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Marcel H, Javier MGJ, Emilio C, Roman H, Jose Luis RL. Seed shape and size of Silene latifolia, differences between sexes, and influence of the parental genome in hybrids with Silene dioica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1297676. [PMID: 38529065 PMCID: PMC10961389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1297676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plants undergo various natural changes that dramatically modify their genomes. One is polyploidization and the second is hybridization. Both are regarded as key factors in plant evolution and result in phenotypic differences in different plant organs. In Silene, we can find both examples in nature, and this genus has a seed shape diversity that has long been recognized as a valuable source of information for infrageneric classification. Methods Morphometric analysis is a statistical study of shape and size and their covariations with other variables. Traditionally, seed shape description was limited to an approximate comparison with geometric figures (rounded, globular, reniform, or heart-shaped). Seed shape quantification has been based on direct measurements, such as area, perimeter, length, and width, narrowing statistical analysis. We used seed images and processed them to obtain silhouettes. We performed geometric morphometric analyses, such as similarity to geometric models and elliptic Fourier analysis, to study the hybrid offspring of S. latifolia and S. dioica. Results We generated synthetic tetraploids of Silene latifolia and performed controlled crosses between diploid S. latifolia and Silene dioica to analyze seed morphology. After imaging capture and post-processing, statistical analysis revealed differences in seed size, but not in shape, between S. latifolia diploids and tetraploids, as well as some differences in shape among the parentals and hybrids. A detailed inspection using fluorescence microscopy allowed for the identification of shape differences in the cells of the seed coat. In the case of hybrids, differences were found in circularity and solidity. Overal seed shape is maternally regulated for both species, whereas cell shape cannot be associated with any of the sexes. Discussion Our results provide additional tools useful for the combination of morphology with genetics, ecology or taxonomy. Seed shape is a robust indicator that can be used as a complementary tool for the genetic and phylogenetic analyses of Silene hybrid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubinský Marcel
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research (NCBR), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Cervantes Emilio
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA)-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Hobza Roman
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Rodríguez Lorenzo Jose Luis
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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Zluvova J, Kubat Z, Hobza R, Janousek B. Adaptive changes of the autosomal part of the genome in a dioecious clade of Silene. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210228. [PMID: 35306886 PMCID: PMC8935319 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Silene brings many opportunities for the study of various processes involved in the evolution of dioecy and young sex chromosomes. Here we focus on a dioecious clade in Silene subgenus Silene and closely related species. This study provides improved support for monophyly of this clade (based on inclusion of further dioecious species) and a new estimate of its age (ca 2.3 million years). We observed a rise in adaptive evolution in the autosomal and pseudoautosomal parts of the genome on the branch where dioecy originated. This increase is not a result of the accumulation of sexually antagonistic genes in the pseudoautosomal region. It is also not caused by the coevolution of genes acting in mitochondria (despite the possibility that dioecy along this branch could have evolved from a nucleo-cytoplasmic male sterility-based system). After considering other possibilities, the most parsimonious explanation for the increase seen in the number of positively selected codons is the adaptive evolution of genes involved in the adaptation of the autosomal part of the genome to dioecy, as described in Charnov's sex-allocation theory. As the observed coincidence cannot prove causality, studies in other dioecious clades are necessary to allow the formation of general conclusions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Zluvova
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, Brno CZ - 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kubat
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, Brno CZ - 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hobza
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, Brno CZ - 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Janousek
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, Brno CZ - 612 65, Czech Republic
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Breton S, Stewart DT, Brémaud J, Havird JC, Smith CH, Hoeh WR. Did doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mtDNA originate as a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system? Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100283. [PMID: 35170770 PMCID: PMC9083018 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal and plant species exhibit an astonishing diversity of sexual systems, including environmental and genetic determinants of sex, with the latter including genetic material in the mitochondrial genome. In several hermaphroditic plants for example, sex is determined by an interaction between mitochondrial cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) genes and nuclear restorer genes. Specifically, CMS involves aberrant mitochondrial genes that prevent pollen development and specific nuclear genes that restore it, leading to a mixture of female (male-sterile) and hermaphroditic individuals in the population (gynodioecy). Such a mitochondrial-nuclear sex determination system is thought to be rare outside plants. Here, we present one possible case of CMS in animals. We hypothesize that the only exception to the strict maternal mtDNA inheritance in animals, the doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) system in bivalves, might have originated as a mitochondrial-nuclear sex-determination system. We document and explore similarities that exist between DUI and CMS, and we propose various ways to test our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Breton
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald T Stewart
