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Petal color variation within species is common and may be molded by abiotic or biotic selection pressures, or neutral population structure. For example, darker flowers may be favored in cooler environments because they absorb more solar radiation, elevating the temperature of reproductive structures. Additionally, flower color may evolve to attract the dominant or most efficient pollinator type in a given population. Here, we evaluate geographic variation in petal coloration across the range of Campanula americana in Eastern North America and test whether color covaries with abiotic factors, the pollination community, and genetic structure established through post-glacial expansion. Consistent with other studies, flowers from cooler, higher latitude populations were less reflective across the UV-NIR spectrum than those from warmer populations. Local temperature explained variation in petal reflectance better than the pollinator community or colonization history. Petal color perceived by trichromatic bee pollinators displayed a strong longitudinal pattern but was unassociated with climatic factors and the pollinator community. Instead, pollinator-perceived color was tightly correlated with the geographic distance from C. americana's glacial refugium. In total, abiotic conditions appear to shape large-scale geographic variation in the intensity of petal reflectance while genetic structure is the strongest driver of pollinator-perceived petal coloration. This study highlights the importance of abiotic factors and historical processes associated with range expansion as major evolutionary forces shaping diversity of flower coloration on large geographic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Koski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Laura F. Galloway
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Singh S, Bhatt V, Kumar V, Kumawat S, Khatri P, Singla P, Shivaraj S, Nadaf A, Deshmukh R, Sharma TR, Sonah H. Evolutionary Understanding of Aquaporin Transport System in the Basal Eudicot Model Species Aquilegia coerulea. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060799. [PMID: 32604788 PMCID: PMC7355465 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) play a pivotal role in the cellular transport of water and many other small solutes, influencing many physiological and developmental processes in plants. In the present study, extensive bioinformatics analysis of AQPs was performed in Aquilegia coerulea L., a model species belonging to basal eudicots, with a particular focus on understanding the AQPs role in the developing petal nectar spur. A total of 29 AQPs were identified in Aquilegia, and their phylogenetic analysis performed with previously reported AQPs from rice, poplar and Arabidopsis depicted five distinct subfamilies of AQPs. Interestingly, comparative analysis revealed the loss of an uncharacterized intrinsic protein II (XIP-II) group in Aquilegia. The absence of the entire XIP subfamily has been reported in several previous studies, however, the loss of a single clade within the XIP family has not been characterized. Furthermore, protein structure analysis of AQPs was performed to understand pore diversity, which is helpful for the prediction of solute specificity. Similarly, an AQP AqcNIP2-1 was identified in Aquilegia, predicted as a silicon influx transporter based on the presence of features such as the G-S-G-R aromatic arginine selectivity filter, the spacing between asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) motifs and pore morphology. RNA-seq analysis showed a high expression of tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) and plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) in the developing petal spur. The results presented here will be helpful in understanding the AQP evolution in Aquilegia and their expression regulation, particularly during floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Vacha Bhatt
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; (V.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Virender Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Surbhi Kumawat
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Praveen Khatri
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Pankaj Singla
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - S.M. Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Altaf Nadaf
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; (V.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi 110001, India
- Correspondence: (T.R.S.); (H.S.); Tel.: +91-172-522-1181 (H.S.)
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali Punjab 140306, India; (S.S.); (V.K.); (S.K.); (P.K.); (P.S.); (S.M.S.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.S.); (H.S.); Tel.: +91-172-522-1181 (H.S.)
