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Cox DTC, Gaston KJ. Cathemerality: a key temporal niche. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:329-347. [PMID: 37839797 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Given the marked variation in abiotic and biotic conditions between day and night, many species specialise their physical activity to being diurnal or nocturnal, and it was long thought that these strategies were commonly fairly fixed and invariant. The term 'cathemeral', was coined in 1987, when Tattersall noted activity in a Madagascan primate during the hours of both daylight and darkness. Initially thought to be rare, cathemerality is now known to be a quite widespread form of time partitioning amongst arthropods, fish, birds, and mammals. Herein we provide a synthesis of present understanding of cathemeral behaviour, arguing that it should routinely be included alongside diurnal and nocturnal strategies in schemes that distinguish and categorise species across taxa according to temporal niche. This synthesis is particularly timely because (i) the study of animal activity patterns is being revolutionised by new and improved technologies; (ii) it is becoming apparent that cathemerality covers a diverse range of obligate to facultative forms, each with their own common sets of functional traits, geographic ranges and evolutionary history; (iii) daytime and nighttime activity likely plays an important but currently neglected role in temporal niche partitioning and ecosystem functioning; and (iv) cathemerality may have an important role in the ability of species to adapt to human-mediated pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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2
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Scott JE. The macroevolutionary dynamics of activity pattern in mammals: Primates in context. J Hum Evol 2023; 184:103436. [PMID: 37741141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Activity pattern has played a prominent role in discussions of primate evolutionary history. Most primates are either diurnal or nocturnal, but a small number are active both diurnally and nocturnally. This pattern-cathemerality-also occurs at low frequency across mammals. Using a large sample of mammalian species, this study evaluates two macroevolutionary hypotheses proposed to explain why cathemerality is less common than diurnality and nocturnality: 1) that cathemeral lineages have higher extinction probabilities (differential diversification) and 2) that transitions out of cathemerality are more frequent, making it a less persistent state (differential state persistence). Rates of speciation, extinction, and transition between character states were estimated using hidden-rates models applied to a phylogenetic tree containing 3013 mammals classified by activity pattern. The models failed to detect consistent differences in diversification dynamics among activity patterns, but there is strong support for differential state persistence. Transition rates out of cathemerality tend to be much higher than transition rates out of nocturnality. Transition rates out of diurnality are similar to those for cathemerality in most clades, with two important exceptions: diurnality is unusually persistent in anthropoid primates and sciurid rodents. These two groups combine very low rates of transition out of diurnality with high speciation rates. This combination has no parallels among cathemeral lineages, explaining why diurnality has become more common than cathemerality in mammals. Similarly, the combination of rates found in anthropoids is sufficient to explain the low relative frequency of cathemerality in primates, making it unnecessary to appeal to high extinction probabilities in cathemeral lineages in this clade. These findings support the hypothesis that the distribution of activity patterns across mammals has been influenced primarily by differential state persistence, whereas the effect of differential diversification appears to have been more idiosyncratic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah E Scott
- Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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3
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Breitenbach R, Ambros S, Risko G, Arcusa I, Durland Donahou A, Wolovich CK. The importance of auditory, olfactory, and visual cues for insect foraging in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae). Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23539. [PMID: 37504384 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Nocturnal mammals have unique sensory adaptations to facilitate foraging at night. Owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) are pair-living nocturnal platyrrhines adept at capturing insect prey under low-light conditions. Owl monkeys use acoustic and chemical cues in intraspecific communication and use olfaction to detect fruit as they forage. We conducted an experiment to determine which cues (auditory, olfactory, and visual) Aotus nancymaae rely upon when foraging for insects. We scored the behavior of 23 captive owl monkeys during a series of trials in which monkeys were provided sensory boxes with insect cues either present (experimental box) or absent (control box). Each cue was tested alone and in combination with all other cues (multimodal cues). We used generalized linear mixed models to determine which cues elicited the greatest behavioral response. Owl monkeys approached and spent more time near experimental boxes than control boxes. Male owl monkeys were quicker than their female partners to approach the sensory boxes, suggesting that males may be less neophobic than females. The owl monkeys exhibited behaviors associated with olfaction and foraging (e.g., sneezing, trilling) during trials with multimodal cues and when only olfactory cues were present. When only visual or auditory cues were present, owl monkeys exhibited fewer foraging-related behaviors. After approaching a sensory box, however, they often touched boxes containing visual cues. A. nancymaae may rely on olfactory cues at night to detect a food source from several meters away and then rely more on visual cues once they are closer to the food source. Their use of sensory cues during insect foraging differs from nocturnal strepsirrhines, possibly reflecting physiological constraints associated with phylogeny, given that owl monkeys evolved nocturnality secondarily from a more recent diurnal ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha Ambros
