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Fang X, Zhu Z, Li J, Wang X, Wei C, Zhang X, Dai Z, Liu S, Luan F. Identification of Chromosomal Regions and Candidate Genes for Round leaf Locus in Cucumis melo L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1134. [PMID: 38674543 PMCID: PMC11054961 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Leaf morphology plays a crucial role in plant classification and provides a significant model for studying plant diversity while directly impacting photosynthetic efficiency. In the case of melons, leaf shape not only influences production and classification but also represents a key genetic trait that requires further exploration. In this study, we utilized forward genetics to pinpoint a recessive locus, dubbed Cmrl (Round leaf), which is responsible for regulating melon leaf shape. Through bulked segregant analysis sequencing and extensive evaluation of a two-year F2 population, we successfully mapped the Cmrl locus to a 537.07 kb region on chromosome 8 of the melon genome. Subsequent genetic fine-mapping efforts, leveraging a larger F2 population encompassing 1322 plants and incorporating F2:3 phenotypic data, further refined the locus to an 80.27 kb interval housing five candidate genes. Promoter analysis and coding sequence cloning confirmed that one of these candidates, MELO3C019152.2 (Cmppr encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat-containing family protein, Cmppr), stands out as a strong candidate gene for the Cmrl locus. Notably, comparisons of Cmrl expressions across various stages of leaf development and different leaf regions suggest a pivotal role of Cmrl in the morphogenesis of melon leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zicheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuezheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunhua Wei
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (C.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zuyun Dai
- Anhui Jianghuai Horticulture Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China;
| | - Shi Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Feishi Luan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (J.L.); (X.W.)
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Ma Y, Wen Y, Wang C, Wu Z, Yuan X, Xiong Y, Chen K, He L, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Li L, Yang Z, Sun Y, Chen Z, Ma J. ZIP Genes Are Involved in the Retransfer of Zinc Ions during the Senescence of Zinc-Deficient Rice Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13989. [PMID: 37762290 PMCID: PMC10531140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice lacks sufficient amounts of zinc despite its vitality for human health. Leaf senescence enables redistribution of nutrients to other organs, yet Zn retransfer during deficiency is often overlooked. In this hydroponic experiment, we studied the effect of Zn deficiency on rice seedlings, focusing on the fourth leaf under control and deficient conditions. Growth phenotype analysis showed that the growth of rice nodal roots was inhibited in Zn deficiency, and the fourth leaf exhibited accelerated senescence and increased Zn ion transfer. Analyzing differentially expressed genes showed that Zn deficiency regulates more ZIP family genes involved in Zn ion retransfer. OsZIP3 upregulation under Zn-deficient conditions may not be induced by Zn deficiency, whereas OsZIP4 is only induced during Zn deficiency. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that Zn-deficient leaves mobilized more biological pathways (BPs) during aging, and the enrichment function differed from that of normal aging leaves. The most apparent "zinc ion transport" BP was stronger than that of normal senescence, possibly due to Zn-deficient leaves mobilizing large amounts of BP related to lipid metabolism during senescence. These results provide a basis for further functional analyses of genes and the study of trace element transfer during rice leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangming Ma
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanfang Wen
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ziniu Wu
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yuan
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kairui Chen
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Limei He
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Leilei Li
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yongjian Sun
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongkui Chen
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Rice Cultivation Laboratory, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
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Chen J, Chen C. Study on the Shape Characteristics and the Allometry of Phalaenopsis Leaves for Greenhouse Management. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2031. [PMID: 37653949 PMCID: PMC10220803 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis orchids are highly economical ornamental potted plants. Controlling their production schedule requires information on the leaf development characteristics of the orchids. Phalaenopsis leaves affect the plant's photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. The leaf growth conditions can serve as a development index for greenhouse management. The use of the growth characteristics of Phalaenopsis leaves as the basis for greenhouse cultivation and management needs to be studied. The allometry of Phalaenopsis leaves is worth studying. The goal of this research was to investigate the allometry of Phalaenopsis leaves and develop prediction models of the total leaf area. Then, these total leaf area models were developed and validated. In this study, five Phalaenopsis varieties (amabilis, Sin-Yuan beauty, Ruey Lish beauty, Ishin