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Rittschof CC, Denny AS. The Impacts of Early-Life Experience on Bee Phenotypes and Fitness. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:808-824. [PMID: 36881719 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Across diverse animal species, early-life experiences have lifelong impacts on a variety of traits. The scope of these impacts, their implications, and the mechanisms that drive these effects are central research foci for a variety of disciplines in biology, from ecology and evolution to molecular biology and neuroscience. Here, we review the role of early life in shaping adult phenotypes and fitness in bees, emphasizing the possibility that bees are ideal species to investigate variation in early-life experience and its consequences at both individual and population levels. Bee early life includes the larval and pupal stages, critical time periods during which factors like food availability, maternal care, and temperature set the phenotypic trajectory for an individual's lifetime. We discuss how some common traits impacted by these experiences, including development rate and adult body size, influence fitness at the individual level, with possible ramifications at the population level. Finally, we review ways in which human alterations to the landscape may impact bee populations through early-life effects. This review highlights aspects of bees' natural history and behavioral ecology that warrant further investigation with the goal of understanding how environmental disturbances threaten these vulnerable species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare C Rittschof
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Amanda S Denny
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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2
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Grüter C, Hayes L. Sociality is a key driver of foraging ranges in bees. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5390-5397.e3. [PMID: 36400034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bees are important pollinators of wild and agricultural plants1,2,3,4,5 and there is increasing evidence that many bee populations decline due to a combination of habitat loss, climate change, pesticides, and other anthropogenic effects.6,7,8,9,10,11 One trait that shapes both their role in plant reproduction12,13 and their exposure to anthropogenic stressors is the distance at which bees forage. It has been suggested that bee sociality14 and diet15 affect bee foraging ranges, but how these traits and their potential interactions drive foraging ranges remains unclear. We analyzed flight distance data from 90 bee species and developed an agent-based model to test how social, dietary, and environmental factors affect foraging ranges. We confirm that bee sociality is positively associated with foraging range, with average-sized social bees foraging up to 3 times farther from the nest than size-matched solitary bees. A comparative analysis of social bees and computer simulations shows that foraging distances increase with colony size, supporting the hypothesis that greater foraging distances are an emergent property of increasing colony sizes in a food-limited environment. Flower constancy and communication, two traits often found in social bees, synergistically increase foraging distances further in many simulated environments. Diet breadth (oligolectic versus polylectic diet), on the other hand, does not appear to affect foraging ranges in solitary bees. Our findings suggest that multiple traits linked to bee sociality explain why social bees have greater foraging ranges. This has implications for predicting pollination services and for developing effective conservation strategies for bees and isolated plant populations.15,16,17,18,19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Grüter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, BS8 1TQ Bristol, UK.
| | - Lucy Hayes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, BS8 1TQ Bristol, UK
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3
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Möllmann JS, Colgan TJ. Genomic architecture and sexually dimorphic expression underlying immunity in the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:686-700. [PMID: 35716016 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insect pollinators provide crucial ecosystem services yet face increasing environmental pressures. The challenges posed by novel and reemerging pathogens on bee health means we need to improve our understanding of the immune system, an important barrier to infections and disease. Despite the importance of solitary bees, which are ecologically relevant, our understanding of the genomic basis and molecular mechanisms underlying their immune potential, and how intrinsic and extrinsic factors may influence it is limited. To improve our understanding of the genomic architecture underlying immunity of a key solitary bee pollinator, we characterized putative immune genes of the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis. In addition, we used publicly available RNA-seq datasets to determine how sexes differ in immune gene expression and splicing but also how pesticide exposure may affect immune gene expression in females. Through comparative genomics, we reveal an evolutionarily conserved set of more than 500 putative immune-related genes. We found genome-wide patterns of sex-biased gene expression, with greater enrichment of immune-related processes among genes with higher constitutive expression in males than females. Our results also suggest an up-regulation of immune-related genes in response to exposure to two common neonicotinoids, thiacloprid and imidacloprid. Collectively, our study provides important insights into the gene repertoire, regulation and expression differences in the sexes of O. bicornis, as well as providing additional support for how neonicotinoids can affect immune gene expression, which may affect the capacity of solitary bees to respond to pathogenic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik S Möllmann
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas J Colgan