- DuMond Conservancy for Primates and Tropical Forests, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gabrielle Risko
- Biology Department, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - Isabel Arcusa
- Biology Department, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, Florida, USA
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4
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Grabowski M, Kopperud BT, Tsuboi M, Hansen TF. Both Diet and Sociality Affect Primate Brain-Size Evolution. Syst Biol 2023; 72:404-418. [PMID: 36454664 PMCID: PMC10275546 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased brain size in humans and other primates is hypothesized to confer cognitive benefits but brings costs associated with growing and maintaining energetically expensive neural tissue. Previous studies have argued that changes in either diet or levels of sociality led to shifts in brain size, but results were equivocal. Here we test these hypotheses using phylogenetic comparative methods designed to jointly account for and estimate the effects of adaptation and phylogeny. Using the largest current sample of primate brain and body sizes with observation error, complemented by newly compiled diet and sociality data, we show that both diet and sociality have influenced the evolution of brain size. Shifting from simple to more complex levels of sociality resulted in relatively larger brains, while shifting to a more folivorous diet led to relatively smaller brains. While our results support the role of sociality, they modify a range of ecological hypotheses centered on the importance of frugivory, and instead indicate that digestive costs associated with increased folivory may have resulted in relatively smaller brains. [adaptation; allometry; bayou; evolutionary trend; energetic constraints; phylogenetic comparative methods; primate brain size; Slouch; social-brain hypothesis.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Grabowski
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, 3 Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn T Kopperud
- GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Masahito Tsuboi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ekologihuset, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas F Hansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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5
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Brando S, Vitale A, Bacon M. Promoting Good Nonhuman Primate Welfare outside Regular Working Hours. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081423. [PMID: 37106985 PMCID: PMC10135122 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoting good primate welfare outside of daylight hours is an important task. The responsibility to provide a complex environment and environmental enrichment is an essential element of primate wellbeing programs that should be approached from a 24-h perspective and planned according to the species and individual needs, including giving animals the ability to interact with and control their environment during hours when animal care staff are not present. One must be aware, however, that their needs may differ at night-time from their care needs during the day when staff are present. Assessing welfare and providing enrichment during times when staff are not on hand can be achieved through the use of a variety of technologies, such as night-view cameras, animal-centred technologies, and data loggers. This paper will address the relevant topics concerning the care and welfare of primates during off-hours, and the use of related technologies to facilitate and assess wellbeing at these times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Brando
- AnimalConcepts, Teulada, P.O. Box 378, 03725 Alicante, Spain
| | - Augusto Vitale
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Madison Bacon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55455, USA
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6
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Scott JE. Variation in macroevolutionary dynamics among extant primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:405-416. [PMCID: PMC9826261 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This study examines how speciation and extinction rates vary across primates, with a focus on the recent macroevolutionary dynamics that have shaped extant primate biodiversity. Materials and methods Lineage‐specific macroevolutionary rates were estimated for each tip in a tree containing 307 species using a hidden‐state likelihood model. Differences in tip rates among major clades were evaluated using phylogenetic ANOVA. Differences among diurnal, nocturnal, and cathemeral lineages were also evaluated, based on previous work indicating that activity pattern influences primate diversification. Results Rate variation in extant primates is low within clades and high between clades. As in previous studies, cercopithecoids stand out in having high net diversification rates, driven by high speciation rates and very low extinction rates. Platyrrhines combine high speciation and high extinction rates, giving them high rates of lineage turnover. Strepsirrhines and tarsiids have low rates of speciation, extinction, turnover, and net diversification. Hominoids are intermediate between platyrrhines and the strepsirrhine‐tarsiid group, and there is evidence for differentiation between hominids and hylobatids. Diurnal lineages have significantly higher speciation rates than nocturnal lineages. Conclusions Recent anthropoid macroevolution has been characterized by marked variation in diversification dynamics among clades. Strepsirrhines and tarsiids are more uniform, despite divergent evolutionary and biogeographic histories. Higher speciation rates in diurnal lineages may be driven by greater ecological opportunity or reliance on visual signals for mate recognition. However, the differences among anthropoids indicate that factors other than activity pattern (e.g., clade competition, historical contingency) have had a more influential role in shaping recent primate diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah E. Scott
- Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the PacificWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCaliforniaUSA
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7