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Brunet J, Flick AJ, Bauer AA. Phenotypic Selection on Flower Color and Floral Display Size by Three Bee Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587528. [PMID: 33519846 PMCID: PMC7840534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.587528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit a wide array of floral forms and pollinators can act as agent of selection on floral traits. Two trends have emerged from recent reviews of pollinator-mediated selection in plants. First, pollinator-mediated selection on plant-level attractants such as floral display size is stronger than on flower-level attractant such as flower color. Second, when comparing plant species, distinct pollinators can exert different selection patterns on floral traits. In addition, many plant species are visited by a diverse array of pollinators but very few studies have examined selection by distinct pollinators. In the current study, we examined phenotypic selection on flower color and floral display size by three distinct bee species, the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, foraging on Medicago sativa. To estimate phenotypic selection by each bee species and for all bees combined simultaneously and on the same group of plants, we introduce a new method that combines pollinator visitation data to seed set and floral trait measurements data typical of phenotypic selection study. When comparing floral traits, all bee species selected on the number of racemes per stem and the number of stems per plant, two components of floral display size. However, only leafcutting bees selected on hue or flower color and only bumble bees selected on chroma or darkness of flowers. Selection on chroma occurred via correlational selection between chroma and number of open flowers per raceme and we examine how correlational selection may facilitate the evolution of flower color in plant populations. When comparing bee species, the three bee species exerted similar selection pattern on some floral traits but different patterns on other floral traits and differences in selection patterns were observed between flower-level and plant-level attractants. The trends detected were consistent with previous studies and we advocate the approach introduced here for future studies examining the impact of distinct pollinators on floral trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Brunet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Johanne Brunet,
| | - Andrew J. Flick
- Agricultural Research Service Research Participation Program – Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Austin A. Bauer
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Ison JL, Tuan ESL, Koski MH, Whalen JS, Galloway LF. The role of pollinator preference in the maintenance of pollen colour variation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:951-960. [PMID: 30566588 PMCID: PMC6589511 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollinators often drive the evolution of floral traits, but their capacity to influence the evolution of pollen colour remains unclear. Pollen colour in Campanula americana is variable and displays a longitudinal cline from prevalence of deep purple in western populations to white and light-purple pollen in eastern populations. While selection for thermal tolerance probably underlies darker pollen in the west, factors contributing to the predominance of light pollen in eastern populations and the maintenance of colour variation within populations throughout the range are unknown. Here we examine whether pollinators contribute to the maintenance of pollen colour variation in C. americana. METHODS In a flight cage experiment, we assessed whether Bombus impatiens foragers can use pollen colour as a reward cue. We then established floral arrays that varied in the frequency of white- and purple-pollen plants in two naturally occurring eastern populations. We observed foraging patterns of wild bees, totalling >1100 individual visits. KEY RESULTS We successfully trained B. impatiens to prefer one pollen colour morph. In natural populations, the specialist pollinator, Megachile campanulae, displayed a strong and consistent preference for purple-pollen plants regardless of morph frequency. Megachile also exhibited a bias toward pollen-bearing male-phase flowers, and this bias was more pronounced for purple pollen. The other main pollinators, Bombus spp. and small bees, did not display pollen colour preference. CONCLUSIONS Previous research found that Megachile removes twice as much pollen per visit as other bees and can deplete pollen from natural populations. Taken together, these results suggest that Megachile could reduce the reproductive success of plants with purple pollen, resulting in the prevalence of light-coloured pollen in eastern populations of C. americana. Our research demonstrates that pollinator preferences may play a role in the maintenance of pollen colour variation in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ison
- The College of Wooster, Department of Biology, Wooster, OH, USA
| | | | - Matthew H Koski
- University of Virginia, Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jack S Whalen
- The College of Wooster, Department of Biology, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Laura F Galloway
- University of Virginia, Department of Biology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Ojeda F, Midgley J, Pauw A, Lavola A, Casimiro-Soriguer R, Hattas D, Segarra-Moragues JG, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Flower colour divergence is associated with post-fire regeneration dimorphism in the fynbos heath Erica coccinea subsp. coccinea (Ericaceae). Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-09985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Tong ZY, Wang XP, Wu LY, Huang SQ. Nectar supplementation changes pollinator behaviour and pollination mode in Pedicularis dichotoma: implications for evolutionary transitions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:373-380. [PMID: 29878060 PMCID: PMC6344217 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Gain or loss of floral nectar, an innovation in floral traits, has occurred in diverse lineages of flowering plants, but the causes of reverse transitions (gain of nectar) remain unclear. Phylogenetic studies show multiple gains and losses of floral nectar in the species-rich genus Pedicularis. Here we explore how experimental addition of nectar to a supposedly nectarless species, P. dichotoma, influences pollinator foraging behaviour. METHODS The liquid (nectar) at the base of the corolla tube in P. dichotoma was investigated during anthesis. Sugar components were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. To understand evolutionary transitions of nectar, artificial nectar was added to corolla tubes and the reactions of bumble-bee pollinators to extra nectar were examined. KEY RESULTS A quarter of unmanipulated P. dichotoma plants contained measurable nectar, with 0.01-0.49 μL per flower and sugar concentrations ranging from 4 to 39 %. The liquid surrounding the ovaries in the corolla tubes was sucrose-dominant nectar, as in two sympatric nectariferous Pedicularis species. Bumble-bees collected only pollen from control (unmanipulated) flowers of P. dichotoma, adopting a sternotribic pollination mode, but switched to foraging for nectar in manipulated (nectar-supplemented) flowers, adopting a nototribic pollination mode as in nectariferous species. This altered foraging behaviour did not place pollen on the ventral side of the bees, and sternotribic pollination also decreased. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to quantify variation in nectar production in a supposedly 'nectarless' Pedicularis species. Flower manipulations by adding nectar suggested that gain (or loss) of nectar would quickly result in an adaptive behavioural shift in the pollinator, producing a new location for pollen deposition and stigma contact without a shift to other pollinators. Frequent gains of nectar in Pedicularis species would be beneficial by enhancing pollinator attraction in unpredictable pollination environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Tong
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Wang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Briggs HM, Graham S, Switzer CM, Hopkins R. Variation in context-dependent foraging behavior across pollinators. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7964-7973. [PMID: 30250676 PMCID: PMC6144987 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollinator foraging behavior has direct consequences for plant reproduction and has been implicated in driving floral trait evolution. Exploring the degree to which pollinators exhibit flexibility in foraging behavior will add to a mechanistic understanding of how pollinators can impose selection on plant traits. Although plants have evolved suites of floral traits to attract pollinators, flower color is a particularly important aspect of the floral display. Some pollinators show strong innate color preference, but many pollinators display flexibility in preference due to learning associations between rewards and color, or due to variable perception of color in different environments or plant communities. This study examines the flexibility in flower color preference of two groups of native butterfly pollinators under natural field conditions. We find that pipevine swallowtails (Battus philenor) and skippers (family Hesperiidae), the predominate pollinators of the two native Texas Phlox species, Phlox cuspidata and Phlox drummondii, display distinct patterns of color preferences across different contexts. Pipevine swallowtails exhibit highly flexible color preferences and likely utilize other floral traits to make foraging decisions. In contrast, skippers have consistent color preferences and likely use flower color as a primary cue for foraging. As a result of this variation in color preference flexibility, the two pollinator groups impose concordant selection on flower color in some contexts but discordant selection in other contexts. This variability could have profound implications for how flower traits respond to pollinator-mediated selection. Our findings suggest that studying dynamics of behavior in natural field conditions is important for understanding plant-pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Briggs
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyThe Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusetts
- Present address:
Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Stuart Graham
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyThe Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusetts
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveMontpellierFrance
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Callin M. Switzer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyThe Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusetts
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Robin Hopkins
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyThe Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusetts
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Lack of spatial structure for phenotypic and genetic variation despite high self-fertilization in Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae). Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:605-615. [PMID: 29491467 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
By reducing genetically effective population size and gene flow, self-fertilization should lead to strong spatial genetic structure (SGS). Although the short-lived plant Aquilegia canadensis produces large, complex, nectar-rich flowers, 75% of seed, on average, are self-fertilized. Previous experimental results are consistent with the fine-scale SGS expected in selfing populations. In contrast, key floral traits show no evidence of SGS, despite a significant genetic basis to phenotypic variation within populations. In this study, we attempt to resolve these contradictory results by hierarchically sampling plants from two plots nested within each of seven rock outcrops distributed over several km, and comparing the spatial pattern of phenotypic variation in four floral traits with neutral genetic variation at 10 microsatellite loci. For both floral and microsatellite variation, we detected only weak hierarchical structuring and no isolation by distance. The spatial pattern of variation in floral traits was on par with microsatellite polymorphisms. These results suggest regular long-distance gene flow via pollen. At much finer spatial scales within plots, estimates of relatedness were higher (albeit very low) between nearest neighbors than random plants, and declined with increasing distance between neighbors, which is consistent with highly localized seed dispersal. High selfing should yield SGS, but strong inbreeding depression in A. canadensis likely erodes SGS so that reproductive plants exhibit weak structure typical of outcrossers, especially given that outcrossing and consequent gene flow in this species are mediated by strong-flying hummingbirds and bumble bees.
