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Sayahnia R, Ommi S, Khoshnamvand H, Salmanpour F, Sadeghi SMM, Ahmadzadeh F. Fire protection priorities in the oak forests of Iran with an emphasis on vertebrate habitat preservation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15624. [PMID: 38972910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examines the impact of fire incidents on wildlife and habitats in the western oak forests of Iran (Zagros region). These forests are globally recognized for their exceptional biodiversity but are frequently threatened by wildfires. To achieve this, the study uses the space-time scan statistics permutation (STSSP) model to identify areas with a higher frequency of fires. The study also analyzes the effects of fires on the Zagros forests from 2000 to 2021 using remote-sensing MODIS data. Also, to understand the elements at risk of fire, burned areas were assessed based on the richness of vertebrate species, determined by the distribution of 88 vertebrate species. The results show that the annual fire rate in the Zagros forests is 76.2 (fire occurrences per year), calculated using the Poisson distribution. Findings show the highest fire rates are found in the northwest and a part of the south of the Zagros. The northwest of the Zagros also has the largest number of single fires and clusters, indicating a wide spatial distribution of fire in these regions. On the other side, it was unexpectedly found that these regions have the richest number of species and higher habitat value. The results demonstrate a significant correlation between the value of the habitat and the extent of burned areas (p < 0.05). The study also reveals that the greatest impact of fires is on small vertebrates. The overlap of frequent fire spots with the richest regions of Zagros oak forests in terms of vertebrate diversity emphasizes the need for strategic forest risk reduction planning, especially in these priority zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Sayahnia
- Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salma Ommi
- Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hadi Khoshnamvand
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Salmanpour
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Faraham Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Stern RJ, Gerya TV. The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of complex life: implications for finding extraterrestrial civilizations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8552. [PMID: 38609425 PMCID: PMC11015018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox (1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc (the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant continents and oceans) and fpt (the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by demonstrating that the product of foc and fpt is very small (< 0.00003-0.002). We propose that the lack of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on exoplanets with primitive life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Stern
- Department of Sustainable Earth Systems Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75083-0688, USA
| | - Taras V Gerya
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH-Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Regmi B, Douglas MR, Wangchuk K, Zbinden ZD, Edds DR, Tshering S, Douglas ME. The Himalayan uplift and evolution of aquatic biodiversity across Asia: Snowtrout (Cyprininae: Schizothorax) as a test case. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289736. [PMID: 37874844 PMCID: PMC10597529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Global biodiversity hotspots are often remote, tectonically active areas undergoing climatic fluctuations, such as the Himalaya Mountains and neighboring Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). They provide biogeographic templates upon which endemic biodiversity can be mapped to infer diversification scenarios. Yet, this process can be somewhat opaque for the Himalaya, given substantial data gaps separating eastern and western regions. To help clarify, we evaluated phylogeographic and phylogenetic hypotheses for a widespread fish (Snowtrout: Cyprininae; Schizothorax) by sequencing 1,140 base pair of mtDNA cytochrome-b (cytb) from Central Himalaya samples (Nepal: N = 53; Bhutan: N = 19), augmented with 68 GenBank sequences (N = 60 Schizothorax/N = 8 outgroups). Genealogical relationships (N = 132) were analyzed via maximum likelihood (ML), Bayesian (BA), and haplotype network clustering, with clade divergence estimated via TimeTree. Snowtrout seemingly originated in Central Asia, dispersed across the QTP, then into Bhutan via southward-flowing tributaries of the east-flowing Yarlung-Tsangpo River (YLTR). Headwaters of five large Asian rivers provided dispersal corridors from Central into eastern/southeastern Asia. South of the Himalaya, the YLTR transitions into the Brahmaputra River, facilitating successive westward colonization of Himalayan drainages first in Bhutan, then Nepal, followed by far-western drainages subsequently captured by the (now) westward-flowing