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Akram W, Sajjad A, Ghramh HA, Ali M, Khan KA. Nesting Biology and Ecology of a Resin Bee, Megachile cephalotes (Megachilidae: Hymenoptera). INSECTS 2022; 13:1058. [PMID: 36421961 PMCID: PMC9698045 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the nesting biology and ecology of Megachile cephalotes Smith, 1853 for the first time in Pakistan. Wooden and bamboo trap nests were deployed at three different locations in Bahawalpur district, Pakistan, from January 2020 to May 2021. A total of 242 nests of M. cephalotes were occupied in all three locations with the maximum abundance in the Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies. Megachile cephalotes remained active from March to September (the spring and summer seasons). In a nest, females made 7-8 brood cells each having a length of 1.2-2.3 cm. Plant resin was used to construct cells and mud or animal dung to plug the nest entrance. A vestibular cell was also made between the outermost brood cell and the nest entrance that ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 cm in length. No intercalary cells were observed in the nests. The males took 65.3 days to become adults, while the females took 74.78 days. The sex ratio was significantly biased toward females in all three locations. Grewia asiatica was the predominant pollen grain species found in the brood cells. Megachile cephalotes were observed collecting resin from Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora, and Moringa oleifera. Three cleptoparasites of this species were also recorded: Euaspis carbonaria, Coelioxys sp., and Anthrax sp. This study set up a background to encourage new studies on artificial nesting and provides tools for proper biodiversity management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Akram
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asif Sajjad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hamed A. Ghramh
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mudssar Ali
- Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Applied College, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Floral resource distribution and fitness consequences for two solitary bee species in agricultural landscapes. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Demeter I, Balog A, Sárospataki M. Variation of Small and Large Wild Bee Communities Under Honeybee Pressure in Highly Diverse Natural Habitats. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.750236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the study, the honeybee effects on wild bees were tested and hypothesized that smaller distances from beehives will increase competitions between honeybees and wild bees, while greater distances will have a deleterious effect on competition. The impact on species richness and diversity was tested with distances from beehives, considering that this may differ when large and small wild bee species are considered separately. Altogether 158 species and 13,164 individuals were collected, from which 72% (9,542 individuals) were Apis mellifera. High variation in abundances was detected from one year to another, and the species turnover by sites was 67% in site A, 66% in site V, and 63% in site F. This last one was the site with the previous contact with honeybees. Considering distances from beehives, significant decreases in small bee species diversity were detected from one year to another at each distance except site F, 250 m from hives. The changes in species diversity and community structure of small bee species are detected from one year to another.
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Slominski AH, Burkle LA. Asynchrony between solitary bee emergence and flower availability reduces flower visitation rate and may affect offspring size. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mikát M, Waldhauserová J, Fraňková T, Čermáková K, Brož V, Zeman Š, Dokulilová M, Straka J. Only mothers feed mature offspring in European Ceratina bees. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1468-1481. [PMID: 32725763 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parental care directed to adult offspring is uncommon in animals. Such parental care has been documented in Xylocopinae bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Moreover, some Ceratina bees (Xylocopinae) are known to feed mature siblings, and feeding of mature siblings is achieved by dwarf eldest daughters when mothers died. These daughters are intentionally malnourished by mothers and usually originate from the first brood cell. Here, we examined the pattern of care provided to young adults in three small European carpenter bees: Ceratina (Ceratina) cucurbitina, C. (Euceratina) chalybea, and C. (E.) nigrolabiata. Observations of nest departures and arrivals were performed to study foraging behavior. We detected intensive foraging behavior of mothers in all three studied species. However, we did not observe regular foraging behavior of daughters in any species. The experimental removal of mothers in C. cucurbitina led to the emigration of young adults and did not initiate foraging activity in daughters. We conclude that the feeding of siblings does not occur in these species unlike in the American species C. calcarata. We detected female-biased sex ratios in the first brood cell in C. cucurbitina and C. chalybea. Female offspring in the first brood cell was smaller than other female offspring only in C. cucurbitina. Our results show that a female-biased sex ratio and the small size of daughters in the first brood cell do not provide sufficient evidence for demonstrating the existence of an altruistic daughter and also that the pattern of maternal investment is not exclusively shaped by social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mikát
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tereza Fraňková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Čermáková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Brož