KHM1095, and Sogo F1091) were selected. Each sample had five mature leaves. The lengths, widths, and areas of the sequential leaves were measured, and then the length ratios, width ratios, and area ratios were calculated. The top and bottom models were used to calculate the total leaf areas. The results indicate that no significant differences could be found in the length ratios, width ratios, and area ratios of the sequential leaves from the same variety. However, significant differences were found in these leaf characteristics between different varieties. The observation of leaf growth characteristics can be used to provide useful information for Phalaenopsis management. Comparing the predictive criteria of the two models, the top model had a better predictive ability than the bottom model. From a practical viewpoint, measuring the top leaf area is easier than measuring the bottom leaf area in a greenhouse operation. Comparing the effects of the sample numbers on the predictive ability of the model, the sample number of 30 was sufficient to ensure the accuracy of the total leaf area measurements. We provide an easy and accurate method to measure the total leaf area of Phalaenopsis. The calculated values of total leaf areas can be incorporated into decision models for smart management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunyuan Chen
- Africa Industrial Research Center, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chiachung Chen
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Koyama K, Smith DD. Scaling the leaf length-times-width equation to predict total leaf area of shoots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:215-230. [PMID: 35350072 PMCID: PMC9445601 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An individual plant consists of different-sized shoots, each of which consists of different-sized leaves. To predict plant-level physiological responses from the responses of individual leaves, modelling this within-shoot leaf size variation is necessary. Within-plant leaf trait variation has been well investigated in canopy photosynthesis models but less so in plant allometry. Therefore, integration of these two different approaches is needed. METHODS We focused on an established leaf-level relationship that the area of an individual leaf lamina is proportional to the product of its length and width. The geometric interpretation of this equation is that different-sized leaf laminas from a single species share the same basic form. Based on this shared basic form, we synthesized a new length-times-width equation predicting total shoot leaf area from the collective dimensions of leaves that comprise a shoot. Furthermore, we showed that several previously established empirical relationships, including the allometric relationships between total shoot leaf area, maximum individual leaf length within the shoot and total leaf number of the shoot, can be unified under the same geometric argument. We tested the model predictions using five species, all of which have simple leaves, selected from diverse taxa (Magnoliids, monocots and eudicots) and from different growth forms (trees, erect herbs and rosette herbs). KEY RESULTS For all five species, the length-times-width equation explained within-species variation of total leaf area of a shoot with high accuracy (R2 > 0.994). These strong relationships existed despite leaf dimensions scaling very differently between species. We also found good support for all derived predictions from the model (R2 > 0.85). CONCLUSIONS Our model can be incorporated to improve previous models of allometry that do not consider within-shoot size variation of individual leaves, providing a cross-scale linkage between individual leaf-size variation and shoot-size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI, USA
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Box F, Erlich A, Guan JH, Thorogood C. Gigantic floating leaves occupy a large surface area at an economical material cost. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabg3790. [PMID: 35138898 PMCID: PMC8827653 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The giant Amazonian waterlily (genus Victoria) produces the largest floating leaves in the plant kingdom. The leaves' notable vasculature has inspired artists, engineers, and architects for centuries. Despite the aesthetic appeal and scale of this botanical enigma, little is known about the mechanics of these extraordinary leaves. For example, how do these leaves achieve gigantic proportions? We show that the geometric form of the leaf is structurally more efficient than those of other smaller species of waterlily. In particular, the spatially varying thickness and regular branching of the primary veins ensures the structural integrity necessary for extensive coverage of the water surface, enabling optimal light capture despite a relatively low leaf biomass. Leaf gigantism in waterlilies may have been driven by selection pressures favoring a large surface area at an economical material cost, for outcompeting other plants in fast-drying ephemeral pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Box
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Gulliver UMR CNRS 7083, ESPCI Paris and PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexander Erlich
- Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix-Marseille Université, 49 rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie, 13384 Marseille, France
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Aix-Marseille Université, 163 av de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jian H. Guan
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chris Thorogood
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- University of Oxford Botanic Garden and Arboretum, Oxford OX1 4AZ, UK
- Corresponding author.