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Fichtel C, Kappeler PM. Coevolution of social and communicative complexity in lemurs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210297. [PMID: 35934963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endemic lemurs of Madagascar (Lemuriformes: Primates) exhibit great social and communicative diversity. Given their independent evolutionary history, lemurs provide an excellent opportunity to identify fundamental principles in the coevolution of social and communicative traits. We conducted comparative phylogenetic analyses to examine patterns of interspecific variation among measures of social complexity and repertoire sizes in the vocal, olfactory and visual modality, while controlling for environmental factors such as habitat and number of sympatric species. We also examined potential trade-offs in signal evolution as well as coevolution between body mass or brain size and communicative complexity. Repertoire sizes in the vocal, olfactory and visual modality correlated positively with group size, but not with environmental factors. Evolutionary changes in social complexity presumably antedated corresponding changes in communicative complexity. There was no trade-off in the evolution of signals in different modalities and neither body mass nor brain size correlated with any repertoire size. Hence, communicative complexity coevolved with social complexity across different modalities, possibly to service social relationships flexibly and effectively in pair- and group-living species. Our analyses shed light on the requirements and adaptive possibilities in the coevolution of core elements of social organization and social structure in a basal primate lineage. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany.,Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department Anthropology/Sociobiology, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany.,Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department Anthropology/Sociobiology, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Nazim A, Reuillon L, Randrianarijaona A, Roullet D, Donati G. Coping with habitat disturbance: camera-traps reveal cathemerality of Prolemur simus in the community-managed area of Tsaratanana, eastern Madagascar. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-bja10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study provides new findings on the flexible activity of Prolemur simus in an anthropogenically modified habitat in the rural commune of Tsaratanana, eastern Madagascar. Based on camera-trap data, we compared the temporal distribution of activity of one group of lemurs between the forest edge and the forest core. We also investigated the possible influence of nocturnal luminosity on the activity cycle. The analysis was conducted using Kernel Density estimates and the R package OVERLAP. The distribution across the 24-h cycle confirmed that Prolemur simus is cathemeral in the wild. The lemurs displayed three peaks of activity: one during the night and two coinciding with morning and evening twilights. The highest proportions of nocturnal activity occurred at the forest edge and at low moon luminosity suggesting a possible anti-predator and/or human-avoidance strategy. The flexible activity of Prolemur simus may contribute to the tolerance of this Critically Endangered species to anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nazim
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Laurine Reuillon
- Association Française pour la Sauvegarde du Grand Hapalémur – Helpsimus, Paris, France
| | | | - Delphine Roullet
- Association Française pour la Sauvegarde du Grand Hapalémur – Helpsimus, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Donati
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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9
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Kooros SJ, Goossens B, Sterck EHM, Kenderdine R, Malim PT, Ramirez Saldivar DA, Stark DJ. External environmental conditions impact nocturnal activity levels in proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) living in Sabah, Malaysia. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23423. [PMID: 35848355 PMCID: PMC9540267 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several diurnal nonhuman anthropoids have been identified displaying varying degrees of nocturnal activity, which can be influenced by activity “masking effects”—external events or conditions that suppress or trigger activity, temporarily altering normal activity patterns. Environmental masking characteristics include nocturnal temperature, rainfall, cloud cover, and moon brightness. Similarly, other ecological characteristics, including proximity to humans and predators and daytime activity, may also trigger or suppress nocturnal activity. Understanding the effects of external conditions on activity patterns is pertinent to effective species conservation. We investigated the presence of nocturnal activity and the influence of masking effects on the level of nocturnal activity displayed by wild proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Dual‐axis accelerometers were attached by collar to six male proboscis monkeys from different one‐male, multi‐female groups to record activity continuously (165–401 days each). We measured the monkeys' nocturnal and diurnal activity levels and investigated the effects of seven potential masking effects. Nocturnal activity was much lower than diurnal activity. Still, proboscis monkeys did display varying levels of nocturnal activity. Generalized linear mixed models identified higher nocturnal activity in the study individuals during nights with cooler temperatures, higher rainfall, and after higher diurnal activity. These three masking effects affected nocturnal activity levels during the observation period that informed our model, although they did not predict nocturnal activity outside of this period. While the generalizability of these results remains uncertain, this study highlights the utility of accelerometers in identifying activity patterns and masking effects that create variability in these patterns. Six male proboscis monkeys displayed low levels of nocturnal activity, consistent with a diurnal activity pattern. Nocturnal activity in five of these male proboscis monkeys increased during nights that had cooler temperatures, higher rainfall, and after higher daytime activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Kooros