Indus River. Two distinct Bhutanese phylogenetic groups were recovered: Bhutan-1 (with three subclades) seemingly represents southward dispersal from the QTP; Bhutan-2 apparently illustrates northward colonization from the Lower Brahmaputra. The close phylogenetic/phylogeographic relationships between the Indus River (Pakistan) and western tributaries of the Upper Ganges (India/Nepal) potentially implicate an historic, now disjunct connection. Greater species-divergences occurred across rather than within-basins, suggesting vicariance as a driver. The Himalaya is a component of the Earth's largest glacial reservoir (i.e., the "third-pole") separate from the Arctic/Antarctic. Its unique aquatic biodiversity must be defined and conserved through broad, trans-national collaborations. Our study provides an initial baseline for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Regmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Marlis R. Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Karma Wangchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- National Research & Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture & Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Zachery D. Zbinden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - David R. Edds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Singye Tshering
- National Research & Development Centre for Riverine and Lake Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture & Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Michael E. Douglas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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4
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Hill EC, Gao DF, Polhemus DA, Fraser CJ, Iova B, Allison A, Butler MA. Testing Geology with Biology: Plate Tectonics and the Diversification of Microhylid Frogs in the Papuan Region. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad028. [PMID: 37670952 PMCID: PMC10476510 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the Papuan region have provided fundamental insights into the evolutionary processes generating its exceptional biodiversity, but the influence of geological processes merits further study. Lying at the junction of five tectonic plates, this region has experienced a turbulent geological history that has not only produced towering mountains allowing elevational specialization and island archipelagos with varying degrees of isolation promoting vicariance, but also active margins where land masses have collided and been subsequently rifted apart creating a mosaic of intermixed terranes with vastly different geological histories. Asterophryine frogs are a hyperdiverse clade representing half the world's microhylid diversity (over 360 species) centered on New Guinea and its satellite islands. We show that vicariance facilitated by geological history explains this far and wide distribution of a clade that should have poor dispersal abilities. We recovered a mainland tectonic unit, the East Papua Composite Terrane (EPCT), as the center of origin for Asterophryinae and no fewer than 71 instances of what appear to be long-distance dispersal events, 29 of which are between mainland regions, with 42 from the mainland to the islands, some presently as far as 200 km away from source populations over open ocean. Furthermore, we find strong support for a "Slow and Steady" hypothesis for the formation of the northern margin of New Guinea by many separate accretion events during the Miocene, over other major geological alternatives, consistent with the 20 M year age of the clade and arrival via the EPCT. In addition, the historical biogeography of our frogs strongly supports an affiliation of the Louisiade Archipelago and Woodlark Island with the Owen Stanley Range on the EPCT, and the recent proximity of the large New Britain Island. Our results show that Asterophryinae did not have to repeatedly and independently disperse across large ocean barriers to the offshore islands, against the predictions of island biogeography theory, but that the current distribution can be explained through vicariance and short-distance oceanic dispersal as historical land connections disappeared and islands slowly became separated from each other. We show that islands have a life history, changing in distance from other land masses, with consequent opportunities for dispersal, isolation, and cladogenesis of their biotas. More broadly, we can begin to see how the geological history of the Papuan region can result in the rapid accumulation and staggering number of extant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, 96822, HI, USA
| | - Diana F Gao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, 96822, HI, USA
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton St, Harney Science Center, San Francisco, 94117, CA, USA
| | - Dan A Polhemus
- Natural Science, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Street, 96817, HI, USA
| | - Claire J Fraser
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, 96822, HI, USA
| | - Bulisa Iova
- National Museum and Art Gallery, Boroko, National Capital District, PNG
| | - Allen Allison