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Zeman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Dokulilová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Straka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Strobl V, Albrecht M, Villamar-Bouza L, Tosi S, Neumann P, Straub L. The neonicotinoid thiamethoxam impairs male fertility in solitary bees, Osmia cornuta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117106. [PMID: 33930781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing loss of global biodiversity is endangering ecosystem functioning and human food security. While environmental pollutants are well known to reduce fertility, the potential effects of common neonicotinoid insecticides on insect fertility remain poorly understood. Here, we show that field-realistic neonicotinoid exposure can drastically impact male insect fertility. In the laboratory, male and female solitary bees Osmia cornuta were exposed to four concentrations of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam to measure survival, food consumption, and sperm traits. Despite males being exposed to higher dosages of thiamethoxam, females revealed an overall increased hazard rate for survival; suggesting sex-specific differences in toxicological sensitivity. All tested sublethal concentrations (i.e., 1.5, 4.5 and 10 ng g-1) reduced sperm quantity by 57% and viability by 42% on average, with the lowest tested concentration leading to a reduction in total living sperm by 90%. As the tested sublethal concentrations match estimates of global neonicotinoid pollution, this reveals a plausible mechanism for population declines, thereby reflecting a realistic concern. An immediate reduction in environmental pollutants is required to decelerate the ongoing loss of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Strobl
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Laura Villamar-Bouza
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Pesticides Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Tosi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Willis Chan DS, Raine NE. Hoary Squash Bees (Eucera pruinosa: Hymenoptera: Apidae) Provide Abundant and Reliable Pollination Services to Cucurbita Crops in Ontario (Canada). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:968-981. [PMID: 33998650 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for insect-pollinated crops highlights the need for crop pollination paradigms that include all available pollinators. In North America, Cucurbita crops (pumpkin, squash) depend on both wild (solitary and Bombus spp.: Hymenoptera: Apidae) and managed honey bees (Apis mellifera L. 1758: Hymenoptera: Apidae) for pollination. Temporal and spatial differences in abundance may determine which bee taxa are the most important pollinators of Cucurbita crops. We surveyed bees visiting Cucurbita crop flowers on 19 farms over four years (2015-2018) during the crop flowering period (July 1-August 30 from 06:00-12:00). All the farms surveyed had hoary squash bees (Eucera pruinosa (Say, 1867), and most also had some combination of honey bees, bumble bees (Bombus spp.), or other wild bees present on their Cucurbita crop flowers. All four bee taxa were present on about two-thirds of farms. Spatially and temporally, wild bees were more abundant on Cucurbita crop flowers than managed honey bees. Hoary squash bees were the most abundant wild bees, maintaining their abundance relative to other wild bee taxa year-over-year. Male hoary squash bees were both more frequently and consistently seen visiting crop flowers than females in all years. Peak activity of hoary squash bees and bumble bees coincided with the daily crop pollination window, whereas peak activity of honey bees and other wild bees occurred after that window. In addition to elucidating the ecological interactions among wild and managed pollinators on Cucurbita crops, our work provides a novel practical way to evaluate pollinator abundance using a crop-centered benchmark framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel E Raine
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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12
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Zaragoza-Trello C, Vilà M, Bartomeus I. Interaction between warming and landscape foraging resource availability on solitary bee reproduction. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2536-2546. [PMID: 34143425 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Solitary bees comprise around 90% of bee species, playing an essential role in both wild and crop plant pollination. Bee populations are jeopardized by different global change pressures such as climate change and landscape transformation. However, the interactive effects of global change components have been little explored, especially for solitary bees. We conducted a factorial experiment using artificial nest-traps to analyse the combined effect of climate warming and landscape transformation on Osmia bicornis reproduction and offspring body size. The number of bee cocoons increased with temperature and flower abundance in the landscape. However, the sex ratio was biased towards males with warming, especially at low flower abundances. Male body size increased with temperature. Conversely, female body sizes showed strong interactive responses, increasing in size with high flower abundance in the landscape, but only at low temperatures. The abortion rate of larvae and parasitization were not significantly affected by neither flower abundance nor temperature. Because the body size of females in O. bicornis is key for the next generation's progeny success, our results indicate that the simultaneous exposure to a shortage of floral resources and high temperatures may have adverse direct fitness effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Montserrat Vilà
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.,Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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13