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Benoit Goossens
- c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Elisabeth H M Sterck
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter T Malim
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Diana A Ramirez Saldivar
- c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Danica J Stark
- c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Danau Girang Field Centre, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Slavenko A, Dror L, Camaiti M, Farquhar JE, Shea GM, Chapple DG, Meiri S. Evolution of diel activity patterns in skinks (Squamata: Scincidae), the world's second-largest family of terrestrial vertebrates. Evolution 2022; 76:1195-1208. [PMID: 35355258 PMCID: PMC9322454 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many animals have strict diel activity patterns, with unique adaptations for either diurnal or nocturnal activity. Diel activity is phylogenetically conserved, yet evolutionary shifts in diel activity occur and lead to important changes in an organism's morphology, physiology, and behavior. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the evolutionary history of diel activity in skinks, one of the largest families of terrestrial vertebrates. We examine how diel patterns are associated with microhabitat, ambient temperatures, and morphology. We found support for a nondiurnal ancestral skink. Strict diurnality in crown group skinks only evolved during the Paleogene. Nocturnal habits are associated with fossorial activity, limb reduction and loss, and warm temperatures. Our results shed light on the evolution of diel activity patterns in a large radiation of terrestrial ectotherms and reveal how both intrinsic biotic and extrinsic abiotic factors can shape the evolution of animal activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Slavenko
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldSouth YorkshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Liat Dror
- School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Marco Camaiti
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jules E. Farquhar
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Glenn M. Shea
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science B01University of SydneyNew South WalesAustralia,Australian Museum Research InstituteThe Australian MuseumSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David G. Chapple
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of ZoologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel AvivIsrael
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11
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Kappeler PM, Fichtel C, Radespiel U. The Island of Female Power? Intersexual Dominance Relationships in the Lemurs of Madagascar. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.858859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The extant primates of Madagascar (Lemuriformes) represent the endpoints of an adaptive radiation following a single colonization event more than 50 million years ago. They have since evolved a diversity of life history traits, ecological adaptations and social systems that rivals that of all other living primates combined. Their social systems are characterized by a unique combination of traits, including the ability of adult females to dominate adult males. In fact, there is no other group of mammals in which female dominance is so widespread. Yet, recent research has indicated that there is more interspecific variation in lemur intersexual relationships than previously acknowledged. Here, we therefore review and summarize the relevant literature, quantifying the extent of sex-bias in intersexual dominance relations documented in observational and experimental studies in captivity and the wild. Female dominance is often, but not always, implemented by spontaneous male submission in the absence of female aggression and linked to female sexual maturation. We connect the available evidence to the hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the evolution of female dominance among lemurs. The occurrence of female dominance in all lemur families and the interspecific variation in its extent indicate that it has evolved soon after lemurs colonized Madagascar – presumably in response to particular ecological challenges – and that it has since been reduced in magnitude independently in some taxa. Our study contributes important comparative information on sex roles from an independent primate radiation and provides general insights into the conditions, opportunities and obstacles in the evolution of female-biased power.
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12
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Perea-Rodríguez JP, Corley MK, de la Iglesia H, Fernandez-Duque E. Thermoenergetic challenges and daytime behavioural patterns of a wild cathemeral mammal. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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13
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Yegin Z, Sarisoy G, Erguner Aral A, Koc H. For whom the circadian clock ticks? Investigation of PERIOD and CLOCK gene variants in bipolar disorder. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1109-1119. [PMID: 34112033 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1917594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Clock genes play significant roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms, which are thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. We aimed to investigate the association of five gene polymorphisms (PER3 VNTR (rs57875989), PER2 rs2304672, CLOCK rs1801260, CLOCK rs10462028, CLOCK rs11932595) with PCR-based methods as potential risk factors in bipolar disorder (BD). We used a multiple testing methodology in BD patients (n = 121) and healthy control individuals (n = 121) of Turkish descent to analyze the effects of these gene variants both as risk factors for the disorder and for the evaluation of these variants in the patient group with multiple subscales. We evaluated the circadian rhythm disturbances and seasonal variations in mood and behavior in BD patients using the Biological Rhythms Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN) and Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) to enlighten the possible links between these scores and the studied circadian gene variants. The results of our study