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6
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Levionnois S, Salmon C, Alméras T, Clair B, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, González-Melo A, Heinz C, Heuret P. Anatomies, vascular architectures, and mechanics underlying the leaf size-stem size spectrum in 42 Neotropical tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7957-7969. [PMID: 34390333 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The leaf size-stem size spectrum is one of the main dimensions of plant ecological strategies. Yet the anatomical, mechanical, and hydraulic implications of small versus large shoots are still poorly understood. We investigated 42 tropical rainforest tree species in French Guiana, with a wide range of leaf areas at the shoot level. We quantified the scaling of hydraulic and mechanical constraints with shoot size, estimated as the water potential difference (ΔΨ) and the bending angle (ΔΦ), respectively. We investigated how anatomical tissue area, flexural stiffness and xylem vascular architecture affect such scaling by deviating (or not) from theoretical isometry with shoot size variation. Vessel diameter and conductive path length were found to be allometrically related to shoot size, thereby explaining the independence between ΔΨ and shoot size. Leaf mass per area, stem length, and the modulus of elasticity were allometrically related to shoot size, explaining the independence between ΔΦ and shoot size. Our study also shows that the maintenance of both water supply and mechanical stability across the shoot size range are not in conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Salmon
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Tancrède Alméras
- LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Clair
- LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
- UMR SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | | | - Christine Heinz
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Amini S, Arsova B, Gobert S, Carnol M, Bosman B, Motte P, Watt M, Hanikenne M. Transcriptional regulation of ZIP genes is independent of local zinc status in Brachypodium shoots upon zinc deficiency and resupply. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3376-3397. [PMID: 34263935 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biological processes underlying zinc homeostasis are targets for genetic improvement of crops to counter human malnutrition. Detailed phenotyping, ionomic, RNA-Seq analyses and flux measurements with 67 Zn isotope revealed whole-plant molecular events underlying zinc homeostasis upon varying zinc supply and during zinc resupply to starved Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) plants. Although both zinc deficiency and excess hindered Brachypodium growth, accumulation of biomass and micronutrients into roots and shoots differed depending on zinc supply. The zinc resupply dynamics involved 1,893 zinc-responsive genes. Multiple zinc-regulated transporter and iron-regulated transporter (IRT)-like protein (ZIP) transporter genes and dozens of other genes were rapidly and transiently down-regulated in early stages of zinc resupply, suggesting a transient zinc shock, sensed locally in roots. Notably, genes with identical regulation were observed in shoots without zinc accumulation, pointing to root-to-shoot signals mediating whole-plant responses to zinc resupply. Molecular events uncovered in the grass model Brachypodium are useful for the improvement of staple monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Amini
- InBioS - PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Borjana Arsova
- Root Dynamics Group, IBG-2 - Plant Sciences, Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sylvie Gobert
- Laboratory of Oceanology, MARE Center, FOCUS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Station de Recherches Sous-Marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Pointe de la Revellata, Calvi, France
| | - Monique Carnol
- InBioS - PhytoSystems, Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology, Evolution, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bosman
- InBioS - PhytoSystems, Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology, Evolution, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Motte
- InBioS - PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michelle Watt
- Root Dynamics Group, IBG-2 - Plant Sciences, Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marc Hanikenne
- InBioS - PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Goto T, Osada N. Geographic variation in shoot structure in association with fruit size in an evergreen woody species. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab023. [PMID: 34194689 PMCID: PMC8237846 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The generality of scaling relationships between multiple shoot traits, known as Corner's rules, has been considered to reflect the biomechanical limits to trees and tree organs among the species of different leaf sizes. Variation in fruit size within species would also be expected to affect shoot structure by changing the mechanical and hydraulic stresses caused by the mass and water requirement of fruits. We investigated the differences in shoot structure and their relationship with fruit size in Camellia japonica from 12 sites in a wide geographic range in Japan. This species is known to produce larger fruits with thicker pericarps in more southern populations because warmer climates induce more intensive arms race between the fruit size and the rostrum length of its obligate seed predator. We found that, in association with the change in fruit size, the diameter and mass of 1-year-old stems were negatively associated with latitude, but the total mass and area of 1-year-old leaves did not change with latitude. Consequently, the length of 1-year-old stems and the total mass and area of 1-year-old leaves at a given stem diameter were positively associated with latitude in the allometric relationships. In contrast, the allometric relationships between stem diameter and total mass of the 1-year-old shoot complex (the leaves, stems and fruits that were supported by a 1-year-old stem) did not differ across the trees of different latitudes. Thus, natural selection on fruit size is considered to influence the other traits of Corner's rules in C. japonica, but all of the traits of Corner's rules do not necessarily change in a similar manner across latitudinal gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Goto