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Díaz SS, Carisio L, Manino A, Biella P, Porporato M. Nesting, Sex Ratio and Natural Enemies of the Giant Resin Bee in Relation to Native Species in Europe. INSECTS 2021; 12:545. [PMID: 34208066 PMCID: PMC8230627 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Megachile sculpturalis (Smith, 1853) is the first exotic bee species in Europe. Its remarkably fast expansion across this continent is leading to a growing concern on the extent of negative impacts to the native fauna. To evaluate the interactions of exotic bees with local wild bees, we set up trap nests for above-ground nesting bees on a semi-urban area of north-western Italy. We aimed to investigate the interaction in artificial traps between the exotic and native wild bees and to assess offspring traits accounting for exotic bee fitness: progeny sex ratio and incidence of natural enemies. We found that the tunnels occupied by exotic bees were already cohabited by O. cornuta, and thus the cells of later nesting alien bees may block the native bee emergence for the next year. The progeny sex ratio of M. sculpturalis was strongly unbalanced toward males, indicating a temporary adverse population trend in the local invaded area. In addition, we documented the presence of three native natural enemies affecting the brood of the exotic bee. Our results bring out new insights on how the M. sculpturalis indirectly competes with native species and on its performance in new locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Straffon Díaz
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy; (L.C.); (A.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Luca Carisio
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy; (L.C.); (A.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Aulo Manino
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy; (L.C.); (A.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Paolo Biella
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Marco Porporato
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Turin), Italy; (L.C.); (A.M.); (M.P.)
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14
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Claus G, Pisman M, Spanoghe P, Smagghe G, Eeraerts M. Larval oral exposure to thiacloprid: Dose-response toxicity testing in solitary bees, Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 215:112143. [PMID: 33740489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of pesticides involves ecotoxicological testing. In case pesticide exposure to bees is likely, toxicity tests are performed with honey bees (Apis mellifera), with a tiered approach, for which validated and internationally accepted test protocols exist. However, concerns have grown regarding the protection of non-Apis bees [bumble bees (Bombus spp.), solitary and stingless bees], given their different life cycles and therefore distinct exposure routes. Larvae of solitary bees of the genus Osmia feed on unprocessed pollen during development, yet no toxicity test protocol is internationally accepted or validated to assess the impact of pesticide exposure during this stage of their life cycle. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to further validate a test protocol with two solitary bee species (O. cornuta and O. bicornis) to assess lethal and sublethal effects of pesticide exposure on larval development. Larvae were exposed to thiacloprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) mixed in a new, artificial pollen provision. Both lethal (developmental and winter mortality) and sublethal endpoints (larval development time, pollen provision consumption, cocoon weight, emergence time and adult longevity) were recorded. Effects of lower, more environmentally realistic doses were only reflected in sublethal endpoints. In both bee species, thiacloprid treatment was associated with increased developmental mortality and larval development time, and decreased pollen provision consumption and cocoon weight. The test protocol proved valid and robust and showed that for higher doses of thiacloprid the acute endpoint (larval mortality) is sufficient. In addition, new insights needed to develop a standardized test protocol were acquired, such as testing of a positive control for the first time and selection of male and female individuals at egg level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Claus
- Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Matti Pisman
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Laboratory of Crop Protection Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maxime Eeraerts
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Austin AJ, Gilbert JDJ. Solitary bee larvae prioritize carbohydrate over protein in parentally provided pollen. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Austin
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
- Strategy & Environment Ku‐ring‐gai Council Gordon NSW Australia
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16
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Strobl V, Straub L, Bruckner S, Albrecht M, Maitip J, Kolari E, Chantawannakul P, Williams GR, Neumann P. Not every sperm counts: Male fertility in solitary bees, Osmia cornuta. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214597. [PMID: 30921425 PMCID: PMC6440592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive strategies can act as strong selective forces on reproductive traits
of male insects, resulting in species-specific variation in sperm quantity and
viability. For solitary bees, basic measures of sperm quantity and viability are
scarce. Here we evaluated for the first time quantity and viability of sperm in
male Osmia cornuta solitary bees at different times after
emergence, and how they were affected by male body mass and environmental
condition (laboratory or semi-field arena). Sperm viability immediately after
adult emergence showed no significant difference compared to four day old
individuals, suggesting that O. cornuta males
are capable of mating immediately post emergence. However, sperm counts were
significantly higher in four day old individuals from the semi-field arena when
compared to newly emerged males. This might reflect a final phase of sperm
maturation. Regardless of individual male age and body mass differences,
O. cornuta males produced on average
~175’000 spermatozoa that were ~65% viable, which are both significantly lower
compared to eusocial honeybees and bumblebees. Moreover, sperm quantity, but not
viability, was positively correlated with male body mass four days after
emergence, while no such relationship was detected immediately after emergence.