revealed significant associations: PER3 VNTR (rs57875989) 5/5 repeat genotype displayed a protective effect against BD when compared with 4/4 repeat genotype. Moreover, patients with PER3 VNTR 5/5 repeat genotype displayed a higher ratio of hypomania. PER2 rs2304672 G allele frequency increased the risk for BD. There was no association in terms of genotype/allele frequency comparisons between patients and controls for CLOCK gene variants. However, significant associations were found in patients in terms of clinical and behavioral patterns such as mean age at disease onset and BRIAN total scores enabling some risk stratifications for patients. Our results indicate the significance of circadian gene variants in BD, which need to be confirmed in different studies with larger samples. Thus, the possible endophenotypes of BD can be enlightened and advanced chronotherapeutics approaches can be manipulated in the future for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yegin
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Sarisoy
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayse Erguner Aral
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Haydar Koc
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
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14
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Yan L, Smale L, Nunez AA. Circadian and photic modulation of daily rhythms in diurnal mammals. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:551-566. [PMID: 30269362 PMCID: PMC6441382 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The temporal niche that an animal occupies includes a coordinated suite of behavioral and physiological processes that set diurnal and nocturnal animals apart. The daily rhythms of the two chronotypes are regulated by both the circadian system and direct responses to light, a process called masking. Here we review the literature on circadian regulations and masking responses in diurnal mammals, focusing on our work using the diurnal Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) and comparing our findings with those derived from other diurnal and nocturnal models. There are certainly similarities between the circadian systems of diurnal and nocturnal mammals, especially in the phase and functioning of the principal circadian oscillator within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, the downstream pathways, direct or indirect from the SCN, lead to drastic differences in the phase of extra-SCN oscillators, with most showing a complete reversal from the phase seen in nocturnal species. This reversal, however, is not universal and in some cases the phases of extra-SCN oscillators are only a few hours apart between diurnal and nocturnal species. The behavioral masking responses in general are opposite between diurnal and nocturnal species, and are matched by differential responses to light and dark in several retinorecipient sites in their brain. The available anatomical and functional data suggest that diurnal brains are not simply a phase-reversed version of nocturnal ones, and work with diurnal models contribute significantly to a better understanding of the circadian and photic modulation of daily rhythms in our own diurnal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Yan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Laura Smale
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Antonio A. Nunez
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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15
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Nett EM, Ravosa MJ. Ontogeny of Orbit Orientation in Primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:2093-2104. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Nett
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
| | - Matthew J. Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
- Department of Anthropology University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana
- Department of Zoology, Division of Mammals Field Museum of Natural History Chicago Illinois
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16
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Scott JE. Macroevolutionary effects on primate trophic evolution and their implications for reconstructing primate origins. J Hum Evol 2019; 133:1-12. [PMID: 31358174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The visual-predation hypothesis proposes that certain derived features shared by crown primates reflect an insectivorous ancestry. Critics of this idea have argued that because insectivory is uncommon among extant primates it is unlikely to have been a major influence on early primate evolution. According to this perspective, the low frequency of insectivory indicates that it is an apomorphic deviation from the mostly conserved primate ecological pattern of herbivory. The present study tests two alternative hypotheses that are compatible with an insectivorous ancestor: (1) that trophic evolution was biased, such that herbivory evolved repeatedly with few shifts back to insectivory, and (2) that insectivorous lineages have diversified at a lower rate than herbivorous lineages owing to differential trophic effects on speciation and extinction probabilities. Model-based analysis conducted using trait data for 307 extant primate species indicates that rates of transition into and out of insectivory are similar, rejecting the hypothesis of biased trophic evolution. On the other hand, the hypothesis of asymmetric diversification is supported, with insectivorous lineages having a lower rate of diversification than herbivorous lineages. This correlation is mediated by activity pattern: insectivory occurs mostly in nocturnal lineages, which have a lower diversification rate than diurnal lineages. The frequency of insectivory also appears to have been shaped by repeated transitions into ecological contexts in which insectivory is absent (large body size) or rare (diurnality). These findings suggest that the current distribution of trophic strategies among extant primates is the result of macroevolutionary processes that have favored the proliferation and persistence of herbivory relative to insectivory. This conclusion implies that the low frequency of insectivory is not necessarily evidence against the visual-predation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah E Scott
- Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second St. Pomona, California, 91766-1854, USA.