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Wang XY, Quan QM, Wang B, Li YX, Huang SQ. Pollen competition between morphs in a pollen-color dimorphic herb and the loss of phenotypic polymorphism within populations. Evolution 2018; 72:785-797. [PMID: 29399790 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 China
- School of Life Science; Guizhou Normal University; Guiyang 550001 China
| | - Qiu-Mei Quan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering; China West Normal University; Nanchong 637002 China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Lab of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yun-Xiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering; China West Normal University; Nanchong 637002 China
| | - Shuang-Quan Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences; Central China Normal University; Wuhan 430079 China
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Pérez i de Lanuza G, Ábalos J, Bartolomé A, Font E. Through the eye of a lizard: hue discrimination in a lizard with ventral polymorphic coloration. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.169565. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.169565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colour polymorphisms are thought to be maintained by complex evolutionary processes some of which require that the colours of the alternative morphs function as chromatic signals to conspecifics. Unfortunately, a key aspect of this hypothesis has rarely been studied: whether the study species perceives its own colour variation as discrete rather than continuous. The European common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) presents a striking colour polymorphism: the ventral surface of adults of both sexes may be coloured orange, white, yellow, or with a mosaic of scales combining two colours (orange-white, orange-yellow). Here we use a discrimination learning paradigm to test if P. muralis is capable of discriminating colour stimuli designed to match the ventral colours of conspecifics. We trained 20 lizards to eat from colour-coded wells bored in wooden blocks. Blocks had four colour-coded wells (orange, white, yellow, and an achromatic control), but only one contained food (mealworm larvae). After six trials, the lizards performed significantly better than expected by chance, showing a decrease in both the number of wells explored and the latency to finding the food. Using visual modelling techniques we found that, based on their spectral properties and the lizards’ cone sensitivities, the ventral colours of P. muralis correspond to discrete rather than continuous colour categories, and that colour discriminability (i.e. distance in perceptual space) varies depending on the morphs compared, which may have implications for signal detection and discrimination. These results suggest that P. muralis can discriminate hue differences matching their own ventral colour variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Pérez i de Lanuza
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Javier Ábalos
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ethology Lab, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Alicia Bartolomé
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Ethology Lab, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Enrique Font
- Ethology Lab, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Spain
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Bauer AA, Clayton MK, Brunet J. Floral traits influencing plant attractiveness to three bee species: Consequences for plant reproductive success. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:772-781. [PMID: 28533203 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The ability to attract pollinators is crucial to plants that rely on insects for pollination. We contrasted the roles of floral display size and flower color in attracting three bee species and determined the relationships between plant attractiveness (number of pollinator visits) and seed set for each bee species. METHODS We recorded pollinator visits to plants, measured plant traits, and quantified plant reproductive success. A zero-inflated Poisson regression model indicated plant traits associated with pollinator attraction. It identified traits that increased the number of bee visits and traits that increased the probability of a plant not receiving any visits. Different components of floral display size were examined and two models of flower color contrasted. Relationships between plant attractiveness and seed set were determined using regression analyses. KEY RESULTS Plants with more racemes received more bee visits from all three bee species. Plants with few racemes were more likely not to receive any bee visits. The role of flower color varied with bee species and was influenced by the choice of the flower color model. Increasing bee visits increased seed set for all three bee species, with the steepest slope for leafcutting bees, followed by bumble bees, and finally honey bees. CONCLUSIONS Floral display size influenced pollinator attraction more consistently than flower color. The same plant traits affected the probability of not being visited and the number of pollinator visits received. The impact of plant attractiveness on female reproductive success varied, together with pollinator effectiveness, by pollinator species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin A Bauer
- Department of Entomology, 1630 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Murray K Clayton
