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Song B, Chen J, Lev-Yadun S, Niu Y, Gao Y, Ma R, Armbruster WS, Sun H. Multifunctionality of angiosperm floral bracts: a review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1100-1120. [PMID: 38291834 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Floral bracts (bracteoles, cataphylls) are leaf-like organs that subtend flowers or inflorescences but are of non-floral origin; they occur in a wide diversity of species, representing multiple independent origins, and exhibit great variation in form and function. Although much attention has been paid to bracts over the past 150 years, our understanding of their adaptive significance remains remarkably incomplete. This is because most studies of bract function and evolution focus on only one or a few selective factors. It is widely recognised that bracts experience selection mediated by pollinators, particularly for enhancing pollinator attraction through strong visual, olfactory, or echo-acoustic contrast with the background and through signalling the presence of pollinator rewards, either honestly (providing rewards for pollinators), or deceptively (attraction without reward or even trapping pollinators). However, studies in recent decades have demonstrated that bract evolution is also affected by agents other than pollinators. Bracts can protect flowers, fruits, or seeds from herbivores by displaying warning signals, camouflaging conspicuous reproductive organs, or by providing physical barriers or toxic chemicals. Reviews of published studies show that bracts can also promote seed dispersal and ameliorate the effects of abiotic stressors, such as low temperature, strong ultraviolet radiation, heavy rain, drought, and/or mechanical abrasion, on reproductive organs or for the plants' pollinators. In addition, green bracts and greening of colourful bracts after pollination promote photosynthetic activity, providing substantial carbon (photosynthates) for fruit or seed development, especially late in a plant's life cycle or season, when leaves have started to senesce. A further layer of complexity derives from the fact that the agents of selection driving the evolution of bracts vary between species and even between different developmental stages within a species, and selection by one agent can be reinforced or opposed by other agents. In summary, our survey of the literature reveals that bracts are multifunctional and subject to multiple agents of selection. To understand fully the functional and evolutionary significance of bracts, it is necessary to consider multiple selection agents throughout the life of the plant, using integrative approaches to data collection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Huannan Road, East of University Town, Chenggong New Area, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa at Oranim, Kiryat Tiv'on, 36006, Israel
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yongqian Gao
- Yunnan Forestry Technological College, 1 Jindian, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - W Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia/Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming, 650201, China
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Zhang S, Yu X, Chen M, Chang C, Zhu J, Zhao H. Comparative Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiling Reveal Mechanisms of Red Leaf Color Fading in Populus × euramericana cv. 'Zhonghuahongye'. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3511. [PMID: 37836251 PMCID: PMC10575148 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are among the flavonoids that serve as the principal pigments affecting the color of plants. During leaf growth, the leaf color of 'Zhonghuahongye' gradually changes from copper-brown to yellow-green. At present, the mechanism of color change at different stages has not yet been discovered. To find this, we compared the color phenotype, metabolome, and transcriptome of the three leaf stages. The results showed that the anthocyanin content of leaves decreased by 62.5% and the chlorophyll content increased by 204.35%, 69.23%, 155.56% and 60%, respectively. Differential metabolites and genes were enriched in the pathway related to the synthesis of 'Zhonghuahongye' flavonoids and anthocyanins and to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, 273 flavonoid metabolites were detected, with a total of eight classes. DFR, FLS and ANS downstream of anthocyanin synthesis may be the key structural genes in reducing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in the green leaf of 'Zhonghuahongye'. The results of multi-omics analysis showed that the formation of color was primarily affected by anthocyanin regulation and its related synthesis-affected genes. This study preliminarily analyzed the green regression gene and metabolic changes in 'Zhonghuahongye' red leaves and constitutes a reference for the molecular breeding of 'Zhonghuahongye' red leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Zhang
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 3 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China;
- College of Rural Revitalization, The Open University of Henan, 36 Longzi Lake North Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xinran Yu
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 3 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China;
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 682 Guangshan 1st Road, Guangzhou 510520, China;
| | - Cuifang Chang
- The College of Landscape Architecture and the Arts, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Agricultural Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Jingle Zhu
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 3 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China;
| | - Han Zhao
- Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 3 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China;