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17
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Pei Y, Valcu M, Kempenaers B. Interference competition pressure predicts the number of avian predators that shifted their timing of activity. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0744. [PMID: 29875306 PMCID: PMC6015849 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Being active at different times facilitates the coexistence of functionally similar species. Hence, time partitioning might be induced by competition. However, the relative importance of direct interference and indirect exploitation competition on time partitioning remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of these two forms of competition on the occurrence of time-shifting among avian predator species. As a measure of interference competition pressure, we used the species richness of day-active avian predator species or of night-active avian predator species (i.e. species of Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes) in a particular geographical area (assemblage). As an estimate of exploitation competition pressure, we used the total species richness of avian predators in each assemblage. Estimates of the intensity of interference competition robustly predicted the number of Accipitriformes species that became crepuscular and the number of Strigiformes species that became day-active or strictly crepuscular. Interference competition pressure may depend on body size and on the total duration of the typical active period (day or night length). Our results support-to some extent-that smaller species are more likely to become time-shifters. Day length did not have an effect on the number of time-shifter species in the Accipitriformes. Among the large Strigiformes, more time-shifter species occur in areas where nights are shorter (i.e. where less of the typical time resource is available). However, in the small Strigiformes, we found the opposite, counterintuitive effect: more time-shifters where nights are longer. Exploitation competition may have had an additional positive effect on the number of time-shifters, but only in Accipitriformes, and the effect was not as robust. Our results thus support the interference competition hypothesis, suggesting that animals may have shifted their time of activity, despite phylogenetic constraints on the ability to do so, to reduce the costs of direct interactions. Our findings also highlight the influence of body size as a surrogate of competitive ability during encounters on time partitioning, at least among avian predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Pei
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 7, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Mihai Valcu
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 7, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 7, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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18
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Campera M, Balestri M, Chimienti M, Nijman V, Nekaris KAI, Donati G. Temporal niche separation between the two ecologically similar nocturnal primates Avahi meridionalis and Lepilemur fleuretae. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Rakotoarivelo AR, Goodman SM, Schoeman MC, Willows-Munro S. Phylogeography and population genetics of the endemic Malagasy bat, Macronycteris commersoni s.s. (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae). PeerJ 2019; 7:e5866. [PMID: 30671293 PMCID: PMC6339777 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macronycteris commersoni (Hipposideridae), a bat species endemic to Madagascar, is widespread across the island and utilizes a range of habitat types including open woodland, degraded habitats, and forested areas from sea level to 1,325 m. Despite being widely distributed, there is evidence that M. commersoni exhibits morphological and bioacoustic variation across its geographical range. We investigated the fine-scale phylogeographic structure of populations in the western half of the island using extensive spatial sampling and sequence data from two mitochondrial DNA regions. Our results indicated several lineages within M. commersoni. Individuals collected from northern Madagascar formed a single monophyletic clade (clade C). A second clade (clade B) included individuals collected from the south-western portion of the island. This second clade displayed more phylogeographical partitioning with differences in mtDNA haplotypes frequency detected between populations collected in different bioclimatic regions. Lineage dispersal, genetic divergence, and timing of expansion events of M. commersoni were probably associated with Pleistocene climate fluctuations. Our data suggest that the northern and the central western regions of Madagascar may have acted as refugia for this species during periods of cooler and drier climate conditions associated with the Pleistocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrinajoro R. Rakotoarivelo
- Department of Zoology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
- Natiora Ahy, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Steven M. Goodman
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - M. Corrie Schoeman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Westville, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Sandi Willows-Munro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
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20
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Nishihara H, Stanyon R, Kusumi J, Hirai H, Koga A. Evolutionary Origin of OwlRep, a Megasatellite DNA Associated with Adaptation of Owl Monkeys to Nocturnal Lifestyle. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:157-165. [PMID: 29294004 PMCID: PMC5765563 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod cells of many nocturnal mammals have a “non-standard” nuclear architecture, which is called the inverted nuclear architecture. Heterochromatin localizes to the central region of the nucleus. This leads to an efficient light transmission to the outer segments of photoreceptors. Rod cells of diurnal mammals have the conventional nuclear architecture. Owl monkeys (genus Aotus) are the only taxon of simian primates that has a nocturnal or cathemeral lifestyle, and this adaptation is widely thought to be secondary. Their rod cells were shown to exhibit an intermediate chromatin distribution: a spherical heterochromatin block was found in the central region of the nucleus although it was less complete than that of typical nocturnal mammals. We recently demonstrated that the primary DNA component of this heterochromatin block was OwlRep, a megasatellite DNA consisting of 187-bp-long repeat units. However, the origin of OwlRep was not known. Here we show that OwlRep was derived from HSAT6, a simple repeat sequence found in the centromere regions of human chromosomes. HSAT6 occurs widely in primates, suggesting that it was already present in the last common ancestor of extant primates. Notably, Strepsirrhini and Tarsiformes apparently carry a single HSAT6 copy, whereas many species of Simiiformes contain multiple copies. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of these copies revealed the entire process of the OwlRep formation. HSAT6, with or without flanking sequences, was segmentally duplicated in New World monkeys. Then, in the owl monkey linage after its divergence from other New World monkeys, a copy of HSAT6 was tandemly amplified, eventually forming a megasatellite DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Nishihara
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Junko Kusumi
- Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Koga
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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21
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Scott JE. Reevaluating cases of trait-dependent diversification in primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:244-256. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah E. Scott
- Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific; Western University of Health Sciences; Pomona California 91766
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22
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Piel AK. Temporal patterns of chimpanzee loud calls in the Issa Valley, Tanzania: Evidence of nocturnal acoustic behavior in wild chimpanzees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:530-540. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Piel