- Department of Statistics, 1300 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Johanne Brunet
- Department of Entomology, 1630 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crop Research Unit, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Mu J, Yang Y, Luo Y, Su R, Niklas KJ. Pollinator preference and pollen viability mediated by flower color synergistically determine seed set in an Alpine annual herb. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2947-2955. [PMID: 28479994 PMCID: PMC5415513 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gentiana leucomelaena manifests dramatic flower color polymorphism, with both blue‐ and white‐flowered individuals (pollinated by flies and bees) both within a population and on an individual plant. Previous studies of this species have shown that pollinator preference and flower temperature change as a function of flower color throughout the flowering season. However, few if any studies have explored the effects of flower color on both pollen viability (mediated by anther temperature) and pollinator preference on reproductive success (seed set) in a population or on individual plants over the course of the entire flowering season. Based on prior observations, we hypothesized that flower color affects both pollen viability (as a function of anther temperature) and pollen deposition (as a function of pollinator preference) to synergistically determine reproductive success during the peak of the flowering season. This hypothesis was tested by field observations and hand pollination experiments in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Generalized linear model and path analyses showed that pollen viability was determined by flower color, flowering season, and anther temperature. Anther temperature correlated positively with pollen viability during the peak of the early flowering season, but negatively affected pollen viability during the peak of the mid‐ to late flowering season. Pollen deposition was determined by flower color, flowering season (early, or mid‐ to late season), and pollen viability. Pollen viability and pollen deposition were affected by flower color that in turn affected seed set across the peak of the flowering season (i.e., when the greatest number of flowers were being pollinated). Hand pollination experiments showed that pollen viability and pollen deposition directly influenced seed set. These data collectively indicate that the preference of pollinators for flower color and pollen viability changed during the flowering season in a manner that optimizes successful reproduction in G. leucomelaena. This study is one of a few that have simultaneously considered the effects of both pollen viability and pollen deposition on reproductive success in the same population and on individual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Mu
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Mianyang China
| | - Yulian Yang
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Mianyang China
| | - Yanling Luo
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Mianyang China
| | - Ruijun Su
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Mianyang Normal University Mianyang China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- Plant Biology Section School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
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Eidesen PB, Little L, Müller E, Dickinson KJM, Lord JM. Plant–pollinator interactions affect colonization efficiency: abundance of blue-purple flowers is correlated with species richness of bumblebees in the Arctic. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Broadhead GT, Basu T, von Arx M, Raguso RA. Diel rhythms and sex differences in the locomotor activity of hawkmoths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1472-1480. [PMID: 28153982 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.143966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Circadian patterns of activity are considered ubiquitous and adaptive, and are often invoked as a mechanism for temporal niche partitioning. Yet, comparisons of rhythmic behavior in related animal species are uncommon. This is particularly true of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), in which studies of whole-animal patterns of behavior are far outweighed by examinations of tissue-specific molecular clocks. Here, we used a comparative approach to examine the circadian patterns of flight behavior in Manduca sexta and Hyles lineata [two distantly related species of hawkmoth (Sphingidae)]. By filming isolated, individual animals, we were able to examine rhythmic locomotor (flight) activity at the species level, as well as at the level of the individual sexes, and in the absence of interference from social interaction. Our results confirmed classic descriptions of strictly nocturnal behavior in M. sexta and demonstrated a dramatically different activity pattern in H. lineata Furthermore, we showed distinct species and sex-specific differences in the maintenance of the endogenous rhythm under conditions of constant darkness. In both species, female activity peaked in advance of males whereas male activity coincided with periods of female sexual receptivity. This suggests a role for circadian patterns of locomotor activity in synchronizing periods of sexual receptivity between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Broadhead
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Trisha Basu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Martin von Arx
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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