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Osada
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
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Fajardo A, Mora JP, Robert E. Corner's rules pass the test of time: little effect of phenology on leaf-shoot and other scaling relationships. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1129-1139. [PMID: 32598449 PMCID: PMC7684704 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Twig cross-sectional area and the surface area of leaves borne on it are expected to be isometrically correlated across species (Corner's rules). However, how stable this relationship remains in time is not known. We studied inter- and intraspecific twig leaf area-cross-sectional area (la-cs) and other scaling relationships, including the leaf-shoot mass (lm-sm) scaling relationship, across a complete growing season. We also examined the influence of plant height, deciduousness and the inclusion of reproductive buds on the stability of the scaling relationships, and we discuss results from a functional perspective. METHODS We collected weekly current-year twigs of six Patagonian woody species that differed in growth form and foliar habit. We also used prominent inflorescences from Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) to assess whether reproductive buds alter the la-cs isometric relationship. Mixed effects models were fitted to obtain parameter estimates and to test whether interaction terms were non-significant (invariant) for the scaling relationships. KEY RESULTS The slope of the la-cs scaling relationship remained invariant across the growing season. Two species showed contrasting and disproportional (allometric) la-cs scaling relationships (slope ≠ 1). Scaling relationships varied significantly across growth form and foliar habit. The lm-sm scaling relationship differed between reproductive- and vegetative-origin twigs in E. coccineum, which was explained by a significantly lower leaf mass per area in the former. CONCLUSIONS Although phenology during the growing season appeared not to change leaf-shoot scaling relationships across species, we show that scaling relationships departed from the general trend of isometry as a result of within-species variation, growth form, foliar habit and the type of twig. The identification of these functional factors helps to understand variation in the general trend of Corner's rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Juan P Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Etienne Robert
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada
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10
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Smith DD. Even when the seasons change our allometry stays the same. A Commentary on: 'Corner's rules pass the test of time: little effect of phenology on leaf-shoot and other scaling relationships'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:iii-iv. [PMID: 33057594 PMCID: PMC7684695 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on:
Alex Fajardo, Juan P. Mora and Etienne Robert, Corner’s rules pass the test of time: little effect of phenology on leaf–shoot and other scaling relationships, Annals of Botany, Volume 126, Issue 7, 25 November 2020, Pages 1129–1139, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa124
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan D Smith
- University of Wisconsin—Madison, Department of Botany, Madison, WI, USA
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11
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Levionnois S, Coste S, Nicolini E, Stahl C, Morel H, Heuret P. Scaling of petiole anatomies, mechanics and vasculatures with leaf size in the widespread Neotropical pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:245-258. [PMID: 31976541 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the leaf economic spectrum has deepened our understanding of leaf trait variability, little is known about how leaf traits scale with leaf area. This uncertainty has resulted in the assumption that leaf traits should vary by keeping the same pace of variation with increases in leaf area across the leaf size range. We evaluated the scaling of morphological, tissue-surface and vascular traits with overall leaf area, and the functional significance of such scaling. We examined 1,271 leaves for morphological traits, and 124 leaves for anatomical and hydraulic traits, from 38 trees of Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae) in French Guiana. Cecropia is a Neotropical genus of pioneer trees that can exhibit large laminas (0.4 m2 for C. obtusa), with leaf size ranging by two orders of magnitude. We measured (i) tissue fractions within petioles and their second moment of area, (ii) theoretical xylem hydraulic efficiency of petioles and (iii) the extent of leaf vessel widening within the hydraulic path. We found that different scaling of morphological trait variability allows for optimisation of lamina display among larger leaves, especially the positive allometric relationship between lamina area and petiole cross-sectional area. Increasing the fraction of pith is a key factor that increases the geometrical effect of supportive tissues on mechanical rigidity and thereby increases carbon-use efficiency. We found that increasing xylem hydraulic efficiency with vessel size results in lower leaf lamina area: xylem ratios, which also results in potential carbon savings for large leaves. We found that the vessel widening is consistent with hydraulic optimisation models. Leaf size variability modifies scaling of leaf traits in this large-leaved species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Eric Nicolini
- UMR AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Morel