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Xue JY, Li Z, Hu SY, Kao SM, Zhao T, Wang JY, Wang Y, Chen M, Qiu Y, Fan HY, Liu Y, Shao ZQ, Van de Peer Y. The Saururus chinensis genome provides insights into the evolution of pollination strategies and herbaceousness in magnoliids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1021-1034. [PMID: 36602036 PMCID: PMC7614262 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Saururus chinensis, an herbaceous magnoliid without perianth, represents a clade of early-diverging angiosperms that have gone through woodiness-herbaceousness transition and pollination obstacles: the characteristic white leaves underneath inflorescence during flowering time are considered a substitute for perianth to attract insect pollinators. Here, using the newly sequenced S. chinensis genome, we revisited the phylogenetic position of magnoliids within mesangiosperms, and recovered a sister relationship for magnoliids and Chloranthales. By considering differentially expressed genes, we identified candidate genes that are involved in the morphogenesis of the white leaves in S. chinensis. Among those genes, we verified - in a transgenic experiment with Arabidopsis - that increasing the expression of the "pseudo-etiolation in light" gene (ScPEL) can inhibit the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. ScPEL is thus likely responsible for the switches between green and white leaves, suggesting that changes in gene expression may underlie the evolution of pollination strategies. Despite being an herbaceous plant, S. chinensis still has vascular cambium and maintains the potential for secondary growth as a woody plant, because the necessary machinery, i.e., the entire gene set involved in lignin biosynthesis, is well preserved. However, similar expression levels of two key genes (CCR and CAD) between the stem and other tissues in the lignin biosynthesis pathway are possibly associated with the herbaceous nature of S. chinensis. In conclusion, the S. chinensis genome provides valuable insights into the adaptive evolution of pollination in Saururaceae and reveals a possible mechanism for the evolution of herbaceousness in magnoliids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Center for Plant Diversity and Systematics, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shuai-Ya Hu
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shu-Min Kao
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Center for Plant Diversity and Systematics, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Min Chen
- Center for Plant Diversity and Systematics, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yichun Qiu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hai-Yun Fan
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Chen L, Wen DQ, Shi GL, Sun D, Yin Y, Yu M, An WQ, Tang Q, Ai J, Han LJ, Yan CB, Sun YJ, Wang YP, Wang ZX, Fan DY. Different photoprotective strategies for white leaves between two co-occurring Actinidia species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13880. [PMID: 36840627 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
At the outer canopy, the white leaves of Actinidia kolomikta can turn pink but they stay white in A. polygama. We hypothesized that the different leaf colors in the two Actinidia species may represent different photoprotection strategies. To test the hypothesis, leaf optical spectra, anatomy, chlorophyll a fluorescence, superoxide (O2 ˙- ) concentration, photosystem II photo-susceptibility, and expression of anthocyanin-related genes were investigated. On the adaxial side, light reflectance was the highest for white leaves of A. kolomikta, followed by its pink leaves and white leaves of A. polygama, and the absorptance for white leaves of A. kolomikta was the lowest. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content of white and pink leaves in A. kolomikta were significantly lower than those of A. polygama, while the relative anthocyanin content of pink leaves was the highest. Chloroplasts of palisade cells of white leaves in A. kolomikta were not well developed with a lower maximum quantum efficiency of PSII than the other types of leaves (pink leaves of A. kolomikta and white leaves of A. Polygama at the inner/outer canopy). After high light treatment from the abaxial surface, Fv /Fm decreased to a larger extent for white leaves of A. kolomikta than pink leaf and white leaves of A. polygama, and its non-photochemical quenching was also the lowest. White leaves of A. kolomikta showed higher O2 ˙- concentration compared to pink leaves under the same strong irradiance. The expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in pink leaves were higher than in white leaves. These results indicate that white leaves of A. kolomikta apply a reflection strategy for photoprotection, while pink leaves resist photoinhibition via anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Quan Wen
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Li Shi
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yin
- Plant Science Facility of the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yu
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi An
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ai
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Han
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Bin Yan
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Jing Sun
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Xing Wang