Even though individuals maintained in semi-field conditions exhibited a
significantly greater loss of body mass, experimental arena had no significant
effect on male survival, sperm quality or total living sperm produced. This
suggests that the proposed laboratory design provides a cost-efficient and
simple experimental approach to assess sperm traits in solitary bees. In
conclusion, our data suggest a reduced investment in both sperm quantity and
quality by male O. cornuta, which appears to
be adaptive in light of the life history of this solitary bee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Strobl
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (VS); (LS)
| | - Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (VS); (LS)
| | - Selina Bruckner
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University,
Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Jakkrawut Maitip
- Faculty of Science, Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of
Technology, North Bangkok, Rayong Campus, Bankhai, Rayong,
Thailand
- Bee Protection Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Eleonora Kolari
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Center, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Geoffrey R. Williams
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University,
Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
- Swiss Bee Research Centre, Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Fitch G, Glaum P, Simao MC, Vaidya C, Matthijs J, Iuliano B, Perfecto I. Changes in adult sex ratio in wild bee communities are linked to urbanization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3767. [PMID: 30842451 PMCID: PMC6403428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild bees are indispensable pollinators, supporting global agricultural yield and angiosperm biodiversity. They are experiencing widespread declines, resulting from multiple interacting factors. The effects of urbanization, a major driver of ecological change, on bee populations are not well understood. Studies examining the aggregate response of wild bee abundance and diversity to urbanization tend to document minor changes. However, the use of aggregate metrics may mask trends in particular functional groups. We surveyed bee communities along an urban-to-rural gradient in SE Michigan, USA, and document a large change in observed sex ratio (OSR) along this gradient. OSR became more male biased as urbanization increased, mainly driven by a decline in medium and large bodied ground-nesting female bees. Nest site preference and body size mediated the effects of urbanization on OSR. Our results suggest that previously documented negative effects of urbanization on ground-nesting bees may underestimate the full impact of urbanization, and highlight the need for improved understanding of sex-based differences in the provision of pollination services by wild bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Fitch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan 1105 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Paul Glaum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan 1105 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Maria-Carolina Simao
- New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Rutgers University 88 Lipman Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Chatura Vaidya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan 1105 North University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jill Matthijs
- School of Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin Iuliano
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Energy Institute 1552 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Ivette Perfecto
- School of Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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18
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Ruddle N, Elston C, Klein O, Hamberger A, Thompson H. Effects of exposure to winter oilseed rape grown from thiamethoxam-treated seed on the red mason bee Osmia bicornis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1071-1083. [PMID: 29120069 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on wild bees. In solitary bee species the direct link between each individual female and reproductive success offers the opportunity to evaluate effects on individuals. The present study investigated effects of exposure to winter oilseed rape grown from thiamethoxam-treated seed on reproductive behavior and output of solitary red mason bees (Osmia bicornis) released in 6 pairs of fields over a 2-yr period and confined to tunnels in a single year. After adjustment to the number of females released, there was significantly lower production of cells and cocoons/female in tunnels than in open field conditions. This difference may be because of the lack of alternative forage within the tunnels. Under open field conditions, palynology of the pollen provisions within the nests demonstrated a maximum average of 31% oilseed rape pollen at any site, with Quercus (oak) contributing up to 86% of the pollen. There were no significant effects from exposure to oilseed rape grown from thiamethoxam-treated seed from nest establishment through cell production to emergence under tunnel or field conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1071-1083. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ruddle
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Elston
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf Klein
- Eurofins Agroscience Services Ecotox, Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany
| | - Anja Hamberger
- Eurofins Agroscience Services Ecotox, Niefern-Öschelbronn, Germany
| | - Helen Thompson
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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19