- Natural Science, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Street, 96817, HI, USA
| | - Marguerite A Butler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, 96822, HI, USA
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5
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Shipley BR, McGuire JL. Disentangling the drivers of continental mammalian endemism. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2421-2435. [PMID: 36749035 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endemic species and species with small ranges are ecologically and evolutionarily distinct and are vulnerable to extinction. Determining which abiotic and biotic factors structure patterns of endemism on continents can advance our understanding of global biogeographic processes, but spatial patterns of mammalian endemism have not yet been effectively predicted and reconstructed. Using novel null model techniques, we reconstruct trends in mammalian endemism and describe the isolated and combined effects of physiographic, ecological, and evolutionary factors on endemism. We calculated weighted endemism for global continental ecoregions and compared the spatial distribution of endemism to niche-based, geographic null models of endemism. These null models distribute species randomly across continents, simulating their range sizes from their degree of climatic specialization. They isolate the effects of physiography (topography and climate) and species richness on endemism. We then ran linear and structural models to determine how topography and historical climate stability influence endemism. The highest rates of mammalian endemism were found in topographically rough, climatically stable ecoregions with many species. The null model that isolated physiography did not closely approximate the observed distribution of endemism (r2 = .09), whereas the null model that incorporated both physiography and species richness did (r2 = .59). The linear models demonstrate that topography and climatic stability both influenced endemism values, but that average climatic niche breadth was not highly correlated with endemism. Climate stability and topography both influence weighted endemism in mammals, but the spatial distribution of mammalian endemism is driven by a combination of physiography and species richness. Despite its relationship to individual range size, average climate niche breadth has only a weak influence on endemism. The results highlight the importance of historical biogeographic processes (e.g. centers of speciation) and geography in driving endemism patterns, and disentangle the mechanisms structuring species ranges worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Shipley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jenny L McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Yousefi M, Kafash A, Nicolaï MPJ. Reptile richness and genetic divergence patterns were shaped by current and past climate in and around the
Irano‐Anatolian
global biodiversity hotspot: Implications for conservation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Yousefi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Biology Damghan University Damghan Iran
| | - Anooshe Kafash
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Sciences University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Michaël P. J. Nicolaï
- Biology Department, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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7
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Climatic and tectonic drivers shaped the tropical distribution of coral reefs. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3120. [PMID: 35701413 PMCID: PMC9198051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, warm-water coral reefs are limited to tropical-to-subtropical latitudes. These diverse ecosystems extended further poleward in the geological past, but the mechanisms driving these past distributions remain uncertain. Here, we test the role of climate and palaeogeography in shaping the distribution of coral reefs over geological timescales. To do so, we combine habitat suitability modelling, Earth System modelling and the ~247-million-year geological record of scleractinian coral reefs. A broader latitudinal distribution of climatically suitable habitat persisted throughout much of the Mesozoic-early Paleogene due to an expanded tropical belt and more equable distribution of shallow marine substrate. The earliest Cretaceous might be an exception, with reduced shallow marine substrate during a 'cold-snap' interval. Climatically suitable habitat area became increasingly skewed towards the tropics from the late Paleogene, likely steepening the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of reef-associated taxa. This was driven by global cooling and increases in tropical shallow marine substrate resulting from the tectonic evolution of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Although our results suggest global warming might permit long-term poleward range expansions, coral reef ecosystems are unlikely to keep pace with the rapid rate of anthropogenic climate change.