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Yong Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yu M, Chen L, Liu DH, Sun D, Shi GL, Yin Y, Wen DQ, Wang ZX, Ai J. Enhancement of Photosynthetic Capacity in Spongy Mesophyll Cells in White Leaves of Actinidia kolomikta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856732. [PMID: 35646000 PMCID: PMC9131848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Considering that Actinidia kolomikta bears abundant white leaves on reproductive branches during blossoming, we hypothesized that the white leaves may maintain photosynthetic capacity by adjustments of leaf anatomy and physiological regulation. To test this hypothesis, leaf anatomy, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and the transcriptome were examined in white leaves of A. kolomikta during flowering. The palisade and spongy mesophyll in the white leaves were thicker than those in green ones. Chloroplast development in palisade parenchyma of white leaves was abnormal, whereas spongy parenchyma of white leaves contained functional chloroplasts. The highest photosynthetic rate of white leaves was ~82% of that of green leaves over the course of the day. In addition, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (F v/F m) of the palisade mesophyll in white leaves was significantly lower than those of green ones, whereas F v/F m and quantum yield for electron transport were significantly higher in the spongy mesophyll of white leaves. Photosynthetic capacity regulation of white leaf also was attributed to upregulation or downregulation of some key genes involving in photosynthesis. Particularly, upregulation of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), glyeraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and RuBisCO activase (RCA) in white leaf suggested that they might be involved in regulation of sugar synthesis and Rubisco activase in maintaining photosynthetic capacity of white leaf. Conclusions: white leaves contained a thicker mesophyll layer and higher photosynthetic activity in spongy parenchyma cells than those of palisade parenchyma cells. This may compensate for the lowered photosynthetic capacity of the palisade mesophyll. Consequently, white leaves maintain a relatively high photosynthetic capacity in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guang-li Shi
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Envolutionary Botany, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-quan Wen
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-xing Wang
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Ai
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Zhao YH, Zhang XM, Li DZ. Development of the petaloid bracts of a paleoherb species, Saururus chinensis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255679. [PMID: 34473732 PMCID: PMC8412408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Saururus chinensis is a core member of Saururaceae, an ancient, perianthless (lacking petals or sepals) family of the magnoliids in the Mesangiospermae, which is important for understanding the origin and evolution of early flowers due to its unusual floral composition and petaloid bracts. To compare their transcriptomes, RNA-seq abundance analysis identified 43,463 genes that were found to be differentially expressed in S. chinensis bracts. Of these, 5,797 showed significant differential expression, of which 1,770 were up-regulated and 4,027 down-regulated in green compared to white bracts. The expression profiles were also compared using cDNA microarrays, which identified 166 additional differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, qRT-PCR was used to verify and extend the cDNA microarray results, showing that the A and B class MADS-box genes were up-regulated in the white bracts. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on putative S. chinensis A and B-class of MADS-box genes to infer evolutionary relationships within the A and B-class of MADS-box gene family. In addition, nature selection and protein interactions of B class MADS-box proteins were inferred that B-class genes free from evolutionary pressures. The results indicate that petaloid bracts display anatomical and gene expression features normally associated with petals, as found in petaloid bracts of other species, and support an evolutionarily conserved developmental program for petaloid bracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-He Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Nagaoka N, Naoe S, Takano-Masuya Y, Sakai S. Green greenhouse: leaf enclosure for fruit development of an androdioecious vine, Schizopepon bryoniifolius. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201718. [PMID: 33023418 PMCID: PMC7657851 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual plants can produce leaves that differ substantially in size, morphology and many other traits. However, leaves that play a specific role in reproduction have rarely been reported. Here, we report leaves specialized to enclose fruit clusters and enhance seed production in an annual vine, Schizopepon bryoniifolius. Enclosure leaves were produced at the end of the growing season in late autumn. They were different in greenness and structure from other leaves. Under solar radiation, the ambient temperature inside an intact enclosure was up to 4.6°C higher than that near a fruit cluster whose enclosure leaves had been removed. We found that enclosures were thicker at colder sites. Removal of enclosing leaves negatively affected fruit survival and/or growth, but we could not identify the exact mechanism. The results suggested that enclosures allow the plant to produce seeds under the cold weather the plant encounters at the end of its life. Vegetative and reproductive traits of plants have usually been studied separately. This study indicates how they can dynamically interact, as shown by an examination of associations among leaf and reproductive trait changes according to life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Nagaoka
- Yamagata Prefectural Natural Museum Park, Ubagatake 159, Shizu, Nishikawa-cho, Nishi-Murayama-gun 990-0734, Japan
| | - Shoji Naoe
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa 92-25, Morioka 020-0123, Japan
| | - Yu Takano-Masuya
- Yamagata Prefectural Natural Museum Park, Ubagatake 159, Shizu, Nishikawa-cho, Nishi-Murayama-gun 990-0734, Japan
| | - Shoko Sakai
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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