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julie Brémaud
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Justin C Havird
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chase H Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Walter R Hoeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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Renner SS, Müller NA. Plant sex chromosomes defy evolutionary models of expanding recombination suppression and genetic degeneration. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:392-402. [PMID: 33782581 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of land plant lineages have independently evolved separate sexes in either gametophytes (dioicy) or sporophytes (dioecy), but 43% of all dioecious angiosperms are found in just 34 entirely dioecious clades, suggesting that their mode of sex determination evolved a long time ago. Here, we review recent insights on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the evolutionary change from individuals that each produce male and female gametes to individuals specializing in the production of just one type of gamete. The canonical model of sex chromosome evolution in plants predicts that two sex-determining genes will become linked in a sex-determining region (SDR), followed by expanding recombination suppression, chromosome differentiation and, ultimately, degeneration. Experimental work, however, is showing that single genes function as master regulators in model systems, such as the liverwort Marchantia and the angiosperms Diospyros and Populus. In Populus, this type of regulatory function has been demonstrated by genome editing. In other systems, including Actinidia, Asparagus and Vitis, two coinherited factors appear to independently regulate female and male function, yet sex chromosome differentiation has remained low. We discuss the best-understood systems and evolutionary pathways to dioecy, and present a meta-analysis of the sizes and ages of SDRs. We propose that limited sexual conflict explains why most SDRs are small and sex chromosomes remain homomorphic. It appears that models of increasing recombination suppression with age do not apply because selection favours mechanisms in which sex determination depends on minimal differences, keeping it surgically precise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Niels A Müller
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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Rodríguez-Castañeda NL, Ortiz PL, Arista M, Narbona E, Buide ML. Indirect Selection on Flower Color in Silene littorea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:588383. [PMID: 33424884 PMCID: PMC7785944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flower color, as other floral traits, may suffer conflicting selective pressures mediated by both mutualists and antagonists. The maintenance of intraspecific flower color variability has been usually explained as a result of direct selection by biotic agents. However, flower color might also be under indirect selection through correlated traits, since correlations among flower traits are frequent. In this study, we aimed to find out how flower color variability is maintained in two nearby populations of Silene littorea that consistently differ in the proportions of white-flowered plants. To do that, we assessed natural selection on floral color and correlated traits by means of phenotypic selection analysis and path analysis. Strong directional selection on floral display and flower production was found in both populations through either male or female fitness. Flower color had a negative indirect effect on the total male and female fitness in Melide population, as plants with lighter corollas produced more flowers. In contrast, in Barra population, plants with darker corollas produced more flowers and have darker calices, which in turn were selected. Our results suggest that the prevalence of white-flowered plants in Melide and pink-flowered plants in Barra is a result of indirect selection through correlated flower traits and not a result of direct selection of either pollinators or herbivores on color.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro L. Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arista
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mª Luisa Buide
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Baskin JM, Baskin CC. Seed germination of gynodioecious species: theoretical considerations and a comparison of females and hermaphrodites. PLANTA 2020; 252:73. [PMID: 33025176 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Better seed germination of females than of hermaphrodites is not a major contributor to the greater geometric lifetime fitness that females require to be maintained in a gynodioecious population. Gynodioecy is a sexually dimorphic breeding system in which females (F, male sterile) and hermaphrodites (H) coexist in the same population. For plants with nuclear (biparental) inheritance of male sterility, theory predicts that except when the product of selfing rate (s) and inbreeding depression (δ) in H is high (sδ > 0.50), F must compensate (female advantage) for the loss of gene transmission via pollen production by producing more or higher-quality offspring than H to be maintained in the population. For species with cytoplasmic (maternal) inheritance of male sterility, the female requires only a small compensation in seed production or some other offspring fitness trait to persist. Reallocation to seeds of resources saved by loss of pollen production is expected to increase the quantity (number) and/or quality (mass, germinability) of seeds produced by F, thus compensating for the lack of pollen production. The primary aim of our study was to compare seed germination of F and H via a literature review. Based on theoretical considerations, we hypothesized that seeds of F should germinate better or equally as well as those of H. We found that of 235 case studies for 47 species Fgerm > Hgerm in 48.1%, Fgerm = Hgerm in 38.3% and Fgerm < Hgerm in 13.6%. Our results are very similar to those of a previously published meta-analysis that included germination of F and H for 12 species. For 162 cases on seed size, F > H in 29.0%, F = H in 63.6% and F < H in 7.4%. Since [(Fgerm > Hgerm) < (Fgerm ≤ Hgerm)] and [(Fseedsize > Hseedsize) < (Fseedsize ≤ Hseedsize)], these results suggest that seed quality is not a major fitness component of female advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry M Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA
| | - Carol C Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA.
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA.