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8
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Integrating Earth–life systems: a geogenomic approach. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:371-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Kafash A, Ashrafi S, Yousefi M. Biogeography of bats in Iran: Mapping and disentangling environmental and historical drivers of bat richness. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anooshe Kafash
- Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Sohrab Ashrafi
- Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Yousefi
- School of Biology College of Science University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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10
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Bush AM, Payne JL. Biotic and Abiotic Controls on the Phanerozoic History of Marine Animal Biodiversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-035131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During the past 541 million years, marine animals underwent three intervals of diversification (early Cambrian, Ordovician, Cretaceous–Cenozoic) separated by nondirectional fluctuation, suggesting diversity-dependent dynamics with the equilibrium diversity shifting through time. Changes in factors such as shallow-marine habitat area and climate appear to have modulated the nondirectional fluctuations. Directional increases in diversity are best explained by evolutionary innovations in marine animals and primary producers coupled with stepwise increases in the availability of food and oxygen. Increasing intensity of biotic interactions such as predation and disturbance may have led to positive feedbacks on diversification as ecosystems became more complex. Important areas for further research include improving the geographic coverage and temporal resolution of paleontological data sets, as well as deepening our understanding of Earth system evolution and the physiological and ecological traits that modulated organismal responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Bush
- Department of Geosciences and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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11
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Hagen O, Flück B, Fopp F, Cabral JS, Hartig F, Pontarp M, Rangel TF, Pellissier L. gen3sis: A general engine for eco-evolutionary simulations of the processes that shape Earth's biodiversity. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001340. [PMID: 34252071 PMCID: PMC8384074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origins of biodiversity has been an aspiration since the days of early naturalists. The immense complexity of ecological, evolutionary, and spatial processes, however, has made this goal elusive to this day. Computer models serve progress in many scientific fields, but in the fields of macroecology and macroevolution, eco-evolutionary models are comparatively less developed. We present a general, spatially explicit, eco-evolutionary engine with a modular implementation that enables the modeling of multiple macroecological and macroevolutionary processes and feedbacks across representative spatiotemporally dynamic landscapes. Modeled processes can include species' abiotic tolerances, biotic interactions, dispersal, speciation, and evolution of ecological traits. Commonly observed biodiversity patterns, such as α, β, and γ diversity, species ranges, ecological traits, and phylogenies, emerge as simulations proceed. As an illustration, we examine alternative hypotheses expected to have shaped the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) during the Earth's Cenozoic era. Our exploratory simulations simultaneously produce multiple realistic biodiversity patterns, such as the LDG, current species richness, and range size frequencies, as well as phylogenetic metrics. The model engine is open source and available as an R package, enabling future exploration of various landscapes and biological processes, while outputs can be linked with a variety of empirical biodiversity patterns. This work represents a key toward a numeric, interdisciplinary, and mechanistic understanding of the physical and biological processes that shape Earth's biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Hagen
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Flück
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Fopp
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliano S. Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology,
University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg,
Germany
| | | | - Thiago F. Rangel
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal
University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of
Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Land Change Science Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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12
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Cain S, Loria SF, Ben-Shlomo R, Prendini L, Gefen E. Dated phylogeny and ancestral range estimation of sand scorpions (Buthidae: Buthacus) reveal Early Miocene divergence across land bridges connecting Africa and Asia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 164:107212. [PMID: 34029718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sand scorpions of the genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 (Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837) are widespread in the sandy deserts of the Palearctic region, occurring from the Atlantic coast of West Africa across the Sahara, and throughout the Middle East to Central Asia. The limits of Buthacus, its two species groups, and many of its species remain unclear, and in need of revision using modern systematic methods. The study presented here set out to investigate the phylogeny and biogeography of the Buthacus species occurring in the Levant, last studied in 1980. A phylogenetic analysis was performed on 104 terminals, including six species collected from more than thirty localities in Israel and other countries in the region. Three mitochondrial and two nuclear gene loci were sequenced for a total of 2,218 aligned base-pairs. Morphological datasets comprising 22 qualitative and 48 quantitative morphological characters were compiled. Molecular and morphological datasets were analyzed separately and simultaneously with Bayesian Inference, Maximum Likelihood, and parsimony. Divergence time and ancestral range estimation analyses were performed, to understand dispersal and diversification. The results support a revised classification of Levantine Buthacus, and invalidate the traditional species groups of Buthacus, instead recovering two geographically-delimited clades, an African clade and an Asian clade, approximately separated by the Jordan Valley (the Jordan Rift Valley or Syro-African Depression), the northernmost part of the Great Rift Valley. The divergence between these clades occurred in the Early Miocene (ca. 19 Ma) in the Levant, coinciding temporally with the existence of two land bridges, which allowed faunal exchange between Africa and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Cain
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Stephanie F Loria
- Scorpion Systematics Research Group, Arachnology Lab, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa - Oranim, Israel
| | - Lorenzo Prendini
- Scorpion Systematics Research Group, Arachnology Lab, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
| | - Eran Gefen
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa - Oranim, Israel.