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, UA, UG, 97379 Kourou Cedex, France
- UMR AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Ding J, Johnson EA, Martin YE. Optimization of leaf morphology in relation to leaf water status: A theory. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1510-1525. [PMID: 32076530 PMCID: PMC7029057 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf economic traits such as leaf area, maximum carbon assimilation rate, and venation are all correlated and related to water availability. Furthermore, leaves are often broad and large in humid areas and narrower in arid/semiarid and hot and cold areas. We use optimization theory to explain these patterns. We have created a constrained optimization leaf model linking leaf shape to vein structure that is integrated into coupled transpiration and carbon assimilation processes. The model maximizes net leaf carbon gain (NPPleaf) over the loss of xylem water potential. Modeled relations between leaf traits are consistent with empirically observed patterns. As the results of the leaf shape-venation relation, our model further predicts that a broadleaf has overall higher NPPleaf compared to a narrowleaf. In addition, a broadleaf has a lower stomatal resistance compared to a narrowleaf under the same level of constraint. With the same leaf area, a broadleaf will have, on average, larger conduits and lower total leaf xylem resistance and thus be more efficient in water transportation but less resistant to cavitation. By linking venation structure to leaf shape and using water potential as the constraint, our model provides a physical explanation for the general pattern of the covariance of leaf traits through the safety-efficiency trade-off of leaf hydraulic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Ding
- Biogeoscience InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Edward A. Johnson
- Biogeoscience InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Yvonne E. Martin
- Biogeoscience InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of GeographyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Mencuccini M, Rosas T, Rowland L, Choat B, Cornelissen H, Jansen S, Kramer K, Lapenis A, Manzoni S, Niinemets Ü, Reich P, Schrodt F, Soudzilovskaia N, Wright IJ, Martínez-Vilalta J. Leaf economics and plant hydraulics drive leaf : wood area ratios. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1544-1556. [PMID: 31215647 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass and area ratios between leaves, stems and roots regulate many physiological and ecological processes. The Huber value Hv (sapwood area/leaf area ratio) is central to plant water balance and drought responses. However, its coordination with key plant functional traits is poorly understood, and prevents developing trait-based prediction models. Based on theoretical arguments, we hypothesise that global patterns in Hv of terminal woody branches can be predicted from variables related to plant trait spectra, that is plant hydraulics and size and leaf economics. Using a global compilation of 1135 species-averaged Hv , we show that Hv varies over three orders of magnitude. Higher Hv are seen in short small-leaved low-specific leaf area (SLA) shrubs with low Ks in arid relative to tall large-leaved high-SLA trees with high Ks in moist environments. All traits depend on climate but climatic correlations are stronger for explanatory traits than Hv . Negative isometry is found between Hv and Ks , suggesting a compensation to maintain hydraulic supply to leaves across species. This work identifies the major global drivers of branch sapwood/leaf area ratios. Our approach based on widely available traits facilitates the development of accurate models of above-ground biomass allocation and helps predict vegetation responses to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Rosas
- CREAF, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucy Rowland
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QE, Exeter, UK
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Koen Kramer
- Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrei Lapenis
- Department of Geography, New York State University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Science, Kreutzwladi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Peter Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, 2751, NSW, Australia
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Franziska Schrodt
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nadia Soudzilovskaia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, CML, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Lauri PÉ. Corner's rules as a framework for plant morphology, architecture and functioning - issues and steps forward. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1679-1684. [PMID: 30276821 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Éric Lauri
- SYSTEM, Univ Montpellier, INRA, Cirad, Montpellier SupAgro, CIHEAM-IAMM, 2 Place Pierre Viala, Montpellier, 34060, France
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Sun J, Wang M, Lyu M, Niklas KJ, Zhong Q, Li M, Cheng D. Stem Diameter (and Not Length) Limits Twig Leaf Biomass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:185. [PMID: 30846996 PMCID: PMC6393343 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between leaf and stem biomass as well as the relationship between leaf biomass and stem length and diameter are important to our understanding of a broad range of important plant scaling relationship because of their relationship to photosynthesis and thus growth. To understand how twig architecture (i.e., current year leaves, and stem diameter and length) affects stem diameter and length, and leaf number and biomass, we examined the twigs of 64 woody species collected from three forest types along an elevational gradient in the Wuyi Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China. We also compared the scaling relationships we observed with biomass allocation patterns reported at the whole tree level. Our results revealed isometric relationship between leaf and stem biomass