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Baránková S, Pascual-Díaz JP, Sultana N, Alonso-Lifante MP, Balant M, Barros K, D'Ambrosio U, Malinská H, Peska V, Pérez Lorenzo I, Kovařík A, Vyskot B, Janoušek B, Garcia S. Sex-chrom, a database on plant sex chromosomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1594-1604. [PMID: 32357248 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Baránková
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joan Pere Pascual-Díaz
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nusrat Sultana
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Pilar Alonso-Lifante
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manica Balant
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Karina Barros
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ugo D'Ambrosio
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hana Malinská
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Vratislav Peska
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iván Pérez Lorenzo
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aleš Kovařík
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Vyskot
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Janoušek
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sònia Garcia
- Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC, Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Álvarez I, Agudo AB, Herrero A, Torices R. The Mendelian inheritance of gynomonoecy: insights from Anacyclus hybridizing species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:116-125. [PMID: 31903550 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Gynomonoecy is an infrequent sexual system in angiosperms, although widely represented within the Asteraceae family. Currently, the hypothesis of two nuclear loci controling gynomonoecy is the most accepted. However, the genic interactions are still uncertain. Anacyclus clavatus, A. homogamos, and A. valentinus differ in their sexual system and floral traits. Here, we investigate the inheritance of gynomonoecy in this model system to understand its prevalence in the family. METHODS We selected six natural populations (two per species) for intra- and interspecific experimental crosses, and generated a total of 1123 individuals from the F1 generation, F2 , and backcrosses for sexual system characterization. The frequency of gynomonoecy observed for each cross was tested to fit different possible hypotheses of genic interaction. Additionally, the breeding system and the degree of reproductive isolation between these species were assessed. RESULTS Complementary epistasis, in which two dominant alleles are required for trait expression, explained the frequencies of gynomonoecy observed across all generations. The heterozygosity inferred in Anacyclus valentinus, as well as its lower and variable seed set, is congruent with its hybrid origin. CONCLUSIONS In our model system gynomonoecy is controlled by complementary epistasis of two genes. A common origin of this sexual system in Asteraceae, in which genic duplications, mutations, and hybridization between lineages played a key role, is hypothesized whereas independent evolutionary pathways and possibly diverse underlying genetic factors are suggested for gynomonoecy expression in other angiosperm families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Álvarez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014-Madrid, Spain
| | - A Bruno Agudo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014-Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Herrero
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014-Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Torices
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933-Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Krüger M, Abeyawardana OAJ, Juříček M, Krüger C, Štorchová H. Variation in plastid genomes in the gynodioecious species Silene vulgaris. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:568. [PMID: 31856730 PMCID: PMC6921581 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynodioecious species exist in two sexes - male-sterile females and hermaphrodites. Male sterility in higher plants often results from mitonuclear interaction between the CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) gene(s) encoded by mitochondrial genome and by nuclear-encoded restorer genes. Mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded transcriptomes in females and hermaphrodites are intensively studied, but little is known about sex-specific gene expression in plastids. We have compared plastid transcriptomes between females and hermaphrodites in two haplotypes of a gynodioecious species Silene vulgaris with known CMS candidate genes. RESULTS We generated complete plastid genome sequences from five haplotypes S. vulgaris including the haplotypes KRA and KOV, for which complete mitochondrial genome sequences were already published. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on plastid sequences of S. vulgaris. Whereas lowland S. vulgaris haplotypes including KRA and KOV clustered together, the accessions from high European mountains diverged early in the phylogram. S. vulgaris belongs among Silene species with slowly evolving plastid genomes, but we still detected 212 substitutions and 112 indels between two accessions of this species. We estimated elevated Ka/Ks in the ndhF gene, which may reflect the adaptation of S. vulgaris to high altitudes, or relaxed selection. We compared depth of coverage and editing rates between female and hermaphrodite plastid transcriptomes and found no significant differences between the two sexes. We identified 51 unique C to U editing sites in the plastid genomes of S. vulgaris, 38 of them in protein coding regions, 2 in introns, and 11 in intergenic regions. The editing site in the psbZ gene was edited only in one of two plastid genomes under study. CONCLUSIONS We revealed no significant differences between the sexes in plastid transcriptomes of two haplotypes of S. vulgaris. It suggests that gene expression of plastid genes is not affected by CMS in flower buds of S. vulgaris, although both sexes may still differ in plastid gene expression in specific tissues. We revealed the difference between the plastid transcriptomes of two S. vulgaris haplotypes in editing rate and in the coverage of several antisense transcripts. Our results document the variation in plastid genomes and transcriptomes in S. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Krüger
- Plant Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany v.v.i, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oushadee A. J. Abeyawardana
- Plant Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany v.v.i, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Juříček
- Plant Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany v.v.i, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Helena Štorchová
- Plant Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany v.v.i, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