- School of Natural Sciences and PsychologyLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool United Kingdom
- Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation (Project) Tanzania
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23
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Pruetz JD. Nocturnal behavior by a diurnal ape, the West African chimpanzee (
Pan troglodytes verus
), in a savanna environment at Fongoli, Senegal. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:541-548. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill D. Pruetz
- Department of AnthropologyTexas State UniversitySan Marcos Texas78666
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24
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Koga A, Tanabe H, Hirai Y, Imai H, Imamura M, Oishi T, Stanyon R, Hirai H. Co-Opted Megasatellite DNA Drives Evolution of Secondary Night Vision in Azara's Owl Monkey. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:1963-1970. [PMID: 28810713 PMCID: PMC5553404 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owl monkeys (genus Aotus) are the only taxon in simian primates that consists of nocturnal or otherwise cathemeral species. Their night vision is superior to that of other monkeys, apes, and humans but not as good as that of typical nocturnal mammals. This incomplete night vision has been used to conclude that these monkeys only secondarily adapted to a nocturnal lifestyle, or to their cathemeral lifestyle that involves high night-time activity. It is known that the rod cells of many nocturnal mammals possess a unique nuclear architecture in which heterochromatin is centrally located. This "inverted nuclear architecture", in contrast with "conventional nuclear architecture", provides elevated night vision by passing light efficiently to the outer segments of photoreceptors. Owl monkey rod cells exhibit an intermediate chromatin distribution, which may provide them with less efficient night vision than other nocturnal mammals. Recently, we identified three megasatellite DNAs in the genome of Azara's owl monkey (Aotus azarae). In the present study, we show that one of the three megasatellite DNAs, OwlRep, serves as the primary component of the heterochromatin block located in the central space of the rod nucleus in A. azarae. This satellite DNA is likely to have emerged in the Aotus lineage after its divergence from those of other platyrrhini taxa and underwent a rapid expansion in the genome. Our results indicate that the heterochromatin core in the A. azarae rod nucleus was newly formed in A. azarae or its recent ancestor, and supports the hypothesis that A. azarae, and with all probability other Aotus species, secondarily acquired night vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Koga
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tanabe
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | - Takao Oishi
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | - Hirohisa Hirai
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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25
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Rakotonirina H, Kappeler PM, Fichtel C. Evolution of facial color pattern complexity in lemurs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15181. [PMID: 29123214 PMCID: PMC5680244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific variation in facial color patterns across New and Old World primates has been linked to species recognition and group size. Because group size has opposite effects on interspecific variation in facial color patterns in these two radiations, a study of the third large primate radiation may shed light on convergences and divergences in this context. We therefore compiled published social and ecological data and analyzed facial photographs of 65 lemur species to categorize variation in hair length, hair and skin coloration as well as color brightness. Phylogenetically controlled analyses revealed that group size and the number of sympatric species did not influence the evolution of facial color complexity in lemurs. Climatic factors, however, influenced facial color complexity, pigmentation and hair length in a few facial regions. Hair length in two facial regions was also correlated with group size and may facilitate individual recognition. Since phylogenetic signals were moderate to high for most models, genetic drift may have also played a role in the evolution of facial color patterns of lemurs. In conclusion, social factors seem to have played only a subordinate role in the evolution of facial color complexity in lemurs, and, more generally, group size appears to have no systematic functional effect on facial color complexity across all primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstr. 19, 14193, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Temporal niche expansion in mammals from a nocturnal ancestor after dinosaur extinction. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1889-1895. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Wu Y, Wang H, Wang H, Hadly EA. Rethinking the Origin of Primates by Reconstructing Their Diel Activity Patterns Using Genetics and Morphology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11837. [PMID: 28928374 PMCID: PMC5605515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic inference typically invokes nocturnality as ancestral in primates; however, some recent studies posit that diurnality is. Here, through adaptive evolutionary analyses of phototransduction genes by using a variety of approaches (restricted branch/branch-site models and unrestricted branch-site-based models (BS-REL, BUSTED and RELAX)), our results consistently showed that ancestral primates were subjected to enhanced positive selection for bright-light vision and relatively weak selection for dim-light vision. These results suggest that ancestral primates were mainly diurnal with some crepuscularity and support diurnality as plesiomorphic from Euarchontoglires. Our analyses show relaxed selection on motion detection in ancestral primates, suggesting that ancestral primates decreased their emphasis on mobile prey (e.g., insects). However, within primates, the results show that ancestral Haplorrhini were likely nocturnal, suggesting that evolution of the retinal fovea occurred within ancestral primates rather than within haplorrhines as was previously hypothesized. Our findings offer a reassessment of the visual adaptation of ancestral primates. The evolution of the retinal fovea, trichromatic vision and orbital convergence in ancestral primates may have helped them to efficiently discriminate, target, and obtain edible fruits and/or leaves from a green foliage background instead of relying on mobile insect prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China. .,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Haitao Wang
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Avian Ecology and Conservation Genetics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Elizabeth A Hadly
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA
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28
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Seasonal changes in activity patterns of Japanese flying squirrel Pteromys momonga. Behav Processes 2017; 143:13-16. [PMID: 28807681 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes of activity patterns are an important survival strategy for several species. Seasonal changes in the activity patterns of Japanese flying squirrels (Pteromys momonga) were studied at Daibosatsu Mountain on Honshu Island, Japan from 2 June to 20 November 2007 and 11 April to 14 November 2008, to discuss their survival strategy based on the change. Activity patterns were assessed using long-term sensor camera traps at 214 sites for 14 months of a 2-year period. The cameras were placed for a total of 7317 camera trap nights over which total of 90 photographs of this species were collected from 22 of the 214 sites. Although distinct nocturnal activity was detected throughout the study period, activity patterns differed between temperate (June-September) and cold (April, May, October, and November) seasons. So, activity peaks were found to be bimodal during the temperate seasons and trimodal during the cold seasons. It is possible that the squirrels reduce their activity times per bout during the cold seasons to reduce energy loss arising from prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, as a survival strategy.