on twigs despite differences in forest communities and despite changes in environmental factors along an elevational gradient. Across the 64 species, from twigs to individual trees, leaf biomass scaled approximately as the 2.0-power of stem diameter (but not for stem length or leaf number). These results help to identify a general rule that operates at two different levels of biological organization (twigs and whole trees). The scaling relationship between leaf biomass and stem diameter in twigs is insensitive to differences in species composition, elevation, or forest type. We speculate that this rule emerges because stem diameter serves as a proxy for the amount of resources supplied per unit cross section to developing leaves and for the flow of photosynthates from mature leaves to the rest of the plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mantang Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of City and Civil Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Min Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Quanlin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongliang Cheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dongliang Cheng,
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The arrangement of lateral veins along the midvein of leaves is not related to leaf phyllotaxis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16417. [PMID: 30401940 PMCID: PMC6219558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Positions of leaves along a stem usually adhere to a genetically determined, species-specific pattern known as a leaf phyllotaxis. We investigated whether the arrangement of lateral secondary veins along primary midveins adhered to a species-specific pattern that resembled an alternate or opposite phyllotaxis. We analyzed the venation of temperate dicotyledonous species from different taxonomic groups and chose 18 woody and 12 herbaceous species that have reticulated leaf venation. The arrangement of the lateral veins was neither alternate nor opposite for any of the species. Lateral vein arrangements were instead mixtures of symmetric and asymmetric patterns. Our results show that lateral vein arrangements are related neither to stem-level leaf phyllotaxis (alternate vs. opposite) nor to life form (woody vs. herbaceous). Our results are therefore generally consistent with the canalization hypothesis that the locations of lateral veins are not completely specified genetically prior to leaf formation.
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17
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Olson ME, Rosell JA, Zamora Muñoz S, Castorena M. Carbon limitation, stem growth rate and the biomechanical cause of Corner's rules. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:583-592. [PMID: 29889257 PMCID: PMC6153482 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Corner's rules describe a global spectrum from large-leaved plants with thick, sparingly branched twigs with low-density stem tissues and thick piths to plants with thin, highly branched stems with high-density stem tissues and thin piths. The hypothesis was tested that, if similar crown areas fix similar amounts of carbon regardless of leaf size, then large-leaved species, with their distantly spaced leaves, require higher stem growth rates, lower stem tissue densities and stiffnesses, and therefore thicker twigs. Methods Structural equation models were used to test the compatibility of this hypothesis with a dataset on leaf size, shoot tip spacing, stem growth rate and dimensions, and tissue density and mechanics, sampling 55 species drawn from across the angiosperm phylogeny from a morphologically diverse dry tropical community. Key results Very good fit of structural equation models showed that the causal model is highly congruent with the data. Conclusions Given similar amounts of carbon to allocate to stem growth, larger-leaved species require greater leaf spacing and therefore greater stem extension rates and longer stems, in turn requiring lower-density, more flexible, stem tissues than small-leaved species. A given stem can have high resistance to bending because it is thick (has high second moment of area I) or because its tissues are stiff (high Young's modulus E), the so-called E-I trade-off. Because of the E-I trade-off, large-leaved species have fast stem growth rates, low stem tissue density and tissue stiffness, and thick twigs with wide piths and thick bark. The agreement between hypothesis and data in structural equation analyses strongly suggests that Corner's rules emerge as the result of selection favouring the avoidance of self-shading in the context of broadly similar rates of carbon fixation per unit crown area across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Salvador Zamora Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
| | - Matiss Castorena
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México, Mexico
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Trejo L, Rosell JA, Olson ME. Nearly 200 years of sustained selection have not overcome the leaf area-stem size relationship in the poinsettia. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1401-1411. [PMID: 30151048 PMCID: PMC6099819 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal parts often covary in their proportions, a phenomenon known as allometry. One way of exploring the causes of widespread allometric patterns is with artificial selection, to test whether or not it is possible to move populations into "empty" allometric space not occupied by the wild type. Domesticated organisms have been subject to many generations of selection, making them ideal model systems. We used the domesticated Christmas poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima in combination with wild populations to examine the origin of the proportionality between leaf area and stem size, which scales predictably across nearly all plants. In accordance with the stated aims of breeders to produce more compact plants, we predicted that domesticated poinsettias would have greater leaf area for a given stem volume than the tall, lanky wild ancestors. Our data rejected