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Balounova V, Gogela R, Cegan R, Cangren P, Zluvova J, Safar J, Kovacova V, Bergero R, Hobza R, Vyskot B, Oxelman B, Charlesworth D, Janousek B. Evolution of sex determination and heterogamety changes in section Otites of the genus Silene. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1045. [PMID: 30705300 PMCID: PMC6355844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Switches in heterogamety are known to occur in both animals and plants. Although plant sex determination systems probably often evolved more recently than those in several well-studied animals, including mammals, and have had less time for switches to occur, we previously detected a switch in heterogamety in the plant genus Silene: section Otites has both female and male heterogamety, whereas S. latifolia and its close relatives, in a different section of the genus, Melandrium (subgenus Behenantha), all have male heterogamety. Here we analyse the evolution of sex chromosomes in section Otites, which is estimated to have evolved only about 0.55 MYA. Our study confirms female heterogamety in S. otites and newly reveals female heterogamety in S. borysthenica. Sequence analyses and genetic mapping show that the sex-linked regions of these two species are the same, but the region in S. colpophylla, a close relative with male heterogamety, is different. The sex chromosome pairs of S. colpophylla and S. otites each correspond to an autosome of the other species, and both differ from the XY pair in S. latifolia. Silene section Otites species are suitable for detailed studies of the events involved in such changes, and our phylogenetic analysis suggests a possible change from female to male heterogamety within this section. Our analyses suggest a possibility that has so far not been considered, change in heterogamety through hybridization, in which a male-determining chromosome from one species is introgressed into another one, and over-rides its previous sex-determining system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Balounova
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Gogela
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Cegan
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Cangren
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden, Sweden
| | - Jitka Zluvova
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Safar
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Kovacova
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute for Biological Physics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 77, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roberta Bergero
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, EH9 3FL University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roman Hobza
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.,Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Vyskot
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bengt Oxelman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden, Sweden
| | - Deborah Charlesworth
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, EH9 3FL University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bohuslav Janousek
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Levels and patterns of genetic diversity can provide insights into a population’s history. In species with sex chromosomes, differences between genomic regions with unique inheritance patterns can be used to distinguish between different sets of possible demographic and selective events. This review introduces the differences in population history for sex chromosomes and autosomes, provides the expectations for genetic diversity across the genome under different evolutionary scenarios, and gives an introductory description for how deviations in these expectations are calculated and can be interpreted. Predominantly, diversity on the sex chromosomes has been used to explore and address three research areas: 1) Mating patterns and sex-biased variance in reproductive success, 2) signatures of selection, and 3) evidence for modes of speciation and introgression. After introducing the theory, this review catalogs recent studies of genetic diversity on the sex chromosomes across species within the major research areas that sex chromosomes are typically applied to, arguing that there are broad similarities not only between male-heterogametic (XX/XY) and female-heterogametic (ZZ/ZW) sex determination systems but also any mating system with reduced recombination in a sex-determining region. Further, general patterns of reduced diversity in nonrecombining regions are shared across plants and animals. There are unique patterns across populations with vastly different patterns of mating and speciation, but these do not tend to cluster by taxa or sex determination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Wilson Sayres
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University
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Zhou J, Zimmer EA, Fenster CB, Dudash MR. Characterization of the mating system of a native perennial tetraploid herb, Silene stellata. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1643-1652. [PMID: 30276803 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Nursery pollination systems can range from obligate to facultative. In a system where generalists provide substantial pollination service, an important question is whether the cost of seed predation outweighs the benefit provided by the nursery pollinator to cause the plant to evolve toward more generalized pollination. Using a facultative system native to North America, we tested whether nursery pollinator vs. strictly mutualistic generalists affect mating-system parameters of the host plant and explored the implications for long-term coevolution. METHODS We used paternity analyses with 11 microsatellite markers to characterize the mating system of Silene stellata when pollination service is primarily through the nursery pollinator Hadena ectypa and generalist moths. KEY RESULTS Our experimental population of S. stellata was predominantly outcrossing (average outcrossing rate t = 0.83), and mating-system parameters were similar between pollinator groups. We detected significant correlations in both selfing and outcrossed paternity at the fruit and maternal family level, corresponding to limited pollen dispersal (mean = 3.9 m). Among individuals, variation in anther-stigma separation was positively associated with outcrossing rate, which suggests the importance of herkogamy in preventing selfing. CONCLUSIONS Correlated paternity suggests that seeds from the same fruit and/or plants are sired by a limited number of pollen donors, resulting from low pollen dispersal and potential male-male competition. The similar mating-system parameters of the two pollinator groups suggest that selection for higher outcrossing in S. stellata is likely to be through floral design rather than through increased pollinator specialization with H. ectypa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juannan Zhou
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmer
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 166, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA
| | - Charles B Fenster
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
| | - Michele R Dudash
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, 57007, USA
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