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13
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Earl C, Belitz MW, Laffan SW, Barve V, Barve N, Soltis DE, Allen JM, Soltis PS, Mishler BD, Kawahara AY, Guralnick R. Spatial phylogenetics of butterflies in relation to environmental drivers and angiosperm diversity across North America. iScience 2021; 24:102239. [PMID: 33997666 PMCID: PMC8101049 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-scale, quantitative assessments of insect biodiversity and the factors shaping it remain particularly poorly explored. Here we undertook a spatial phylogenetic analysis of North American butterflies to test whether climate stability and temperature gradients have shaped their diversity and endemism. We also performed the first quantitative comparisons of spatial phylogenetic patterns between butterflies and flowering plants. We expected concordance between the two groups based on shared historical environmental drivers and presumed strong butterfly-host plant specializations. We instead found that biodiversity patterns in butterflies are strikingly different from flowering plants, especially warm deserts. In particular, butterflies show different patterns of phylogenetic clustering compared with flowering plants, suggesting differences in habitat conservation between the two groups. These results suggest that shared biogeographic histories and trophic associations do not necessarily assure similar diversity outcomes. The work has applied value in conservation planning, documenting warm deserts as a North American butterfly biodiversity hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Earl
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael W. Belitz
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shawn W. Laffan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vijay Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Narayani Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Julie M. Allen
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Brent D. Mishler
- University of Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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14
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Marques V, Milhau T, Albouy C, Dejean T, Manel S, Mouillot D, Juhel J. GAPeDNA: Assessing and mapping global species gaps in genetic databases for eDNA metabarcoding. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Marques
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier CNRS Ifremer IRD Montpellier France
- CEFE EPHE CNRS UM UPV IRD PSL Research University Montpellier France
| | | | - Camille Albouy
- IFREMER Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l’Halieutique Nantes cedex 3 Nantes France
| | | | - Stéphanie Manel
- CEFE EPHE CNRS UM UPV IRD PSL Research University Montpellier France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier CNRS Ifremer IRD Montpellier France
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
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15
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Kafash A, Ashrafi S, Yousefi M, Rastegar-Pouyani E, Rajabizadeh M, Ahmadzadeh F, Grünig M, Pellissier L. Reptile species richness associated to ecological and historical variables in Iran. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18167. [PMID: 33097758 PMCID: PMC7584626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial gradients of species richness can be shaped by the interplay between historical and ecological factors. They might interact in particularly complex ways in heterogeneous mountainous landscapes with strong climatic and geological contrasts. We mapped the distribution of 171 lizard species to investigate species richness patterns for all species (171), diurnal species (101), and nocturnal species (70) separately. We related species richness with the historical (past climate change, mountain uplifting) and ecological variables (climate, topography and vegetation). We found that assemblages in the Western Zagros Mountains, north eastern and north western parts of Central Iranian Plateau have the highest number of lizard species. Among the investigated variables, annual mean temperature explained the largest variance for all species (10%) and nocturnal species (31%). For diurnal species, temperature change velocity shows strongest explained variance in observed richness pattern (26%). Together, our results reveal that areas with annual temperature of 15–20 °C, which receive 400–600 mm precipitation and experienced moderate level of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) have highest number of species. Documented patterns of our study provide a baseline for understanding the potential effect of ongoing climate change on lizard diversity in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anooshe Kafash
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.,Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sohrab Ashrafi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. .,Ecology and Conservation Research Group (ECRG), Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Masoud Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.,Ecology and Conservation Research Group (ECRG), Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Rajabizadeh
- Department of Computer Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faraham Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marc Grünig
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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16