this prediction, showing instead that domesticates have leaf area-stem volume relationships identical to the wild ancestors. Presumably the metabolic dependence between stems and leaves makes the leaf area-stem volume relationship difficult to overcome. The relative fixity of this relationship leads to predictable covariation in other traits: The fuller outlines of domestic poinsettias involve significantly shorter internodes, and given a constant leaf area-stem volume relationship, smaller individual leaf areas. At the same time, domestic poinsettias are subject to selection favoring breakage resistance, which is achieved via thicker stems for a given length rather than stiffer stem tissue resistance to bending. Our results show that domesticated poinsettias differ from wild plants in a suite of traits including leaf size, internode distances, and stem length-diameter relations, but despite over 200 years of selection favoring rounded outlines, there has been no change in the total leaf area-stem volume relationship, helping to predict which changes are likely achievable and which will not be under continued artificial selection and in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trejo
- Laboratorio Regional de Biodiversidad y Cultivo de Tejidos VegetalesInstituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxicoMexico
| | - Julieta A. Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la SostenibilidadInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Mark E. Olson
- Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
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Lehnebach R, Beyer R, Letort V, Heuret P. The pipe model theory half a century on: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:773-795. [PMID: 29370362 PMCID: PMC5906905 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Background More than a half century ago, Shinozaki et al. (Shinozaki K, Yoda K, Hozumi K, Kira T. 1964a. A quantitative analysis of plant form - the pipe model theory. I. Basic analyses. Japanese Journal of Ecology B: 97-105) proposed an elegant conceptual framework, the pipe model theory (PMT), to interpret the observed linear relationship between the amount of stem tissue and corresponding supported leaves. The PMT brought a satisfactory answer to two vividly debated problems that were unresolved at the moment of its publication: (1) What determines tree form and which rules drive biomass allocation to the foliar versus stem compartments in plants? (2) How can foliar area or mass in an individual plant, in a stand or at even larger scales be estimated? Since its initial formulation, the PMT has been reinterpreted and used in applications, and has undoubtedly become an important milestone in the mathematical interpretation of plant form and functioning. Scope This article aims to review the PMT by going back to its initial formulation, stating its explicit and implicit properties and discussing them in the light of current biological knowledge and experimental evidence in order to identify the validity and range of applicability of the theory. We also discuss the use of the theory in tree biomechanics and hydraulics as well as in functional-structural plant modelling. Conclusions Scrutinizing the PMT in the light of modern biological knowledge revealed that most of its properties are not valid as a general rule. The hydraulic framework derived from the PMT has attracted much more attention than its mechanical counterpart and implies that only the conductive portion of a stem cross-section should be proportional to the supported foliage amount rather than the whole of it. The facts that this conductive portion is experimentally difficult to measure and varies with environmental conditions and tree ontogeny might cause the commonly reported non-linear relationships between foliage and stem metrics. Nevertheless, the PMT can still be considered as a portfolio of properties providing a unified framework to integrate and analyse functional-structural relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lehnebach
- Centre de coopération Internationale de la Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Amap, Kourou, France
- Botany and Modelling of Plant Architecture and Vegetation (Amap), Université Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Beyer
- Laboratory of Mathematics in Interaction with Computer Science (MICS), CentraleSupélec, France
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Véronique Letort
- Laboratory of Mathematics in Interaction with Computer Science (MICS), CentraleSupélec, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR Ecofog, Kourou, France
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Hodgson JG, Santini BA, Montserrat Marti G, Royo Pla F, Jones G, Bogaard A, Charles M, Font X, Ater M, Taleb A, Poschlod P, Hmimsa Y, Palmer C, Wilson PJ, Band SR, Styring A, Diffey C, Green L, Nitsch E, Stroud E, Romo-Díez A, de Torres Espuny L, Warham G. Trade-offs between seed and leaf size (seed-phytomer-leaf theory): functional glue linking regenerative with life history strategies … and taxonomy with ecology? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:633-652. [PMID: 28961937 PMCID: PMC5714152 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims While the 'worldwide leaf economics spectrum' (Wright IJ, Reich PB, Westoby M, et al. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature : 821-827) defines mineral nutrient relationships in plants, no unifying functional consensus links size attributes. Here, the focus is upon leaf size, a much-studied plant trait that scales positively with habitat quality and components of plant size. The objective is to show that this wide range of relationships is explicable in terms of a seed-phytomer-leaf (SPL) theoretical model defining leaf size in terms of trade-offs involving the size, growth rate and number of the building blocks (phytomers) of which the young shoot is constructed. Methods Functional data for 2400+ species and English and Spanish vegetation surveys were used to explore interrelationships between leaf area, leaf width, canopy height, seed mass and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Key Results Leaf area was a consistent function of canopy height, LDMC and seed mass. Additionally, size traits are partially uncoupled. First, broad laminas help confer competitive exclusion while morphologically large leaves can, through dissection, be functionally small. Secondly, leaf size scales positively with plant size but many of the largest-leaved species are of medium height with basally supported leaves. Thirdly, photosynthetic stems may represent a functionally viable alternative to 'small seeds + large leaves' in disturbed, fertile habitats and 'large seeds + small leaves' in infertile ones. Conclusions Although key elements defining the juvenile growth phase remain unmeasured, our results broadly support SPL theory in that phytometer and leaf size are a product of the size of the initial shoot meristem (≅ seed mass) and the duration and quality of juvenile growth. These allometrically constrained traits combine to confer ecological specialization on individual species. Equally, they appear conservatively expressed within major taxa. Thus, 'evolutionary canalization' sensu Stebbins (Stebbins GL. 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press) is perhaps associated with both seed and leaf development, and major taxa appear routinely specialized with respect to ecologically important size-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hodgson
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Bianca A Santini
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04500, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Montserrat Marti
- Dept. Ecología Funcional y Biodiversidad, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC) Aptdo. 202, 30080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ferran Royo Pla
- Grup de Recerca Científica ‘Terres de l’Ebre’, C/ Rosa Maria Molas, 25 A, 2n B, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Glynis Jones
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Amy Bogaard
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Mike Charles
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Xavier Font
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammed Ater
- Laboratoire Diversité et Conservation des Systèmes Biologiques (LDICOSYB), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, BP 2062, 93030, Tétouan, Morocco
| | | | - Peter Poschlod
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Younes Hmimsa
- Laboratoire Diversité et Conservation des Systèmes Biologiques (LDICOSYB), Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan, Université Abdelmalek Essaâdi, BP 2062, 93030, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Carol Palmer
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter J Wilson
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
| | - Stuart R Band
- Unit of Comparative Plant Ecology, The University, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK
| | - Amy Styring
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Charlotte Diffey
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Laura Green
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Erika Nitsch
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Stroud
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 36 Beaumont Street, Oxford OX1 2PG, UK
| | - Angel Romo-Díez
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona, Parc Montjuïc, Av. dels Muntanyans s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis de Torres Espuny
- Grup de Recerca Científica ‘Terres de l’Ebre’, C/ Rosa Maria Molas, 25 A, 2n B, 43500 Tortosa, Spain
| | - Gemma Warham
- Department of Archaeology, The University, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Fan ZX, Sterck F, Zhang SB, Fu PL, Hao GY. Tradeoff between Stem Hydraulic Efficiency and Mechanical Strength Affects Leaf-Stem Allometry in 28 Ficus Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1619. [PMID: 28979282 PMCID: PMC5611361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-stem allometry is an important spectrum that linked to biomass allocation and life history strategy in plants, although the determinants and evolutionary significance of leaf-stem allometry remain poorly understood. Leaf and stem architectures - including stem area/mass, petiole area/mass, lamina area/mass, leaf number, specific leaf area (LA), and mass-based leafing intensity (LI) - were measured on the current-year branches for 28 Ficus species growing in a common garden in SW China. The leaf anatomical traits, stem wood density (WD), and stem anatomical and mechanical properties of these species were also measured. We analyzed leaf-stem allometric relationships and their associations with stem hydraulic ad mechanical properties using species-level data and phylogenetically independent contrasts. We found isometric relationship between leaf lamina area/mass and stem area/mass, suggesting that the biomass allocation to leaf was independent to stem size. However, allometric relationship between LA/mass and petiole mass was found, indicating large leaves invest a higher fractional of biomass in petiole than small ones. LI, i.e., leaf numbers per unit of stem mass, was negatively related with leaf and stem size. Species with larger terminal branches tend to have larger vessels and theoretical hydraulic conductivity, but lower WD and mechanical strength. The size of leaf lamina, petiole, and stem was correlated positively with stem theoretical hydraulic conductivity, but negatively with stem WD and mechanical strength. Our results suggest that leaf-stem allometry in Ficus species was shaped by the trade-off between stem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical stability, supporting a functional interpretation of the relationship between leaf and stem dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
- *Correspondence: Ze-Xin Fan,
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Forestry, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Pei-Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesMengla, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang, China
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