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Flo V, Bosch J, Arnan X, Primante C, Martín González AM, Barril-Graells H, Rodrigo A. Yearly fluctuations of flower landscape in a Mediterranean scrubland: Consequences for floral resource availability. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191268. [PMID: 29346453 PMCID: PMC5773194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Species flower production and flowering phenology vary from year to year due to extrinsic factors. Inter-annual variability in flowering patterns may have important consequences for attractiveness to pollinators, and ultimately, plant reproductive output. To understand the consequences of flowering pattern variability, a community approach is necessary because pollinator flower choice is highly dependent on flower context. Our objectives were: 1) To quantify yearly variability in flower density and phenology; 2) To evaluate whether changes in flowering patterns result in significant changes in pollen/nectar composition. We monitored weekly flowering patterns in a Mediterranean scrubland community (23 species) over 8 years. Floral resource availability was estimated based on field measures of pollen and nectar production per flower. We analysed inter-annual variation in flowering phenology (duration and date of peak bloom) and flower production, and inter-annual and monthly variability in flower, pollen and nectar species composition. We also investigated potential phylogenetic effects on inter-annual variability of flowering patterns. We found dramatic variation in yearly flower production both at the species and community levels. There was also substantial variation in flowering phenology. Importantly, yearly fluctuations were far from synchronous across species, and resulted in significant changes in floral resources availability and composition at the community level. Changes were especially pronounced late in the season, at a time when flowers are scarce and pollinator visitation rates are particularly high. We discuss the consequences of our findings for pollinator visitation and plant reproductive success in the current scenario of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Flo
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Bosch
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Arnan
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Clara Primante
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana M. Martín González
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Helena Barril-Graells
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anselm Rodrigo
- CREAF, Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Ecology Unit, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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20
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Mikát M, Franchino C, Rehan SM. Sociodemographic variation in foraging behavior and the adaptive significance of worker production in the facultatively social small carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Kierat J, Szentgyörgyi H, Czarnoleski M, Woyciechowski M. The thermal environment of the nest affects body and cell size in the solitary red mason bee ( Osmia bicornis L.). J Therm Biol 2017; 68:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Kierat J, Filipiak M, Szentgyörgyi H, Woyciechowski M. Predation Cues in Solitary bee Nests. JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR 2017; 30:385-393. [PMID: 28819337 PMCID: PMC5537383 DOI: 10.1007/s10905-017-9626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Predation at the nesting site can significantly affect solitary bees' reproductive success. We tested female red mason bees' (Osmia bicornis L.) acceptance of potential nesting sites, some of which were marked with cues coming from predated conspecifics (crushed bees) or from a predator itself (rodent excreta). In our experiment, females did not avoid nests marked with either of the two predator cues. We suggest that bee females do not recognize these two cues as risky. Alternatively, costs of abandoning natal aggregation might be too high compared with any perceived predation risk of staying. Moreover, the presence of crushed bees can provide positive information about the presence of conspecifics and, possibly, information about a nesting aggregation that may be preferred by bees when choosing a nesting site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kierat
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Filipiak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Hajnalka Szentgyörgyi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Pomology and Apiculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. 29. Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michal Woyciechowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Moure-Oliveira D, Rocha-Filho L, Ferreira-Caliman M, Garófalo C. Nesting dynamic and sex allocation of the oil-collecting bee Centris (Heterocentris) analis (Fabricius, 1804) (Apidae: Centridini). J NAT HIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1324052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Moure-Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L.C. Rocha-Filho
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M.J. Ferreira-Caliman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - C.A. Garófalo
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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24
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Peters B, Gao Z, Zumkier U. Large-scale monitoring of effects of clothianidin-dressed oilseed rape seeds on pollinating insects in Northern Germany: effects on red mason bees (Osmia bicornis). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1679-1690. [PMID: 27709397 PMCID: PMC5093198 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Elado® (10 g clothianidin & 2 g beta-cyfluthrin/kg seed)-dressed oilseed rape on the development and reproduction of mason bees (Osmia bicornis) as part of a large-scale monitoring field study in Northern Germany, where oilseed rape is usually cultivated at 25-33 % of the arable land. Both reference and test sites comprised 65 km2 in which no other crops attractive to pollinating insects were present. Six study locations were selected per site and three nesting shelters were placed at each location. Of these locations, three locations were directly adjacent to oilseed rape fields, while the other three locations were situated 100 m distant from the nearest oilseed rape field. At each location, 1500 cocoons of O. bicornis were placed into the central nesting shelter. During the exposure phase, nest building activities and foraging behaviour were assessed repeatedly. Cocoons were harvested in autumn to assess parasitization and reproduction including larval development. The following spring, the emergence of the next generation of adults from cocoons was monitored. High reproductive output and low parasitization rates indicated that Elado®-dressed oilseed rape did not cause any detrimental effects on the development or reproduction of mason bees.