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Machado L, Salvi D, James Harris D, Brito JC, Crochet PA, Geniez P, Ahmadzadeh F, Carranza S. Systematics, biogeography and evolution of the Saharo-Arabian naked-toed geckos genus Tropiocolotes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 155:106969. [PMID: 33031930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plate tectonics constitute one of the main mechanisms of biological diversification on Earth, often being associated with cladogenetic events at different phylogenetic levels, as well as with exchange of faunas and floras across previously isolated biogeographic regions. North Africa and Arabia share a complex geological history that dates back to the break-up of the Arabian plate from the African plate ~30-25 Mya, followed by various geological events, such as the formation of the Red Sea or the connection between the African, Arabian and Eurasian plates. Species with Saharo-Arabian distributions have shown a close association between their evolutionary history and these geological events. In this study, we investigate the systematics, biogeography and evolution of the genus Tropiocolotes, a group of small ground-dwelling geckos, comprised by 12 species distributed from the Atlantic coast of North Africa to southwestern Iran. Species delimitation analyses uncovered the existence of high levels of undescribed diversity, with forms here considered at the species level including Tropiocolotes tripolitanus (Mauritania and southern Morocco), T. nattereri (southern Israel) and T. scorteccii (Yemen and Oman). Phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses recovered two main clades, an exclusively African clade and a Saharo-Arabian clade, that split ~25 Mya following the vicariant event mediated by the separation of the Arabian and African plates. The complex geological activity around the Red Sea is associated with the diversification within the Saharo-Arabian clade, including the colonization of North Africa from a second Tropiocolotes group. Results also provide new insights into the geographic distribution of Tropiocolotes nubicus, previously considered as exclusively associated to the Nile River valley, extending its known distribution further west, up to the Central Mountains of the Sahara. Accordingly, the Nile River seems to act as a major biogeographic barrier, separating Tropiocolotes nubicus and T. steudneri in their western and eastern margins, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Machado
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBio Laboratório Associado, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Daniele Salvi
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBio Laboratório Associado, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - D James Harris
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBio Laboratório Associado, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José C Brito
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBio Laboratório Associado, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pierre-André Crochet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Geniez
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, PSL-EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés, Montpellier, France
| | - Faraham Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran 1983963113, Iran
| | - Salvador Carranza
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Manel S, Guerin PE, Mouillot D, Blanchet S, Velez L, Albouy C, Pellissier L. Global determinants of freshwater and marine fish genetic diversity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:692. [PMID: 32041961 PMCID: PMC7010757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity is estimated to be declining faster than species diversity under escalating threats, but its spatial distribution remains poorly documented at the global scale. Theory predicts that similar processes should foster congruent spatial patterns of genetic and species diversity, but empirical studies are scarce. Using a mined database of 50,588 georeferenced mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences (COI) for 3,815 marine and 1,611 freshwater fish species respectively, we examined the correlation between genetic diversity and species diversity and their global distributions in relation to climate and geography. Genetic diversity showed a clear spatial organisation, but a weak association with species diversity for both marine and freshwater species. We found a predominantly positive relationship between genetic diversity and sea surface temperature for marine species. Genetic diversity of freshwater species varied primarily across the regional basins and was negatively correlated with average river slope. The detection of genetic diversity patterns suggests that conservation measures should consider mismatching spatial signals across multiple facets of biodiversity. Biogeographic patterns of genetic diversity are poorly documented, especially for fish species. Here the authors show that (mitochondrial) genetic diversity has global spatial organization patterns with different environmental drivers for marine and freshwater fishes, where genetic diversity is only partly congruent with species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Manel
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
| | - Pierre-Edouard Guerin
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS); Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, F-09200, Moulis, France
| | - Laure Velez
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Albouy
- IFREMER, unité Ecologie et Modèle pour l'Halieutique, Nantes, France
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Gaboriau T, Albouy C, Descombes P, Mouillot D, Pellissier L, Leprieur F. Ecological constraints coupled with deep-time habitat dynamics predict the latitudinal diversity gradient in reef fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191506. [PMID: 31530148 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a spatially explicit model of diversification based on palaeohabitat to explore the predictions of four major hypotheses potentially explaining the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), namely, the 'time-area', 'tropical niche conservatism', 'ecological limits' and 'evolutionary speed' hypotheses. We compare simulation outputs to observed diversity gradients in the global reef fish fauna. Our simulations show that these hypotheses are non-mutually exclusive and that their relative influence depends on the time scale considered. Simulations suggest that reef habitat dynamics produced the LDG during deep geological time, while ecological constraints shaped the modern LDG, with a strong influence of the reduction in the latitudinal extent of tropical reefs during the Neogene. Overall, this study illustrates how mechanistic models in ecology and evolution can provide a temporal and spatial understanding of the role of speciation, extinction and dispersal in generating biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Gaboriau