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29
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Peichl L, Kaiser A, Rakotondraparany F, Dubielzig RR, Goodman SM, Kappeler PM. Diversity of photoreceptor arrangements in nocturnal, cathemeral and diurnal Malagasy lemurs. J Comp Neurol 2017; 527:13-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Peichl
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research; Max-von-Laue-Straße 4, 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience; Deutschordenstraße 46, 60528 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Goethe University Frankfurt; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Kaiser
- Department Biology II; Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich; Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg Germany
- Institute of Zoology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Felix Rakotondraparany
- Département de Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale; Université d’Antananarivo; BP 906, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Richard R. Dubielzig
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin; 2015 Linden Drive Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Steven M. Goodman
- The Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago Illinois 60605
- Association Vahatra; BP 3972, Antananarivo 101 Madagascar
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center; Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology; University Göttingen; Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen Germany
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30
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Bray J, Samson DR, Nunn CL. Activity patterns in seven captive lemur species: Evidence of cathemerality in Varecia
and Lemur catta
? Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Bray
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - David R. Samson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham North Carolina
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology; Duke University; Durham North Carolina
- Duke Global Health Institute; Duke University; Durham North Carolina
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31
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Predator avoidance and dietary fibre predict diurnality in the cathemeral folivore Hapalemur meridionalis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Santini L, Cornulier T, Bullock JM, Palmer SCF, White SM, Hodgson JA, Bocedi G, Travis JMJ. A trait-based approach for predicting species responses to environmental change from sparse data: how well might terrestrial mammals track climate change? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2415-2424. [PMID: 27073017 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Estimating population spread rates across multiple species is vital for projecting biodiversity responses to climate change. A major challenge is to parameterise spread models for many species. We introduce an approach that addresses this challenge, coupling a trait-based analysis with spatial population modelling to project spread rates for 15 000 virtual mammals with life histories that reflect those seen in the real world. Covariances among life-history traits are estimated from an extensive terrestrial mammal data set using Bayesian inference. We elucidate the relative roles of different life-history traits in driving modelled spread rates, demonstrating that any one alone will be a poor predictor. We also estimate that around 30% of mammal species have potential spread rates slower than the global mean velocity of climate change. This novel trait-space-demographic modelling approach has broad applicability for tackling many key ecological questions for which we have the models but are hindered by data availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Santini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Cornulier
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - James M Bullock
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Stephen C F Palmer
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Steven M White
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Jenny A Hodgson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Greta Bocedi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Justin M J Travis
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
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Little Brown Lemurs Come of Age: Summary and Perspective. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Donati G, Campera M, Balestri M, Serra V, Barresi M, Schwitzer C, Curtis DJ, Santini L. Ecological and Anthropogenic Correlates of Activity Patterns in Eulemur. INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Valenta K, Edwards M, Rafaliarison RR, Johnson SE, Holmes SM, Brown KA, Dominy NJ, Lehman SM, Parra EJ, Melin AD. Visual ecology of true lemurs suggests a cathemeral origin for the primate cone opsin polymorphism. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Toronto 19 Russell St Toronto ON Canada
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Rd. North Mississauga QC Canada
| | | | - Steig E. Johnson
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Calgary 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary QC Canada
| | - Sheila M. Holmes
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Calgary 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary QC Canada
| | - Kevin A. Brown
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto 155 College St. Toronto QC Canada
| | | | - Shawn M. Lehman
- Department of Anthropology & Archaeology University of Toronto 19 Russell St Toronto ON Canada
| | - Esteban J. Parra
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Rd. North Mississauga QC Canada
| | - Amanda D. Melin
- Department of Anthropology Washington University One Brookings Dr. St. Louis MO USA
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