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25
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Coudrain V, Rittiner S, Herzog F, Tinner W, Entling MH. Landscape distribution of food and nesting sites affect larval diet and nest size, but not abundance of Osmia bicornis. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:746-753. [PMID: 25973721 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is a major threat for beneficial organisms and the ecosystem services they provide. Multiple-habitat users such as wild bees depend on both nesting and foraging habitat. Thus, they may be affected by the fragmentation of at least two habitat types. We investigated the effects of landscape-scale amount of and patch isolation from both nesting habitat (woody plants) and foraging habitat (specific pollen sources) on the abundance and diet of Osmia bicornis L. Trap-nests of O. bicornis were studied in 30 agricultural landscapes of the Swiss Plateau. Nesting and foraging habitats were mapped in a radius of 500 m around the sites. Pollen composition of larval diet changed as isolation to the main pollen source, Ranunculus, increased, suggesting that O. bicornis adapted its foraging strategy in function of the nest proximity to main pollen sources. Abundance of O. bicornis was neither related to isolation or amount of nesting habitat nor to isolation or abundance of food plants. Surprisingly, nests of O. bicornis contained fewer larvae in sites at forest edge compared to isolated sites, possibly due to higher parasitism risk. This study indicates that O. bicornis can nest in a variety of situations by compensating scarcity of its main larval food by exploiting alternative food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Coudrain
- Research Station ART, Zürich, CH-8046, Switzerland.
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland.
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau/Pfalz, D-76829, Germany.
| | - Sarah Rittiner
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Felix Herzog
- Research Station ART, Zürich, CH-8046, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tinner
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3013, Switzerland
| | - Martin H Entling
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau/Pfalz, D-76829, Germany
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Torné-Noguera A, Rodrigo A, Osorio S, Bosch J. Collateral effects of beekeeping: Impacts on pollen-nectar resources and wild bee communities. Basic Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Landscape Simplification Constrains Adult Size in a Native Ground-Nesting Bee. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150946. [PMID: 26943127 PMCID: PMC4778946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bees provide critical pollination services to 87% of angiosperm plants; however, the reliability of these services may become threatened as bee populations decline. Agricultural intensification, resulting in the simplification of environments at the landscape scale, greatly changes the quality and quantity of resources available for female bees to provision their offspring. These changes may alter or constrain the tradeoffs in maternal investment allocation between offspring size, number and sex required to maximize fitness. Here we investigate the relationship between landscape scale agricultural intensification and the size and number of individuals within a wild ground nesting bee species, Andrena nasonii. We show that agricultural intensification at the landscape scale was associated with a reduction in the average size of field collected A. nasonii adults in highly agricultural landscapes but not with the number of individuals collected. Small females carried significantly smaller (40%) pollen loads than large females, which is likely to have consequences for subsequent offspring production and fitness. Thus, landscape simplification is likely to constrain allocation of resources to offspring through a reduction in the overall quantity, quality and distribution of resources.
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28
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Alcock J. Role of Body Size In the Competition for Mates By Males ofCentris pallida(Anthophorinae: Hymenoptera). SOUTHWEST NAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909-58.4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Budrienė A, Budrys E, Nevronytė Ž. Sexual size dimorphism in the ontogeny of the solitary predatory wasp Symmorphus allobrogus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). C R Biol 2013; 336:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Few, small, and male: Multiple effects of reduced nest space on the offspring of the solitary wasp, Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) posticus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). C R Biol 2011; 334:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Rehan SM, Richards MH. The Influence of Maternal Quality on Brood Sex Allocation in the Small Carpenter Bee, Ceratina calcarata. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Zurbuchen A, Cheesman S, Klaiber J, Müller A, Hein S, Dorn S. Long foraging distances impose high costs on offspring production in solitary bees. J Anim Ecol 2010; 79:674-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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