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Albouy
- IFREMER, Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Leprieur
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe J J van Hinsbergen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Lydian M Boschman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, Netherlands
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20
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Pontarp M, Bunnefeld L, Cabral JS, Etienne RS, Fritz SA, Gillespie R, Graham CH, Hagen O, Hartig F, Huang S, Jansson R, Maliet O, Münkemüller T, Pellissier L, Rangel TF, Storch D, Wiegand T, Hurlbert AH. The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient: Novel Understanding through Mechanistic Eco-evolutionary Models. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 34:211-223. [PMID: 30591209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most widely studied patterns in ecology, yet no consensus has been reached about its underlying causes. We argue that the reasons for this are the verbal nature of existing hypotheses, the failure to mechanistically link interacting ecological and evolutionary processes to the LDG, and the fact that empirical patterns are often consistent with multiple explanations. To address this issue, we synthesize current LDG hypotheses, uncovering their eco-evolutionary mechanisms, hidden assumptions, and commonalities. Furthermore, we propose mechanistic eco-evolutionary modeling and an inferential approach that makes use of geographic, phylogenetic, and trait-based patterns to assess the relative importance of different processes for generating the LDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Pontarp
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lynsey Bunnefeld
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Juliano Sarmento Cabral
- Ecosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology (CCTB), University of Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 32, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rampal S Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, D-60325 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rosemary Gillespie
- Environmental Science, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Oskar Hagen
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Hartig
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60327, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Jansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Odile Maliet
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tamara Münkemüller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d'ÉcologieAlpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thiago F Rangel
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - David Storch
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modeling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Allen H Hurlbert
- Department of Biology and Curriculum in Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Chalmandrier L, Albouy C, Descombes P, Sandel B, Faurby S, Svenning JC, Zimmermann NE, Pellissier L. Comparing spatial diversification and meta-population models in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171366. [PMID: 29657753 PMCID: PMC5882677 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing the processes that have shaped the emergence of biodiversity gradients is critical to understand the dynamics of diversification of life on Earth. Islands have traditionally been used as model systems to unravel the processes shaping biological diversity. MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeographic model predicts diversity to be based on dynamic interactions between colonization and extinction rates, while treating islands themselves as geologically static entities. The current spatial configuration of islands should influence meta-population dynamics, but long-term geological changes within archipelagos are also expected to have shaped island biodiversity, in part by driving diversification. Here, we compare two mechanistic models providing inferences on species richness at a biogeographic scale: a mechanistic spatial-temporal model of species diversification and a spatial meta-population model. While the meta-population model operates over a static landscape, the diversification model is driven by changes in the size and spatial configuration of islands through time. We compare the inferences of both models to floristic diversity patterns among land patches of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Simulation results from the diversification model better matched observed diversity than a meta-population model constrained only by the contemporary landscape. The diversification model suggests that the dynamic re-positioning of islands promoting land disconnection and reconnection induced an accumulation of particularly high species diversity on Borneo, which is central within the island network. By contrast, the meta-population model predicts a higher diversity on the mainlands, which is less compatible with empirical data. Our analyses highlight that, by comparing models with contrasting assumptions, we can pinpoint the processes that are most compatible with extant biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Chalmandrier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Camille Albouy
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Descombes
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
| | - Soren Faurby
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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